SUBJECT: SCIENCE PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Balance in Nat !

e "#at i$ t#e %eanin& '( )alance in nat !e*

FORM: 5

Refer to the $it ati'n +#e!e li,in& t#in&$ an- n'n li,in& t#in&$ -e.en- 'n eac# 't#e! ('! t#ei! e/i$tence in nat !al +a0. That means they are balance on one another so that their ecosystems continue to exist in natural state. Nat !al C0cle Hel.$ t' Maintain Balance in Nat !e: Water Cycle
Condensation Clouds Transpiration Water vapor #vaporation Seas / oceans #vaporation $lo% Ponds, la es and rivers $lo% Respiration !nimals/"umans Plants !bsorption Water in the ground Rain !bsorption Condensation

Carbon Cycle
Photosynthesis Carbon dioxide in atmosphere 'xygen released &reen plants in sunlight

Respiration, combustion and decay of plants and animals

$oods for animals

Carbohydrates formed

Carbohydrates stored in plants

(itrogen Cycle
(itrogen in atmosphere -ightning (itrates (itrates !bsorption !bsorption (itrites Plant proteins .ecay by bacteria and fungi (utrition Synthesis of nitrogen fixing bacteria

!ction of denitrifying bacteria

!ction of nitrifying bacteria

!ction of nitrifying bacteria

!mmonium in compounds !nimal proteins .ecay by bacteria and fungi

F''- "e)$ Hel.$ t' Maintain Balance in Nat !e: a) $ood chains $ood relationship among organisms forms food chains. That means &!een .lant$ %a1e t#ei! '+n (''- )0 .#'t'$0nt#e$i$, and $'%e ani%al$ &et t#ei! (''- (!'% eatin& t#i$ &!een .lant, and $'%e 't#e! ani%al$ &et t#ei! (''- )0 eatin& #e!)i,'!e$ *animals that feed only green plants) #xamples of food chains are given belo%+ a) &rass Rabbits #agles b) &reen plants &oats "uman ,eings c) Paddy plants Rats Sna es #agles

Ene!&0 is transferred from organism to organism in food chain. S'%e '( ene!&0 i$ +a$te- - !in& t!an$(e!. /t is because of +a$te 2(aece$3 .!'- ct )0 '!&ani$% and #eat l'$t t' $ !!' n-in&. N' ene!&0 i$ -e$t!'0e- '! c!eate- in (''- c#ain$. O!i&inal $' !ce '( ene!&0 in (''- c#ain$ i$ t#e S n. Why0 ,ecause t#e $ n $ ..lie$ ene!&0 t' &!een .lant$ so that they can ma e their o%n food by photosynthesis b) $ood %ebs $ood chains don1t exist alone on their o%n in nature. /n fact, they are inter2related. This inter2relationship among food chains forms food %eb. #xample of food %eb is given belo%+
P!'- ce!$ P!i%a!0 c'n$ %e!$ Sec'n-a!0 c'n$ %e!$ Te!tia!0 c'n$ %e!$

Dec'%.'$e!

Dia&!a% 3.1 P!'- ce!$ : !ll producers are green plants, because they ma e their o%n food under sunlight via photosynthesis P!i%a!0 c'n$ %e! : !nimals %hich eats plants, either herbivores or omnivores Sec'n-a!0 c'n$ %e!: !nimals %hich eats primary consumers Te!tia!0 c'n$ %e! : !nimals %hich eats secondary consumers

Dec'%.'$e! : They are bacteria of decay, fungi and other organisms %hich brea up dead plants and animals into minerals. These minerals %ill be absorbed again by plants. Refer to .iagram 3.4, food %eb is much simple compare to the real one. !ctually, real food %eb is much more complicate that that. Sta)le (''- +e) %aintain$ t#e )alance in nat !e. The balance of ecosystem %ill be upset if members are ta en out or ne% members are put in. c) Pyramid of (umbers /t sho%s the relative number of organisms in a particular food chain
N %)e! '( '!&ani$% -ec!ea$e Si4e '( c'n$ %e! inc!ea$e Ha+15Ea&le5Bi& )i!-

