Lecture Notes in Criminal Law I by Judge Roberto R. Mabalot

1
LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

COLLEGE OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO
LIST OF CASES
I. BASIS OF PHILIPPINE PENAL LAWS 1. US v. Tamparong, 31 Phil 321 2. Pp v. Genosa, G. . !o. 13"#$1, Sep. 2#, 2%%% & 'an. 1", 2%%( )*+o ,asesSPECIAL LA. /EFI!ES A!/ PU!IS0ES OFFE!SES !OT CO1E E/ 23 3. US v. Serapio, 23 Phil "$( .P.C.
IG0T OF STATE TO EST AI! A!/ I4POSE PU!IS04E!T O! C I4I!ALS (. Pp v. Pomar, (5 Phil ((% 'USTIFICATIO! I! I4POSI!G PE!ALTIES O! G A1E OFFE!SES ". Pp v. 6e la Cr78, 95 Phil 15# 5. Pp v. 3o7ng, $3 Phil 9%2 9. Pp v. Carillo, e* al, $" Phil 511 C0A ACTE ISTICS:CA /I!AL P I!CIPLES OF PE!AL LA.S Generality: $. US v. S+ee*, 1 Phil 1$ #. Pp v. Li;ara, #( Phil 991 1%. 1al6e8 v. L7,ero, 95 Phil 3"5 11. Crisologo v. Pp e* al., #( Phil (99 12. Ar7la v. Espino, e* al., G !o. L<2$#(#, '7ne 23, 1#5# 13. Liang v. Pp, G !o. 12"$5", 4ar,h 25, 2%%1 Territoriality: 1(. US v. Ah Sing, 35 Phil #9$ 1". US v. Loo= Cha+, 1$ Phil "93 15. Pp v. .ong Cheng, (5 Phil 92# Prospectivity: 19. Tavera v. 1al6e8, 1 Phil (5$ ULES OF COU!ST UCTIO!> 1$. Pp v. U? '7i Pio, 1%2 Phil 59# EPEAL OF PE!AL LA.S> 1#. Pp v. 2in7?a, 51 Phil 2%$ Absol te !epeal" e##ect: 2%. Pp v. Tama?o, 51 Phil 22" 21. Lagrimas v. /ire,*or, "9 Phil 2(9 I$plie% !epeal" e##ect: 22. US v. C7na, 12 Phil 2(1 !epealin& La' %oes not p nis(" b t prior la' %oes: 23. Pp v. Pas*or, 99 Phil 1%%% APPLICATIO! OF T0E P O1ISIO!S OF T0E PC )Article )" !P*+ 2(. Pp v. '7lmain e* al, $3 Phil 1#( 2". A;ar@7e8 v. Pp, G !o. 1"%952, 'an7ar? 2%, 2%%5 )e@7ipoise r7le25. 3a6ao v. Pp, G !o. 1"%#19, Sep*. 29, 2%%5 )homi,i6eII. FELONIES: Dolo 6is*ing7ishe6 Arom culpa )Articles , - ." !P*+ 29. 4an7el v. Pp, G !o. 15"$(2, !ov. 2#, 2%%" 2$. /e la PeBa v. San6igan;a?an, G $#9%%<22, O,*. 1:## 2#. Pp v. 4a;7g<a*, "1 Phil #51 ),rim. in*en* reveale6 ;? over* a,*s3%. Pp v. Sia Te; 2an, "( Phil "2 ),rim. in*en* pres7me6 Arom *he ,omm. oA 7nl. a,*31. A;67lla v. Pp, G 1"%12#, Apr. 5, 2%%" )absence of criminal intent) 32. Pp v. 4a7ri,io, G 1335#", Fe;. 2$, 2%%1 )overt acts) 33. ivera v. Pp, G 155325, 'an7ar? 2", 2%%5 ) C6o< 3(. 2ale6os, 'r. v. Pp, G 13$%33, Fe;. 22, 2%%5 ) <6o< 3". FaDar6o v. CA, G 12""%$, Fe;. 1, 1### )probation/ex post facto) 35. Pp v. Torres, G 19%$39, Sep*. 12, 2%%5 ) <6o< 39. Pp v. E7ia,hon, G 19%235, A7g. 31, 2%%5 ) <6o< 3$. Gar,ia v. Pp, 1"3"#1, Fe;. 23, 2%%( )quasi-offense) 3#. Calim7*an v. Pp, G 1"2133, Fe;. #, 2%%5 )<6o< -

COLLEGE OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO (%. 37 v. CA, G 12"2#9, '7ne 5, 2%%3 )penal laws & crime, defined) (1. /arila?, G 13#9"1<"2, 'an. 25, 2%%( (intent to kill as an element of homicide) (2. Fran,is,o v. Pp, G 1(5"$(, '7l? 12, 2%%( )Malum prohibitum) (3. Pp v. Laserna, G !o. 1%#2"%, Sep* ", 1##9 ),rim in*en* nee6 no* ;e prove6((. Sag7ig7i* v. Pp, G 1((%"(, '7ne 3%, 2%%5 ) <6o< (". Lone? v. Pp, G 1((%"(, '7ne 3%, 2%%5 ) <6o< (5. Pp v. 4ae8ana, G 1("%%2, 'an. 2(, 2%%5 )motives/expert opinion/ alibi) (9. Pp v. /almani, 53 Phil 1$$ )mo*iveWHEN P!OOF OF /OTI0E !ELE0ANT1 ($. Pp v. 4an6apa*, G !o. 95#"3, April 22, 1##1 )1. i6en*i*? is in @7es*ion(#. Pp v. Taneo, "$ Phil 2"" )2. *o 6e*ermine vol7n*ariness oA *he ,riminal a,*"%. Pp v. 2as,os, (( Phil 2%( )3. *o 6e*ermine sani*? oA *he a,,7se6"1. 2or@7illa v. CA, G !o. L<(92$5, 'an. 9, 1#$9)(.+ho ,ommen,e6 7nla+A7l aggr"2. Pp v. Go6ine8, 1%5 Phil "#9 )". 6e*ermine shoo*ing +as in*en*ional or a,,i6en*al"3. Pp v. Geronimo,, 1%% Phil #% )5. 6e*ermine spe,iAi, na*7re oA *he ,rime"(. Pp v. Ca6ag, G L<13$3%, 4a? 31, 1#51 ) <6o< "". Pp v. !i,olas, G !o. 1399$2, Apr 1:%3 )9.evi6en,e is ,ir,7ms*an*ial:in,on,l7$. .hen a,,7se6 ,on*en6s he a,*e6 in 6eAense oA a s*ranger, sho+ *ha* he is no* in67,e6 ;? revenge, resen*men* an6 o*her evil mo*ive. 4ISTAFE OF FACT> "5. Pp v. Co,hing, "2 O.G. 2#3 "9. US v. Ah Chong, 1" Phil ($$ "$. Pp v. Oanis, 9( Phil 2"9 "#. Cal6eron v. Pp, #5 Phil 215 III. C I4I!AL LIA2ILIT3 5%. 2a*a,lan v. 4e6ina, 1%2 Phil 1$1 )ProGima*e ,a7se51. Pp v. E7ian8on, 52 Phil 152 )6ea*h is na*7ral ,onse@7en,e oA *he a,*52. US v. 4onas*erial, 1( Phil 3#1 )vi,*imHs Aa7l* ;ro7gh* a;o7* his 6ea*h53. Pp v. ellin, 99 Phil 1%3$ )res7l* is 6is*in,* or Aoreign Arom *he ,riminal a,*5(. Pp v. Toling, L<29%#9, 'an. 19, 1##" )prae*er in*en*ionemImore serio7s 7nin*en6e6 res7l*5". Pp v. Al;7@7er@7e, "# Phil 1"% )error in personaeImis*a=e in *he i6en*i*?55. Pp v. G7illen, $" Phil 3%9 )a;erra*io i,*7sImis,arriage in *he ;lo+I0. CO!SPI AC3 2Article 3" !P*+ 59. La6onga v. Pp, G 1(1%55, Fe;. 19, 2%%" )not established) 5$. !ieva v. Pp, G 1"3133, Sep*. 25, 2%%5 5#. Preagi6o v. San6igan;a?an, G "23(1<(5, !ov. 2", 2%%" 9%. An6an v. Pp, G 1353$$, 4ar,h 1(, 2%%5 )2P 220. A**emp*e6 Felon? vis<J<vis Fr7s*ra*e6 Felon? 2Article 4" !P*+ 91. Palaganas v. Pp, G 15"($3, Sep*. 12, 2%%5 92. 1alen87ela v. Pp, G !o. 15%1$$, '7ne 21, 2%%9 (no more frustrated theft) 0I. Article 56> PC as s7pple*or? *o spe,ial la+s )2P 2293. La6onga v. Pp, G !o. 1(1%55, Fe;r7ar? 19, 2%%" 0II. CI CU4STA!CES T0AT AFFECT C I4I!AL LIA2ILIT3 2Articles 55 to 57" !P*+ A: 89STIF:ING *I!*9/STAN*ES a. SELF</EFE!SE> 9(. PP v. T7;ong;an7a, G 1912191, A7g. 31, 2%%5 9". 2aGinela v. Pp, G 1(#5"2, 4ar,h 2(, 2%%5 (Mistake of fact) 95. Pp v. 2el*ran, G 15$%"1, Sep*. 29, 2%%5 99. Pp v. /agani, G 1"3$9", A7g7s* 15, 2%%5 a.1. /eAense oA proper*? 9$. Pp v. Igna,io, G 13("5$, Fe;. 1%, 2%%%

COLLEGE OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO a.2 Unla+7l aggression:reasona;le ne,essi*?, ,on,ep*s 9#. Pp v. 1i,en*e, G !o. 1392#5, '7ne 25, 2%%3 ;. /EFE!SE OF ELATI1ES $%. Pp v. 1en*7ra, G 1($1("<(5, '7l? ", 2%%( ,. ACCI/E!T> $1. Pomo? v. Pp, G 1"%5(9, Sep*. 2#, 2%%( 6. FULFILL4E!T OF /UT3 $2. Pp v. Ulep, G !o. 132"(9, Sep*. 2%, 2%%% $3. Pp v. /agani, G 1"3$9", A7g7s* 15, 2%%5 B. E;E/PTING *I!*9/STAN*ES a. I!SA!IT3 $(. Pp v. Operan, G !o. 1(959(<9", 4ar,h 19, 2%%( $". Pp v. Genosa, G !o. 13"#$1, Sep*. 2#, 2%%% ;. ACCI/E!T $5. Aro6illos 1. CA, G 13"51#, 'an. 1", 2%%( $9. Pp v. Geni*a, G !o. 125191, 4ar,h 11, 2%%( (burden of proof) $$. Pp v. Fallorin, G !o. 1393(9, 4ar,h (, 2%%( (elements) ,. I!STIGATIO! vis- -vis E!T AP4E!T $#. Pp v. Ong, G 1393($, '7ne 21, 2%%( #%. Pp v. S?, G !o. 1913#9, Sep*. 25, 2%%5 #1. Chang v. Pp, G !o. 15"111, '7l? 21, 2%%5 (!" #$%&) #2. 0ernan6e8 v. Pp, G !o. 1"5$#1, '7ne 29, 2%%5 #3. A,eDas v. Pp, G !o. 1"55(3, '7ne 29, 2%%5 )direct briber') 6. 4I!O IT3 #(. Llave v. Pp, G !o. 155%(%, April 25, 2%%5
*. /ITIGATING *I!*9/STAN*ES a. O!<INA!: /ITIGATING *I!*9/STAN*ES 1- ILL!ESS #". Pp v. 'avier, G !o. 13%""(, '7l? 2$, 1### 2- /I4I!IS0E/ .ILL PO.E #5. Pp v. Op7ran, G !o. 1(959(, 4ar,h 19, 2%%( 3- PASSIO! & O2FUSCATIO! #9. Pp v. 4aleDana, G !o. 1("%%2, 'an. 2(, 2%%5 (- 1OLU!TA 3 SU E!/E #$. Pp v. 'err? Se, G !o. 1"2#55, 4ar,h 19, 2%%( ##. Pp v. 6e la Cr78, G !o. 1(%"13, !ov. 1$, 2%%3 "- !O I!TE!T TO CO44IT SO G A1E A . O!G AS CO44ITTE/ 1%%. An6an v. Pp, G !o. 1353$$, 4ar,h 1(, 2%%5 5- PLEA OF GUILT3 1%1. Pp v. Pine6a, G !o. 11$312<13, '7l? 2$, 1### 1%2. Pp v. Calpi*o, G !o. 1232#$, !ov. 29, 2%%3 9- 1I!/ICATIO! OF A G A1E OFFE!SE 1%3. Pp v. 4olina, G !o. 12#%"1, '7l? 2$, 1### b. P!I0ILEGE< /ITIGATING *I!*9/STAN*E 1- 4I!O IT3 1%(. Alvin 'ose v. Pp, G !o. 152%"2, 'an7ar? 13, 2%%" 1%". Pp v. Calpi*o, G !o. 1232#$, !ovem;er 29, 2%%3 1%5. Pp v. Larranaga, G !o. 13$$93<9", 'an7ar? 31, 2%%5 1%9. 2- I!CO4PLETE SELF</EFE!SE Pp v. C7al, G !o. 131#2", 4ar,h #, 2%%%
<. AGG!A0ATING *I!*9/STAN*ES

COLLEGE OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO a. GENE!I* AGG!A0ATING *I!*9/STAN*ES 1- .0E E PU2LIC AUT0O ITIES 0OL/ OFFICE 1%$. !avarro v. CA, G !o. 121%$9, A7g7s* 25, 1### 1%#. Pp v. 2a,7le, G !o. 129"5$, 'an7ar? 2$, 2%%% 11%. Pp v. 4en6o8a, G !o. 1333$2, 4ar,h #, 2%%% 2- .IT0 I!SULT O /IS EGA / OF ESPECT 111. Pp vs. Paraiso, G !o. 129$(%, !ovem;er 2#, 1### 3- /.ELLI!G 112. Pp v. Calong7i, G !o. 19%"55, 4ar,h 3, 2%%5 113. Pp v. Salome, G !o. 15#%99, A7g7s* 31, 2%%5 (- /IS EGA / OF SEK 11(. Pp v. Inggo, G !o. 1(%$92, '7ne 23, 2%%3 "- IG!O4I!3 11". Pp v. Siao, G !o. 125%21, 4ar,h 3, 2%%% (rape) 5- USE OF 4OTO 1E0ICLE 115. Pp v. Fa,o, G !o. 11"21", Sep*. 15, 1### 9- C UELT3:!IG0TTI4E 119. Simangan v. Pp, G !o. 1"9#$(, '7l? $, 2%%( 11$. Pp v. 1en*7ra, G !o. 1($("<(5, '7l? ", 2%%( $- A2USE OF SUPE IO ST E!GT0 11#. Pp v. O,7men, G !o. 12%(#3<#(:1195#2, /e,em;er 22, 1### 12%. Pp v. oGas, G !o. 1(%952, Sep*. 1%, 2%%3 #- E1I/E!T P E4E/ITATIO! 121. Pp v. 4allari, G !o. 1("##3, '7ne 19, 2%%3 122. Pp vs 6e la Cr78, G !o. 1(%"13, !ovem;er 1$, 2%%3 1%- /ECEIT 123. Pp v. 0ol8er, G !o. 132323, '7l? 2%, 2%%% 11- TAFI!G A/1A!TAGE OF PU2LIC POSITIO! 12(. Pp v. ACa?a, G !o. 1%$3$1, 4ar,h 9, 2%%% 12- A2USE OF CO!FI/E!CE:!OCTU !IT3 12". Pp v. Lomerio, G !o. 12#%9(, Fe;. 2$, 2%%% 125. /e G78man, G !os. 13"99#<$1, !ovem;er 21, 2%%3 13- 2A!/:C UELT3 129. Pp v. Sollamillo, G !o. 123151, '7ne 1$, 2%%3 1(- U!I!0A2ITE/ PLACE 12$. Pp v. CA?ago, G !o. 12$$29, A7g7s* 1$, 1### 1"- ECI/I1IS4 12#. Pp v. /a,illo, G !o. 1($35$, April 1(, 2%%( b. =9ALIF:ING AGG!A0ATING 13%. Pp v. 4en6o8a, G !o. 1222$2, 4ar,h #, 2%%% 1- T EAC0E 3 131. Pp v. Pi6o?, G !o. 1(55#5, '7l? 3, 2%%3 132. Pp v. Alme6illa, G !o. 1"%"#%, A7g7s* 21, 2%%3 133. Pp v. Can6o, G !o. 12$11(, O,*o;er 2", 2%%% )not a((ravatin() 13(. Pp v. Calonia, G !o. 13$"(1, '7ne 12, 2%%3 2- PE 4A!E!T P03SICAL 4UTILATIO! ) APE13". Pp v. 2or,e, G !o. 12(131, April 22, 1##$ 3- USE OF U!LICE!SE/ FI EA 4 135. Pp v. Sapigao, G !o. 1((#$", '7ne 1$, 2%%3 E. ALTE!NATI0E *I!*9/STAN*ES a. ELATIO!S0IP 139. Pp v. 4e6ina, G !o. 1299"5<"$, '7ne 1$, 2%%3 13$. Pp v. 4anl7,*ao, G !o. 1(395%<53, '7ne 23, 2%%3 ;. I!TOKICATIO! 13#. Pp v. 2or;on, G !o. 1(3%$", 4ar,h 1%, 2%%( 1(%. Pp v. A,a?a, G !o. 1%$3$1, 4ar,h 9, 2%%% 0III. PE!SONS *!I/INALL: LIABLE A. P!IN*IPAL B: <I!E*T PA!TI*IPATION 1(1. Pp v. 4on*aBe8, G !o. 1($2(9, 4ar,h 19, 2%%( A.). P!IN*IPAL B: IN<9*E/ENT

COLLEGE OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO 1(2. Pp v. Comiling, G !o. 1(%(%", 4ar,h (, 2%%( B. A**O/PLI*E 1(3. A;ar@7e8 v. Pp, G !o. 1"%952, 'an7ar? 2(, 2%%5 *. A**ESSO!IES 1((. Pp v. C7i, G !o. 121#$2, Sep*em;er 1%, 1###
Crimin ! L " # A branch of substantive law which defines crimes, treats of their nature and provides for their punishment. DT$
CRIME act or omission punishable under the law. FELONY # Revised Penal ode OFFENSE # !pecial laws "#eneric term in some article of the RP $ INFRACTION %rdinance W%O %AS T%E $OWER TO DEFINE AND $UNIS% AN ACT AS A CRIME& &e#islature, 'n case of e(treme national emer#enc), the hief *(ecutive "pres+l decrees$
Limi' 'i(n) (n '*+ ,("+r (- C(n.r+)) '( +n /' ,+n ! ! ") (ON) 1. ,ust be #eneral in application. 2. ,ust not parta-e of the nature of an ex post facto law. 0Crimin !i1+) n /' "*i/* i) n(' 2+' /rimin ! /' "*+n i' " ) 3(n+4 ..r 5 '+) /rim+4 /* n.+) n3 in-!i/') .r+ '+r ,6ni)*m+n'4 6'*(ri1+) /(n5i/'i(n 6,(n !+))+r +5i3+n/+4 3. ,ust not parta-e of the nature of a bill of attainder. 0in-!i/') ,6ni)*m+n' +5+n "i'*(6' 763i/i ! 'ri !48 4. ,ust not impose cruel and unusual punishment or e(cessive fines. C* r /'+ri)'i/) (- Crimin ! L "9 1. G+n+r ! the law is bindin# to all persons who reside in the Philippines 2. T+rri'(ri ! the law is bindin# to all crimes committed within the .ational /erritor) of the Philippines Exception to Territorial Application0 'nstances enumerated under Article 2. 3. $r(),+/'i5+ the law does not have an) retroactive effect. Exception to Prospective Application0 when new statute is favorable to the accused, e(cept when he is a habitual delin1uent..
E--+/' (- r+,+ ! (- ,+n ! ! " '( !i :i!i'2 (- (--+n3+r Total or absolute, or partial or relative repeal. -- As to the effect of repeal of penal law to the liability of offender, qualify your answer by saying whether the repeal is absolute or total or whether the repeal is partial or relative only. A repeal is absolute or total when the crime punished under the repealed law has been decriminali ed by the repeal. !ecause of the repeal, the act or omission which used to be a crime is no longer a crime. An example is "epublic Act #o. $%&%, which decriminali ed subversion. A repeal is partial or relative when the crime punished under the repealed law continues to be a crime inspite of the repeal. This means that the repeal merely modified the conditions affecting the crime under the repealed law. The modification may be pre'udicial or beneficial to the offender. (ence, the following rule) C(n)+;6+n/+) i- r+,+ ! (- ,+n ! ! " i) '(' ! (r :)(!6'+ *+, *-, 'f a case is pendin# in court involvin# the violation of the repealed law , the same shall be dismissed, even though the accused may be a habitual delinquent. 'f a case is alread) decided and the accused is alread) servin# sentence b) final 2ud#ment, if the convict is not a habitual delin1uent, then he will be entitled to a release unless there is a reservation clause in the penal law that it will not apply to those serving sentence at the time of the repeal. 3ut if there is no reservation, those who are not habitual delinquents even if they are already serving their sentence will receive the benefit of the repealing law. They are entitled to release.

