MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

BUILDING SCIENCE SESSIONAL

STUDY OF HERITAGE BUILDING WITH RESPECT TO COMFORT

Submitted to:Prof. R.K. Pandit

Submitted by:Shalini Gupta B.Arch, v sem AR11031

CONTENTS

Introduction The heritage building as a passive and active climate moderator Case study
1. GOHAR MAHAL (BHOPAL) 2. GUJARI MAHAL (GWALIOR) 3. The James Pitot House (early nineteenth century) 4. The Gibson House (1859)

Opportunities to Reinstate the Heritage Building as a Passive and Active Climate Moderator Synthesis Conclusion References

INTRODUCTION
The knowledge of architectural designs to create the comfort conditions in the building may be understand well by analyzing the concepts used in the old monuments or heritage buildings. These existing buildings were designed, developed and constructed to use the natural energy sources or sinks for the particular climatic zone. India lies in its Buildings as these buildings are the mirror of History of India. These buildings have been maintained and some restored to keep the glory India intact as in the past and also provide many lessons in designing for specific climates. The concept of energy conservation in buildings is not new but can be seen in our historical monuments. The knowledge of architectural designs to create the comfort conditions in the building may be understand well by analyzing the concepts used in the old monuments or heritage buildings. These existing buildings were designed, developed and constructed to use the natural energy sources or sinks for the particular climatic zone. India lies in its Buildings as these buildings are the mirror of History of India. These buildings have been maintained and some restored to keep the glory India intact as in the past and also provide many lessons in designing for specific climates. The concept of energy conservation in buildings is not new but can be seen in our historical monuments.

The Heritage Building as a Passive and Active Climate Moderator

Heritage buildings that predate the development of fourseason climate management systems typically had some inherent capability to moderate external influences on interior conditions. In these older structures, the building itself was the system for ventilation and human comfort. The hygrothermal performance of these buildings relied on building materials, thermal mass, moisture buffering, landscape, siting, overall form, horizontal and vertical communication among interior spaces, and exterior wall openings. A key component of the interior conditioning of older buildings was occupant operation of building featuressuch as doors and windows and their associated devices such as shutters and shadeswhich moderated the influence of the exterior on the interior while capitalizing on favorable external aspects, such as breezes, for ventilation and comfort.

1. GOHAR MAHAL (BHOPAL)

a. Climate of Site-

CASE STUDY

Bhopal is a city in central India, a hilly but hot area, located on the Malwa plateau. 23.27 N, 77.4 E .Altitude is 499m above sea level. The summers are hot and dry and the temperatures soar as high as 40o-48oC. Winters are moderately cold with temperature not going below 8oC. It rains moderately during the rainy season.

b. Building descriptionThe Gohar Mahal was built in 1818, is a three-story building with an uninsulated full basement. A two-storey wing at the rear was added later. Major renovations were carried out in 1922. The total floor area is about 650 m2 (not including the basement). The first- and second-story exterior walls are loadbearing solid brick walls (1000-330 mm thick), the third story is enclosed by a wood-frame mansard roof with the sides covered with slate tiles. The roof is insulated to approximately RSI-4.4 (R-25). All walls are finished with lath and plaster on the interior. Windows are either single-glazed, double-hung wood-frame windows with single-glazed wood-frame storm windows on the exterior; or leaded, single-glazed metalcasement windows with single-glazed wood-frame storm windows on the interior.

Location of Gohar Mahal is at the lakeside, the main entrance is south-east facing. The two courtyards divide the building in three parts in longitudinal direction and two parts in transverse. The building is constructed on the slope of a hill,hence there is a road level entry at each floor also one of its part is attached with hill. Therefore the built up area is less at ground floor than first and second floor. The main entry is towards the lake side in the eastern corner at ground level.

C. Passive Solar Design of Buildings: The energy efficiency in the buildings can be achieved by studying the macro and micro climate of the site, applying solar passive and bio climatic design features and take advantage of natural resources on site. A few common architecture solar passive design elements are listed below: Landscaping Water bodies Orientation Site And Site Conditions Open spaces and built form Assessment of many of our vernacular buildings like Gohar Mahal shows an understanding of PSD and demonstrates how simple it is to incorporate in modern building design.