Bi& (i$# S%all (i$# Snail5D!a&'n(lie$ 6!een .lant$

!s %e move up from the base to the apex of the pyramid, a) the number of organisms decrease b) the organisms become stronger and maybe bigger c) the energy transferred decrease *'nly 456 of energy is transferred from one organism to another) The relative number of organisms at each stage of the number of pyramid is naturally controlled. 'ther%ise, food supply %ill be disrupted. E((ect$ '( Nat !al Di$a$te!$ 'n t#e Balance in Nat !e: a) $orest fires /t can destroys large timber trees and large variety of plants and animals !fter a forest fire, the balance of nature in that area is completely destroyed. The plants gro% again, but slo%ly before animals %ill return

$orest fire produces plenty of smo e and dust. These substance form thic ha7e, and result in poor vision and healthy problem for human beings such as cough, asthma, and bronchitis b) .rought Refer to long period of dry %eather. Plants and animals don1t get enough %ater supplies. Plants are the first to %ither and die, follo%ed by the animals. /n severe drought, the c'%.lete #a)itat can )e t !ne- int' a -e$e!t7li1e !e&i'n . /t is follo%ed by a (a%ine. Pe'.le %ho live in that drought area +ill )e $ta!,e- t' -eat# unless they receive aid from outside the affected region c) $lood /t is caused by heavy rainfall such as monsoons -arge variety of plants is destroyed, and many animals are dro%ned. Those survived animals have to find ne% habitats to find food. $loods are li ely to +a$# a+a0 t#e t'.$'il an- all it$ n t!ient$. T#e $ !,i,in& .lant$ +ill lac1 '( n t!ient$. $loods also cause t#e +ate! .'ll ti'n8 an- a$ a !e$ lt8 a l't '( +ate!7)'!ne -i$ea$e$ $ c# a$ -0$ente!0 an- c#'le!a a!e e%e!&e-. d) Typhoons /t is great thunderstorms %hich bring torrential rains and %inds of very high speed /t can s%eep across a %hole region very fast, inflicting %ide spread and catastrophic destruction to property and causing loss of lives *animals, plants and human beings). /t also causes landslide and flooding. e) #arth8ua e /t happens because of movement of molten roc s belo% the #arth1s crust (ormally lasts at most for 4 minute Can cause catastrophic destruction, loss of lives and upset the balance of nature #xample+ 9obe1s #arth8ua e on 4::;

"o%ever, scientists can predict %here the big earth8ua e %ill occurs fairly and accurately, and so that people %ho live in earth8ua e2prone area %ill ta e proper precautions. /f an earth8ua e ta es place on sea floor, tsunami *mighty sea %ave as tall as coconut tree and moving at <552=55 m per hour) may be produced. #xample+ Tsunami on >?th .ecember >55; f) @olcanic eruption /t thro%s out molten materials, dust and gases such as carbon monoxide *C'), sulphur dioxide *S'>) and hydrogen sulphide *"S) The dust and acidic gases pollute the air and dissolve in the rain to form aci- !ain The molten materials, called la,a8 can flo% and spread out over large areas. /t %ill destroy habitats and ills organisms %hich are in its %ay. #xample+ 9ra atoa1s volcanic eruption in 4==3 "a0$ ('! Maintainin& t#e Balance in Nat !e: 4) >) 3) ;) B) ?) <) =) Prevent air and %ater pollution Prevent forest fires 9eep our ponds, rivers and la es clean Aaintain the fertility of the soil Prevent the erosion of the topsoil Replant after logging .o not destroy plants and animals indiscriminately. Set up the %arning system if there %ill be high possibility for natural disaster to occur

3.9 En,i!'n%ental P'll ti'n an- It$ E((ect$ S' !ce '( En,i!'n%ental P'll ti'n: Cncontrolled use of fossil fuels *e.g+ diesel and coal)