COLLEGE OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO 'f the) are not dischar#ed from confinement , a petition for habeas corpus should be filed to test the legality of their continued confinement in 'ail. 'f the convict, on the other hand, is a habitual delin1uent , he will continue serving the sentence in spite of the fact that the law under which he was convicted has already been absolutely repealed. This is so because penal laws should be given retroactive application to favor only those who are not habitual delinquents. C(n)+;6+n/+) i- r+,+ ! (- ,+n ! ! " i) , r'i ! (r r+! 'i5+ *+, 'f a case is pendin# in court involvin# the violation of the repealed law, and the repealin# law is more favorable to the accused, i t shall be the one applied to him. .o whether he is a habitual delinquent or not, if the case is still pending in court, the repealing law will be the one to apply unless there is a saving clause in the repealing law that it shall not apply to pending causes of action. 'f a case is alread) decided and the accused is alread) servin# sentence b) final 2ud#ment, even if the repealing law is partial or relative, the crime still remains to be a crime. /hose who are not habitual delin1uents will benefit on the effect of that repeal, so that if the repeal is more lenient to them, it will be the repealin# law that will henceforth appl) to them. /nder Article --, even if the offender is already convicted and serving sentence, a law which is beneficial shall be applied to him unless he is a habitual delinquent in accordance with "ule 0 of Article &-. Consequences if repeal of penal law is express or implied *+, 'f a penal law is impliedl) repealed, the subsequent repeal of the repealing law will revive the original law. .o the act or omission which was punished as a crime under the original law will be revived and the same shall again be crimes although during the implied repeal they may not be punishable. 'f the repeal is e(press, the repeal of the repealing law will not revive the first law, so the act or omission will no longer be penali ed.
"2$
*-,
These effects of repeal do not apply to self-repealing laws or those which have automatic termination. An example is the "ent 1ontrol 2aw which is revived by 1ongress every two years.
T*+(ri+) (- Crimin ! L " 1. C! ))i/ ! T*+(r2 ,an is essentiall) a moral creature with an absolute free will to choose between #ood and evil and therefore more stress is placed upon the result of the felonious act than upon the criminal himself. 2. $()i'i5i)' T*+(r2 ,an is subdued occasionall) b) a stran#e and morbid phenomenon which conditions him to do wron# in spite of or contrar) to his volition.
E/!+/'i/ (r Mi<+3 $*i!()(,*2 This combines both positivist and classical thin3ing. 1rimes that are economic and social in nature should be dealt with in a positivist manner4 thus, the law is more compassionate. (einous crimes should be dealt with in a classical manner4 thus, capital punishment BASIC MA=IMS IN CRIMINAL LAW D(/'rin+ (- $r( R+( 5henever a penal law is to be construed or applied and the law admits of two interpretations 6 one lenient to the offender and one strict to the offender 6 that interpretation which is lenient or favorable to the offender will be adopted. N6!!6m /rim+n> n6!! ,(+n )in+ !+.+

COLLEGE OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO There is no crime when there is no law punishing the same. This is true to civil law countries, but not to common law countries. !ecause of this maxim, there is no common law crime in the Philippines. #o matter how wrongful, evil or bad the act is, if there is no law defining the act, the same is not considered a crime. A/'6) n(n - /i' r+6m> ni)i m+n) )i' r+ The act cannot be criminal where the mind is not criminal. This is true to a felony characteri ed by dolo, but not a felony resulting from culpa. This maxim is not an absolute one because it is not applied to culpable felonies, or those that result from negligence. U'i!i' ri n T*+(r2 (r $r('+/'i5+ T*+(r2 The primary purpose of the punishment under criminal law is the protection of society from actual and potential wrongdoers. The courts, therefore, in exacting retribution for the wronged society, should direct the punishment to potential or actual wrongdoers, since criminal law is directed against acts and omissions which the society does not approve. 1onsistent with this theory, the mala prohibita principle which punishes an offense regardless of malice or criminal intent, should not be utili ed to apply the full harshness of the special law.
S(6r/+) (- Crimin ! L " 1. /he Revised Penal ode 2. !pecial Penal &aws Acts enacted of the Philippine &e#islature punishin# offenses or omissions. C(n)'r6/'i(n (- $+n ! L ") 1. riminal !tatutes are liberall) construed in favor of the offender. /his means that no person shall be brou#ht within their terms who is not clearl) within them, nor should an) act be pronounced criminal which is not clearl) made so b) statute. 2. /he ori#inal te(t in which a penal law is approved in case of a conflict with an official translation. 3. 'nterpretation b) analo#) has no place in criminal law
MALA IN SE AND MALA $RO%IBITA 7iolations of the "evised Penal 1ode are referred to as malum in se, which literall) means, that the act is inherentl) evil or bad or per se wron#ful. %n the other hand , violations of special laws are #enerall) referred to as malum prohibitum. .ote, however, that not all violations of special laws are mala prohibita. 6hile intentional felonies are alwa)s mala in se, it does not follow that prohibited acts done in violation of special laws are alwa)s mala prohibita. *ven if the crime is punished under a special law, if the act punished is one which is inherentl) wron#, the same is malum in se, and, therefore, #ood faith and the lac- of criminal intent is a valid defense7 unless it is the product of criminal ne#li#ence or culpa. &i-ewise when the special laws re1uires that the punished act be committed -nowin#l) and willfull), criminal intent is re1uired to be proved before criminal liabilit) ma) arise. 6hen the act penali8ed is not inherentl) wron#, it is wron# onl) because a law punishes the same. Di)'in/'i(n :+'"++n /rim+) ,6ni)*+3 6n3+r '*+ R+5i)+3 $+n ! C(3+ n3 /rim+) ,6ni)*+3 6n3+r ),+/i ! ! ") 1. As to moral trait of the offender 'n crimes punished under the Revised Penal ode, the moral trait of the offender is considered. /his is wh) liabilit) would onl) arise when there is dolo or culpa in the commission of the punishable act. 'n crimes punished under special laws, the moral trait of the offender is not considered7 it is enou#h that the prohibited act was voluntaril) done. 2. As to use of good faith as defense

COLLEGE OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO 'n crimes punished under the Revised Penal ode, #ood faith or lac- of criminal intent is a valid defense7 unless the crime is the result of culpa 'n crimes punished under special laws, #ood faith is not a defense 3. As to degree of accomplishment of the crime 'n crimes punished under the Revised Penal ode, the de#ree of accomplishment of the crime is ta-en into account in punishin# the offender7 thus, there are attempted, frustrated, and consummated sta#es in the commission of the crime. 'n crimes punished under special laws, the act #ives rise to a crime onl) when it is consummated7 there are no attempted or frustrated sta#es, unless the special law e(pressl) penali8e the mere attempt or frustration of the crime. As to mitigating and aggravating circumstances 'n crimes punished under the Revised Penal ode, miti#atin# and a##ravatin# circumstances are ta-en into account in imposin# the penalt) since the moral trait of the offender is considered. 'n crimes punished under special laws, miti#atin# and a##ravatin# circumstances are not ta-en into account in imposin# the penalt). As to degree of participation 'n crimes punished under the Revised Penal ode, when there is more than one offender, the de#ree of participation of each in the commission of the crime is ta-en into account in imposin# the penalt)7 thus, offenders are classified as principal, accomplice and accessor). 'n crimes punished under special laws, the de#ree of participation of the offenders is not considered. All who perpetrated the prohibited act are penali8ed to the same e(tent. /here is no principal or accomplice or accessor) to consider.
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T+)' '( 3+'+rmin+ i- 5i(! 'i(n (- ),+/i ! ! " i) m !6m ,r(*i:i'6m (r m !6m in )+ Analy e the violation) 8s it wrong because there is a law prohibiting it or punishing it as such9 8f you remove the law, will the act still be wrong9 8f the wording of the law punishing the crime uses the word :willfully;, then malice must be proven. 5here malice is a factor, good faith is a defense. 8n violation of special law, the act constituting the crime is a prohibited act. Therefore culpa is not a basis of liability, unless the special law punishes an omission. 5hen given a problem, ta3e note if the crime is a violation of the "evised Penal 1ode or a special law.
Ar'. 1. T*i) C(3+ )* !! ' ?+ +--+/' (n J n6 r2 1> 1@AB. Ar'. B. E</+,' ) ,r(5i3+3 in '*+ 'r+ 'i+) n3 ! ") (- ,r+-+r+n'i ! ,,!i/ 'i(n> '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- '*i) C(3+ )* !! :+ +n-(r/+3 n(' (n!2 "i'*in '*+ $*i!i,,in+ Ar/*i,+! .( in/!63in. i') 'm(),*+r+> i') in'+ri(r " '+r) n3 M ri'im+ 1(n+> :6' !)( (6')i3+ (- i') 76ri)3i/'i(n> . in)' '*()+ "*(9 1. S*(6!3 /(mmi' n (--+n)+ "*i!+ (n $*i!i,,in+ )*i, (r ir)*i,4 B. S*(6!3 -(r.+ (r /(6n'+r-+i' n2 /(in (r /6rr+n/2 n('+ (- '*+ $*i!i,,in+ I)! n3) (r (:!i. 'i(n) n3 )+/6ri'i+) i))6+3 :2 '*+ G(5+rnm+n' (- '*+ $*i!i,,in+ I)! n3)4 A. S*(6!3 :+ !i :!+ -(r /') /(nn+/'+3 "i'* '*+ in'r(36/'i(n in'( '*+)+ i)! n3) (- '*+ (:!i. 'i(n) n3 )+/6ri'i+) m+n'i(n+3 in '*+ ,r+/+3in. n6m:+r4 C. W*i!+ :+in. ,6:!i/ (--i/+r) (r +m,!(2++)> )*(6!3 /(mmi' n (--+n)+ in '*+ +<+r/i)+ (- '*+ir -6n/'i(n)4 (r ".ome of these crimes are bribery,

fraud against national treasury, malversation of public funds or property, and illegal use of public funds4 e.g., A 'udge who accepts a bribe while in <apan.,
D. S*(6!3 /(mmi' n2 /rim+) . in)' '*+ n 'i(n ! )+/6ri'2 n3 '*+ ! " (- n 'i(n)> 3+-in+3 in Ti'!+ On+ (- B((? T"( (- '*i) C(3+. *These crimes
include treason, espionage, piracy, mutiny, and violation of neutrality, Rules as to crimes committed aboard foreign merchant vessels 0 1. Fr+n/* R6!+ !uch crimes are not triable in the courts of that countr), unless their commission affects the peace and securit) of the territor) or the safet) of the state is endan#ered. 2. En.!i)* R6!+ !uch crimes are triable in that countr), unless the) merel) affect thin#s within the vessel or the) refer to the internal mana#ement thereof. "/his is applicable in the Philippines$
two situations where the foreign country may not apply its criminal law even if a crime was committed on board a vessel within its territorial waters and these are) *+, *-, 5hen the crime is committed in a war vessel of a foreign country, because war vessels are part of the sovereignty of the country to whose naval force they belong4 5hen the foreign country in whose territorial waters the crime was committed adopts the French Rule, which applies only to merchant vessels, except when the crime committed affects the national security or public order of such foreign country.
Requirements of an offense committed while on a Philippine Ship or Airship; 1. Re#istered with the concerned #overnment office of the Philippines 2. !hip must be in the hi#h seas or the airship must be in international airspace.
/nder international law rule, a vessel which is not registered in accordance with the laws of any country is considered a pirate vessel and piracy is a crime against humanity in general, such that wherever the pirates may go, they can be prosecuted. *Per <udge =abalot,
/. v. !ull A crime which occurred on board of a forei#n vessel, which be#an when the ship was in a forei#n territor) and continued when it entered into Philippine waters, is considered a continuin# crime. <ence within the 2urisdiction of the local courts.
As a general rule, the "evised Penal 1ode governs only when the crime committed pertains to the exercise of the public official>s functions, those having to do with the discharge of their duties in a foreign country. The functions contemplated are those, which are, under the law, to be performed by the public officer in the ?oreign .ervice of the Philippine government in a foreign country. Exception) The "evised Penal 1ode governs if the crime was committed within the Philippine Embassy or within the embassy grounds in a foreign country. This is because embassy grounds are considered an extension of sovereignty. Paragraph 0 of Article -, use the phrase :as defined in Title @ne of !oo3 Two of this 1ode.; This is a very important part of the exception, because Title 8 of !oo3 - *crimes against national security, does not include rebellion.
Ar' A. A/') n3 (mi))i(n) ,6ni)* :!+ :2 ! " r+ -+!(ni+) .

Acts an overt or e(ternal act Omission failure to perform a dut) re1uired b) law. Example of an omission0 failure to render assistance to an)one who is in dan#er of d)in# or is in an uninhabited place or is wounded = abandonment. Felonies = acts and omissions punishable b) the Revised Penal ode
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Crime = acts and omissions punishable b) an) law

