Workshop on Energy conservation in Buildings

on 16th Sept 2009

Impact of Harmonic on Modern Buildings

By

C.K.Sharma
conengr@gmail.com

Energy Scene of India

on 31st March 2009
Target Target achieved Upto 1969 Net Capacity Aux. Power Consumption Plant load factor 2008-09 Net Capacity available 231069 MW 140366 MW 11990 MW 128376 MW 6% 77.19% 93148 MW

T&D losses Net power available to Consumer

Source: All India Electricity Ststistics, Central Electricity Authorities

30% 65203 MW

Energy Efficiency
Steps Decrease the load keeping output same Increase the efficiency without affecting the output Result Increase in the usage of non linear loads which generate harmonics.

What is harmonics?
It is a virus. It is a pollution Heat generating element It reduces efficiency Unwelcome guest

Electronic ballast
An electronics ballast consumes 0.53 amperes fundamental current while it generates 0.46 amperes third order zero sequence current (87% of fundamental) Magnetic Ballast (Normal) =9 watts Magnetic Ballast (Low loss) =5.5 watts Electronic Ballast are available with 30% THD (as per IS). They are also available with 10% THD as per European stsndards. Total consumption with 36 watt tubelight is 36 watt as the tubelight consumes 33 watts and balance 3 watt is consumed by ballast.

Non linear load

The presence of equipment generating harmonics is evident from the following data from US:
Content of non linear loads in 1960 Content of non linear loads in 1990 Content of non linear loads in 2000 = 5% of total load = 30% of total load = 60% of total load

Harmonic Generation
Vthd1 Z1 Vthd
Source

Vthd2 Z2

Vthd3 Z3

Vthd4 Z4

Vthd5 Z5

Vthd6 Z6

Ih
Z source
Vthd
Load

Vh = Ih x Zh
Where: V h Ih Z h (Ohms Law) Hhth harmonic voltage Hhth harmonic current Hsystem impedance for h Hth harmonic

Power Factor
With the harmonics in picture, the overall power factor of the installation dips.
Problem no 1: power factor Problem no 2: harmonics

Reasons
Electronic Switching Power Supplies Arcing Devices Ferromagnetic Devices Appliances

Electronic Switching Power Supplies

Personal computers Laptop UPS Solid State Rectifier Electronic Process Control Equipment, PLC etc Lighting Ballast, Dimmers Reduced Voltage Motor Controller

Arcing Devices
Discharge Lighting fluorescent, sodium, mercury, CFL. Arc Furnaces Welding Equipment Traction Equipment

Ferromagnetic Devices
Transformer operating near saturation level Magnetic Ballast ( Saturated Iron Core) Induction Heating Equipment Chokes Motors

Appliances
TV Fax machine Photo copy machine Printer Microwave Oven Air Conditioner.

Classification
Zero sequence harmonics. Positive sequence harmonics. Negative sequence harmonics.

Effect on motor
Zero sequence harmonics - it does not rotate the motor. It only heats the motor. These are called triplen harmonics ( 3rd, 9th, 15th) Positive sequence harmonics it rotate the motor forward.(7th , 13th, 19th.) Negative sequence harmonics - it rotate the motor backwards. (5th, 11th, 17th.)

Problems with harmonics:

Malfunction of sensitive equipments Random tripping of Circuit Breakers Flickering lights High neutral current Over heated phase conductor, panels and transformer Premature failure of transformer and UPS Reduced power factor Reduced system capacity (because harmonics create additional heat. Transformer and distribution equipment cannot carry full rated load)
contd

Problems with harmonics:

High neutral ground voltage High peak phase current High average phase current High total harmonic distortion of the current High total harmonic distortion of the voltage High transformer losses High system losses Telephone interference factor Increases apparatus vibration

Limits of current harmonics

Ratio of Short circuit current/Full load current
Less than 20

Harmonic Range

Limit of % of fundamental

Odd no. less than 11

4%

20 to 50

Odd no. less than 11

7%

More than 1000

Odd no. less than 35

1.4%

Limits of voltage harmonics

Bus Voltage Voltage harmonic limit as % of fundamental

Less than 69 KV

Individual harmonics = 3% THD = 5%

161 KV and above

Individual harmonics = 1% THD = 1%

Transformer capacity
K-Factor transformers are designed to be operated fully loaded with any harmonic load having a K-Factor equal to or less than its KRating Additional thermal capacity to tolerate the heating effects of the harmonic currents

Example
First case Normal transformer i.e. K1 rated Copper losses for a transformer = 2000 watts A normal transformer will dissipate no load losses + copper losses + stray losses which will be much less than 100 watts Second case K 20 rated transformer Copper losses for a transformer = 2000 watts Stray Losses = 100 watts Total losses shall be no load loss+copper loss+stray loss of 100 wattsX20 i.e. 4000 watts in addition to no load loss. K1 rated transformer is not designed for this amount of dissipation of heat

Solutions
Phase shifting is one of the technique to eliminate the harmonics. Use of Active and Passive Filters Isolate the harmonic pollution device on a separate circuit / feeder Neutral to be at least twice the size of phase conductor. ACB / MCCB to be selected having oversizes neutral Ask equipment suppliers to design equipment with lower content of harmonics.

K factor of the transformer

There are different amounts of harmonic currents produced. The term for the total amount of harmonic current present is called THD. Since this value has a wide range, there needs to be an appropriate way to size the K-rated transformer to the load. This is where Kfactor comes in K varies from 1 to 50. The higher the K-factor, the more heat from harmonic
currents the transformer is able to handle.

Recommended ratings of K
Non-Linear Load
Incidental electronic equipment representing <5% Harmonic producing equipment representing <35% Harmonic producing equipment representing <50% Harmonic producing equipment representing <75% Harmonic producing equipment representing <100%

K-rating
K-1 K-4 K-7 K-13 K-20

Example of heat run test on transformer

With normal load

Normal transformer 38

K rated transformer 37.6

Top oil temperature (deg)

With non linear load

Normal transformer

K rated transformer

Top oil temperature (deg)

54

47

Thank you
Questions??