City Beautiful Movement

To understand Chicago of the early 1900s, consider this observation from Truesdale Marshall, the protagonist of Henry Blake Fuller's novel, "With the Procession:" "[Chicago is a] hideous monster so pitifully grotesque, gruesome, appalling." Many people, foreigners and Americans alike, felt the same way about most cities in America. By 1910, many cities contained one million residents, but few planned properly for such a population explosion. As a result, cities developed in an ad hoc fashion. This made them shapeless, inefficient and, in many cases, dangerous.

ASAP, AUUP

City Beautiful
Daniel Hudson Burnham, a Chicago architect, began to address these issues in an approach to urban planning that would become known as the City Beautiful movement. City Beautiful was characterized by the belief that if you improved form, function would follow. In other words, an attractive city would perform better than an unattractive one. Beauty came from what Burnham called "municipal art" -magnificent parks, highly designed buildings, wide boulevards, and public gathering places adorned with fountains and monuments. Such beautiful additions to the cityscape could not directly address perceived social ills, but they could, at least in Burnham's thinking, indirectly improve social problems by enhancing the urban environment.

ASAP, AUUP

City Beautiful
Burnham first displayed the City Beautiful principles at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. His dream city, known as White City, featured largescale monuments, electric lights & state-of-the-art transport systems. It also removed all visible signs of poverty so that the roughly 27 million visitors who streamed through the exhibition witnessed a true urban utopia.

ASAP, AUUP

The Administration Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, where Daniel Hudson Burnham's City Beautiful movement made its debut.
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City Beautiful Movement

ASAP, AUUP

Burnham then applied City Beautiful ideas to several city designs between 1902 and 1905. He directed plans for Washington, D.C.; Cleveland, Ohio; Manila; and San Francisco, but the culmination of the movement came in 1906 when Burnham teamed up with Edward Bennett to prepare the Plan of Chicago, the first comprehensive plan for controlled growth of an American city.

Chicago
The Plan encompassed the development of Chicago within a 60-mile radius and called for a double decker boulevard to better accommodate commercial and regular traffic, straightening of the Chicago River consolidation of competing rail lines and an integrated park system that encompassed a 20-mile park area along Lake Michigan. Some of these features, such as the twin level roadway, were firsts in any city, anywhere in the world.

ASAP, AUUP

City Beautiful Movement

ASAP, AUUP

Although the City Beautiful movement was revolutionary in America, it drew upon urban planning ideas used for many years in Europe. In particular, Burnham used Paris as a successful model of urban planning. Planning of Paris began in earnest in the 1600s during the reign of Louis XIV when architects used great foresight to build squares, parks and avenues in areas that were barely settled. As Paris increased its population, it was able to grow into its design. Then, in another era of notable development beginning in the 1850s, Georges Eugne Haussmann, appointed by Napoleon Bonaparte, began reworking the city, making it more suitable and attractive for the vast numbers of visitors, merchants, manufacturers and residents who filled the city. Burnham also recognized the contribution of the ancient planners responsible for Athens and Rome, as well as the planning tradition that went back for centuries.
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ASAP, AUUP

PLANNING CONCEPTS Patrick Gaddes

01.08.2013

Patrick Geddes

ASAP, AUUP

Scottish origin, has been called the father of modern town planning, Geddes did much of his pioneering work in the Old Town of Edinburgh, having made his home there in 1886. - Geddes name and spirit are imperishably associated with Ramsay Garden and the Outlook Tower, both in Castle hill. Geddes was concerned with the relationship between people and cities and how they affect one another. He emphasized that people do not merely needed shelter, but also food and work, the recreation and social life. This makes the house an inseparable part of the neighbourhood, the city and the surrounding open country and the region.