6hat re1uisites must concur before a felon) ma) be committed?
There must be *+, an act or omission4 *-, punishable by the "evised Penal 1ode4 and *%, the act is performed or the omission incurred by means of dolo or culpa.
How felonies are committed0 1. :2 m+ n) (- 3+/+i' (dolo) = /here is deceit when the act is performed with deliberate intent. Requisites: a. freedom b. intelli#ence c. intent Examples0 murder, treason, and robber).
1riminal intent is not necessary in these cases)
*+, 5hen the crime is the product of culpa or negligence, rec3less imprudence, lac3 of foresight or lac3 of s3ill4 *-, prohibitum. 5hen the crime is a prohibited act under a special law or what is called malum
8n criminal law, intent is categori ed into two) *+, *-, Aeneral criminal intent4 and .pecific criminal intent.
Aeneral criminal intent is presumed from the mere doing of a wrong act. This does not require proof. The burden is upon the wrong doer to prove that he acted without such criminal intent. .pecific criminal intent is not presumed because it is an ingredient or element of a crime, li3e intent to 3ill in the crimes of attempted or frustrated homicideBparricideBmurder. The prosecution has the burden of proving the same. Cistinction between intent and discernment 8ntent is the determination to do a certain thing, an aim or purpose of the mind. 8t is the design to resolve or determination by which a person acts. @n the other hand, discernment is the mental capacity to tell right from wrong. 8t relates to the moral significance that a person ascribes to his act and relates to the intelligence as an element of dolo, distinct from intent. Cistinction between intent and motive 8ntent is demonstrated by the use of a particular means to bring about a desired result 6 it is not a state of mind or a reason for committing a crime. @n the other hand, motive implies motion. 8t is the moving power which impels one to do an act. 5hen there is motive in the commission of a crime, it always comes before the intent. !ut a crime may be committed without motive. 8f the crime is intentional, it cannot be committed without intent. 8ntent is manifested by the instrument used by the offender. The specific criminal intent becomes material if the crime is to be distinguished from the attempted or frustrated stage.
2. by means of fault (culpa = /here is fault when the wron#ful act results from imprudence, ne#li#ence, lac- of foresi#ht, or lac- of s-ill.
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a. !mprudence = deficienc) of action7 e.#. A was drivin# a truc- alon# a road. <e hit 3 because it was rainin# = rec-less imprudence. b. "egligence # deficienc) of perception7 failure to foresee impendin# dan#er, usuall) involves lac- of foresi#ht c$ Requisites: 1. @reedom 2. 'ntelli#ence 3. 'mprudence, ne#li#ence, lac- of s-ill or foresi#ht 4. &ac- of intent
The concept of criminal negligence is the inexcusable lac3 of precaution on the part of the person performing or failing to perform an act. 8f the danger impending from that situation is clearly manifest, you have a case of rec3less imprudence. !ut if the danger that would result from such imprudence is not clear, not manifest nor immediate you have only a case of simple negligence.
Mi)' ?+ (- - /' = is a misapprehension of fact on the part of the person who caused in2ur) to another. <e is not criminall) liable. a. Requisites0 1. that the act done would have been lawful had the facts been as the accused believed them to be7 2. intention of the accused is lawful7 3. mista-e must be without fault of carelessness.
*(ample) /nited .tates v. Ah 1hong. Ah hon# bein# afraid of bad elements, loc-ed himself in his room b) placin# a chair a#ainst the door. After havin# #one to bed, he was awa-ened b) somebod) who was tr)in# to open the door. <e as-ed the identit) of the person, but he did not receive a response. @earin# that this intruder was a robber, he leaped out of bed and said that he will -ill the intruder should he attempt to enter. At that moment, the chair struc- him. 3elievin# that he was attac-ed, he sei8ed a -nife and fatall) wounded the intruder.
=ista3e of fact would be relevant only when the felony would have been intentional or through dolo, but not when the felony is a result of culpa. 5hen the felony is a product of culpa, do not discuss mista3e of fact.
Ar'. C. Crimin ! !i :i!i'2 )* !! :+ in/6rr+39 1. B2 n2 ,+r)(n /(mmi''in. -+!(n2> 3(n+ :+ 3i--+r+n' -r(m '* ' "*i/* *+ in'+n3+3. !'*(6.* '*+ "r(n.-6! /'
Article 4, para#raph 1 presupposes that the act done is the pro(imate cause of the resultin# felon). 't must be the direct, natural, and lo#ical conse1uence of the felonious act.
auses which produce a different result0 a. %ista&e in identity of the victim in2urin# one person who is mista-en for another "this is a comple( crime under Art. 49$ e.#., A intended to shoot 3, but he instead shot because he "A$ mistoo- for 3.
8n error in personae, the intended victim was not at the scene of the crime. 8t was the actual victim upon whom the blow was directed, but he was not really the intended victim. (ow does error in personae affect criminal liability of the offender9 Error in personae is mitigating if the crime committed is different from that which was intended. 8f the crime committed is the same as that which was intended, error in personae does not affect the criminal liability of the offender.
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COLLEGE OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO 8n mista3e of identity, if the crime committed was the same as the crime intended, but on a different victim, error in persona does not affect the criminal liability of the offender. !ut if the crime committed was different from the crime intended, Article DE will apply and the penalty for the lesser crime will be applied. 8n a way, mista3e in identity is a mitigating circumstance where Article DE applies. 5here the crime intended is more serious than the crime committed, the error in persona is not a mitigating circumstance
b. %ista&e in blow hittin# somebod) other than the tar#et due to lac- of s-ill or fortuitous instances "this is a comple( crime under Art. 49$ e.#., 3 and were wal-in# to#ether. A wanted to shoot 3, but he instead in2ured .
8n aberratio ictus, a person directed the blow at an intended victim, but because of poor aim, that blow landed on somebody else. 8n aberratio ictus, the intended victim as well as the actual victim are both at the scene of the crime. aberratio ictus, generally gives rise to a complex crime. more serious crime is imposed in the maximum period. This being so, the penalty for the
c. !n'urious result is greater than that intended causin# in2ur) #raver than intended or e(pected "this is a miti#atin# circumstance due to lac- of intent to commit so #rave a wron# under Art. 13$ e.#., A wanted to in2ure 3. <owever, 3 died.
praeter intentionem is mitigating, particularly covered by paragraph % of Article +%. 8n order however, that the situation may qualify as praeter intentionem, there must be a notable disparity between the means employed and the resulting felony
'n all these instances the offender can still be held criminall) liable, since he is motivated b) criminal intent. Requisites0 a. the felon) was intentionall) committed b. the felon) is the pro(imate cause of the wron# done (octrine of Pro)imate *ause such ade1uate and efficient cause as, in the natural order of events, and under the particular circumstances surroundin# the case, which would necessaril) produce the event. Requisites0 a. the direct, natural, and lo#ical cause b. produces the in2ur) or dama#e c. unbro-en b) an) sufficient intervenin# cause d. without which the result would not have occurred Proximate 1ause is negated by) a. Active force, distinct act, or fact absolutel) forei#n from the felonious act of the accused, which serves as a sufficient intervenin# cause. b. Resultin# in2ur) or dama#e is due to the intentional act of the victim.
proximate cause does not require that the offender needs to actually touch the body of the offended party. 8t is enough that the offender generated in the mind of the offended party the belief that made him ris3 himself.
"equisite for Presumption blow was cause of the death 6here there has been an in2ur) inflicted sufficient to produce death followed b) the demise of the person, the presumption arises that the in2ur) was the cause of the death. Provided0 a. victim was in normal health b. death ensued within a reasonable time
The one who caused the proximate cause is the one liable. The one who caused the immediate cause is also liable, but merely contributory or sometimes totally not liable.
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B. B2 n2 ,+r)(n ,+r-(rmin. n /' "*i/* "(6!3 :+ n (--+n)+ . in)' ,+r)(n) (r ,r(,+r'2> "+r+ i' n(' -(r '*+ in*+r+n' im,())i:i!i'2 (- i') //(m,!i)*m+n' (r (n //(6n' (- '*+ +m,!(2m+n' (- in 3+;6 '+ (r in+--+/'6 ! m+ n).
Re1uisites0 (IMPOSSIBLE CRIME) a. Act would have been an offense a#ainst persons or propert) b. Act is not an actual violation of another provision of the ode or of a special penal law c. /here was criminal intent d. Accomplishment was inherentl) impossible7 or inade1uate or ineffectual means were emplo)ed. .otes0 a. %ffender must believe that he can consummate the intended crime, a man stabbin# another who he -new was alread) dead cannot be liable for an impossible crime. b. /he law intends to punish the criminal intent. c. /here is no attempted or frustrated impossible crime. ?elonies against persons0 parricide, murder, homicide, infanticide, ph)sical in2uries, etc. ?elonies against property) robber), theft, usurpation, swindlin#, etc. 8nherent impossibility0 A thou#ht that 3 was 2ust sleepin#. 3 was alread) dead. A shot 3. A is liable. 'f A -new that 3 is dead and he still shot him, then A is not liable.
5hen we say inherent impossibility, this means that under any and all circumstances, the crime could not have materiali ed. 8f the crime could have materiali ed under a different set of facts, employing the same means or the same act, it is not an impossible crime4 it would be an attempted felony.
Employment of inadequate means0 A used poison to -ill 3. <owever, 3 survived because A used small 1uantities of poison = frustrated murder. 8neffectual means0 A aimed his #un at 3. 6hen he fired the #un, no bullet came out because the #un was empt). A is liable.
5henever you are confronted with a problem where the facts suggest that an impossible crime was committed, be careful about the question as3ed. 8f the question as3ed is) :8s an impossible crime committed9;, then you 'udge that question on the basis of the facts. 8f really the facts constitute an impossible crime, then you suggest that an impossible crime is committed, then, you state the reason for the inherent impossibility. 8f the question as3ed is :8s he liable for an impossible crime9 This is a catching question. Even though the facts constitute an impossible crime, if the act done by the offender constitutes some other crimes under the "evised Penal 1ode, he will not be liable for an impossible crime. (e will be prosecuted for the crime constituted so far by the act done by him. This idea of an impossible crime is a one of last resort, 'ust to teach the offender a lesson because of his criminal perversity. 8f he could be taught of the same lesson by charging him with some other crime constituted by his act, then that will be the proper way. 8f you want to play safe, you state there that although an impossible crime is constituted, yet it is a principle of criminal law that he will only be penali ed for an impossible crime if he cannot be punished under some other provision of the "evised Penal 1ode.
Ar' D. W*+n+5+r /(6r' * ) ?n("!+3.+ (- n2 /' "*i/* i' m 2 3++m ,r(,+r '( r+,r+)) n3 "*i/* i) n(' ,6ni)* :!+ :2 ! "> i' )* !! r+n3+r '*+ ,r(,+r 3+/i)i(n n3 )* !! r+,(r' '( '*+ C*i+- E<+/6'i5+> '*r(6.* '*+ D+, r'm+n' (- J6)'i/+> '*+ r+ )(n) "*i/* in36/+ '*+ /(6r' '( :+!i+5+ '* ' ) i3 /' )*(6!3 :+ m 3+ )6:7+/' (- !+.i)! 'i(n.
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In '*+ ) m+ " 2 '*+ /(6r' )* !! )6:mi' '( '*+ C*i+- E<+/6'i5+> '*r(6.* '*+ D+, r'm+n' (- J6)'i/+> )6/* )' '+m+n' ) m 2 :+ 3++m+3 ,r(,+r> "i'*(6' )6),+n3in. '*+ +<+/6'i(n (- '*+ )+n'+n/+> "*+n )'ri/' +n-(r/+m+n' (- '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- '*i) C(3+ "(6!3 r+)6!' in '*+ im,()i'i(n (/!+ r!2 +</+))i5+ ,+n !'2> ' ?in. in'( /(n)i3+r 'i(n '*+ 3+.r++ (m !i/+ n3 '*+ in76r2 / 6)+3 :2 '*+ (--+n)+.
5hen a person is charged in court, and the court finds that there is no law applicable, the court will acquit the accused and the 'udge will give his opinion that the said act should be punished.
Para#raph 2 does not appl) to crimes punishable b) special law, includin# profiteerin#, and ille#al possession of firearms or dru#s. /here can be no e(ecutive clemenc) for these crimes.
Ar'. E. C(n)6mm '+3 -+!(ni+)> ) "+!! ) '*()+ "*i/* r+ -r6)'r '+3 n3 ''+m,'+3> r+ ,6ni)* :!+. A -+!(n2 i) /(n)6mm '+3 "*+n !! '*+ +!+m+n') n+/+)) r2 -(r i') +<+/6'i(n n3 //(m,!i)*m+n' r+ ,r+)+n'4 n3 i' i) -r6)'r '+3 "*+n '*+ (--+n3+r ,+r-(rm) !! '*+ /') (- +<+/6'i(n "*i/* "(6!3 ,r(36/+ '*+ -+!(n2 ) /(n)+;6+n/+ :6' "*i/*> n+5+r'*+!+))> 3( n(' ,r(36/+ i' :2 r+ )(n (/ 6)+) in3+,+n3+n' (- '*+ "i!! (- '*+ ,+r,+'r '(r. T*+r+ i) n ''+m,' "*+n '*+ (--+n3+r /(mm+n/+) '*+ /(mmi))i(n (-+!(n2 3ir+/'!2 :2 (5+r' /')> n3 3(+) n(' ,+r-(rm !! '*+ /') (- +<+/6'i(n "*i/* )*(6!3 ,r(36/+ '*+ -+!(n2 :2 r+ )(n (- )(m+ / 6)+ (r //i3+n' ('*+r '* n *i) ("n ),(n' n+(6) 3+)i)' n/+.
Cevelopment of a crime 1. 'nternal acts intent and plans7 usuall) not punishable 2. *(ternal acts a. Preparator) Acts acts tendin# toward the crime b. Acts of *(ecution acts directl) connected the crime
Stages of Commission of a Crime Attempt +rustrated *onsummated %vert acts of e(ecution All acts of e(ecution are All the acts of e(ecution are started present are present .ot all acts of e(ecution rime sou#ht to be /he result sou#ht is are present committed is not achieved achieved Aue to reasons other than Aue to intervenin# causes the spontaneous independent of the will of desistance of the the perpetrator perpetrator
.tages of a 1rime does not apply in0 1. %ffenses punishable b) !pecial Penal &aws, unless the otherwise is provided for. 2. @ormal crimes "e.#., slander, adulter), etc.$ 3. 'mpossible rimes 4. rimes consummated b) mere attempt. Examples: attempt to flee to an enem) countr), treason, corruption of minors. 5. @elonies b) omission 4. rimes committed b) mere a#reement. Examples: bettin# in sports "endin#s in bas-etball$, corruption of public officers.
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COLLEGE OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO D+)i)' n/+ Cesistance on the part of the offender negates criminal liability in the attempted stage. Cesistance is true only in the attempted stage of the felony. 8f under the definition of the felony, the act done is already in the frustrated stage, no amount of desistance will negate criminal liability. The spontaneous desistance of the offender negates only the attempted stage but not necessarily all criminal liability. Even though there was desistance on the part of the offender, if the desistance was made when acts done by him already resulted to a felony, that offender will still be criminally liable for the felony brought about his act 8n deciding whether a felony is attempted or frustrated or consummated, there are three criteria involved) *+, *-, *%, The manner of committing the crime4 The elements of the crime4 and The nature of the crime itself.
Applications) a. A put poison in 3+s food. 3 threw awa) his food. A is liable = attempted murder.1 b. A stole 3+s car, but he returned it. A is liable = *consummated, theft. c. A aimed his #un at 3. held A+s hand and prevented him from shootin# 3 = attempted murder. d. A inflicted a mortal wound on 3. 3 mana#ed to survive = frustrated murder. e. A intended to -ill 3 b) shootin# him. A missed = attempted murder. f. A doused 3+s house with -erosene. 3ut before he could li#ht the match, he was cau#ht = attempted arson. #. A cause a bla8e, but did not burn the house of 3 = frustrated arson. h. 3+s house was set on fire b) A = *consummated, arson. i. A tried to rape 3. 3 mana#ed to escape. /here was no penetration = attempted rape. 2. A #ot hold of 3+s paintin#. A was cau#ht before he could leave 3+s house = frustrated robbery.-
The attempted stage is said to be within the sub'ective phase of execution of a felony. @n the sub'ective phase, it is that point in time when the offender begins the commission of an overt act until that point where he loses control of the commission of the crime already. 8f he has reached that point where he can no longer control the ensuing consequence, the crime has already passed the sub'ective phase and, therefore, it is no longer attempted. The moment the execution of the crime has already gone to that point where the felony should follow as a consequence, it is either already frustrated or consummated. 8f the felony does not follow as a consequence, it is already frustrated. 8f the felony follows as a consequence, it is consummated. although the offender may not have done the act to bring about the felony as a consequence, if he could have continued committing those acts but he himself did not proceed because he believed that he had done enough to consummate the crime, .upreme 1ourt said the sub'ective phase has passed #@TE. @# A".@#4 The weight of the authority is that the crime of arson cannot be committed in the frustrated stage. The reason is because we can hardly determine whether the offender has performed all the acts of execution that would result in arson, as a consequence, unless a part of the premises has started to burn. @n the other hand, the moment a particle or a molecule of the premises has
1
The difference between murder and homicide will be discussed in Criminal Law ! These crimes are found in "rticles 248 and 249# $oo% of the &e'ised (enal Code!
2
The difference between theft and robber) will be discussed in Criminal Law ! These crimes are found in Title Ten# Cha*ters +ne and Three# $oo% of the &e'ised (enal Code!
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COLLEGE OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO blac3ened, in law, arson is consummated. This is because consummated arson does not require that the whole of the premises be burned. 8t is enough that any part of the premises, no matter how small, has begun to burn. E.TA?A 7.. T(E?T 8n estafa, the offender receives the property4 he does not ta3e it. !ut in receiving the property, the recipient may be committing theft, not estafa, if what was transferred to him was only the physical or material possession of the ob'ect. 8t can only be estafa if what was transferred to him is not only material or physical possession but 'uridical possession as well. 5hen you are discussing estafa, do not tal3 about intent to gain. 8n the same manner that when you are discussing the crime of theft, do not tal3 of damage. Ta3e note)in a -FF$ .1 decision, there is no more frustrated theft. *7alen uela vs 1A,
N '6r+ (- '*+ /rim+ i')+!8n crimes involving the ta3ing of human life 6 parricide, homicide, and murder 6 in the definition of the frustrated stage, it is indispensable that the victim be mortally wounded. /nder the definition of the frustrated stage, to consider the offender as having performed all the acts of execution, the acts already done by him must produce or be capable of producing a felony as a consequence. The general rule is that there must be a fatal in'ury inflicted, because it is only then that death will follow. 8f the wound is not mortal, the crime is only attempted. The reason is that the wound inflicted is not capable of bringing about the desired felony of parricide, murder or homicide as a consequence4 it cannot be said that the offender has performed all the acts of execution which would produce parricide, homicide or murder as a result. An exception to the general rule is the so-called sub'ective phase. The .upreme 1ourt has decided cases which applied the sub'ective standard that when the offender himself believed that he had performed all the acts of execution, even though no mortal wound was inflicted, the act is already in the frustrated stage. The common notion is that when there is conspiracy involved, the participants are punished as principals. This notion is no longer absolute. 8n the case of People v. ierra, the .upreme 1ourt ruled that even though there was conspiracy, if a co-conspirator merely cooperated in the commission of the crime with insignificant or minimal acts, such that even without his cooperation, the crime could be carried out as well, such co-conspirator should be punished as an accomplice only.
Ar'. F. Li.*' -+!(ni+) r+ ,6ni)* :!+ (n!2 "*+n '*+2 * 5+ :++n /(n)6mm '+3 "i'* '*+ +</+,'i(n (- '*()+ /(mmi''+3 . in)' ,+r)(n) (r ,r(,+r'2.
Examples of light felonies0 sli#ht ph)sical in2uries7 theft7 alteration of boundar) mar-s7 malicious mischief7 and intri#uin# a#ainst honor. 'n commission of crimes a#ainst properties and persons, ever) sta#e of e(ecution is punishable but onl) the principals and accomplices are liable for li#ht felonies, accessories are not.
Ar'. G. C(n),ir /2 n3 ,r(,() ! '( /(mmi' -+!(n2 r+ ,6ni)* :!+ (n!2 in '*+ / )+) in "*i/* '*+ ! " ),+/i !!2 ,r(5i3+) ,+n !'2 '*+r+-(r+. A /(n),ir /2 +<i)') "*+n '"( (r m(r+ ,+r)(n) /(m+ '( n .r++m+n' /(n/+rnin. '*+ /(mmi))i(n (- -+!(n2 n3 3+/i3+ '( /(mmi' i'. T*+r+ i) ,r(,() ! "*+n '*+ ,+r)(n "*( * ) 3+/i3+3 '( /(mmi' -+!(n2 ,r(,()+) i') +<+/6'i(n '( )(m+ ('*+r ,+r)(n (r ,+r)(n).
1onspiracy is punishable in the following cases0 treason, rebellion or insurrection, sedition, and monopolies and combinations in restraint of trade.
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1onspiracy to commit a crime is not to be confused with conspiracy as a means of committing a crime. 'n both cases there is an a#reement but mere conspirac) to commit a crime is not punished *B *P/ in treason, rebellion, or sedition. *ven then, if the treason is actuall) committed, the conspirac) will be considered as a means of committin# it and the accused will all be char#ed for treason and not for conspirac) to commit treason. onspirac) and Proposal to ommit a rime onspirac) Proposal A#reement amon# 2 or more A person has decided to commit a crime persons to commit a crime <e proposes its commission to another /he) decide to commit it 1. onspirac) to commit sedition 1. Proposal to commit treason 2. onspirac) to commit rebellion 2. Proposal to commit rebellion 3. onspirac) to commit treason
*lements
rimes
,ere conspirac) in combination in restraint of trade "Art. 194$, and bri#anda#e "Art. 3>4$.
Two ways for conspiracy to exist) *+, *-, There is an agreement. The participants acted in concert or simultaneously which is indicative of a meeting of the minds towards a common criminal goal or criminal ob'ective. 5hen several offenders act in a synchroni ed, coordinated manner, the fact that their acts complimented each other is indicative of the meeting of the minds. There is an implied agreement.
Two 3inds of conspiracy) *+, *-, 1onspiracy as a crime4 and 1onspiracy as a manner of incurring criminal liability
5hen conspiracy itself is a crime, no overt act is necessary to bring about the criminal liability. The mere conspiracy is the crime itself. This is only true when the law expressly punishes the mere conspiracy4 otherwise, the conspiracy does not bring about the commission of the crime because conspiracy is not an overt act but a mere preparatory act. Treason, rebellion, sedition, and coup d>etat are the only crimes where the conspiracy and proposal to commit to them are punishable. 5hen the conspiracy is only a basis of incurring criminal liability, there must be an overt act done before the co-conspirators become criminally liable. ?or as long as none of the conspirators has committed an overt act, there is no crime yet. !ut when one of them commits any overt act, all of them shall be held liable, unless a co-conspirator was absent from the scene of the crime or he showed up, but he tried to prevent the commission of the crime As a general rule, if there has been a conspiracy to commit a crime in a particular place, anyone who did not appear shall be presumed to have desisted. The exception to this is if such person who did not appear was the mastermind. ?or as long as none of the conspirators has committed an overt act, there is no crime yet. !ut when one of them commits any overt act, all of them shall be held liable, unless a coconspirator was absent from the scene of the crime or he showed up, but he tried to prevent the commission of the crime As a general rule, if there has been a conspiracy to commit a crime in a particular place, anyone who did not appear shall be presumed to have desisted. The exception to this is if such person who did not appear was the mastermind.
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COLLEGE OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO 5hen the conspiracy itself is a crime, this cannot be inferred or deduced because there is no overt act. All that there is the agreement. @n the other hand, if the co-conspirator or any of them would execute an overt act, the crime would no longer be the conspiracy but the overt act itself conspiracy as a crime, must have a clear and convincing evidence of its existence. Every crime must be proved beyond reasonable doubt. it must be established by positive and conclusive evidence, not by con'ectures or speculations. 5hen the conspiracy is 'ust a basis of incurring criminal liability, however, the same may be deduced or inferred from the acts of several offenders in carrying out the commission of the crime. The existence of a conspiracy may be reasonably inferred from the acts of the offenders when such acts disclose or show a common pursuit of the criminal ob'ective. mere 3nowledge, acquiescence to, or approval of the act, without cooperation or at least, agreement to cooperate, is not enough to constitute a conspiracy. There must be an intentional participation in the crime with a view to further the common felonious ob'ective. 5hen several persons who do not 3now each other simultaneously attac3 the victim, the act of one is the act of all, regardless of the degree of in'ury inflicted by any one of them. All will be liable for the consequences. A conspiracy is possible even when participants are not 3nown to each other. Co not thin3 that participants are always 3nown to each other. 1onspiracy is a matter of substance which must be alleged in the information, otherwise, the court will not consider the same. Proposal is true only up to the point where the party to whom the proposal was made has not yet accepted the proposal. @nce the proposal was accepted, a conspiracy arises. Proposal is unilateral, one party ma3es a proposition to the other4 conspiracy is bilateral, it requires two parties. !*A'/'%.7 Proposal to commit sedition is not a crime. !ut if /nion ! accepts the proposal, there will be conspiracy to commit sedition which is a crime under the "evised Penal 1ode.
C(m,()i'+ /rim+)
1omposite crimes are crimes which, in substance, consist of more than one crime but in the eyes of the law, there is only one crime. ?or example, the crimes of robbery with homicide, robbery with rape, robbery with physical in'uries. 8n case the crime committed is a composite crime, the conspirator will be liable for all the acts committed during the commission of the crime agreed upon. This is because, in the eyes of the law, all those acts done in pursuance of the crime agreed upon are acts which constitute a single crime. As a general rule, when there is conspiracy, the rule is that the act of one is the act of all. This principle applies only to the crime agreed upon. The exception is if any of the co-conspirator would commit a crime not agreed upon. This happens when the crime agreed upon and the crime committed by one of the co-conspirators are distinct crimes. Exception to the exception) 8n acts constituting a single indivisible offense, even though the co-conspirator performed different acts bringing about the composite crime, all will be liable for such crime. They can only evade responsibility for any other crime outside of that agreed upon if it is proved that the particular conspirator had tried to prevent the commission of such other act
Ar'. @. Gr 5+ -+!(ni+) r+ '*()+ '( "*i/* '*+ ! " '' /*+) '*+ / ,i' ! ,6ni)*m+n' (r ,+n !'i+) "*i/* in n2 (- '*+ir r+ --!i/'i5+> in //(r3 n/+ "i'* Ar'i/!+ BD (- '*i) C(3+.
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1:

L+)) .r 5+ -+!(ni+) r+ '*()+ "*i/* '*+ ! " ,6ni)*+) "i'* ,+n !'i+) "*i/* in '*+ir m <im6m ,+ri(3 r+ /(rr+/'i(n !> in //(r3 n/+ "i'* '*+ :(5+Hm+n'i(n+3 r'i/!+. Li.*' -+!(ni+) r+ '*()+ in-r /'i(n) (- ! " -(r '*+ /(mmi))i(n ("*i/* *+ ,+n !'2 (- arresto ma!or (r -in+ n(' +</++3in. BII ,+)()> (r :('* i) ,r(5i3+3.
apital punishment = death penalt). Penalties "imprisonment$0 Crave = si( )ears and one da) to reclusion perpetua "life$7 &ess #rave = one month and one da) to si( )ears7 &i#ht = arresto menor "one da) to 3> da)s$.
CLASSIFICATION OF FELONIES
This question was as3ed in the bar examination) (ow do you classify felonies or how are felonies classified9 5hat the examiner had in mind was Articles %, & and E. Co not write the classification of felonies under !oo3 - of the "evised Penal 1ode. That was not what the examiner had in mind but he wants you to define. (e was after the classifications under Articles %, & and E. *per <udge =abalot,
@elonies are classified as follows0

"1$ According to the manner of their commission /nder Article %, they are classified as, intentional felonies or those committed with deliberate intent4 and culpable felonies or those resulting from negligence, rec3less imprudence, lac3 of foresight or lac3 of s3ill. *-, According to the stages of their execution /nder Article &., felonies are classified as attempted felony when the offender commences the commission of a felony directly by overt acts, and does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce the felony by reason of some cause or accident other than his own spontaneous desistance4 frustrated felony when the offender commences the commission of a felony as a consequence but which would produce the felony as a consequence but which nevertheless do not produce the felony by reason of causes independent of the perpetrator4 and, consummated felony when all the elements necessary for its execution are present. "3$ According to their gravity /nder Article E, felonies are classified as grave felonies or those to which attaches the capital punishment or penalties which in any of their periods are afflictive4 less grave felonies or those to which the law punishes with penalties which in their maximum period was correccional4 and light felonies or those infractions of law for the commission of which the penalty is arresto menor. 5hy is it necessary to determine whether the crime is grave, less grave or light9 To determine whether these felonies can be complexed or not, and to determine the prescription of the crime and the prescription of the penalty. 8n other words, these are felonies classified according to their gravity, stages and the penalty attached to them. Ta3e note that when the "evised Penal 1ode spea3s of grave and less grave felonies, the definition ma3es a reference specifically to Article -0 of the "evised Penal 1ode. Co not omit the phrase "#n accordance with Article $%& because there is also a classification of penalties under Article -& that was not applied. 8f the penalty is fine and exactly P-FF.FF, it is only considered a light felony under Article E. 8f the fine is imposed as an alternative penalty or as a single penalty, the fine of P-FF.FF is considered a correctional penalty under Article -&.
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2>

COLLEGE OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO 8f the penalty is exactly P-FF.FF, apply Article -&. 8t is considered as correctional penalty and it prescribes in +F years. 8f the offender is apprehended at any time within ten years, he can be made to suffer the fine. This classification of felony according to gravity is important with respect to the question of prescription of crimes. 8n the case of light felonies, crimes prescribe in two months. 8f the crime is correctional, it prescribes in ten years, except arresto mayor, which prescribes in five years.
Ar'. 1I. O--+n)+) "*i/* r+ (r in '*+ -6'6r+ m 2 :+ ,6ni)* :!+ 6n3+r ),+/i ! ! ") r+ n(' )6:7+/' '( '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- '*i) C(3+. T*i) C(3+ )* !! :+ )6,,!+m+n' r2 '( )6/* ! ")> 6n!+)) '*+ ! ''+r )*(6!3 ),+/i !!2 ,r(5i3+ '*+ /(n'r r2.
@or !pecial &aws0 Penalties should be imprisonment, and not reclusion perpetua, etc. %ffenses that are attempted or frustrated are not punishable, unless otherwise stated. Plea of #uilt) is not miti#atin# for offenses punishable b) special laws. .o minimum, medium, and ma(imum periods for penalties. .o penalt) for an accessor) or accomplice, unless otherwise stated. Provisions of "P1 applicable to special laws) a. Art. 14 Participation of Accomplices b. Art. 22 Retroactivit) of Penal laws if favorable to the accused c. Art. 45 onfiscation of instruments used in the crime
SU$$LETORY A$$LICATION OF T%E REVISED $ENAL CODE

8n Article +F, there is a reservation :provision of the "evised Penal 1ode may be applied suppletorily to special laws;. Gou will only apply the provisions of the "evised Penal 1ode as a supplement to the special law, or simply correlate the violated special law, if needed to avoid an in'ustice. 8f no *in,'ustice would result, do not give suppletorily application of the "evised Penal 1ode to that of special law. ?or example, a special law punishes a certain act as a crime. The special law is silent as to the civil liability of one who violates the same. (ere is a person who violated the special law and he was prosecuted. (is violation caused damage or in'ury to a private party. =ay the court pronounce that he is civilly liable to the offended party, considering that the special law is silent on this point9 Ges, because Article +FF of the "evised Penal 1ode may be given suppletory application to prevent an in'ustice from being done to the offended party. Article +FF states that every person criminally liable for a felony is also civilly liable. That article shall be applied suppletory to avoid an in'ustice that would be caused to the private offended party, if he would not be indemnified for the damages or in'uries sustained by him. 8n People v. Rodri'ue(, it was held that the use of arms is an element of rebellion, so a rebel cannot be further prosecuted for possession of firearms. A violation of a special law can never absorb a crime punishable under the "evised Penal 1ode, because violations of the "evised Penal 1ode are more serious than a violation of a special law. !ut a crime in the "evised Penal 1ode can absorb a crime punishable by a special law if it is a necessary ingredient of the crime in the "evised Penal 1ode. 8n the crime of sedition, the use of firearms is not an ingredient of the crime. prosecutions can be had) *+, sedition4 and *-, illegal possession of firearms. (ence, two
!ut do not thin3 that when a crime is punished outside of the "evised Penal 1ode, it is already a special law. ?or example, the crime of cattle-rustling is not a mala prohibitum but a modification of the crime theft of large cattle. .o Presidential Cecree #o. 0%%, punishing cattle-rustling, is not
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COLLEGE OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO a special law. 8t can absorb the crime of murder. 8f in the course of cattle rustling, murder was committed, the offender cannot be prosecuted for murder. =urder would be a qualifying circumstance in the crime of qualified cattle rustling. This was the ruling in People v. )artinada. The amendments of Presidential Cecree #o. &D-0 *The Cangerous Crugs Act of +E$-, by "epublic Act #o. $&0E, which adopted the scale of penalties in the "evised Penal 1ode, means that mitigating and aggravating circumstances can now be considered in imposing penalties. Presidential Cecree #o. &D-0 does not expressly prohibit the suppletory application of the "evised Penal 1ode. The stages of the commission of felonies will also apply since suppletory application is now allowed.
Cir/6m)' n/+) --+/'in. /rimin ! !i :i!i'2