Landscaping:
Landscaping by vegetation is one of the most effective ways of altering micro climate for better conditions. Trees provide buffer to sun, heat, noise, air pollution.

As Gohar mahal is built towards lake side ,there is a dense vegetation around it. These trees ,plants and water body near by help the building to keep cool in summer by evaporation cooling. The building consists of multi-level planning, as the building is built on a small hill with the different levels gradually increasing in height towards the north -east direction. Hence Ground cooling by earth berming keep the inside temperature much down in summer and moderate in winter .the principle behind this is the earths temperature is practically constant after a depth of 2.5m and remains close to the average annual temperature, thus offering a vital sink for buildings to dissipate their heat hence the Gohar Mahal part, which is in contact with earth benefits from huge thermal mass of adjacent ground and is thus not affected by hot and cold climate, shown below the rear view of Gohar Mahal. the maximum openings are towards the lake side i.e. .in south west direction, to get the cool air in and let the hot air out. This makes building much cool in summer.

Orientation:
In solar passive buildings, orientation is a major design consideration, mainly with regard to solar radiation, daylight and wind. Gohar Mahal in respect to its orientation is perfect. Main entrance of Gohar Mahal is east facing.The long wall is at south side and maximum openings are given at wall that is lake side to capture the prevailing wind in summer. All the main rooms are towards north side with small openings but attached with large verandahs and courtyards.

location and site conditions:

Gohar mahal is located besides Bhopal upper lake. Water has a moderating effect on the air temperature of the micro climate. It possesses very high thermal storage capacity much higher than the building materials like Brick, concrete, stone. A

large body of water in the form of lake, river, and fountain has the ability to moderate the air temperatures in the micro climate. Water evaporation has a cooling effect in the surroundings. It takes up heat from the air through evaporation and causes significant cooling especially in hot & dry climate zone. This is observed in at the site also.

Openings, Semi Openings and Built Form:

Openings play main part in solar passive buildings. Main openings are in the form of courtyards and terraces whereas semi openings are in the form of verandahs in Gohar Mahal. There are four courtyards; two of them divide the building longitudinally in three parts and transversely in two parts. The central courtyard of a typical traditional house was a very common passive solar device and was often considered the lung of the house. The success of the cooling principle of courtyards depends on a combination of climate, building shape and wall materials and varied across the region depending on location, size and affluence. One of the openings is a garden called as secret garden which is at back side of the second floor. They are performing following functions:

The division of buildings into thermal zones with buffer areas such as verandas, courtyards avoids providing barriers to cross flow ventilation where this is required; hence using courtyard as a space is to act as a thermal buffer. The courtyard was the main source of air exchange from inside the built space to the outer free space. In Gohar Mahal more space is around the building, this provide prevalent and effected crossventilation through a series of openings from the rear/entrance door, through the central courtyards and out of an opening at the entrance/rear. This was the 'air funnel' of the house. The entrance lobby acted as a wind funnel focusing the incident wind into the courtyard that lay on this air funnel, which in turn ventilated the living areas grouped around it.

 To facilitate the moment of cool air into the house, parapets are built at very low height and also slopes are towards the courtyard. A water sprinkler was placed in the courtyards to cool and humidify the incoming air.

The principle of using central courtyards in Gohar Mahal as a means for keeping adjacent rooms cool was based on the pressure difference between cool air and warm air. Cool night time air from high above the courtyard, heavier than warm air, sank into the courtyard and replaced the slightly warmer air that had accumulated there during the day and which was unable to escape because the ambient daytime air temperature above the courtyard was warmer. The main function of verandahs found in Gohar Mahal was to prevent the direct heat and glare of the sun from entering the house. They are all the four sides of courtyards. This is analysing that all these verandahs are comparatively cool in summer while hotter in winters. Ventilation and other openings: Ventilation is the exchange of air between the inside of a building and the outside. In Gohar Mahal traditional ways of ventilation to achieve passive cooling was adopted, briefly described below: _ For natural ventilation, the flow of air is caused by the pressure of the wind (cross ventilation) or by the buoyancy effect of temperature differences between inside and outside (Stack effect). _ Almost all the ventilators are inclined i.e. highly elevated at outside and low at inside.