The town planning primarily meant establishing organic relationship among Folk, place and work, which corresponds to organism, function and environment. FOLK WORK PLACE i.e. organism i.e. function i.e. environment (Social aspect) (Economical aspect) (Physical aspect)
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Patrick Geddes

ASAP, AUUP

Cities in Evolution published in 1915 essence of the book city beautiful movement and too many small schemes here and there like garden cities were only poor examples of town planning. In this book he coined the term Conurbation to describe the waves of population inflow to large cities, followed by overcrowding and slum formation, and then the wave of backflow the whole process resulting in amorphous sprawl, waste, and unnecessary obsolescence. True city design have little in common and repeating the same over all the three was disastrous and economically wasteful Each valid scheme should and must embody the full utilization of its local and regional conditions Geddes was the originator of the idea and technique of Regional survey and city survey The sequence of planning is : 1. Regional survey 2. Rural development 3. Town planning 4. City design
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Patrick Geddes

ASAP, AUUP

In 1911 he created a milestone exhibition, Cities and Town Planning, which was studied appreciatively not only throughout Britain but also abroad. From 1920-23 he was Professor of Civics and Sociology at the University of Bombay, and in 1924 he settled at Montpellier, in France. He died there in 1932, having been knighted that year.
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The Outlook Tower Interpreters House ASAP, AUUP Index Museum - Sociological Laboratory
Patrick Geddes took over the building formerly known as Shorts Observatory in 1892. From the Prospect Roof of the Outlook Tower are spectacular views across the Firth of Forth and the surrounding city region. Positioned at the top of the Edinburghs High Street, it still holds the camera obscura, which refracts an image onto a white table within, for study and survey. A mirror at the top of the dome picks up images and reflects then through a lens which in turn focuses the picture onto a white surface as on a film in a camera. The tower was conceived as a tool for regional analysis, index-museum and the worlds first sociological laboratory. It represents the essence of Geddess thought - his holism, visual thinking, and commitment to understanding the city in the region.
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The Outlook Tower Interpreters House - AUUP ASAP, Index Museum - Sociological Laboratory
He said of it: Our greatest need today is to conceive life as a whole, to see its many sides in their proper relations, but we must have a practical as well as a philosophic interest in such an integrated view of life. Hence the first contribution of this Tower towards understanding life is purely visual, for from here everyone can make a start towards seeing completely that portion of the world he can survey. He can also grasp what a natural region actually is and how a great city is linked to such a region. Now the tower is home to the Patrick Geddes Centre For Planning Studies, where an archive and exhibition are housed.

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Regional Plan

ASAP, AUUP

In 1909, Geddes assisted in the early planning of the southern Edinburg. This work was formative in his development of a regional planning model called the "Valley Section This model illustrated the complex interactions among biogeography, geomorphology and human systems and attempted to demonstrate how "natural occupations" such as hunting, mining, or fishing are supported by physical geographies that in turn determine patterns of human settlement. The point of this model was to make clear the complex and interrelated relationships between humans and their environment, and to encourage regional planning models that would be responsive to these conditions

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Patrick Geddes in India

ASAP, AUUP

He came to India in 1915 at the invitation of Lord Pent land, the then Governor of Madras. He gave his expert advice for the improvement of about eighteen major towns in India. He laid emphasis on Survey before plan i.e. diagnosis before treatment to make a correct diagnosis of various ills from which the town suffers and then prescribe the correct remedies for its cure. These are the physical and social economic surveys. He was the first man who introduced the sociological concept in the town planning. Before coming to India, he had successfully overcome the horrors of Edinburg slums.