There are fi'e circumstances affectin, criminal liabilit)- ./01""2"03 "1$ Dustif)in# circumstances7 "2$ *(emptin# circumstances7 "3$ ,iti#atin# circumstances7 "4$ A##ravatin# circumstances7 and "5$ Alternative circumstances. /here are two others which are found elsewhere in the provisions of the Revised Penal ode0 "1$ "2$ Absolutor) cause7 and *(tenuatin# circumstances.
8n 'ustifying and exempting circumstances, there is no criminal liability. 5hen an accused invo3es them, he in effect admits the commission of a crime but tries to avoid the liability thereof. The burden is upon him to establish beyond reasonable doubt the required conditions to 'ustify or exempt his acts from criminal liability. 5hat is shifted is only the burden of evidence, not the burden of proof. <ustifying circumstances contemplate intentional acts and, hence, are incompatible with dolo. Exempting circumstances may be invo3ed in culpable felonies.
A:)(!6'(r2 / 6)+
The effect of this is to absolve the offender from criminal liability, although not from civil liability. 8t has the same effect as an exempting circumstance, but you do not call it as such in order not to confuse it with the circumstances under Article +-. Article -F provides that the penalties prescribed for accessories shall not be imposed upon those who are such with respect to their spouses, ascendants, descendants, legitimate, natural and adopted brothers and sisters, or relatives by affinity within the same degrees with the exception of accessories who profited themselves or assisting the offender to profit by the effects of the crime. Then, Article HE provides how criminal liability is extinguished) Ceath of the convict as to the personal penalties, and as to pecuniary penalties, liability therefor is extinguished if death occurs before final 'udgment4 .ervice of the sentence4 Amnesty4 Absolute pardon4 Prescription of the crime4 Prescription of the penalty4 and =arriage of the offended woman as provided in Article %DD.
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COLLEGE OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO /nder Article -D$, a legally married person who 3ills or inflicts physical in'uries upon his or her spouse whom he surprised having sexual intercourse with his or her paramour or mistress in not criminally liable. /nder Article -+E, discovering secrets through sei ure of correspondence of the ward by their guardian is not penali ed. /nder Article %%-, in the case of theft, swindling and malicious mischief, there is no criminal liability but only civil liability, when the offender and the offended party are related as spouse, ascendant, descendant, brother and sister-in-law living together or where in case the widowed spouse and the property involved is that of the deceased spouse, before such property had passed on to the possession of third parties. /nder Article %DD, in cases of seduction, abduction, acts of lasciviousness, and rape, the marriage of the offended party shall extinguish the criminal action. Absolutory cause has the effect of an exempting circumstance and they are predicated on lac3 of voluntariness li3e instigation. 8nstigation is associated with criminal intent. Co not consider culpa in connection with instigation. 8f the crime is culpable, do not tal3 of instigation. 8n instigation, the crime is committed with dolo. 8t is confused with entrapment. Entrapment is not an absolutory cause. Entrapment does not exempt the offender or mitigate his criminal liability. !ut instigation absolves the offender from criminal liability because in instigation, the offender simply acts as a tool of the law enforcers and, therefore, he is acting without criminal intent because without the instigation, he would not have done the criminal act which he did upon instigation of the law enforcers.
*ifference between insti'ation and entrapment

8n instigation, the criminal plan or design exists in the mind of the law enforcer with whom the person instigated cooperated so it is said that the person instigated is acting only as a mere instrument or tool of the law enforcer in the performance of his duties. @n the other hand, in entrapment, a criminal design is already in the mind of the person entrapped. 8t did not emanate from the mind of the law enforcer entrapping him. Entrapment involves only ways and means which are laid down or resorted to facilitate the apprehension of the culprit. The element which ma3es instigation an absolutory cause is the lac3 of criminal intent as an element of voluntariness. 8f the instigator is a law enforcer, the person instigated cannot be criminally liable, because it is the law enforcer who planted that criminal mind in him to commit the crime, without which he would not have been a criminal. 8f the instigator is not a law enforcer, both will be criminally liable, you cannot have a case of instigation. 8n instigation, the private citi en only cooperates with the law enforcer to a point when the private citi en upon instigation of the law enforcer incriminates himself. 8t would be contrary to public policy to prosecute a citi en who only cooperated with the law enforcer. The private citi en believes that he is a law enforcer and that is why when the law enforcer tells him, he believes that it is a civil duty to cooperate. 8f the person instigated does not 3now that the person is instigating him is a law enforcer or he 3nows him to be not a law enforcer, this is not a case of instigation. This is a case of inducement, both will be criminally liable. 8n entrapment, the person entrapped should not 3now that the person trying to entrap him was a law enforcer. The idea is incompatible with each other because in entrapment, the person entrapped is actually committing a crime. The officer who entrapped him only lays down ways and means to have evidence of the commission of the crime, but even without those ways and means, the person entrapped is actually engaged in a violation of the law. 8nstigation absolves the person instigated from criminal liability. This is based on the rule that a person cannot be a criminal if his mind is not criminal. @n the other hand, entrapment is not an absolutory cause. 8t is not even mitigating.
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COLLEGE OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO 8n case of somnambulism or one who acts while sleeping, the person involved is definitely acting without freedom and without sufficient intelligence, because he is asleep. (e is moving li3e a robot, unaware of what he is doing. .o the element of voluntariness which is necessary in dolo and culpa is not present. .omnambulism is an absolutory cause. 8f element of voluntariness is absent, there is no criminal liability, although there is civil liability, and if the circumstance is not among those enumerated in Article +-, refer to the circumstance as an absolutory cause. =ista3e of fact is an absolutory cause. The offender is acting without criminal intent. .o in mista3e of fact, it is necessary that had the facts been true as the accused believed them to be, this act is 'ustified. 8f not, there is criminal liability, because there is no mista3e of fact anymore. The offender must believe he is performing a lawful act.
E<'+n6 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+)

The effect of this is to mitigate the criminal liability of the offender. 8n other words, this has the same effect as mitigating circumstances, only you do not call it mitigating because this is not found in Article +%. Illustrations: An unwed mother 3illed her child in order to conceal a dishonor. The concealment of dishonor is an extenuating circumstance insofar as the unwed mother or the maternal grandparents is concerned, but not insofar as the father of the child is concerned. =other 3illing her new born child to conceal her dishonor, penalty is lowered by two degrees. .ince there is a material lowering of the penalty or mitigating the penalty, this is an extenuating circumstance. The concealment of honor by mother in the crime of infanticide is an extenuating circumstance but not in the case of parricide when the age of the victim is three days old and above. 8n the crime of adultery on the part of a married woman abandoned by her husband, at the time she was abandoned by her husband, is it necessary for her to see3 the company of another man. Abandonment by the husband does not 'ustify the act of the woman. 8t only extenuates or reduces criminal liability. 5hen the effect of the circumstance is to lower the penalty there is an extenuating circumstance. A 3leptomaniac is one who cannot resist the temptation of stealing things which appeal to his desire. This is not exempting. @ne who is a 3leptomaniac and who would steal ob'ects of his desire is criminally liable. !ut he would be given the benefit of a mitigating circumstance analogous to paragraph E of Article +%, that of suffering from an illness which diminishes the exercise of his will power without, however, depriving him of the consciousness of his act. .o this is an extenuating circumstance. The effect is to mitigate the criminal liability.
Di)'in/'i(n) :+'"++n 76)'i-2in. /ir/6m)' n/+) n3 +<+m,'in. /ir/6m)' n/+)