!s a result, they .!'- ce a l't '( carbon dioxide *C'>), carbon monoxide *C'), sulphur dioxide *S'>) and nitrogen dioxide *('>). !ll of them are aci-ic &a$e$. These gases -i$$'l,e in !ain8 t' ('!% aci- !ain, %hich is ,e!0 c'!!'$i,e. Cncontrolled use of pesticides, fungicides, and fertili7ers in agriculture

Some of pesticides and fungicides sprayed onto the crops e$ca.e int' t#e ai! inci-entall0 an- .'ll te it. #xcess pesticides, fungicides and fertili7ers +#ic# -i$$'l,e in +ate! )el'+ t#e &!' n(inall0 (l'+ int' t#e nat !al +ate! !e$' !ce nea!)0 li e pond, la e or river. !s result, the +ate! +ill )e .'ll te-. #mission of toxic gases, smo e and noise from motor vehicles

T'/ic &a$e$ such carbon monoxide *C') and sulphur dioxide *S'>), an- $%'1e comes from motor vehicles +ill .'ll te t#e ai! in )i& citie$. ,esides, the c'ntin ' $ n'i$e comes from motor vehicles in the big cities can )e ,e!0 i!!itatin&. /mproper disposal of industrial %aste

In- $t!ial +a$te$ such as acids, al alis, mercury and lead are in-i$c!i%inatel0 -i$.'$eint' t#e en,i!'n%ent. #ven the !a-i'acti,e +a$te$ are not being disposed in a safe and proper %ay. /mproper disposal of rubbish

Some of plastics are n'n7)i'-e&!a-a)le. That means, it cann't )e -ec'%.'$e- )0 )acte!ia. !s a result, they stays in the environment for hundred of years. $ood s%ills and human se%age %hich are not properly managed can pollute the %ater and land. #xtensive use of C$C *chlorofluorocarbon)

C$C is the %ain .'ll tant +#ic# -e$t!'0$ t#e '4'ne in t#e at%'$.#e!e. /t is e/ten$i,el0 $e- as a cooling agent in !e(!i&e!at'!$ an- ai! c'n-iti'ne!$.

E((ect$ '( En,i!'n%ental P'll ti'n: "armful #ffect on "uman "ealth P'll tant -ead *Pb) Aercury *"g) Chromium *Cr) Carbon monoxide *C') Sulphur dioxide *S'>) (itrogen dioxide *('>) Smo e Se%age Radioactive %aste (oise .estruction of "abitats P'll tant !cid rain 'il spills Ha!%( l E((ect$ Corrodes the mineral in the soil, ma ing the soil is unsuitable habitat for plants. Cause the roots of plants to be unable to absorb %ater. Pollute the natural %ater resources li e sea, river and la e When oil spills is %ashed to the shore, it ma es the coast line as uninhabitable place for marine organisms Ha!%( l E((ect$ Cause high blood pressure and nervous disorders .estroys the nervous system Cause deformity in fetus -eading to Ainamata diseases Cause adverse effects if it accumulate too much in idneys, brain, liver and bones. .epriving oxygen from our body /rritate and corrode human1s respiratory system Cause coughs, asthma and bronchitis D Cause lung cancer Cause %ater borne disease such as typhoid, cholera and dysentery Cause sterility Cause deformity in fetus Cause cancer, even %orse death -ead to the total deafness and nervous disorders

Clea!in& '( ('!e$t$ for housing, heavy industries and etc deprive plants, animals and indigenous people from their habitat. #xtinction of Species

This issue comes from many causes, li e+ 4. .estruction of their habitats by +2 a) mining b) logging c) Clearing of forests for housing, heavy industries >. Pollution of natural %ater resources by +2 a) 'il spills b) Toxic substance spills