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Conservative Surgery

ASAP, AUUP

Balrampur (India)

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Conservative Surgery Balarampur

ASAP, AUUP

Retaining the native settlement pattern while improving the hygine and traffic flow Minimises demolition through carefully plotted street expansion Climate and local customs are also reflected in the provision of scattered treeshaded chowks the mid street opening that harbour public life in traditional Indian cities
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Conservative Surgery

ASAP, AUUP

In his early involvement with the Old Town of Edinburg in late 1880s and with Dublin betwn 1911-1914, he tirelessly promoted the idea of a civic survey Reduce the number and width of paved streets in residential areas, & turn the land saved into a chain of usable open space to renew social life Have flexible plots that might be combined easily or subdivided Undo as little as possible Persuade citizens to get involved, arouse civic enthusiasm let them express their individuality, for streets will look all the better for a certain freedom of treatment and rivalry between houses
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ASAP, AUUP

PLANNING CONCEPTS C A Perry

01.08.2013

Neighbourhood Unit

ASAP, AUUP

The concept of neighbourhood unit was evolved due to the advent of industrial revolution & gradation of the city environment caused due to high congestion, heavy traffic movement through the city, insecurity to school going children, distant location of shopping and recreation activities; etc. Hence to create a safely healthy physical environment in which children will have no traffic streets to cross on their way to school, schools which are within walking distance from home; an environment in which women may have an easy walk to a shopping centre where they may get the daily households goods, employed people may find convenient transportation to and from work. It is an environment in which a well equipped playground is located near the house where children may play in safety with their friends for healthy development of their mind and spirit. With consideration to all the above physical factor's the Neighborhood concept was evolved.
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CLARENCE A. PERRY CONCEPTION OF ASAP, AUUP NEIGHBOUHOOD UNIT

C.A. PERRY was the first one to specify the physical form of the neighbourhood unit (1872-1944). He described the neighbourhood unit as that populated area which would require & support an elementary school with an enrollment of between 1000 to 1200 pupils. This would mean a population of between 5,000 and 6,000 people. The neighbourhood unit is bounded by arterial roads or other boundaries, with open spaces, school, community centre and local shops, the latter being on the circumference. Most importantly there was no through traffic within the Neighbourhoodunit. C.A. PERRY wrote that these principles, if complied with, "will result in a neighbourhood community in which the fundamental needs of family life will be met more completely. The Settlement House movement which began in London about 1885 was the first conscious recognition of the Neighbourhood as a basic unit in the urban structure or planning. Population criteria may vary from place to place but it depends mainly upon the size of the neighborhood unit. In 1972, the American Institute of Architects adopted the neighborhood unit as the recommended "GROWTH UNIT" for future urban growth. The growth unit would range in size from 500 to 3,000 dwelling units (population of between 1,700 and 10,000).

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Principles of Neighbourhood Theory

1. 2.

ASAP, AUUP

3.

UNIT OF URBAN PLANNING: It is a unit of urban planning considering population as a criterion to decide the size of a neighbourhood unit, in relation to convenient walking distance to most essential social services STREET SYSTEM: Major arterial roads and through traffic route should not pass through residential neighbourhood. Instead these streets should provide the boundaries of the neighbourhood. Interior street pattern should be designed and constructed through use of cul-de-sacs, curved layout and light duty surfacing, so as to encourage a quiet, safe, low volume traffic movement FACILITIES: Neighbourhood unit should consist of orderly arrangement of all those facilities including primary school, shopping centre, shopping adjacent to main road, spaces for outdoor recreation; community centre, sports centre etc.

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Principles of Neighbourhood Theory

4.

ASAP, AUUP

5.

POPULATION: The population of neighbourhood should be that which is optimal to support its elementary school. When Perry formulated his theory the population was estimated about 5,000 persons for enrollment of between 1000 to 1200 pupils. Current elementary school size standard probably would higher the figure to 3000 to 4000 persons. In general, it may range from 3000 to 12000 people. For Chicago, in 1942 the range was from 4000 to 12,000. In the Greater London plan, 1944 by Abercrombie and Forshaw, the unit size was 6000 to 10,000 people. The American Institute of Architects adopted the unit range between 1700 to 10000 people. SECTOR: Sector is a combination of two or more neighbourhood units. It is considered because the facilities which are not covered in the neighbourhood unit should have to be covered in a sector, like secondary school, entertainment centres, big markets, major parks and large site recreation spaces. The size of the population equivalent to the number of neighbourhood units is equal to twelve to fifteen thousand persons suitable for a sector.
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Principles of Neighbourhood Theory

6.