8n 'ustifying circumstances 6 *+, *-, *%, *D, The circumstance affects the act, not the actor4 The act complained of is considered to have been done within the bounds of law4 hence, it is legitimate and lawful in the eyes of the law4 .ince the act is considered lawful, there is no crime, and because there is no crime, there is no criminal4 .ince there is no crime or criminal, there is no criminal liability as well as civil liability.
8n exempting circumstances 6 *+, *-, The circumstances affect the actor, not the act4 The act complained of is actually wrongful, but the actor acted without voluntariness. (e is a mere tool or instrument of the crime4
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COLLEGE OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO *%, *D, .ince the act complained of is actually wrongful, there is a crime. !ut because the actor acted without voluntariness, there is absence of dolo or culpa. There is no criminal4 .ince there is a crime committed but there is no criminal, there is civil liability for the wrong done. !ut there is no criminal liability. (owever, in paragraphs D and $ of Article +-, there is neither criminal nor civil liability.
5hen you apply for 'ustifying or exempting circumstances, it is confession and avoidance and burden of proof shifts to the accused and he can no longer rely on wea3ness of prosecution>s evidence
Ar'. 119 J6)'i-2in. Cir/6m)' n/+) H '*()+ "*+r+in '*+ /') (- '*+ /'(r r+ in //(r3 n/+ "i'* ! "> *+n/+> *+ i) 76)'i-i+3. T*+r+ i) n( /rimin ! n3 /i5i! !i :i!i'2 :+/ 6)+ '*+r+ i) n( /rim+. +elf,defense A. Reason for lawfulness of self=defense0 because it would be impossible for the !tate to protect all its citi8ens. Also a person cannot 2ust #ive up his ri#hts without an) resistance bein# offered. 3. Ri#hts included in self=defense0 1. Aefense of person 2. Aefense of ri#hts protected b) law 3. Aefense of propert)0 a. /he owner or lawful possessor of a thin# has a ri#ht to e(clude an) person from the en2o)ment or disposal thereof. @or this purpose, he ma) use such force as ma) be reasonabl) necessar) to repel or prevent an actual or threatened unlawful ph)sical invasion or usurpation of his propert). " Art. D-E, #ew 1ivil 1ode$ b. defense of chastit) . *lements0 1. Un! "-6! A..r+))i(n = is a ph)sical act manifestin# dan#er to life or limb7 it is either actual or imminent. a. ActualEreal a##ression = Real a##ression presupposes an act positivel) stron#, showin# the wron#ful intent of the a##ressor, which is not merel) threatenin# or intimidatin# attitude, but a material attac-. /here must be real dan#er to life a personal safet). b. 'mminent unlawful a##ression = it is an attac- that is impendin# or on the point of happenin#. 't must not consist in a mere threatenin# attitude, nor must it be merel) ima#inar). /he intimidatin# attitude must be offensive and positivel) stron#. c. 6here there is an a#reement to fi#ht, there is no unlawful a##ression. *ach of the prota#onists is at once assailant and assaulted, and neither can invo-e the ri#ht of self=defense, because a##ression which is an incident in the fi#ht is bound to arise from one or the other of the combatants. *(ception0 6here the attac- is made in violation of the conditions a#reed upon, there ma) be unlawful a##ression. d. Fnlawful a##ression in self=defense, to be 2ustif)in#, must e(ist at the time the defense is made. 't ma) no lon#er e(ist if the a##ressor runs awa) after the attac- or he has manifested a refusal to continue fi#htin#. 'f the person attac-ed allowed some time to elapse after he suffered the in2ur) before hittin# bac-, his act of hittin# bac- would not constitute self= defense, but reven#e. A li#ht push on the head with the hand is not unlawful a##ression, but a slap on the face is, because his di#nit) is in dan#er. A police officer e(ceedin# his authorit) ma) become an unlawful a##ressor.
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/he nature, character, location, and e(tent of the wound ma) belie claim of self=defense.
B. R+ )(n :!+ n+/+))i'2 (- '*+ m+ n) +m,!(2+3 '( ,r+5+n' (r r+,+! i'4 a. Re1uisites0 ,eans were used to prevent or repel ,eans must be necessar) and there is no other wa) to prevent or repel it ,eans must be reasonable dependin# on the circumstances, but #enerall) proportionate to the force of the a##ressor. b. /he rule here is to stand )our #round when in the ri#ht which ma) invo-ed when the defender is unlawfull) assaulted and the a##ressor is armed with a weapon. c. /he rule is more liberal when the accused is a peace officer who, unli-e a private person, cannot run awa). d. /he reasonable necessit) of the means emplo)ed to put up the defense. /he #au#e of reasonable necessit) is the instinct of self=preservation, i.e. a person did not use his rational mind to pic- a means of defense but acted out of self=preservation, usin# the nearest or onl) means available to defend himself, even if such means be disproportionatel) advanta#eous as compared with the means of violence emplo)ed b) the a##ressor. Reasonableness of the means depends on the nature and the 1ualit) of the weapon used, ph)sical condition, character, si8e and other circumstances. A. L /? (- )6--i/i+n' ,r(5(/ 'i(n (n '*+ , r' (- '*+ ,+r)(n 3+-+n3in. *im)+!-. a. 6hen no provocation at all was #iven to the a##ressor b) the person defendin# himself. b. 6hen even if provocation was #iven b) the person defendin# himself, such was not sufficient to cause violent a##ression on the part of the attac-er, i.e. the amount of provocation was not sufficient to stir the a##ressor into the acts which led the accused to defend himself. c. 6hen even if the provocation were sufficient, it was not #iven b) the person defendin# himself. d. 6hen even if provocation was #iven b) the person defendin# himself, the attac- was not pro(imate or immediate to the act of provocation. e. !ufficient means proportionate to the dama#e caused b) the act, and ade1uate to stir one to its commission. A. Ginds of !elf=Aefense 1. !elf=defense of chastit) = to be entitled to complete self=defense of chastit), there must be an attempt to rape, mere imminence thereof will suffice. 2. Aefense of propert) = an attac- on the propert) must be coupled with an attac- on the person of the owner, or of one entrusted with the care of such propert). 3. !elf=defense in libel = ph)sical assault ma) be 2ustified when the libel is aimed at a person+s #ood name, and while the libel is in pro#ress, one libel deserves another.
H3urden of proof = on the accused "sufficient, clear and convincin# evidence7 must rel) on the stren#th of his own evidence and not on the wea-ness of the prosecution$ D+-+n)+ (- R+! 'i5+ A. *lements0
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1. unlawful a##ression 2. reasonable necessit) of the means emplo)ed to prevent or repel the attac-7 3. in case provocation was #iven b) the person attac-ed, that the person ma-in# the defense had no part in such provocation. 3. Relatives entitled to the defense0 1. spouse 2. ascendants 3. descendants 4. le#itimate, natural or adopted brothers or sisters 5. relatives b) affinit) in the same de#ree 4. relatives b) consan#uinit) within the 4th civil de#ree. /he third element need not ta-e place. /he relative defended ma) even be the ori#inal a##ressor. All that is re1uired to 2ustif) the act of the relative defendin# is that he ta-es no part in such provocation. Ceneral opinion is to the effect that all relatives mentioned must be le#itimate, e(cept in cases of brothers and sisters who, b) relatives b) nature, ma) be ille#itimate. /he unlawful a##ression ma) depend on the honest belief of the person ma-in# the defense.
D+-+n)+ (- S'r n.+r A. *lements 1. unlawful a##ression 2. reasonable necessit) of the means emplo)ed to prevent or repel the attac-7 3. the person defendin# be not induced b) reven#e, resentment or other evil motive. 3. A relative not included in defense of relative is included in defense of stran#er. . 3e not induced b) evil motive means that even an enem) of the a##ressor who comes to the defense of a stran#er ma) invo-e this 2ustif)in# circumstances so lon# as he is not induced b) a motive that is evil. S' '+ (- N+/+))i'2 A. Art. ++, Par. a provides) An2 ,+r)(n "*(> in (r3+r '( 5(i3 n +5i! (r in76r2> 3(+) n /' "*i/* / 6)+) 3 m .+ '( n('*+r> ,r(5i3+3 '* ' '*+ -(!!("in. r+;6i)i'+) r+ ,r+)+n'9 Fir)'. T* ' '*+ +5i! )(6.*' '( :+ 5(i3+3 /'6 !!2 +<i)')4 S+/(n3. T* ' '*+ in76r2 -+ r+3 :+ .r+ '+r '* n '* ' 3(n+ '( 5(i3 i'4 n3 T*ir3. T* ' '*+r+ :+ n( ('*+r ,r /'i/ ! n3 !+)) * rm-6! m+ n) (,r+5+n'in. i'. 3. A state of necessit) e(ists when there is a clash between une1ual ri#hts, the lesser ri#ht #ivin# wa) to the #reater ri#ht. Aside from the 3 re1uisites stated in the law, it should also be added that the necessit) must not be due to the ne#li#ence or violation of an) law b) the actor. . /he person for whose benefit the harm has been prevented shall be civill) liable in proportion to the benefit which ma) have been received. /his is the onl) 2ustif)in# circumstance which provides for the pa)ment of civil indemnit). Fnder the other 2ustif)in# circumstances, no civil liabilit) attaches. /he courts shall determine, in their sound discretion, the proportionate amount for which law one is liable. F6!-i!!m+n' (- D6'2 (r L "-6! E<+r/i)+ (- Ri.*' (r O--i/+ A. *lements0 1. that the accused acted in the performance of a dut), or in the lawful e(ercise of a ri#ht or office7 2. that the in2ur) caused or offense committed be the necessar) conse1uence of the due performance of the dut), or the lawful e(ercise of such ri#ht or office.
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3. A police officer is 2ustified in shootin# and -illin# a criminal who refuses to stop when ordered to do so, and after such officer fired warnin# shots in the air. shootin# an offender who refused to surrender is 2ustified, but not a thief who refused to be arrested. . /he accused must prove that he was dul) appointed to the position he claimed he was dischar#in# at the time of the commission of the offense. 't must be made to appear not onl) that the in2ur) caused or the offense committed was done in the fulfillment of a dut), or in the lawful e(ercise of a ri#ht or office, but that the offense committed was a necessar) conse1uence of such fulfillment of dut), or lawful e(ercise of a ri#ht or office. A. A mere securit) #uard has no authorit) or dut) to fire at a thief, resultin# in the latter+s death. O:+3i+n/+ '( S6,+ri(r Or3+r A. *lements0 1. there is an order7 2. the order is for a le#al purpose7 3. the means used to carr) out said order is lawful. 3. /he subordinate who is made to compl) with the order is the part) which ma) avail of this circumstance. /he officer #ivin# the order ma) not invo-e this. . /he subordinate+s #ood faith is material here. 'f he obe)ed an order in #ood faith, not bein# aware of its ille#alit), he is not liable. <owever, the order must not be patentl) ille#al. 'f the order is patentl) ille#al this circumstance cannot be validl) invo-ed. A. /he reason for this 2ustif)in# circumstance is the subordinate+s mista-e of fact in #ood faith. *. *ven if the order be patentl) ille#al, the subordinate ma) )et be able to invo-e the e(emptin# circumstances of havin# acted under the compulsion of an irresistible force, or under the impulse of an uncontrollable fear.
E=EM$TING CIRCUMSTANCES (Ar'. 1B) *(emptin# circumstances "non=imputabilit)$ are those #round for e(emption from punishment because there is wantin# in the a#ent of the crime of an) of the conditions which ma-e the act voluntar), or ne#li#ent. 3asis0 /he e(emption from punishment is based on the complete absence of intelli#ence, freedom of action, or intent, or on the absence of ne#li#ence on the part of the accused. A person who acts 6'/<%F/ ,A&' * "without intelli#ence, freedom of action or intent$ or 6'/<%F/ .*C&'C*. * "without intelli#ence, freedom of action or fault$ is .%/ R','.A&&I &'A3&* or is *B*,P/ @R%, PF.'!<,*./. /here is a crime committed but no criminal liabilit) arises from it because of the complete absence of an) of the conditions which constitute free will or voluntariness of the act. 3urden of proof0 An) of the circumstances is a matter of defense and must be proved b) the defendant to the satisfaction of the court.
Ar'. 1B. CIRCUMSTANCES W%IC% E=EM$T FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY. T*+ -(!!("in. r+ +<+m,' -r(m /rimin ! !i :i!i'29 1. An im:+/i!+ (r in) n+ ,+r)(n> 6n!+)) '*+ ! ''+r * ) /'+3 36rin. !6/i3 in'+r5 !. 6hen the imbecile or an insane person has committed an act which the law defines as a felon) "delito$, the court shall order his confinement on one of the hospital or as)lums established for persons thus afflicted. <e shall not be permitted to leave without first obtainin# the permission of the same court.
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Re1uisites0 a. %ffender is an imbecile b. %ffender was insane at the time of the commission of the crime ',3* '&'/I %R '.!A.'/I a. 3asis0 complete absence of intelli#ence, and element of voluntariness. b. Aefinition 0 An im:+/i!+ is one who while 35 n/+3 in .+ has a m+n' ! 3+5+!(,m+n' /(m, r :!+ to that of children :+'"++n B n3 F 2+ r) (- .+. An insane is one who acts with complete deprivation of intelli'ence-reason or without the least discernment or w- total deprivation of freedom of the will. An im:+/i!+ i) +<+m,' in !! / )+) from criminal liabilit). /he in) n+ i) n(' so e(empt if it can be shown that he acted 36rin. !6/i3 in'+r5 !. 'n the latter, loss of consciousness of ones acts and not merel) abnormalit) of mental faculties will 1ualif) ones acts as those of an insane. Procedure0 court is to order the confinement of such persons in the hospitals or as)lums established. !uch persons will not be permitted to leave without permission from the court. /he court, on the other hand, has no power to order such permission without first obtainin# the opinion of the A%< that such persons ma) be released without dan#er. $r+)6m,'i(n i) !" 2) in - 5(r (- ) ni'2. /he defense has the burden to prove that the accused was insane at the time of the commission of the crime. @or the ascertainment such mental condition of the accused, it is permissible to receive evidence of the condition of his mind durin# a reasonable period both before and after that time. ircumstantial evidence which is clear and convincin# will suffice. An e(amination of the outward acts will help reveal the thou#hts, motives and emotions of a person and if such acts conform to those of people of sound mind. 'nsanit) at the time of the commission of the crime and not that at the time of the trial will e(empt one from criminal liabilit). 'n case of insanit) at the time of the trial, there will be a suspension of the trial until the mental capacit) of the accused is restored to afford him a fair trial. "per Dud#e ,abalot$ *vidence of insanit) must refer to the time precedin# the act under prosecution or to the ver) moment of its e(ecution. 6ithout such evidence, the accused is presumed to be sane when he committed the crime. ontinuance of insanit) which is occasional or intermittent in nature will not be presumed. 'nsanit) at another time must be proved to e(ist at the time of the commission of the crime. A person is also presumed to have committed a crime in one of the lucid intervals. ontinuance of insanit) will onl) be presumed in cases wherein the accused has been ad2ud#ed insane or has been committed to a hospital or an as)lum for the insane. 'nstances of 'nsanit)0 a. Aementia praeco( is covered b) the term insanit) because homicidal attac- is common in such form of ps)chosis. 't is characteri8ed b) delusions that he is bein# interfered with se(uall), or that his propert) is bein# ta-en, thus the person has no control over his acts. b. Gleptomania or presence of abnormal, persistent impulse or tendenc) to steal, to be considered e(emptin#, will still have to be investi#ated b) competent ps)chiatrist to determine if the unlawful act is due to the irresistible impulse produced b) his mental defect, thus loss of will=power. 'f such mental defect onl) diminishes the e(ercise of his willpower and did not deprive him of the consciousness of his acts, it is onl) miti#atin#. c. *pileps) which is a chronic nervous disease characteri8ed b) convulsive motions of the muscles and loss of consciousness ma) be covered b) the term insanit). <owever, it must be shown that commission of the offense is durin# one of those epileptic attac-s. Re)es0 @eeblemindedness is not imbecilit) because the offender can distin#uish ri#ht from wron#. An imbecile and an insane to be e(empted must not be able to distin#uish ri#ht from wron#. Relova0 @eeblemindedness is imbecilit).
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rimes committed while in a dream, b) a somnambulist are embraced in the plea of insanit). <)pnotism, however, is a debatable issue. rime committed while sufferin# from mali#nant malaria is characteri8ed b) insanit) at times thus such person is not criminall) liable.
B. A ,+r)(n 6n3+r nin+ 2+ r) (- .+. (Am+n3+3 (r )6,+r)+3+3 :2 RA @ACC) ,'.%R'/I a. Re1uisite0 %ffender is under : )ears of a#e at the time of the commission of the crime. /here is absolute criminal irresponsibilit) in the case of a minor under := )ears of a#e. b. 3asis0 complete absence of intelli#ence. Fnder nine )ears to be construed nine )ears or less. !uch was inferred from the ne(t subse1uent para#raph which does not totall) e(empt those over nine )ears of a#e if he acted with discernment. Presumptions of incapabilit) of committin# a crime is absolute. A#e is computed up to the time of the commission of the crime. A#e can be established b) the testimonies of families and relatives. !enilit) or second childhood is onl) miti#atin#. 4 periods of the life of a human bein#0 riminal Responsibilit) Absolute irresponsibilit) onditional responsibilit) 6ithout discernment no liabilit) 6ith Aiscernment miti#ated liabilit) ,iti#ated responsibilit) @ull responsibilit) ,iti#ated responsibilit)
A#e : )ears and below 3etween : and 15 )ears old 3etween 15 and 19 )ears old 3etween 19 and 5> )ears old %ver 5> )ears old
A. A ,+r)(n (5+r nin+ 2+ r) (- .+ n3 6n3+r -i-'++n> 6n!+)) *+ * ) /'+3 "i'* 3i)/+rnm+n'> in "*i/* / )+> )6/* min(r )* !! :+ ,r(/++3+3 . in)' in //(r3 n/+ "i'* '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- r'i/!+ GI (- '*i) C(3+. W*+n )6/* min(r i) 3763.+3 '( :+ /rimin !!2 irr+),(n)i:!+> '*+ /(6r'> in /(n-(rmi'2 "i'* '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- '*i) n3 '*+ ,r+/+3in. , r .r ,*> )* !! /(mmi' *im '( '*+ / r+ n3 /6)'(32 (- *i) - mi!2 "*( )* !! :+ /* r.+3 "i'* *i) )6r5+i!! n/+ n3 +36/ 'i(n4 ('*+r"i)+> *+ )* !! :+ /(mmi''+3 '( '*+ / r+ (- )(m+ in)'i'6'i(n (r ,+r)(n m+n'i(n+3 in ) i3 r'i/!+ GI. (Am+n3+3 (r )6,+r)+3+3 :2 RA @ACC) JFA&'@'*A ,'.%R'/I0 3asis0 complete absence of intelli#ence !uch minor over : )ears and under 15 )ears of a#e must have acted without discernment to be e(empted from criminal liabilit). 'f with discernment, he is criminall) liable. Presumption is alwa)s that such minor has acted without discernment. /he prosecution is burdened to prove if otherwise. Aiscernment means the mental capacit) of a minor between : and 15 )ears of a#e to full) appreciate the conse1uences of his unlawful act. !uch is shown b)0 "1$ manner the crime was committed "i.e. commission of the crime durin# ni#httime to avoid detection7 ta-in# the loot to another town to avoid discover)$, or "2$ the conduct of the offender after its commission "i.e. elation of satisfaction upon the commission of his criminal act as shown b) the accused cursin# at the victim$.
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@acts or particular facts concernin# personal appearance which lead officers or the court to believe that his a#e was as stated b) said officer or court should be stated in the record. 'f such minor is ad2ud#ed to be criminall) liable, he is char#ed to the custod) of his famil), otherwise, to the care of some institution or person mentioned in article 9>. /his is because of the court+s presupposition that the minor committed the crime without discernment. Alle#ation of Kwith intent to -ill; in the information is sufficient alle#ation of discernment as such conve)s the idea that he -new what would be the conse1uences of his unlawful act. /hus is the case wherein the information alle#es that the accused, with intent to -ill, willfull), criminall) and feloniousl) pushed a child of 9 1E2 )ears of a#e into a deep place. 't was held that the re1uirement that there should be an alle#ation that she acted with discernment should be deemed ampl) met. R+,6:!i/ A/' @ACC 1. Fi-'++n 2+ r) n3 :+!(" # E<+m,'in. /ir/6m)' n/+ B. A:(5+ -i-'++n :6' :+!(" 1G9 ) /'+3 "i'*(6' 3i)/+rnm+n' # E<+m,'in. /ir/6m)' n/+ :) /'+3 "i'* 3i)/+rnm+n' # Mi'i. '+3 !i :i!i'2/r+),(n)i:i!i'2 Un3+r '*+ R+5i)+3 $+n ! C(3+9 A. 1G '( FI 2+ r) (!3 # F6!! r+),(n)i:i!i'2 C. A:(5+ FI 2+ r) (!3 # Mi'i. '+3 !i :i!i'2
C. An2 ,+r)(n "*(> "*i!+ ,+r-(rmin. ! "-6! /' "i'* 36+ / r+> / 6)+) n in76r2 :2 m+r+ //i3+n' "i'*(6' - 6!' (r in'+n'i(n (- / 6)in. i'. A 'A*./0 3asis0 lac- of ne#li#ence and intent. *lements0 a. A person is performin# a lawful act b. *(ercise of due dare c. <e causes in2ur) to another b) mere accident d. 6ithout fault or intention of causin# it. Aischar#e of a firearm in a thic-l) populated place in the it) of ,anila bein# prohibited b) Art. 155 of the RP is not a performance of a lawful act when such led to the accidental hittin# and woundin# of 2 persons. Arawin# a weaponE#un in the course of self=defense even if such fired and seriousl) in2ured the assailant is a lawful act and can be considered as done with due care since it could not have been done in an) other manner. 6ith the fact dul) established b) the prosecution that the appellant was #uilt) of ne#li#ence, this e(emptin# circumstance cannot be applied because application presupposes that there is no fault or ne#li#ence on the part of the person performin# the lawful act. Accident happens outside the swa) of our will, and althou#h it comes about some act of our will, lies be)ond the bounds of humanl) foreseeable conse1uences. /he accused, who, while huntin# saw wild chic-ens and fired a shot can be considered to be in the performance of a lawful act e(ecuted with due care and without intention of doin# harm when such short recoiled and accidentall) wounded another. !uch was established because the deceased was not in the direction at which the accused fired his #un. /he chauffeur, who while drivin# on the proper side of the road at a moderate speed and with due dili#ence, suddenl) and une(pectedl) saw a man in front of his vehicle comin# from the sidewal- and crossin# the street without an) warnin# that he would do so, in effect bein# run over b) the said chauffeur, was held not criminall) liable, it bein# b) mere accident.
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D.
An2 ,+r)(n "*( /') 6n3+r '*+ /(m,6!)i(n (- n irr+)i)'i:!+ -(r/+. "emplo)ment of force and violence comes from a third person$ 'RR*!'!/'3&* @%R *0 3asis0 complete absence of freedom, an element of voluntariness *lements0 "this spea-s of emplo)ment of violence or force from third person$ a. /hat the compulsion is b) means of ph)sical force b. /hat the ph)sical force must be irresistible. c. /hat the ph)sical force must /(m+ -r(m '*ir3 ,+r)(n @orce, to be irresistible, must produce such an effect on an individual that despite of his resistance, it reduces him to a mere instrument and, as such, incapable of committin# a crime. 't compels his member to act and his mind to obe). 't must act upon him from the outside and b) a third person. 3aculi, who was accused but not a member of a band which murdered some American school teachers and was seen and compelled b) the leaders of the band to bur) the bodies, was not criminall) liable as accessor) for concealin# the bod) of the crime. 3aculi acted under the compulsion of an irresistible force. 'rresistible force can never consist in an impulse or passion, or obfuscation. 't must consist of an e(traneous force comin# from a third person.