_ The arch shaped ventilators are highly tapered these are for spot light i.e. lightning the whole room naturally . _ Highly elevated small openings keep the room cool. _ Numbers of jharokhas are also given for free flow of wind.

Sun Shades and chajjas : Shades play important role for protecting the building from direct sunlight. In Gohar Mahal shades of flag stone are provided all the four sides of the building. Generally they are slightly inclined and 900mm wide. They are supported on stone cornice. They are perfect to gain direct solar radiation in winter and shades in summer.

d. BUILDING MATERIAL:
Choice of building material for the envelope is important to reduce the energy content of the building, this means selection of building materials which use low energy in their manufacturing. The choice of building material is also important to achieve indoor comfort. In Gohar Mahal the building materials used are; Bricks Stone Timber Lime

 Sand stone Jute fabric

2. GUJARI MAHAL (GWALIOR)

a. Climate of SiteGwalior is located at 26.22N 78.18E in northern Madhya Pradesh 300 km (186 miles) from Delhi. It has an average elevation of 197 metres. The hill fort, conical in shape, is built on a solitary hillock. The rock formations in the fort hill and in the Gwalior hill ranges consist of ochreous sandstone. The fort hill (342 feet (104 m) at the highest point) has a length of about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) and an average width of about 300 yards (270 m). A small river Swarnrekha flows close to the palace.

b. Building descriptionGujari Mahal Archaeological Museum is a place where you can find the rare and atypical antiquities. The most striking and prominent feature of Gujari Mahal is the precious stones and jewels in the crown. This world familiar Gujari Mahal is situated in Gwalior and this far-famed archaeological museum being visited by most tourists. Furthermore, the place has wide collection of unique variety sculptures fitting in the 1st Century AD. Gujari Mahal was built by Raja Mansingh Tomar and he dedicated this Mahal to his Gujar Queen Mrignayani. The major striking spotlight of this museum is the sculpture of Gyraspur Shalabhanjika is sheltered in the Gujari Mahal.

C. Passive Solar Design of Buildings: The energy efficiency in the buildings can be achieved by studying the macro and micro climate of the site, applying solar passive and bio climatic design features

and take advantage of natural resources on site. A few common architecture solar passive design elements are listed below: Landscaping Water bodies Orientation Site And Site Conditions Open spaces and built form

Landscaping:
Landscaping by vegetation is one of the most effective ways of altering micro climate for better conditions. Trees provide buffer to sun, heat, noise, air pollution. As Gohar mahal is built towards lake side ,there is a dense vegetation around it. These trees ,plants and water body near by help the building to keep cool in summer by evaporation cooling.

Orientation:
In solar passive buildings, orientation is a major design consideration, mainly with regard to solar radiation, daylight and wind. Gujari Mahal in respect to its orientation is perfect. Main entrance of Gujari Mahal is north east facing and second entrance is from south west. The long wall is at south side and openings are given at centre.

location and site conditions:

Gujari Mahal is located in Gwalior. The fort has two important parts namely, the main fort and the Palaces (Gujari Mahal and the Man Mandir palace). The Palaces were built by Raja Man Singh Tomar. Water has a moderating effect on the air temperature of the micro climate. It possesses very high thermal storage capacity much higher than the building materials like Brick, concrete, stone. A large body of water in the form of lake, river, and fountain has the ability to moderate the air temperatures in the micro climate.

Openings, Semi Openings and Built Form:

Openings play main part in solar passive buildings. Main openings are in the form of courtyards and terraces. There is one courtyard in centre sounded by rooms. The central courtyard of a typical traditional house was a very common passive solar device and was often considered the lung of the house. The success of the cooling principle of courtyards depends on a combination of climate, building

shape and wall materials and varied across the region depending on location, size and affluence.