ASAP, AUUP

7. 8.

SIZE AND DENSITY: The size of the unit decides upon the maximum walking distance from the extreme dwelling unit to the elementary school and shopping centres. This walking distance considered by C.A. Perry is mile. Hence the physical form of the neighbourhood unit considered by C.A. Perry is mile radius which suggests that the maximum radius for walking distance from home to the community centre should be mile. Density should be 10 families per acre. NEIGHBOURHOOD WALKWAYS: It is stressed to have an independent system of footway complimenting the vehicular system. PROTECTIVE STRIPS: These are necessary to protect the units from annoyance of the traffic and to provide suitable facilities for developing parks, playgrounds and road widening in future.

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ASAP, AUUP

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CLARENCE STEIN'S CONCEPTION OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD ASAP, AUUP UNIT

The figure shows grouping of three neighbourhood units is served by a high school and one or two commercial centres. Walking distance radius is one mile. Elementary school is the centre of the unit and within a one half mile radius of all residents in the neighbourhood, local shopping centres located near the school. Residential streets are suggested as CUL-DESACS to eliminate through traffic and park space flows into the neighbourhood as applied in the Radburn plan.

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Radburn

ASAP, AUUP

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Radburn- Henry Wright

ASAP, AUUP

The industrialization of the United States after World War I led to migration from the rural areas & a dramatic growth of the cities during the 1920's. This population shift led to a severe housing shortage. The automobile, which was becoming a mainstay in American life, added a new problem to urban living. Drastic changes in urban design were necessary to provide more housing and to protect people from the horseless carriage. In answer to the needs of "modern society", Radburn, the "Town for the Motor Age" was created in 1929. How Radburn was going to meet the problems of "modern society" is best illustrated in architect Henry Wright's "Six Planks for a Housing Platform". These ideas formed the basic philosophy that he followed in designing Radburn.
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Radburn- Henry Wright

ASAP, AUUP

Plan simply, but comprehensively. Don't stop at the individual property line. Adjust paving, sidewalks, sewers and the like to the particular needs of the property dealt with - not to a conventional pattern. Arrange buildings and grounds so as to give sunlight, air and a tolerable outlook to even the smallest and cheapest house. Provide ample sites in the right places for community use: i.e., playgrounds, school gardens, schools, theatres, churches, public buildings and stores. Put factories and other industrial buildings where they can be used without wasteful transportation of goods or people. Cars must be parked and stored, deliveries made, waste collected - plan for such services with a minimum of danger, noise and confusion. Bring private and public land into relationship and plan buildings and groups of buildings with relation to each other. Develop collectively such services as will add to the comfort of the individual, at lower cost than is possible under individual operation. Arrange for the occupancy of houses on a fair basis of cost and service, including the cost of what needs to be done in organizing, building and maintaining the community.
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ASAP, AUUP

PLANNING CONCEPTS Lewis Mumford

01.08.2013

Lewis Mumford

ASAP, AUUP

Wrote the book Culture of cities: 1938 He was a student of Patrick Geddes Advocate of Neighbourhood unit In his Cities in Evolution (1915). Geddes had put forward an outline of the six stages of city development, from polis to necropolis.