E. An2 ,+r)(n "*( /') 6n3+r '*+ im,6!)+ (- n 6n/(n'r(!! :!+ -+ r (- n +;6 ! (r .r+ '+r in76r2. "uncontrollable fear comes within the accused due to intimidation or threat$ F. %./R%&&A3&* @*AR0 3asis0 complete absence of freedom *lements0 "/he fear comes from within the offender due to intimidation or threat$ a. that the threat which causes the fear is of an evil #reater than, or at least e1ual to that wEc he is re1uired to commit b. that it promises an evil of such #ravit) and imminence that the ordinar) man would have succumbed to it. Auress, to be a valid defense, should be based on real, imminent or reasonable fear for one+s life or limb. 't should not be inspired b) speculative, fanciful or remote fear. /hreat of future in2ur) is not enou#h. /he compulsion must leave no opportunit) to the accused for escape or self=defense in e1ual combat. Auress is the use of violence or ph)sical force. /here is uncontrollable fear is when the offender emplo)s intimidation or threat in compellin# another to commit a crime, while irresistible force is when the offender uses violence or ph)sical force to compel another person to commit a crime. Kan act done b) me a#ainst m) will is not m) act; F. An2 ,+r)(n "*( - i!) '( ,+r-(rm n /' r+;6ir+3 :2 ! "> "*+n ,r+5+n'+3 :2 )(m+ ! "-6! (r in)6,+r :!+ / 6)+. &A6@F& %R '.!FP*RA3&* AF!*0 3asis0 acts without intent, the third condition of voluntariness in intentional felon) *lements0 a. /hat an act is re1uired b) law to be done b. /hat a person fails to perform such act c. /hat his failure to perform such act was due to some lawful or insuperable cause *(amples of lawful cause0 a. Priest can+t be compelled to reveal what was confessed to him b. .o available transportation officer not liable for arbitrar) detention c. ,other who was overcome b) severe di88iness and e(treme debilit), leavin# child to die not liable for infanticide /o be an *B*,P/'.C circumstance './*./ '! 6A./'.C './*./ presupposes the e(ercise of freedom and the use of intelli#ence Aistinction between 2ustif)in# and e(emptin# circumstance0
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a. *(emptin# there is a crime but there is no criminal. Act is not 2ustified but the actor is not criminall) liable. Ceneral Rule0 /here is civil liabilit) *(ception0 Par 4 "causin# an in2ur) b) mere accident$ and Par 5 "lawful cause$ b. Dustif)in# person does not trans#ress the law, does not commit an) crime because there is nothin# unlawful in the act as well as the intention of the actor. Aistinction between *(emptin# and Dustif)in# ircumstances *(emptin# ircumstance Dustif)in# ircumstance *(istence /here is a crime but there is no /here is no crime, the act is 2ustified of a crime criminal, the actor is e(empted from liabilit) of his act Absolutor) auses are those where the act committed is a crime but for some reason of public polic) and sentiment, there is no penalt) imposed. *(emptin# and Dustif)in# ircumstances are absolutor) causes. %ther e(amples of absolutor) causes0 1$ Art 4 spontaneous desistance 2$ Art 2> accessories e(empt from criminal liabilit) 3$ Art 1: par 1 profitin# one+s self or assistin# offenders to profit b) the effects of the crime 'nsti#ation v. *ntrapment '.!/'CA/'%. *./RAP,*./ 'nsti#ator practicall) induces the would=be /he wa)s and means are resorted to for accused into the commission of the the purpose of trappin# and capturin# the offense and himself becomes co=principal lawbrea-er in the e(ecution of his criminal plan. Accused will be ac1uitted .%/ a bar to accused+s prosecution and conviction Absolutor) cause .%/ an absolutor) cause MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES (Ar'. 1A) "spea-s of ordinar) miti#atin# circumstance$ Aefinition /hose circumstances which reduce the penalt) of a crime *ffect Reduces the penalt) of the crime but does not erase criminal liabilit) nor chan#e the nature of the crime Ginds of ,iti#atin# ircumstance0 Privile#ed ,iti#atin# %rdinar) ,iti#atin# %ffset b) an) annot be offset b) an) a##ravatin# an be offset b) a #eneric a##ravatin# circumstance a##ravatin# circumstance circumstance *ffect on the <as the effect of imposin# the 'f not offset, has the effect of penalt) penalt) b) 1 or 2 de#rees than that imposin# the penalt) in the provided b) law minimum period Ginds ,inorit), 'ncomplete !elf=defense, /hose circumstances two or more miti#atin# enumerated in para#raph 1 to 1> circumstances without an) of Article 13 a##ravatin# circumstance "has the effect of lowerin# the penalt) b) one de#ree$ Ar'i/!+ 1A. 1. T*()+ m+n'i(n+3 in '*+ ,r+/+3in. /* ,'+r> "*+n !! '*+ r+;6i)i'+) n+/+)) r2 '( 76)'i-2 '*+ /' (r '( +<+m,' -r(m /rimin ! !i :i!i'2 in '*+ r+),+/'i5+ / )+) r+ n(' ''+n3 n'
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J6)'i-2in. /ir/6m)' n/+) a. Self#defense,defense of relative,defense of stranger unlawful a##ression must be present for Art 13 to be applicable. %ther 2 elements not necessar). 'f 2 re1uisites are present considered a privile#ed miti#atin# circumstance. Example) Duan ma-es fun of Pedro. Pedro #ets pissed off, #ets a -nife and tries to stab Duan. Duan #rabs his own -nife and -ills Pedro. 'ncomplete self=defense because althou#h there was unlawful a##ression and reasonable means to repel was ta-en, there was sufficient provocation on the part of Duan. 3ut since 2 elements are present, it considered as privile#ed miti#atin#. b. State of "ecessity "par 4$ avoidance of #reater evil or in2ur)7 if an) of the last 2 re1uisites is absent, there+s onl) an ordinar) ,iti#atin# ircumstance. Example0 6hile drivin# his car, Duan sees Pedro carelessl) crossin# the street. Duan swerves to avoid him, thus hittin# a motorbi-e with 2 passen#ers, -illin# them instantl). .ot all re1uisites to 2ustif) act were present because harm done to avoid in2ur) is #reater. onsidered as miti#atin#. c. Performance of (uty "par 5$ Example0 Duan is supposed to arrest Pedro. <e thus #oes to Pedro+s hideout. Duan sees a man asleep. /hin-in# it was Pedro, Duan shot him. Duan ma) have acted in the performance of his dut) but the crime was not a necessar) conse1uence thereof. onsidered as miti#atin#.
E<+m,'in. /ir/6m)' n/+ a. %inority over - and under ./ if minor acted with discernment, considered miti#atin# Example0 13 )ear old stole #oods at ni#httime. Acted with discernment as shown b) the manner in which the act was committed. b. *ausing in'ury by mere accident if 2nd re1uisite "due care$ and 1st part of 4th re1uisite "without fault thus ne#li#ence onl)$ are A3!*./, considered as miti#atin# because the penalt) is lower than that provided for intentional felon). Example0 Police officer tries to stop a fi#ht between Duan and Pedro b) firin# his #un in the air. 3ullet ricocheted and -illed Petra. %fficer willfull) dischar#ed his #un but was unmindful of the fact that area was populated. c. 0ncontrollable fear onl) one re1uisite present, considered miti#atin# Example0 Fnder threat that their farm will be burned, Pedro and Duan too- turns #uardin# it at ni#ht. Pedro fired in the air when a person in the shadows refused to reveal his identit). Duan was awa-ened and shot the unidentified person. /urned out to be a nei#hbor loo-in# for is pet. Duan ma) have acted under the influence of fear but such fear was not entirel) uncontrollable. onsidered miti#atin#.
B. T* ' '*+ (--+n3+r i) 6n3+r 1G 2+ r) (- .+ (r (5+r FI 2+ r). In '*+ / )+ (min(r> *+ )* !! :+ ,r(/++3+3 . in)' in //(r3 n/+ "i'* '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- Ar' 1@B (- $D @IA 3 Applicable to0 a. %ffender over :, under 15 who acted with discernment b. %ffender over 15, under 19 c. %ffender over 5> )ears A#e of accused which should be determined as his a#e at the date of commission of crime, not date of trial
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1arious Ages and their 2egal 3ffects a. under : e(emptive circumstance b. over :, below 15 e(emptive7 e(cept if acted with discernment c. minor delin1uent under 19 sentence ma) be suspended "PA 4>3$ d. under 19 privile#ed miti#atin# circumstance e. 19 and above full criminal responsibilit) f. 5> and above miti#atin# circumstance7 no imposition of death penalt)7 e(ecution #. of death sentence if alread) imposed is suspended and commuted.
A. T* ' '*+ (--+n3+r * 3 n( in'+n'i(n '( /(mmi' )( .r 5+ "r(n. ) '* ' /(mmi''+3 (,r +'+r in'+n'i(n m) 4 an be used onl) when the facts prove to show that there is a notable and evident disproportion between means employed to execute the criminal act and its consequences 'ntention0 as an internal act, is 2ud#ed b) the proportion of the means emplo)ed to the evil produced b) the act, and also b) the fact that the blow was or was not aimed at a vital part of the bod). Dud#e b) considerin# "1$ the weapon used, "2$ the in2ur) inflicted and "3$ the attitude of mind when the accuser attac-ed the other. Example0 Pedro stabbed /omas on the arm. /omas did not have the wound treated, so he died from loss of blood. .ot applicable when offender emplo)ed brute force Example0 Rapist cho-ed victim. 3rute force of cho-in# contradicts claim that he had no intention to -ill the #irl. Art 13, par 3 addresses itself to the intention of the offender at the particular moment when he e(ecutes or commits the criminal act, not to his intention durin# the plannin# sta#e. 'n crimes a#ainst persons if victim does not die, the absence of the intent to -ill reduces the felon) to mere ph)sical in2uries. 't is not considered as miti#atin#. ,iti#atin# onl) when the victim dies. Example0 As part of fun=ma-in#, Duan merel) intended to burn Pedro+s clothes. Pedro received minor burns. Duan is char#ed with ph)sical in2uries. <ad Pedro died, Duan would be entitled to the miti#atin# circumstance. .ot applicable to felonies b) ne#li#ence. 6h)? 'n felonies throu#h ne#li#ence, the offender acts without intent. /he intent in intentional felonies is replaced b) ne#li#ence, imprudence, lac- of foresi#ht or lac- of s-ill in culpable felonies. /here is no intent on the part of the offender which ma) be considered as diminished. 3asis of par 30 intent, an element of voluntariness in intentional felon), is diminished C. T* ' '*+ )6--i/i+n' ,r(5(/ 'i(n (r '*r+ ' (n '*+ , r' (- '*+ (--+n3+3 , r'2 imm+3i '+!2 ,r+/+3+3 '*+ /'. Provocation an) un2ust or improper conduct or act of the offended part), capable of e(citin#, incitin# or irritatin# an)one. 3asis0 diminution of intelli#ence and intent Re1uisites0 a. Provocation must be sufficient. 1. !ufficient ade1uate enou#h to e(cite a person to commit the wron# and must accordin#l) be proportionate to its #ravit). 2. !ufficienc) depends on0 the act constitutin# the provocation the social standin# of the person provo-ed time and place provocation too- place 3. Example0 Duan li-es to hit and curse his servant. <is servant thus -illed him. /here+s miti#atin# circumstance because of sufficient provocation.
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4. 6hen it was the defendant who sou#ht the deceased, the challen#e to fi#ht b) the deceased is .%/ sufficient provocation. b. 't must ori#inate from the offended part) 1. 6h)? &aw sa)s the provocation is Kon the part of the offended part); 2. *(ample0 /omas+ mother insulted Petra. Petra -ills /omas because of the insults. .o ,iti#atin# ircumstance because it was the mother who insulted her, not /omas. 3. Provocation b) the deceased in the first sta#e of the fi#ht is not ,iti#atin# ircumstance when the accused -illed him after he had fled because the deceased from the moment he fled did not #ive an) provocation for the accused to pursue and attac- him. c. Provocation must be immediate to the act., i.e., to the commission of the crime b) the person who is provo-ed 1. 6h)? 'f there was an interval of time, the conduct of the offended part) could not have e(cited the accused to the commission of the crime, he havin# had time to re#ain his reason and to e(ercise self=control. 2. /hreat should not be offensive and positivel) stron# because if it was, the threat to inflict real in2ur) is an unlawful a##ression which ma) #ive rise to self=defense and thus no lon#er a ,iti#atin# ircumstance D. T* ' '*+ /' " ) /(mmi''+3 in '*+ imm+3i '+ 5in3i/ 'i(n (- .r 5+ (--+n)+ '( '*+ (n+ /(mmi''in. '*+ -+!(n2 (3+!i'()> *i) ),(6)+> )/+n3 n')> 3+)/+n3 n')> !+.i'im '+> n '6r ! (r 3(,'+3 :r('*+r (r )i)'+r)> (r r+! 'i5+) :2 --ini'2 "i'*in '*+ ) m+ 3+.r++. 1. Re1uisites0 there+s a #rave offense done to the one committin# the felon) etc. that the felon) is committed in vindication of such #rave offense. 2. &apse of time is allowed between the vindication and the one doin# the offense "pro(imate time, not 2ust immediatel) after$ 3. Example0 Duan cau#ht his wife and his friend in a compromisin# situation. Duan -ills his friend the ne(t da) still considered pro(imate. PR%L% A/'%. ,ade directl) onl) to the person committin# the felon) ause that brou#ht about the provocation need not be a #rave offense .ecessar) that provocation or threat immediatel) preceded the act. .o time interval L'.A' A/'%. Crave offense ma) be also a#ainst the offender+s relatives mentioned b) law %ffended part) must have done a #rave offense to the offender or his relatives ,a) be pro(imate. /ime interval allowed
,ore lenient in vindication because offense concerns the honor of the person. !uch is more worth) of consideration than mere spite a#ainst the one #ivin# the provocation or threat. Lindication of a #rave offense and passion and obfuscation can+t be counted separatel) and independentl) ) n '6r !!2 '( * 5+
E. T* ' (- * 5in. /'+3 6,(n n im,6!)+ )( ,("+r-6! ,r(36/+3 , ))i(n (r (:-6)/ 'i(n
Passion and obfuscation is miti#atin#0 when there are causes naturall) producin# in a person powerful e(citement, he loses his reason and self=control. /hereb) dismissin# the e(ercise of his will power. PA!!'%. A.A %3@F! A/'%. are ,iti#atin# ircumstances onl) when the same arise from lawful sentiments "not ,iti#atin# ircumstance when done in the spirit of reven#e or lawlessness$
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Re1uisites for Passion M %bfuscation a. /he offender acted on impulse powerful enou#h to produce passion or obfuscation b. /hat the act was committed not in the spirit of lawlessness or reven#e c. /he act must come from lawful sentiments Act which #ave rise to passion and obfuscation a. /hat there be an act, both unlawful and un2ust b. /he act be sufficient to produce a condition of mind c. /hat the act was pro(imate to the criminal act d. /he victim must be the one who caused the passion or obfuscation *(ample0 Duan saw /omas hittin# his "Duan$ son. Duan stabbed /omas. Duan is entitled to ,iti#atin# ircumstance of PM% as his actuation arose from a natural instinct that impels a father to rush to the rescue of his son. /he e(ercise of a ri#ht or a fulfillment of a dut) is not the proper source of PM%. Example0 A policeman arrested Duan as he was ma-in# a public disturbance on the streets. Duan+s an#er and indi#nation resultin# from the arrest can+t be considered passionate obfuscation because the policeman was doin# a lawful act. /he act must be sufficient to produce a condition of mind. 'f the cause of the loss of self=control was trivial and sli#ht, the obfuscation is not miti#atin#. Example0 Duan+s boss punched him for not #oin# to wor- he other da). ause is sli#ht. /here could have been no ,iti#atin# ircumstance of PM% when more than 24 hours elapsed between the alle#ed insult and the commission of the felon), or several hours have passed between the cause of the PM% and the commission of the crime, or at least N hours intervened between the previous fi#ht and subse1uent -illin# of deceased b) accused. .ot miti#atin# if relationship is ille#itimate /he passion or obfuscation will be considered even if it is based onl) on the honest belief of the offender, even if facts turn out to prove that his beliefs were wron#. Passion and obfuscation cannot co=e(ist with treacher) since the means that the offender has had time to ponder his course of action. PA!!'%. A.A %3@F! A/'%. arisin# from one and the same cause should be treated as onl) one miti#atin# circumstance Lindication of #rave offense can+t co=e(ist wE PA!!'%. A.A %3@F! A/'%. 'RR*!'/'3&* @%R * *(emptin# Re1uires ph)sical force ,ust come from a 3rd person Fnlawful PR%L% A/'%. omes from in2ured part) ,ust immediatel) precede the commission of the crime !ame
PA!!'%. A.A %3@F! A/'%. ,iti#atin# .o ph)sical force needed @rom the offender himself ,ust come from lawful sentiments PA!!'%. A.A %3@F! A/'%. Produced b) an impulse which ma) be caused b) provocation %ffense, which en#enders perturbation of mind, need not be immediate. 't is onl) re1uired that the influence thereof lasts until the crime is committed *ffect is loss of reason and self=control on the part of the offender
F. T* ' '*+ (--+n3+r * 3 5(!6n' ri!2 )6rr+n3+r+3 *im)+!- '( ,+r)(n in 6'*(ri'2 (r *i) .+n')> (r '* ' *+ * 3 5(!6n' ri!2 /(n-+))+3 *i) .6i!' :+-(r+ '*+ /(6r' ,ri(r '( '*+ ,r+)+n' 'i(n (- '*+ +5i3+n/+ -(r '*+ ,r()+/6'i(n. 2 ,iti#atin# ircumstances present0
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a$ voluntaril) surrendered b$ voluntaril) confessed his #uilt 'f both are present, considered as 2 independent miti#atin# circumstances. ,iti#ate penalt) to a #reater e(tent Re1uisites of voluntar) surrender0 a$ offender not actuall) arrested b$ offender surrendered to a person in authorit) or the latter+s a#ent c$ surrender was voluntar) !urrender must be spontaneous shows his interest to surrender unconditionall) to the authorities !pontaneous emphasi8es the idea of inner impulse, actin# without e(ternal stimulus. /he conduct of the accused, not his intention alone, after the commission of the offense, determines the spontaneit) of the surrender. Example0 !urrendered after 5 )ears, not spontaneous an)more. Example0 !urrendered after tal-in# to town councilor. .ot L.!. because there+s an e(ternal stimulus onduct must indicate a desire to own the responsibilit) .ot miti#atin# when warrant alread) served. !urrender ma) be considered miti#atin# if warrant not served or returned unserved because accused can+t be located. !urrender of person re1uired. .ot 2ust of weapon. Person in authorit) one directl) vested with 2urisdiction, whether as an individual or as a member of some courtE#overnmentEcorporationEboardEcommission. 3arrio captainEchairman included. A#ent of person in authorit) person who b) direct provision of law, or be election, or b) appointment b) competent authorit) is char#ed with the maintenance of public order and the protection and securit) of life and propert) and an) person who comes to the aid of persons in authorit). RP does not ma-e distinction amon# the various moments when surrender ma) occur. "per Dud#e ,abalot$ !urrender must be b) reason of the commission of the crime for which defendant is char#ed Re1uisites for plea of #uilt) a$ offender spontaneousl) confessed his #uilt b$ confession of #uilt was made in open court "competent court$ c$ confession of #uilt was made prior to the presentation of evidence for the prosecution plea made after arrai#nment and after trial has be#un does not entitle accused to have plea considered as ,iti#atin# ircumstance plea in the R/ in a case appealed from the ,/ is not miti#atin# = must ma-e plea at the first opportunit) plea durin# the preliminar) investi#ation is no plea at all even if durin# arrai#nment, accused pleaded not #uilt), he is entitled to ,iti#atin# ircumstance as lon# as withdraws his plea of not #uilt) to the char#e before the fiscal could present his evidence plea to a lesser char#e is not ,iti#atin# ircumstance because to be voluntar) plea of #uilt), must be to the offense char#ed plea to the offense char#ed in the amended info, lesser than that char#ed in the ori#inal info, is ,iti#atin# ircumstance present Rules of ourt re1uire that even if accused pleaded #uilt) to a capital offense, its mandator) for court to re1uire the prosecution to prove the #uilt of the accused bein# li-ewise entitled to present evidence to prove, inter alia, ,iti#atin# ircumstance
G. T* ' '*+ (--+n3+r i) 3+ - n3 36m:> :!in3 (r ('*+r"i)+ )6--+rin. -r(m )(m+ ,*2)i/ ! 3+-+/' "// '*6) r+)'ri/') *i) m+ n) (- /'i(n> 3+-+n)+ (r /(mm6ni/ 'i(n "/ *i) -+!!(" :+in.).
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3asis0 one sufferin# from ph)sical defect which restricts him does not have complete freedom of action and therefore, there is diminution of that element of voluntariness. .o distinction between educated and uneducated deaf=mute or blind persons /he ph)sical defect of the offender should restrict his means of action, defense or communication with fellow bein#s, this has been e(tended to cover cripples, armless people even stutterers. /he circumstance assumes that with their ph)sical defect, the offenders do not have a complete freedom of action therefore diminishin# the element of voluntariness in the commission of a crime.
@. S6/* i!!n+)) (- '*+ (--+n3+r ) "(6!3 3imini)* '*+ +<+r/i)+ (- '*+ "i!!H,("+r ('*+ (--+n3+r "/( 3+,ri5in. *im (- /(n)/i(6)n+)) (- *i) /'). 3asis0 diminution of intelli#ence and intent Re1uisites0 a$ illness of the offender must diminish the e(ercise of his will=power b$ such illness should not deprive the offender of consciousness of his acts when the offender completel) lost the e(ercise of will=power, it ma) be an e(emptin# circumstance deceased mind, not amountin# to insanit), ma) #ive place to miti#ation )imi! r n '6r+ n3 n !(.(6) '( '*()+ :(5+H
1I. An3 n2 ('*+r /ir/6m)' n/+ (m+n'i(n+3
*(amples of Kan) other circumstance;0 a$ defendant who is 4> )ears old with failin# e)esi#ht is similar to a case of one over 5> )ears old b$ outra#ed feelin# of owner of animal ta-en for ransom is analo#ous to vindication of #rave offense c$ impulse of 2ealous feelin#, similar to PA!!'%. A.A %3@F! A/'%. d$ voluntar) restitution of propert), similar to voluntar) surrender e$ e(treme povert), similar to incomplete 2ustification based on state of necessit) .%/ analo#ous0 a$ -illin# wron# person b$ not resistin# arrest not the same as voluntar) surrender c$ runnin# amuc- is not miti#atin# ,'/'CA/'.C 'R F,!/A. * which arise from0 a$ moral attributes of the offender Example0 Duan and /omas -illed Pedro. Duan acted wE PA!!'%. A.A %3@F! A/'%.. %nl) Duan will be entitled to ,iti#atin# ircumstance b$ private relations with the offended part) Example0 Duan stole his brother+s watch. Duan sold it to Pedro, who -new it was stolen. /he circumstance of relation arose from private relation of Duan and the brother. Aoes not miti#ate Pedro. c$ other personal cause Example0 ,inor, actin# with discernment robbed Duan. Pedro, passin# b), helped the minor. ircumstance of minorit), miti#ates liabilit) of minor onl). !hall serve to miti#ate the liabilit) of the principals, accomplices and accessories to whom the circumstances are attendant. ircumstances which are neither e(emptin# nor miti#atin# a$ mista-e in the blow b$ mista-e in the identit) of the victim c$ entrapment of the accused d$ accused is over 19 )ears old e$ performance of a ri#hteous action
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Example0 Duan saved the lives of :: people but caused the death of the last person, he is still criminall) liable AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES (Ar'. 1C) Aefinition /hose circumstance which raise the penalt) for a crime without e(ceedin# the ma(imum applicable to that crime. 3asis0 /he #reater perversit) of the offense as shown b)0 a$ the motivatin# power behind the act b$ the place where the act was committed c$ the means and wa)s used d$ the time e$ the personal circumstance of the offender f$ the personal circumstance of the victim Ginds0 a$ Ceneric #enerall) applicable to all crimes b$ !pecific appl) onl) to specific crimes "i#nomin) for chastit) crimes7 treacher) for persons crimes$ c$ Jualif)in# those that chan#e the nature of the crime "evident premeditation becomes murder$ d$ 'nherent necessaril) accompanies the commission of the crime "evident premeditation in theft, estafa$
JFA&'@I'.C ACCRALA/'.C C*.*R' ACCRALA/'.C 'R F,!/A. * 'R F,!/A. * Cives the proper and e(clusive name, 'ncrease penalt) to the ma(imum, without places the author thereof in such a e(ceedin# limit prescribed b) law situation as to deserve no other penalt) than that specificall) prescribed b) law an+t be offset b) ,iti#atin# ircumstance ,a) be compensated b) ,iti#atin# ircumstance ,ust be alle#ed in the information. 'nte#ral .eed not be alle#ed. ,a) be proved over part of the offense the ob2ection of the defense. Jualif)in# if not alle#ed will ma-e it #eneric A##ravatin# ircumstances which A% .%/ have the effect of increasin# the penalt)0 1$ which themselves constitute a crime specificall) punishable b) law or which are included in the law definin# a crime and prescribin# the penalt) thereof Example0 brea-in# a window to #et inside the house and rob it 2$ a##ravatin# circumstance inherent in the crime to such de#ree that it must of necessit) accompan) the commission thereof Example0 evident premeditation inherent in theft, robber), estafa, adulter) and concubina#e A##ravatin# circumstances are not presumed. ,ust be proved as full) as the crime itself in order to increase the penalt). ..r 5 'in.
Ar' 1C. A..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+). J T*+ -(!!("in. r+ /ir/6m)' n/+)9 1. T* ' 35 n' .+ :+ ' ?+n :2 '*+ (--+n3+r (- *i) ,6:!i/ ,()i'i(n
Re1uisite0 a. /he offender is a public officer b. /he commission of the crime would not have been possible without the powers, resources and influence of the office he holds. *ssential = Public officer used the influence, presti#e or ascendanc) which his office #ives him as the means b) which he reali8ed his purpose.
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@ailure in official is tantamount to abusin# of office 6earin# of uniform is immaterial what matters is the proof that he indeed tooadvanta#e of his position