Effected crossventilation through a series of openings from the rear/entrance door, through the central courtyards and out of an opening at the entrance/rear. This was the 'air funnel' of the house. The principle of using central courtyards in Gohar Mahal as a means for keeping adjacent rooms cool was based on the pressure difference between cool air and warm air and cool night. Ventilation and other openings: Ventilation is the exchange of air between the inside of a building and the outside. In Gujari Mahal traditional ways of ventilation to achieve passive cooling was adopted, briefly described below: _ For natural ventilation, the flow of air is caused by the pressure of the wind (cross ventilation) or by the buoyancy effect of temperature differences between inside and outside (Stack effect). _ Almost all the ventilators are inclined i.e. highly elevated at outside and low at inside. _ The arch shaped ventilators are highly tapered these are for spot light i.e. lightning the whole room naturally . _ Highly elevated small openings keep the room cool. _ Numbers of jharokhas are also given for free flow of wind.

3. The James Pitot House (early nineteenth century)

The James Pitot House in New Orleanslisted on the National Historic Registeris currently the subject of a Getty-funded Conservation Planning Grant. It is a

traditional two-story Creole cottage interpreted as a furnished historic house museum. The house has numerous features to address the hostile New Orleans climate. Deep galleries protect the interior spaces from sun and driving rain. The second-floor galleries provided protected exterior living spaces, the importance of which is evidenced by the presence of architectural trim such as baseboards and, in some instances, chair rails. Interior spaces are configured for cross-ventilation through multiple doors and windows that open onto the protected galleries. The house incorporated seasonal operating features (no longer extant), such as curtains and shades hung above the gallery railings to provide privacy and to exclude insects when the galleries were transformed into living spaces in the hot summer months. The original loose-fit slate roof resisted wind uplift from tropical storms, and the heated mass of the roof created a nighttime thermosiphon, exhausting room air into the attic through second-floor ceilings constructed from gap-spaced painted boards, cooling the rooms below With the introduction of central air-conditioning into the Pitot House in the late twentieth century, the building underwent a variety of changes. The ventilating ceiling was closed off with attic insulation, and the roof was replaced with tight-fitting composition shingles and roofing felts. The attic is no longer a solar-powered passive ventilator, and the doors and windows to the galleries must be kept closed to stabilize the conditioned interiors. Ephemeral and fugitive methods of managing the interior climate, such as the gallery curtains shown in a delightful 1830 sketch by Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, have long disappeared.

The Pitot House. Photo: Penelope S. Watson, Watson and Henry Associates.

Historic American Building Survey drawing of the ventilation of the Pitot House

4. The Gibson House (1859)

The Gibson House in Boston, a National Historic Landmark, is interpreted as a furnished historic house museum. It has not been fitted with central airconditioning and retains its original three-story-high ventilation and light shaft. These architectural features for interior climate management are typical of a multistory building in an urban context. Since the building has long windowless sidewalls, buoyancydriven ventilation was essential to augment the limited window area provided by the narrow front and rear facades. In such cases, light and ventilation shafts, stair halls, and areaways are critical to movement of air, thermal energy, and natural light to interior spaces. At the Gibson House, the shaft is a functionally sophisticated and architecturally refined feature. It distributed

heated air to upper floors in winter and exhausted hot air from all floors in summer, while distributing much-needed natural light to windowless interior spaces and the interior stair hall. Building occupants operated the interior window sash on the ventilation shaft according to need, as indicated by the thermometer placed by one such window. The shaft now terminates in a vented skylight, which appears to be a replacement for an earlier, presumably operable version. The impacts of centralized systems are compounded in older buildings considered historic by virtue of their architectural, historical, or cultural significance. In historic buildings, the interior environmental management must also address the preservation issues posed by the building itself. The dual mandate to preserve historic building fabric and prevent deterioration or damage to the collections sets the stage for potentially competing or conflicting objectives.

The Gibson House ventilation and light shaft viewed from the shaft interiorThe

Gibson House ventilation and light shaft with thermometer, seen from the bathroom.