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6 stages of City Development,

ASAP, AUUP

Although French geographer Jean Gottman (1961) is credited for introducing the term, it was Mumford (1938) who first elaborated the concept. His description was based on a revised version of an idea his mentor Geddes had advanced in his Cities in Evolution (1915). Geddes had put forward an outline of the six stages of city development, from polis to necropolis. In Culture of Cities Mumford modified this scheme by including an earlier stage represented by eopolis, the village community, and combining two of later stages of Geddes, parasitopolis and patholopolis into tyrannopolis. So in this new scheme, city development originated with the rise of the village (eopolis), it evolved into the polis as an association of villages and kinships, and resulted in metropolis, an association of polis. The later three stages of city development, megalopolis, tyrannopolis and necropolis represented the decline of the city.
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Lewis Mumford

ASAP, AUUP

In Culture of Cities Mumford regarded megalopolis as the beginning of decline: at this stage of its development the city under the influence of a capitalistic mythos concentrates upon bigness and power. For Mumford the aimless expansion of the metropolis into megalopolis was an expression of a drive for capital accumulation, everything must become rational, big, methodical, quantitative and ruthless. Megalopolis facilitated the repression and exploitation of working classes by regimenting them and by making life increasingly insecure and volatile. This gives rise to a new class conflict. As the conflict intensifies in megalopolis, an alliance of land-owning aristocracy, speculators, financiers, enterprises, industrialists increase their interest in controlling the urban space.

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Lewis Mumford

ASAP, AUUP

Mumford observed the transformation of the metropolis into the shapeless giantism of the megalopolis in Culture of Cities. By 1961, however, for Mumford, understanding megalopolis required understanding the origins of the mass suburb. In City in History the revised chapter on megalopolis is now preceded by a new chapter on suburbia.

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Lewis Mumford

ASAP, AUUP

Although the most recent interpreters assumed that the suburb is a new phenomenon, Mumford argued that it is as old as the city itself. For example, the city of Ur had a ring of houses surrounding it. The Greek and Roman cities as well as medieval cities always had small huts, gardens, villas surrounding them. It would be an error to regard suburbanism as a mere reaction to the crowded and polluted industrial city.

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Lewis Mumford

ASAP, AUUP

The 18th century city witnessed the rise of the aristocratic suburb while the 19th century witnessed the rise of the bourgeois suburb. Mumford said: In the mass movement into suburban areas a new kind of community was produced, which caricatured both the historic city and the archetypal suburban refuge: a multitude of uniform, unidentifiable houses, lined up inflexibly, at uniform distances, on uniform roads, in a treeless communal waste, inhabited by people of the same class, the same income, the same age group, witnessing the same television performances, eating the same tasteless pre-fabricated foods, from the same freezers, conforming in every outward and inward respect to a common mold, manufactured in the central metropolis. Thus the ultimate effect of the suburban escape in our time, ironically, a low-grade uniform environment from which escape is impossible.
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Lewis Mumford

ASAP, AUUP

Nevertheless, Mumford argued, the planners and policy makers also failed to see what was attractive in the suburbs and what they seemingly provided. The suburb was a neighborhood unit. The suburb helped to recreate a new consciousness of something that had been lost in the rapid growth of the city: the sense of neighborhood.

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Lewis Mumford

ASAP, AUUP

By the twentieth century, the metropolis brought into one vast complex the industrial town, the commercial town, and the royal and aristocratic town, each stimulating and extending its influence over the other. The metropolis was an embodiment and expression of a new stage in capitalism in which industrial capital and class was among other equally powerful classes and forms of capital. Mumford argues that massive accretion of power and concentration of numbers necessitated the rise of bureaucratic administration and management. The metropolis became an arena for accumulation of different forms of capital: the banks, brokerage offices, stock exchanges essentially serve a collecting point for the savings in the entire country, centralizing and monopolizing the use of money. The monopoly of cultural capital was also a mark of the metropolis.
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Lewis Mumford

ASAP, AUUP

Megalopolis was for him the death of the city, a stage leading to necropolis. As one moves away from the centre, the urban growth becomes more aimless and discontinuous, more diffuse and unfocussed, except where some surviving town has left the original imprint of a more orderly life. In megalopolis The original container has completely disappeared: the sharp division between city and country no longer exists. In 1938 Mumford had argued that the trend toward megalopolis had to be stopped.

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ASAP, AUUP

Thank You

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