B. T* ' '*+ /rim+ :+ /(mmi''+3 in /(n'+m,' (- (r "i'* in)6!' '( '*+ ,6:!i/ 6'*(ri'i+) Re1uisites0 a. /he offender -nows that a public authorit) is present b. /he public authorit) is en#a#ed in the e(ercise of his functions c. /he public authorit) is not the victim of the crime d. /he public authorit)+s presence did not prevent the criminal act Example0 Duan and Pedro are 1uarrellin# and the municipal ma)or, upon passin# b), attempts to stop them. .otwithstandin# the intervention and the presence of the ma)or, Duan and Pedro continue to 1uarrel until Duan succeeds in -illin# Pedro. Person in authorit) public authorit) who is directl) vested with 2urisdiction, has the power to #overn and e(ecute the laws *(amples of Persons in Authorit) a. Covernor b. ,a)or c. 3aran#a) captain d. ouncilors e. Covernment a#ents f. hief of Police Rule not applicable when committed in the presence of a mere a#ent. A#ent subordinate public officer char#ed with the maintenance of public order and protection and securit) of life and propert) Example0 barrio vice lieutenant, barrio councilman
A. T* ' '*+ /' :+ /(mmi''+39 (1) "i'* in)6!' (r in 3i)r+. r3 (- '*+ r+),+/' 36+ '( '*+ (--+n3+3 , r'2 (n //(6n' (- *i) ( ) r n?> (:) .+> (/) )+< (r (B) '* ' i' :+ /(mmi''+3 in '*+ 3"+!!in. (- '*+ (--+n3+3 , r'2> i- '*+ ! ''+r * ) n(' .i5+n ,r(5(/ 'i(n. circumstances "ran-, a#e, se($ ma) be ta-en into account only in crimes against persons or honor, it cannot be invo-ed in crimes a#ainst propert) Ran- refers to a hi#h social position or standin# b) which to determine one+s pa) and emoluments in an) scale of comparison within a position A#e the circumstance of lac- of respect due to a#e applies in case where the victim is of tender a#e as well as of old a#e !e( refers to the female se(, not to the male se(7 not applicable when a. /he offender acted wE PA!!'%. A.A %3@F! A/'%. b. there e(ists a relation between the offender and the victim "but in cases of divorce decrees where there is a direct bearin# on their child, it is applicable$ c. the condition of bein# a woman is indispensable in the commission of the crime "*(. Parricide, rape, abduction$ Re1uisite of disre#ard to ran-, a#e, or se( a. rimes must be a#ainst the victim+s person or his honor b. /here is deliberate intent to offend or insult the respect due to the victim+s ran-, a#e, or se( Aisre#ard to ran-, a#e, or se( is absorbed b) treacher) or abuse of stren#th Awellin# must be a buildin# or structure e(clusivel) used for rest and comfort "combination house and store not included$ a. ma) be temporar) as in the case of #uests in a house or bedspacers b. basis for this is the sanctit) of privac) the law accords to human abode
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dwellin# includes dependencies, the foot of the staircase and the enclosure under the house *lements of the a##ravatin# circumstance of dwellin# a. rime occurred in the dwellin# of the victim b. .o provocation on the part of the victim Re1uisites for Provocation0 A&& ,F!/ %. FR a. #iven b) the owner of the dwellin# b. sufficient c. immediate to the commission of the crime 6hen dwellin# ma) and ma) not be considered 6hen it ma) be considered 6hen it ma) not be considered althou#h the offender fired the shot from 'f the offended part) has #iven outside the house, as lon# as his victim provocation was inside 'f both the offender and the even if the -illin# too- place outside the offended part) are occupants of the dwellin#, so lon# as the commission be#an same dwellin# inside the dwellin# 'n robber) with force upon thin#s, it when adulter) is committed in the dwellin# is inherent of the husband, even if it is also the dwellin# of the wife, it is still a##ravatin# because she and her paramour committed a #rave offense to the head of the house 'n robber) with violence a#ainst persons, robber) with homicide, abduction, or ille#al detention :6)+ (- /(n-i3+n/+ (r (B) (:5i(6)
C. T* ' '*+ /' :+ /(mmi''+3 "i'* (1) 6n.r '+-6!n+))
Re1uisites of Abuse of onfidence Re1uisite of %bvious Fn#ratefulness a$ %ffended part) has trusted the a$ un#ratefulness must be obvious, that is, offender there must be somethin# which the b$ %ffender abused such trust offender should owe the victim a debt of c$ Abuse of confidence facilitated the #ratitude for commission of the crime .ote0 robber) or theft committed b) a visitor in the house of the offended part) is a##ravated b) obvious un#ratefulness Example0 A 2ealous lover, alread) determined to -ill his sweetheart, invited her for a ride and durin# that ride, he stabbed her Abuse of confidence is inherent in0 a. malversation b. 1ualified theft c. estafa b) conversion d. misappropriation e. 1ualified seduction
D. T* ' '*+ /rim+ :+ /(mmi''+3 in '*+ , ! /+ (- '*+ C*i+- E<+/6'i5+> (r in *i) ,r+)+n/+> (r "*+n ,6:!i/ 6'*(ri'i+) r+ +n. .+3 in '*+ 3i)/* r.+ (- '*+ir 36'i+)> (r in ,! /+ 3+3i/ '+3 '( r+!i.i(6) "(r)*i,. Re1uirements of the a##ravatin# circumstance of public office0 a. /he crime occurred in the public office b. Public authorities are actuall) performin# their public duties
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A pollin# precinct is a public office durin# election da) .ature of public office should be ta-en into account, li-e a police station which is on dut) 24 hrs. a da) place of the commission of the felon) "par 5$0 if it is ,alacaOan# palace or a church is a##ravatin#, re#ardless of whether !tate or official7 functions are bein# held. as re#ards other places where public authorities are en#a#ed in the dischar#e of their duties, there must be some performance of public functions the offender must have intention to commit a crime when he entered the place Re1uisites for a##ravatin# circumstances for place of worship0 a. /he crime occurred in a place dedicated to the worship of Cod re#ardless of reli#ion b. %ffender must have decided to commit the crime when he entered the place of worship 6hen Para#raph 2 and 5 of Article 14 are applicable ommitted in the presence of the hief ommitted in contempt of Public Authorit) *(ecutive, in the Presidential Palace or a "Par. 2, Art 14$ place of worship"Par. 5, Art. 14$ Public authorities are performin# of their !ame duties when the crime is committed 6hen crime is committed in the public %utside the office "still performin# dut)$ office, the officer must be performin# his duties, e(cept in the Presidential Palace Public authorit) ma) be the offended part) Public authorit) is not be the offended part) E . T* ' '*+ /rim+ :+ /(mmi''+3 (1) in '*+ ni.*''im+> (r (B) in n 6nin* :i'+3 ,! /+ (A) :2 : n3> "*+n+5+r )6/* /ir/6m)' n/+) m 2 - /i!i' '+ '*+ /(mmi))i(n (- '*+ (--+n)+. .i#httime, Fninhabited Place or 3) a 3an# A##ravatin# when0 a. it facilitated the commission of the crime b. especiall) sou#ht for b) the offender to insure the commission of the crime or for the purpose of impunit) 'mpunit) means to prevent the accused+s bein# reco#ni8ed or to secure himself a#ainst detection or punishment c. when the offender too- the advanta#e thereof for the purpose of impunit) d. commission of the crime must have be#an and accomplished at ni#httime .i#httime be#ins at the end of dus- and endin# at dawn7 from sunset to sunrise a. commission of the crime must be#in and be accomplished in the ni#httime b. when the place of the crime is illuminated b) li#ht, ni#httime is not a##ravatin# c. absorbed b) /reacher) Fninhabited Place one where there are no houses at all, a place at a considerable distance from town, where the houses are scattered at a #reat distance from each other Re1uisites0 a. /he place facilitated the commission or omission of the crime b. Aeliberatel) sou#ht and not incidental to the commission or omission of the crime c. /a-en advanta#e of for the purpose of impunit) what should be considered here is whether in the place of the commission of the offense, there was a reasonable possibilit) of the victim receivin# some help
E:. H W*+n+5+r m(r+ '* n A rm+3 m !+- /'(r) )* !! * 5+ /'+3 '(.+'*+r in '*+ /(mmi))i(n (- n (--+n)+> i' )* !! :+ 3++m+3 '( * 5+ :++n /(mmi''+3 :2 : n3. Re1uisites0
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a. @acilitated the commission of the crime b. Aeliberatel) sou#ht c. /a-en advanta#e of for the purposes of impunit) d. /here must be four or more armed men if one of the four=armed malefactors is a principal b) inducement, the) do not form a band because it is undoubtedl) connoted that he had no direct participation, 3and is inherent in robber) committed in band and bri#anda#e 't is not considered in the crime of rape 't has been applied in treason and in robber) with homicide /(n-! .r 'i(n> )*i,"r+/?>
F. T* ' '*+ /rim+ :+ /(mmi''+3 (n '*+ (// )i(n (+ r'*;6 ?+> +,i3+mi/ (r ('*+r / ! mi'2 (r mi)-(r'6n+
Re1uisites0 a. ommitted when there is a calamit) or misfortune 1. onfla#ration 2. !hipwrec3. *pidemic b. %ffender tooadvanta#e of the state of confusion or chaotic condition from such misfortune 3asis0 ommission of the crime adds to the sufferin# b) ta-in# advanta#e of the misfortune. based on time offender must ta-e advanta#e of the calamit) or misfortune
Aistinction between Para#raphs 5 and 12 of Article 14 ommitted durin# a calamit) or misfortune ommitted with the use of wasteful means rime is committed AFR'.C an) of the rime is committed 3I usin# fire, inundation, calamities e(plosion or other wasteful means G. T* ' '*+ /rim+ :+ /(mmi''+3 "i'* '*+ i3 (- (1) rm+3 m+n (r (B) ,+r)(n) "*( in)6r+ (r --(r3 im,6ni'2 based on the means and wa)s Re1uisites0 a. that armed men or persons too- part in the commission of the crime, directl) or indirectl) b. that the accused availed himself of their aid or relied upon them when the crime was committed *(ceptions0 a. when both the attac-in# part) and the part) attac-ed were e1uall) armed b. not present when the accused as well as those who cooperated with him in the commission of the crime acted under the same plan and for the same purpose. c. asual presence, or when the offender did not avail himself of an) of their aid nor did not -nowin#l) count upon their assistance in the commission of the crime
6'/< /<* A'A %@ AR,*A ,*. 3I A 3A.A Present even if one of the offenders merel) Re1uires more than 3 armed malefactors relied on their aid. Actual aid is not who all acted to#ether in the commission necessar) of an offense if there are more than 3 armed men, aid of armed men is absorbed in the emplo)ment of a band. @. T* ' '*+ //6)+3 i) r+/i3i5i)'
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Recidivist one who at the time of his trial for one crime, shall have been previousl) convicted b) final 2ud#ment of another crime embraced in the same title of the RP 3asis0 Creater perversit) of the offender as shown b) his inclination to commit crimes Re1uisites0 a. offender is on trial for an offense b. he was previousl) convicted b) final 2ud#ment of another crime c. that both the first and the second offenses are embraced in the same title of the RP d. the offender is convicted of the new offense 6hat is controllin# is the time of the trial, not the time of the commission of the offense. At the time of the trial means from the arrai#nment until after sentence is announced b) the 2ud#e in open court. 6hen does 2ud#ment become final? "Rules of ourt$ a. after the lapse of a period for perfectin# an appeal b. when the sentence has been partiall) or totall) satisfied or served c. defendant has e(pressl) waived in writin# his ri#ht to appeal d. the accused has applied for probation *(ample of rimes embraced in the !ame title of the RP a. robber) and theft title 1> b. homicide and ph)sical in2uries title 9 J0 /he accused was prosecuted and tried for theft, robber) and estafa. Dud#ments were read on the same da). 's he a recidivist? A0 .o. 3ecause the 2ud#ment in an) of the first two offenses was not )et final when he was tried for the third offense Recidivism must be ta-en into account no matter how man) )ears have intervened between the first and second felonies Pardon does not obliterate the fact that the accused was a recidivist, but amnest) e(tin#uishes the penalt) and its effects /o prove recidivism, it must be alle#ed in the information and with attached certified copies of the sentences rendered a#ainst the accused *(ceptions0 if the accused does not ob2ect and when he admits in his confession and on the witness stand
1I. T* ' '*+ (--+n3+r * ) :++n ,r+5i(6)!2 ,6ni)*+3 -(r n (--+n)+ '( "*i/* '*+ ! " '' /*+) n +;6 ! (r .r+ '+r ,+n !'2 (r -(r '"( (r m(r+ /rim+) '( "*i/* i' '' /*+) !i.*'+r ,+n !'2 Reiteracion or <abitualit) it is essential that the offender be previousl) punished7 that is, he has served sentence. Par. 1> spea-s of penalt) attached to the offense, not the penalt) actuall) imposed
R*'/*RA '%. R* 'A'L'!, .ecessar) that offender shall have served *nou#h that final 2ud#ment has been out his sentence for the first sentence rendered in the first offense Previous and subse1uent offenses must !ame title not be embraced in the same title of the ode .ot alwa)s an a##ravatin# circumstance Alwa)s a##ravatin# 4 @orms of Repetition a. Recidivism #eneric b. Reiteracion or <abitualit) #eneric c. ,ultiple recidivism or <abitual delin1uenc) e(traordinar) a##ravatin# d. Juasi=Recidivism special a##ravatin# <abitual Aelin1uenc) when a person within a period of 1> )ears from the date of his release or last conviction of the crimes of serious or less serious ph)sical in2uries,
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robber), theft, estafa or falsification is found #uilt) of an) of said crimes a third time or oftener. Juasi=Recidivism an) person who shall commit a felon) after havin# been convicted b) final 2ud#ment, before be#innin# to serve such sentence, or while servin# the same, shall be punished b) the ma(imum period of the penalt) prescribed b) law for the new felon) ,ri/+> r+" r3 (r ,r(mi)+.
11. T* ' '*+ /rim+ :+ /(mmi''+3 in /(n)i3+r 'i(n (
Re1uisites0 a. At least 2 principals 1. /he principal b) inducement 2. /he principal b) direct participation b. the price, reward, or promise should be previous to and in consideration of the commission of the criminal act Applicable to both principals.
1B. T* ' '*+ /rim+ :+ /(mmi''+3 :2 m+ n) (- in6n3 'i(n> -ir+> ,(i)(n> +<,!()i(n> )'r n3in. 5+))+! (r in'+n'i(n ! 3 m .+ '*+r+'(> (r 3+r i!m+n' (- !(/(m('i5+> (r :2 6)+ (- n2 ('*+r r'i-i/+ in5(!5in. .r+ ' " )'+ (r r6in. Re1uisite0 /he wasteful means were used b) the offender to accomplish a criminal purpose
1A. T* ' '*+ /' :+ /(mmi''+3 "i'* +5i3+n' ,r+m+3i' 'i(n *ssence of premeditation0 the e(ecution of the criminal act must be preceded b) cool thou#ht and reflection upon the resolution to carr) out the criminal intent durin# the space of time sufficient to arrive at a calm 2ud#ment Re1uisites0 a. the time when the offender determined to commit the crime b. an act manifestl) indicatin# that the culprit has clun# to his determination c. a sufficient lapse of time between the determination and e(ecution to allow him to reflect upon the conse1uences of his act and to allow his conscience to overcome the resolution of his will onspirac) #enerall) presupposes premeditation 6hen victim is different from that intended, premeditation is not a##ravatin#. Althou#h it is not necessar) that there is a plan to -ill a particular person for premeditation to e(ist "e.#. plan to -ill first 2 persons one meets, #eneral attac- on a villa#ePfor as lon# as it was planned$ /he premeditation must be based upon e(ternal facts, and must be evident, not merel) suspected indicatin# deliberate plannin# *vident premeditation is inherent in robber), adulter), theft, estafa, falsification, and etc.
1C. T* ' (1) /r -'> (B) -r 63> (r (A) 3i).6i)+ :+ +m,!(2+3 raft involves intellectual tric-er) and cunnin# on the part of the accused. 't is emplo)ed as a scheme in the e(ecution of the crime "e.#. accused pretended to be members of the constabular), accused in order to perpetrate rape, used chocolates containin# dru#s$ @raud involves insidious words or machinations used to induce victim to act in a manner which would enable the offender to carr) out his desi#n. as distin#uished from craft which involves acts done in order not to arouse the suspicion of the victim, fraud involves a direct inducement throu#h entrappin# or be#uilin# lan#ua#e or machinations
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Ais#uise resortin# to an) device to conceal identit). Purpose of concealin# identit) is a must.
Aistinction between raft, @raud, and Ais#uise raft @raud Ais#uise 'nvolves the use of intellectual 'nvolves the use of direct 'nvolves the use of tric-er) and cunnin# to arouse inducement b) insidious devise to conceal suspicion of the victim words or machinations identit) Re1uisite0 /he offender must have actuall) ta-en advanta#e of craft, fraud, or dis#uise to facilitate the commission of the crime. 'nherent in0 estafa and falsification
1D. T* ' (1) 35 n' .+ :+ ' ?+n (- )6,+ri(r )'r+n.'*> (r (B) m+ n) :+ +m,!(2+3 '( "+ ?+n '*+ 3+-+n)+ /o purposel) use e(cessive force out of the proportion to the means of defense available to the person attac-ed. a. !uperiorit) ma) arise from a##ressor+s se(, weapon or number as compared to that of the victim "e.#. accused attac-ed an unarmed #irl with a -nife7 3 men stabbed to death the female victim$. b. .o advanta#e of superior stren#th when one who attac-s is overcome with passion and obfuscation or when 1uarrel arose une(pectedl) and the fatal blow was struc- while victim and accused were stru##lin#. c. Ls. b) a band 0 circumstance of abuse of superior stren#th, what is ta-en into account is not the number of a##ressors nor the fact that the) are armed but their relative ph)sical mi#ht vis=Q=vis the offended part) Re1uisite of ,eans to 6ea-en Aefense a. ,eans were purposel) sou#ht to wea-en the defense of the victim to resist the assault b. /he means used must not totall) eliminate possible defense of the victim, otherwise it will fall under treacher) /o wea-en the defense illustrated in the case where one stru##lin# with another suddenl) throws a cloa- over the head of his opponent and while in the said situation, he wounds or -ills him. %ther means of wea-enin# the defense would be into(ication or disablin# thru the senses "castin# dirt of sand upon another+s e)es$
1E. T* ' '*+ /' :+ /(mmi''+3 "i'* 'r+ /*+r2 ( !+5()i ) /R*A <*RI0 when the offender commits an) of the crime a#ainst the person, emplo)in# means, methods or forms in the e(ecution thereof which tend directl) and speciall) to insure its e(ecution without ris- to himself arisin# from the defense which the offended part) mi#ht ma-e. "per Dud#e ,abalot$ Re1uisites0 a. that at the time of the attac-, the victim was not in the position to defend himself b. that the offender consciousl) adopted the particular means, method or form of attac- emplo)ed b) him /reacher) can+t be considered when there is no evidence that the accused, prior to the moment of the -illin#, resolved to commit to crime, or there is no proof that the death of the victim was the result of meditation, calculation or reflection. a. does not e(ist if the accused #ave the deceased chance to prepare or there was warnin# #iven or that it was preceded b) a heated ar#ument b. there is alwa)s treacher) in the -illin# of child c. #enerall) characteri8ed b) the deliberate and sudden and une(pected attac- of the victim from behind, without an) warnin# and without #ivin# the victim an opportunit) to defend himself
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*(amples0 victim asleep, half=awa-e or 2ust awa-ened, victim #rapplin# or bein# held, stac-s from behind 3ut treacher) ma) e(ist even if attac- is face=to=face as lon# as victim was not #iven an) chance to prepare defense /R*A <*RI A3F!* %@ !FP*R'%R !/R*.C/< %ffender does not emplo) means, methods or forms of attac-, he onl) ta-es advanta#e of his superior stren#th ,*A.! *,P&%I*A /% 6*AG*. A*@*.!* ,eans are emplo)ed but it onl) materiall) wea-ens the resistin# power of the offended part)
,eans, methods or forms are emplo)ed b) the offender to ma-e it impossible or hard for the offended part) to put an) sort of resistance
6here there is conspirac), treacher) is considered a#ainst all the offenders /reacher) absorbs abuse of stren#th, aid of armed men, b) a band and means to wea-en the defense :(6' "*i/* 33
1F. T* ' '*+ m+ n) :+ +m,!(2+3 (r /ir/6m)' n/+) :r(6.*' i.n(min2 '( '*+ n '6r ! +--+/') (- '*+ /')
'C.%,'.I is a circumstance pertainin# to the moral order, which adds dis#race and oblo1u) to the material in2ur) caused b) the crime Applicable to crimes a#ainst chastit) "rape included$, less serious ph)sical in2uries, li#ht or #rave coercion and murder Re1uisites0 a. rime must be a#ainst chastit), less serious ph)sical in2uries, li#ht or #rave coercion, and murder b. /he circumstance made the crime more humiliatin# and shameful for the victim *(amples0 accused embraced and -issed the offended part) not out of lust but out of an#er in front of man) people, raped in front of the husband, raped successivel) b) five men tend to ma-e the effects of the crime more humiliatin# '#nomin) not present where the victim was alread) dead when such acts were committed a#ainst his bod) or person
1G. T* ' '*+ /rim+ :+ /(mmi''+3 -'+r n 6n! "-6! +n'r2 Fnlawful entr) when an entrance is effected b) a wa) not intended for the purpose. ,eant to effect entrance and .%/ e(it. 6h) a##ravatin#? %ne who acts, not respectin# the walls erected b) men to #uard their propert) and provide for their personal safet), shows #reater perversit), a #reater audacit) and hence the law punishes him with more severit) *(ample0 Rapist #ains entrance thru the window 'nherent in0 /respass to dwellin#, robber) with force upon thin#s, and robber) with violence or intimidation a#ainst persons. m+ n) '( '*+ /(mmi))i(n (- '*+ /rim+> " !!> r((-> 3((r (r "in3("
1@. T* ' ) :+ :r(?+n
Re1uisites0 a. A wall, roof, window, or door was bro-en b. /he) were bro-en to effect entrance Applicable onl) if such acts were done b) the offender to effect entrance. 3rea-in# is lawful in the followin# instances0
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a. an officer in order to ma-e an arrest ma) brea- open a door or window of an) buildin# in which the person to be arrested is or is reasonabl) believed to be7 b. an officer if refused admittance ma) brea- open an) door or window to e(ecute the search warrant or liberate himself, BI. T* ' '*+ /rim+ :+ /(mmi''+3 (1) "i'* '*+ i3 (- ,+r)(n) 6n3+r 1D 2+ r) (- .+> (r (B) :2 m+ n) (- m('(r 5+*i/!+)> ir)*i,) (r ('*+r )imi! r m+ n). Reason for R10 to repress, so far as possible, the fre1uent practice resorted to b) professional criminals to avail themselves of minors ta-in# advanta#e of their responsibilit) "remember that minors are #iven lenienc) when the) commit a crime$ Example0 Duan instructed a 14=)ear old to climb up the fence and open the #ate for him so that he ma) rob the house Reason for R20 to counteract the #reat facilities found b) modern criminals in said means to commit crime and flee and abscond once the same is committed. .ecessar) that the motor vehicle be an important tool to the consummation of the crime "bic)cles not included$ Example0 Duan and Pedro, in committin# theft, used a truc- to haul the appliances from the mansion. B1. T* ' '*+ "r(n. 3(n+ in '*+ /(mmi))i(n (- '*+ /rim+ :+ 3+!i:+r '+!2 6.m+n'+3 :2 / 6)in. ('*+r "r(n. n(' n+/+)) r2 -(r i') /(mmi))i(n RF*&/I0 when the culprit en2o)s and deli#hts in ma-in# his victim suffer slowl) and #raduall), causin# him unnecessar) ph)sical pain in the consummation of the criminal act. ruelt) cannot be presumed nor merel) inferred from the bod) of the deceased. <as to be proven. a. mere pluralit) of words do not show cruelt) b. no cruelt) when the other wron# was done after the victim was dead Re1uisites0 a. that the in2ur) caused be deliberatel) increased b) causin# other wron# b. that the other wron# be unnecessar) for the e(ecution of the purpose of the offender RF*&/I Ph)sical sufferin#
'C.%,'.I ,oral sufferin# sub2ected to humiliation
Ar' 1D. ALTERNATIVE CIRCUMSTANCES. T*+ir /(n/+,'. J A!'+rn 'i5+ /ir/6m)' n/+) r+ '*()+ "*i/* m6)' :+ ' ?+n in'( /(n)i3+r 'i(n ) ..r 5 'in. (r mi'i. 'in. //(r3in. '( '*+ n '6r+ n3 +--+/') (- '*+ /rim+ n3 '*+ ('*+r /(n3i'i(n) ''+n3in. i') /(mmi))i(n. T*+2 r+ '*+ r+! 'i(n)*i,> in'(<i/ 'i(n n3 '*+ 3+.r++ (- in)'r6/'i(n n3 +36/ 'i(n (- '*+ (--+n3+r. T*+ !'+rn 'i5+ /ir/6m)' n/+ (- r+! 'i(n)*i, )* !! :+ ' ?+n in'( /(n)i3+r 'i(n "*+n '*+ (--+n3+3 , r'2 in '*+ ),(6)+> )/+n3 n'> 3+)/+n3 n'> !+.i'im '+> n '6r !> (r 3(,'+3 :r('*+r (r )i)'+r> (r r+! 'i5+ :2 --ini'2 in '*+ ) m+ 3+.r++) (- '*+ (--+n3+r. T*+ in'(<i/ 'i(n (- '*+ (--+n3+r )* !! :+ ' ?+n in'( /(n)i3+r 'i(n ) mi'i. 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+) "*+n '*+ (--+n3+r * ) /(mmi''+3 -+!(n2 in )' '+ (in'(<i/ 'i(n> i- '*+ ) m+ i) n(' * :i'6 ! (r )6:)+;6+n' '( '*+ ,! n '( /(mmi' ) i3 -+!(n2 :6' "*+n '*+ in'(<i/ 'i(n i) * :i'6 ! (r in'+n'i(n !> i' )* !! :+ /(n)i3+r+3 ) n ..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+. Alternative ircumstances those which must be ta-en into consideration as a##ravatin# or miti#atin# accordin# to the nature and effects of the crime and other conditions attendin# its commission. /he) are0