Opportunities to Reinstate the Heritage Building as a Passive and Active Climate Moderator
If interior temperatures are unacceptably high, the heat gains might be reduced by managing insolation at window openings or heat gain by the wall surfaces, rather than by introduction of mechanical cooling. Depending on the specifics of the building, this strategy might be implemented through passive and active measures such as: shading the building through placement of landscape plantings; selecting exterior wall and roof colors to reduce radiant heat gain; operating window shutters or shades to reduce insolation; increasing natural ventilation.

If interior moisture vapor loads are high, the environmental management strategy might be source reduction of moisture vapor and liquid, rather than mechanical dehumidification. Depending on the specifics of the building, this strategy might be implemented through passive and active measures such as: intercepting and diverting roof and surface water runoff before they are absorbed by wall surfaces and building materials;
operating windows and doors to ventilate the building when

exterior atmospheric moisture vapor is lower than interior atmospheric moisture vapor.

To promote environmental and sustainable performance measures for existing heritage buildings without adversely impacting their cultural heritage significance. Objectives To increase awareness of the contribution of heritage conservation to sustainability, through: developing an understanding of the attributes of heritage buildings considering the options available for the improvement of environmental performance (in particular reducing energy and water consumption) and evaluating whether these measures are appropriate to heritage buildings i dentifying the main issues which need to be addressed in optimising the performance of heritage buildings. It is recognised that the retention of heritage buildings has environmental sustainability benefits. Conserving heritage buildings reduces energy usage associated with demolition, waste disposal and new construction, and promotes sustainable development by conserving the embodied energy in the existing buildings. Life-cycle analyses of building fabric: structure, envelope, interior elements and systems and ongoing management and use need to be considered as part of the conservation process to achieve optimum energy efficiency outcomes.

SYNTHESIS

Conclusion
From above observations and analysis this is prove that these both buildings are solar passive and does not require any conventional method for cooling. That is use of natural energy (sun, wind, etc.) to conserve conventional energy for achieving thermal comfort refers to comfortable indoor conditions (temperature, humidity, air movement) is observed and analyzed in these buildings. The result from above analysis shows that the Gohar Mahal and Gujari Mahal are an example for making solar passive modern building for climate of Bhopal and Gwalior. In the twentieth century, air-conditioning made the prospect of four-season environmental control a reality, influencing not only building design but perceptions and technical definitions of occupant comfort. We can reduce the potentially adverse impact of our environmental management strategies if we: adjust our performance criteria for conservation environments by taking into account the robust qualities and vulnerabilities of the collections against the exterior environmental threats specific to the location; reduce carbon emissions (and operating costs) without necessarily reinvesting in airconditioning systems by implementing broader criteria for interior environmental control; account for, and fully credit, the passive and operable features of the building that can moderate the environment and afford protection for the contents and collections, and rely on these features rather than on mechanical systems to the extent practical; improve or enhance the inherent environmental performance qualities of the building envelope; evaluate new or alternative environmental management strategies in lieu of fourseason mechanical systems for environmental control.

REFERENCES
1. Givoni B., Performance applicability of passive and low-energy cooling systems. Energy Build., 17, 177 199(1991). 2. Martin Godfrey Cook, Energy Efficiency in Old Houses,publisher Crowood ,pg no. 16(2009). 3. Fodil Fadli Ma , Magda Sibley Sustainability Lessons From Traditional Buildings In North Africa The Public Bathhouses: Hammms ,proceeding of 3rd International Conference On Smart And Sustainable Built Environments (2009). 4. Saviana Badarneh ,Hussain Al Zoubi ,Dr. Hikmat H. Ali:Energy efficient Design for thermally comforted dwelling units in hot arid zones: Case of vernacular buildings in Jordan ARISER 4. (1) 37-39 (2008). 5. Bhopal Weather - Bhopal Climate & Weather, Bhopal Weather Information.htm 10. Bhopal City in Madhya Pradesh India, Bhopal Travel Tour Guide.htm 11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior_Fort 12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior 13. http://www.mapsofindia.com/gwalior/travel-guide/gujari-mahal.html 14.http://www.mustseeindia.com/Gwalior-Gujari-Mahal-ArchaeologicalMuseum/attraction/12206