3. /llegal hunting -oss of #conomic Resources

This matter comes from many reasons, li e+ 4. .estruction of forests by +2 a) acid rain b) natural disasters *e.g+ forest fires, typhoon, earth 8ua e) >. Pollution of soil by +2 a) improper disposal of industrial %aste b) extensive use of pesticides, fungicides and fertili7ers 3. Soot/smo e settling *comes from thic ha7e) on the leaves of the green plants prevent them to receive sunlight for photosynthesis process. ;. Pollution of natural %ater resources by +2 a) 'il spills b) Toxic substance spills 6l')al "a!%in&: Refer to phenomena %here the #arth1s temperature increases due to several factors such as+ Clearing of large area of forests ,urning of fossil fuels in factories and motor vehicles
Euantity of C'> eeps increasing bco7 of both factors

Since 8uantity of CO9 inc!ea$e$ &!a- all0 in atmosphere and it -en$e! t#an ai!, it %ill ('!%$ a la0e! in at%'$.#e!e $ !!' n-in& t#e Ea!t# Heat (!'% the S n can .a$$ t#!' &# the la0e! '( CO9 to the #arth. B t #eat anin(!a!e- !e(lecte- (!'% t#e Ea!t# cann't .a$$ t#!' &# the la0e! '( CO9 into outer space. Heat an- in(!a !e- t!a..e- )et+een t#e la0e! '( CO9 an- t#e Ea!t# ma es the #arth1s temperature increases. &lobal %arming is similar to the &!een#' $e e((ect. ,esides C'> gas, there are 't#e! &a$e$ that can ca $e &l')al +a!%in& li e CFC, %et#ane and nit!'&en -i'/i-e 2NO93.

T#innin& '( O4'ne :a0e!$: Refer to phenomena %here the '4'ne;$ la0e! )ec'%e$ t#in due to $a&e '( CFC in !e(!i&e!at'!8 ai! c'n-iti'ne! an- ae!'$'l $.!a0 ,asically, o7one is %a-e . +it# t#e c'%)inati'n '( t#!ee '/0&en at'%$ 2O 33. /t ('!%e- an- -ec'%.'$e- at t#e $a%e !ate so that there is n' c#an&e in t#e t#ic1ne$$ '( '4'ne;$ la0e!. The usage of o7one is t' .!'tect t#e Ea!t# (!'% e/ce$$ '( lt!a,i'let 2UV3 li&#t (!'% t#e S n H'+e,e!8 t#e $a&e '( CFC inc!ea$e$ t#e !ate '( '4'ne;$ -ec'%.'$iti'n. /f it i$ n't t!eate- i%%e-iatel0, "igh intensity C@ light can ca $e cance! D 1ill t#e c0t'.la$% '( cell$ D -a%a&e .lant ti$$ e D !e- ce i%% ni0 t' (i&#t -i$ea$e D inc!ea$e t#e te%.e!at !e '( t#e Ea!t#

3.3 C'n$e!,ati'n '( t#e En,i!'n%ent H'+ t' c'nt!'l en,i!'n%ental .'ll ti'n*
4. Cse unleaded petrol >. Cse alternative sources *hybrid, solar, electric and etc)

4. C'nt!'l$ the $a&e '( ('$$il$ ( el >. 3. D D

,uild very high chimney and use electrostatic filter inside it -i$.'$al '( in- $t!ial +a$te4. >. Radioactive %aste should be stored in lead and concrete container before it is disposed on the sea floor or desert.

$a&e '( c#e%ical .e$tici-e$ an- (e!tilli4e!$4. Practice biological control

>. Practice rotation of crops 3. Cse organic fertili7er such as compost

;.

e%i$$i'n '( .'ll tant$ (!'% %'t'! ,e#icle$ 4. Cse unleaded petrol

>. Cse catalytic converter 3. /nstall a silencer at exhaust system ;. Cse public transport

B.

-i$.'$al '( ! ))i$#

4. Reuse materials >. Recycle glass, plastics and paper 3. Set up rubbish traps along a river

?.

$a&e '( CFC >. Replace C$C %ith "$C

4. Reduce the usage of C$C