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a. relationship ta-en into consideration when offended part) is the spouse, ascendant, descendant, le#itimate, natural or adopted brother or sister, or relative b) affinit) in the same de#ree of the offender b. into(ication miti#atin# when the offender has committed a felon) in the state of into(ication, if the same is not habitual or subse1uent to the plan to commit the said felon). A##ravatin# if habitual or intentional c. de#ree of instruction and education of the offender R*&A/'%.!<'P ,'/'CA/'.C 'R F,!/A. * ACCRALA/'.C 'R F,!/A. * 'n crimes a#ainst propert) "robber), 'n crimes a#ainst persons in cases usurpation, fraudulent insolvenc), arson$ where the offender, or when the offender and the offended part) are relatives of the same level, as -illin# a brother, adopted brother or half=brother. Alwa)s a##ravatin# in crimes a#ainst chastit). *(ception0 Art 332 of no criminal liabilit), civil liabilit) onl) for the crimes of theft, swindlin# or malicious mischief committed or caused mutuall) b) spouses, ascendants, descendants or relatives b) affinit) "also brothers, sisters, brothers=in= law or sisters=in=law if livin# to#ether$. 't becomes an *B*,P/'.C circumstance. Relationship neither miti#atin# nor a##ravatin# when relationship is an element of the offense. *(ample0 parricide, adulter), concubina#e.
'./%B' A/'%. ,'/'CA/'.C 'R F,!/A. * ACCRALA/'.C 'R F,!/A. * a$ if into(ication is not habitual a$ if into(ication is habitual such habit b$ if into(ication is not subse1uent to the must be actual and confirmed plan to commit a felon) b$ if its intentional "subse1uent to the plan to commit a felon)$ ,ust show that he has ta-en such 1uantit) so as to blur his reason and deprive him of a certain de#ree of control A habitual drun-ard is #iven to inebriet) or the e(cessive use of into(icatin# drin-s. <abitual drun-enness must be shown to be an actual and confirmed habit of the offender, but not necessaril) of dail) occurrence.
A*CR** %@ '.!/RF /'%. A.A *AF A/'%. ,'/'CA/'.C 'R F,!/A. * ACCRALA/'.C 'R F,!/A. * &ow de#ree of instruction education or the <i#h de#ree of instruction and education lac- of it. 3ecause he does not full) reali8e offender avails himself of his learnin# in the conse1uences of his criminal act. .ot committin# the offense. 2ust mere illiterac) but lac- of intelli#ence. Aetermined b)0 the court must consider the circumstance of lac- of instruction *(ceptions "not miti#atin#$0 a. crimes a#ainst propert) b. crimes a#ainst chastit) "rape included$ c. crime of treason
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Ar' 1E W*( r+ /rimin !!2 !i :!+. J T*+ -(!!("in. r+ /rimin !!2 !i :!+ -(r .r 5+ n3 !+)) .r 5+ -+!(ni+)9 1. $rin/i, !). B. A//(m,!i/+). A. A//+))(ri+). T*+ -(!!("in. r+ /rimin !!2 !i :!+ -(r !i.*' -+!(ni+)9 1. $rin/i, !) B. A//(m,!i/+). Accessories not liable for li#ht felonies because the individual pre2udice is so small that penal sanction is not necessar) %nl) natural persons can be criminals as onl) the) can act with malice or ne#li#ence and can be subse1uentl) deprived of libert). Duridical persons are liable under special laws. ,ana#er of a partnership is liable even if there is no evidence of his direct participation in the crime. orporations ma) be the in2ured part) Ceneral Rule0 orpses and animals have no ri#hts that ma) be in2ured. *(ception0 defamation of the dead is punishable when it blac-ens the memor) of one who is dead. Ar' 1F. $rin/i, !). J T*+ -(!!("in. r+ /(n)i3+r+3 ,rin/i, !)9 1. T*()+ "*( ' ?+ 3ir+/' , r' in '*+ +<+/6'i(n (- '*+ /'4 B. T*()+ "*( 3ir+/'!2 -(r/+ (r in36/+ ('*+r) '( /(mmi' i'4 A. T*()+ "*( /((,+r '+ in '*+ /(mmi))i(n (- '*+ (--+n)+ :2 n('*+r /' "i'*(6' "*i/* i' "(6!3 n(' * 5+ :++n //(m,!i)*+3. $rin/i, !) :2 Dir+/' $ r'i/i, 'i(n Re1uisites for 2 or more to be principals b) direct participation0 a. participated in the criminal resolution "conspirac)$ b. carried out their plan and personall) too- part in its e(ecution b) acts which directl) tended to the same end onspirac) 's unit) of purpose and intention. *stablishment of onspirac) a. proven b) overt act b. .ot mere -nowled#e or approval c. 't is not necessar) that there be formal a#reement. d. ,ust prove be)ond reasonable doubt e. onspirac) is implied when the accused had a common purpose and were united in e(ecution. f. Fnit) of purpose and intention in the commission of the crime ma) be shown in the followin# cases0 1. !pontaneous a#reement at the moment of the commission of the crime 2. Active ooperation b) all the offenders in the perpetration of the crime 3. ontributin# b) positive acts to the reali8ation of a common criminal intent 4. Presence durin# the commission of the crime b) a band and lendin# moral support thereto. #. 6hile conspirac) ma) be implied from the circumstances attendin# the commission of the crime, it is nevertheless a rule that conspirac) must be established b) positive and conclusive evidence. onspirator not liable for the crimes of the other which is not the ob2ect of the conspirac) or is not a lo#ical or necessar) conse1uence thereof ,ultiple rape each rapist is liable for another+s crime because each cooperated in the commission of the rapes perpetrated b) the others *(ception0 in the crime of murder with treacher) all the offenders must at least -now that there will be treacher) in e(ecutin# the crime or cooperate therein. *(ample0 Duan and Pedro conspired to -ill /omas without the previous plan of treacher). 'n the crime scene, Duan used treacher) in the presence of Pedro and Pedro -new such. 3oth are liable for murder. 3ut if Pedro sta)ed b) the #ate while
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Duan alone -illed /omas with treacher), so that Pedro didn+t -now how it was carried out, Duan is liable for murder while Pedro for homicide. .o such thin# as conspirac) to commit an offense throu#h ne#li#ence. <owever, special laws ma) ma-e one a co=principal. Example) /nder the Pure ?ood and Crug Act, a storeowner is liable for the act of his emplo)ees of sellin# adulterated coffee, althou#h he didn+t -now that coffee was bein# sold. onspirac) is ne#atived b) the ac1uittal of co=defendant. /hat the culprits Kcarried out the plan and personall) too- part in the e(ecution, b) acts which directl) tended to the same end;0 a. /he principals b) direct participation must be at the scene of the crime, personall) ta-in# part, althou#h he was not present in the scene of the crime, he is e1uall) liable as a principal b) direct participation. b. %ne servin# as #uard pursuant to the conspirac) is a principal direct participation. 'f the second element is missin#, those who did not participate in the commission of the acts of e(ecution cannot be held criminall) liable, unless the crime a#reed to be committed is treason, sedition, or rebellion. $rin/i, !) :2 In36/'i(n a. :Those who directly force or induce others to commit it; b. Principal b) induction liable onl) when principal b) direct participation committed the act induced c. Re1uisites0 1. inducement be made directl) with the intention of procurin# the commission of the crime 2. such inducement be the determinin# cause of the commission of the crime b) the material e(ecutor d. @orms of 'nducements 1. 3) Price, reward or promise 1. 3) irresistible force or uncontrollable fear d. 'mprudent advice does not constitute sufficient inducement e. Re1uisites for words of command to be considered inducement0 1. ommander has the intention of procurin# the commission of the crime 2. ommander has ascendanc) or influence 3. 6ords used be so direct, so efficacious, so powerful 4. ommand be uttered prior to the commission 5. *(ecutor had no personal reason f. 6ords uttered in the heat of an#er and in the nature of the command that had to be obe)ed do not ma-e one an inductor. PR%P%!*! /% %,,'/ A @*&%.I !ame Punishable at once when proposes to commit rebellion or treason. /he person to whom one proposed should not commit the crime, otherwise the latter becomes an inductor overs onl) treason and rebellion
'.AF /%R 'nduce others &iable onl) when the e(ecuted overs an) crime
crime
is
*ffects of Ac1uittal of Principal b) direct participation on liabilit) of principal b) inducement a. onspirac) is ne#ated b) the ac1uittal of the co=defendant. b. %ne can not be held #uilt) of insti#atin# the commission of the crime without first showin# that the crime has been actuall) committed b) another. 3ut if the one char#ed as principal b) direct participation be ac1uitted because he acted without criminal intent or malice, it is not a #round for the ac1uittal of the principal b) inducement.
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$rin/i, !) :2 In3i),+n) :!+ C((,+r 'i(n a. KThose who cooperate in the commission of the offense by another act without which it would not have been accomplished; b. Re1uisites0 1. Participation in the criminal resolution 2. ooperation throu#h another act "includes ne#li#ence$ Hthere is collective criminal responsibilit) when the offenders are criminall) liable in the same manner and to the same e(tent. /he penalt) is the same for all. there is individual criminal responsibilit) when there is no conspirac).
Ar'. 1G. A//(m,!i/+). J A//(m,!i/+) r+ '*()+ ,+r)(n) "*(> n(' :+in. in/!63+3 in Ar'. 1F> /((,+r '+ in '*+ +<+/6'i(n (- '*+ (--+n)+ :2 ,r+5i(6) (r )im6!' n+(6) /'). Re1uisites0 a. there be a communit) of desi#n "principal ori#inates the desi#n, accomplice onl) concurs$ b. he cooperates in the e(ecution b) previous or simultaneous acts, intendin# to #ive material and moral aid "cooperation must be -nowin#l) done, it must also be necessar) and not indispensable c. /here be a relation between the acts of the principal and the alle#ed accomplice *(amples0 a$ Duan was cho-in# Pedro. /hen /omas ran up and hit Pedro with a bamboo stic-. Duan continued to cho-e Pedro until he was dead. /omas is onl) an accomplice because the fatal blow came from Duan. b$ &endin# a da##er to a -iller, -nowin# the latter+s purpose. An accomplice has -nowled#e of the criminal desi#n of the principal and all he does is concur with his purpose. /here must be a relation between the acts done b) the principal and those attributed to the person char#es as accomplice 'n homicide or murder, the accomplice must not have inflicted the mortal wound. Ar'. 1@. A//+))(ri+). J A//+))(ri+) r+ '*()+ "*(> * 5in. ?n("!+3.+ ('*+ /(mmi))i(n (- '*+ /rim+> n3 "i'*(6' * 5in. , r'i/i, '+3 '*+r+in> +i'*+r ) ,rin/i, !) (r //(m,!i/+)> ' ?+ , r' )6:)+;6+n' '( i') /(mmi))i(n in n2 (- '*+ -(!!("in. m nn+r)9 1. B2 ,r(-i'in. '*+m)+!5+) (r ))i)'in. '*+ (--+n3+r '( ,r(-i' :2 '*+ +--+/') (- '*+ /rim+. B. B2 /(n/+ !in. (r 3+)'r(2in. '*+ :(32 (- '*+ /rim+> (r '*+ +--+/') (r in)'r6m+n') '*+r+(-> in (r3+r '( ,r+5+n' i') 3i)/(5+r2. A. B2 * r:(rin.> /(n/+ !in.> (r ))i)'in. in '*+ +)/ ,+ (- '*+ ,rin/i, !) ('*+ /rim+> ,r(5i3+3 '*+ //+))(r2 /') "i'* :6)+ (- *i) ,6:!i/ -6n/'i(n) (r "*+n+5+r '*+ 6'*(r (- '*+ /rim+ i) .6i!'2 (- 'r+ )(n> , rri/i3+> m6r3+r> (r n ''+m,' '( ' ?+ '*+ !i-+ (- '*+ C*i+- E<+/6'i5+> (r i) ?n("n '( :+ * :i'6 !!2 .6i!'2 ()(m+ ('*+r /rim+. *(ample of Par 10 person received and used propert) from another, -nowin# it was stolen *(ample of Par 20 placin# a weapon in the hand of the dead who was unlawfull) -illed to plant evidence, or bur)in# the deceased who was -illed b) the principals *(ample of Par 30 a$ public officers who harbor, conceal or assist in the escape of the principal of an) crime "not li#ht felon)$ with abuse of his public functions, b$ private persons who harbor, conceal or assist in the escape of the author of the crime #uilt) of treason, parricide, murder or an attempt a#ainst the life of the President, or who is -nown to be habituall) #uilt) of some crime. Ceneral Rule0 Principal ac1uitted, Accessor) also ac1uitted
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*(ception0 when the crime was in fact committed but the principal is covered b) e(emptin# circumstances. *(ample0 ,inor stole a rin# and Duan, -nowin# it was stolen, bou#ht it. ,inor is e(empt. Duan liable as accessor) /rial of accessor) ma) proceed without awaitin# the result of the separate char#e a#ainst the principal because the criminal responsibilities are distinct from each other &iabilit) of the accessor) the responsibilit) of the accessor) is subordinate to that of a principal in a crime because the accessor)+s participation therein is subse1uent to its commission, and his #uilt is directl) related to the principal. 'f the principal was ac1uitted b) an e(emptin# circumstance the accessor) ma) still be held liable. Aifference of accessor) from principal and accomplice0 a. Accessor) does not ta-e direct part or cooperate in, or induce the commission of the crime b. Accessor) does not cooperate in the commission of the offense b) acts either prior thereto or simultaneous therewith c. Participation of the accessor) in all cases alwa)s ta-es place after the commission of the crime d. /a-es part in the crime throu#h his -nowled#e of the commission of the offense.
Ar'. BI. A//+))(ri+) "*( r+ +<+m,' -r(m /rimin ! !i :i!i'2. J T*+ ,+n !'i+) ,r+)/ri:+3 -(r //+))(ri+) )* !! n(' :+ im,()+3 6,(n '*()+ "*( r+ )6/* "i'* r+),+/' '( '*+ir ),(6)+)> )/+n3 n')> 3+)/+n3 n')> !+.i'im '+> n '6r !> n3 3(,'+3 :r('*+r) n3 )i)'+r)> (r r+! 'i5+) :2 --ini'2 "i'*in '*+ ) m+ 3+.r++)> "i'* '*+ )in.!+ +</+,'i(n (- //+))(ri+) - !!in. "i'*in '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- , r .r ,* 1 ('*+ n+<' ,r+/+3in. r'i/!+. 3asis0 /ies of blood and the preservation of the cleanliness of one+s name which compels one to conceal crimes committed b) relatives so near as those mentioned. .ephew and .iece not included Accessor) not e(empted when helped a relative=principal b) profitin# from the effects of the crime, or assisted the offender to profit from the effects of the crime. %nl) accessories covered b) par 2 and 3 are e(empted. Public officer who helped his #uilt) brother escape does not incur criminal liabilit) as ties of blood constitute a more powerful incentive than the call of dut). P*.A&/I sufferin# inflicted b) the !tate for the trans#ression of a law. 3 fold purpose0 a. retribution or e(piation penalt) commensurate with the #ravit) of the offense b. correction or reformation rules which re#ulate the e(ecution of penalties consistin# of deprivation of libert) c. social defense infle(ible severit) to recidivists and habitual delin1uents Duridical onditions of Penalt) a. ,ust be productive of sufferin# limited b) the inte#rit) of human personalit) b. ,ust be proportionate to the crime c. ,ust be personal imposed onl) upon the criminal d. ,ust be le#al accordin# to a 2ud#ment of fact and law e. ,ust be e1ual applies to ever)one re#ardless of the circumstance f. ,ust be correctional to rehabilitate the offender
Ar'. B1. $+n !'i+) '* ' m 2 :+ im,()+3. J N( -+!(n2 )* !! :+ ,6ni)* :!+ :2 n2 ,+n !'2 n(' ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! " ,ri(r '( i') /(mmi))i(n.
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Cuarantees that no act of a citi8en will be considered criminal unless the !tate has made it so b) law and provided a penalt) *(cept0 6hen the penalt) is favorable to the criminal
Ar'. BB. R+'r( /'i5+ +--+/' (- ,+n ! ! "). J $+n ! L ") )* !! * 5+ r+'r( /'i5+ +--+/' in)(- r ) '*+2 - 5(r '*+ ,+r)(n) .6i!'2 (- -+!(n2> "*( i) n(' * :i'6 ! /rimin !> ) '*i) '+rm i) 3+-in+3 in R6!+ D (- Ar'i/!+ EB (- '*i) C(3+> !'*(6.* ' '*+ 'im+ (- '*+ ,6:!i/ 'i(n (- )6/* ! ") -in ! )+n'+n/+ * ) :++n ,r(n(6n/+3 n3 '*+ /(n5i/' i) )+r5in. '*+ ) m+. Ceneral Rule0 riminal laws are #iven prospective effects *(ception0 Cive retroactive effect when favorable to the accused. *(. !pecial law made the penalt) less severe but must refer to the same deed or omission penali8ed b) the former statute .ew law ma) provide that its provisions not to be applied to cases alread) filed in court at the time of the approval of such law. /he favorable retroactive effect of a new law ma) find the defendant in one of the 3 situations a. crime has been committed and the prosecution be#ins b. sentence has been passed but service has not be#un c. sentence is bein# carried out. <abitual criminal "person who within the pd of 1> )ears from date of release or last conviction of the crimes of serious or less serious ph)sical in2uries, robber), theft, estafa or falsification, he is found #uilt) of an) said crimes a third time or oftener$ is .%/ entitled to the benefit of the provisions of the new favorable law. ivil liabilities not covered b) Art 22 because ri#hts of offended persons are not within the #ift of arbitrar) disposal of the !tate. 3ut new law increasin# civil liabilit) cannot be #iven retroactive effect. Retroactivit) applicable also to special laws /he ri#ht to punish offenses committed under an old penal law is not e(tin#uished if the offenses are still punished in the repealin# penal law. <owever, if b) re= enactment of the provisions of the former law, the repeal is b) implication and there is a savin# clause, criminal liabilit) under the repealed law subsists. .o retroactive effect of penal laws as re#ards 2urisdiction of the court. Durisdiction of the court is determined b) the law in force at the time of the institution of the action, not at the time of the commission of the crime. Durisdiction of courts in criminal cases is determined b) the alle#ations of the complaint or information, and not b) the findin#s the court ma) ma-e after trial. 6hen a law is e( post facto a ,a-es criminal an act done before the passa#e of the law and which was innocent when done, and punishes such an act. b A##ravates the crime or ma-es it #reater than it was when committed. c han#es the punishment and inflicts a #reater punishment than the law anne(ed to the crime when committed. d Alters the le#al rules of evidence and authori8es conviction upon less or different testimon) than the law re1uired at the time of the commission of the crime. e Assumin# to re#ulate civil ri#hts and remedies onl), in effect imposes penalt) or deprivation of a ri#ht for somethin# which when done was lawful. f Aeprives a person accused of a crime some lawful protection to which he has become entitled, such as the protection of a former conviction or ac1uittal or a proclamation of amnest). 3ill of Attainder a le#islative act which inflicts punishment without trial. 'ts essence is the substitution of a le#islative for a 2udicial determination of #uilt. *ffect of chan#e of Penal &aw
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a b
6ith enactment of a penal law punishin# the offense the action is not dismissed. /he penalt) in the new law if favorable to the accused. 6ithout enactment of a penal law punishin# the offense = the previous offense is obliterated and the action is dismissed.
Ar'. BA. E--+/' (- , r3(n :2 '*+ (--+n3+3 , r'2. J A , r3(n (- '*+ (--+n3+3 , r'2 3(+) n(' +<'in.6i)* /rimin ! /'i(n +</+,' ) ,r(5i3+3 in Ar'i/!+ ACC (- '*i) C(3+4 :6' /i5i! !i :i!i'2 "i'* r+. r3 '( '*+ in'+r+)' (- '*+ in76r+3 , r'2 i) +<'in.6i)*+3 :2 *i) +<,r+)) " i5+r. *ven if in2ured part) alread) pardoned the offender fiscal can still prosecute. .ot even considered a #round for dismissal of the information. *(ception0 Art 344 = crimes of seduction, abduction, rape or acts of lasciviousness pardon must be e(pressed. 3asis0 crime is an offense a#ainst the !tate. A##rieved part) onl) a witness. %nl) hief *(ecutive can pardon the offenders an+t compromise criminal liabilit), onl) civil liabilit) but it still shall not e(tin#uish the public action for the imposition of the le#al penalt). %ffended part) in the crimes of adulter) and concubina#e can+t institute criminal prosecution if he shall have consented or pardoned the offenders. Pardon in adulter) and concubina#e ma) be implied continued inaction after learnin# of the offense. ,ust pardon both offenders. /he pardon afforded the offenders must come 3*@%R* the institution of the criminal proceedin#s. omplaint for an) of the above=mentioned crimes in Art 344 will still be prosecuted b) the court on the #round that the pardon "basis for the motion to dismiss$ was #iven after the filin# of the complaint. /he onl) act that e(tin#uishes the penal action, after the institution of criminal action, is the marria#e between the offender and the offended part) Pardon under Art 344 is onl) a bar to criminal prosecution. 't A%*! .%/ e(tin#uish criminal liabilit). 't is not one of the causes that totall) e(tin#uish criminal liabilit) in Art 9:. ivil liabilit) with re#ard to the interest of the in2ured part) is e(tin#uished b) his e(press waiver because personal in2ur) ma) be repaired throu#h indemnit) an)wa). !tate has no reason to insist on its pa)ment. 6aiver must be e(press. "per Dud#e ,abalot$
Ar'. BC. M+ )6r+) (- ,r+5+n'i(n (r ) -+'2 "*i/* r+ n(' /(n)i3+r+3 ,+n !'i+). J T*+ -(!!("in. )* !! n(' :+ /(n)i3+r+3 ) ,+n !'i+)9 1. T*+ rr+)' n3 '+m,(r r2 3+'+n'i(n (- //6)+3 ,+r)(n)> ) "+!! ) '*+ir 3+'+n'i(n :2 r+ )(n (- in) ni'2 (r im:+/i!i'2> (r i!!n+)) r+;6irin. '*+ir /(n-in+m+n' in *(),i' !. B. T*+ /(mmi'm+n' (min(r '( n2 (- '*+ in)'i'6'i(n) m+n'i(n+3 in Ar'i/!+ GI n3 -(r '*+ ,6r,()+) ),+/i-i+3 '*+r+in. A. S6),+n)i(n -r(m '*+ +m,!(2m+n' (- ,6:!i/ (--i/+ 36rin. '*+ 'ri ! (r in (r3+r '( in)'i'6'+ ,r(/++3in.). C. Fin+) n3 ('*+r /(rr+/'i5+ m+ )6r+) "*i/*> in '*+ +<+r/i)+ (- '*+ir 3mini)'r 'i5+ 3i)/i,!in r2 ,("+r)> )6,+ri(r (--i/i !) m 2 im,()+ 6,(n '*+ir )6:(r3in '+). D. D+,ri5 'i(n (- ri.*') n3 '*+ r+, r 'i(n) "*i/* '*+ /i5i! ! ") m 2 +)' :!i)* in ,+n ! -(rm. Par 1 refers to the Kaccused persons; who are detained Kb) reason of insanit) or imbecilit); not an insane or imbecile who has not been arrested for a crime.
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/he) are not considered penalties because the) are not imposed as a result of 2udicial proceedin#s. /hose in par 1, 3 and 4 are merel) preventive measures before the conviction of offenders. ommitment of a minor is not a penalt) because it is not imposed b) the court in a 2ud#ment. /he imposition of the sentence in such a case is suspended. @ines in par 4 are not imposed b) the court because otherwise, the) constitute a penalt)
Ar'. BD. $+n !'i+) "*i/* m 2 :+ im,()+3. J T*+ ,+n !'i+) "*i/* m 2 :+ im,()+3 //(r3in. '( '*i) C(3+> n3 '*+ir 3i--+r+n' /! ))+)> r+ '*()+ in/!63+3 in '*+ -(!!("in.9 S/ !+ $RINCI$AL $ENALTIES C ,i' ! ,6ni)*m+n'9 D+ '*. A--!i/'i5+ ,+n !'i+)9 R+/!6)i(n ,+r,+'6 > R+/!6)i(n '+m,(r !> $+r,+'6 ! (r '+m,(r r2 :)(!6'+ 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n> $+r,+'6 ! (r '+m,(r r2 ),+/i ! 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n> $ri)i(n m 2(r. C(rr+/'i(n ! ,+n !'i+)9 $ri)i(n /(rr+//i(n !> Arr+)'( m 2(r> S6),+n)i(n> D+)'i+rr(. Li.*' ,+n !'i+)9 Arr+)'( m+n(r> $6:!i/ /+n)6r+. $+n !'i+) /(mm(n '( '*+ '*r++ ,r+/+3in. /! ))+)9 Fin+> n3 B(n3 '( ?++, '*+ ,+ /+. ACCESSORY $ENALTIES $+r,+'6 ! (r '+m,(r r2 :)(!6'+ 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n> $+r,+'6 ! (r '+m,(r r2 ),+/i ! 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n> S6),+n)i(n -r(m ,6:!i/ (--i/+> '*+ ri.*' '( 5('+ n3 :+ 5('+3 -(r> '*+ ,r(-+))i(n (r / !!in.. Ci5i! in'+r3i/'i(n> In3+mni-i/ 'i(n> F(r-+i'6r+ (r /(n-i)/ 'i(n (- in)'r6m+n') n3 ,r(/++3) (- '*+ (--+n)+> $ 2m+n' (- /()'). lassification of penalties0 a Principal = art 25 b Accessor) deemed included in the imposition of the principal penalties Accordin# to divisibilit) "principal$ a divisible those that have fi(ed duration and are divisible into 3 periods b indivisible no fi(ed duration "death, RP, perpetual or absolute dis1ualification$ Accordin# to sub2ect matter a corporal death b deprivation of freedom reclusion, prision, arresto c restriction of freedom destierro d deprivation of ri#hts dis1ualification and suspension e pecuniar) fine Accordin# to #ravit) a capital b afflictive
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c correccional d li#ht Public censure is a penalt), and bein# such, is not proper in ac1uittal. 3ut a competent court, while ac1uittin# an accused ma), with un1uestionable propriet) e(press its disapproval or reprehension of those acts to avoid the impression that b) ac1uittin# the accused it approves or admires his conduct. Permanent and temporar) absolute and permanent and temporar) special dis1ualification and suspension ma) be principal or accessor) penalties because the) are found in 2 #eneral classes.
Ar'. BE. W*+n --!i/'i5+> /(rr+/'i(n !> (r !i.*' ,+n !'2. J A -in+> "*+'*+r im,()+3 ) )in.!+ (- ) n !'+rn 'i5+ ,+n !'2> )* !! :+ /(n)i3+r+3 n --!i/'i5+ ,+n !'2> i- i' +</++3) E>III ,+)()4 /(rr+/'i(n ! ,+n !'2> i- i' 3(+) n(' +</++3 E>III ,+)() :6' i) n(' !+)) '* n BII ,+)()4 n3 !i.*' ,+n !'2 i- i' !+)) '* n BII ,+)(). @ines are imposed either as alternative "Art 144 punishin# disturbance of proceedin#s with arresto ma)or or fine from 2>> pesos to 1>>> pesos$ or sin#le "fine of 2>> to 4>>> pesos$ Penalt) cannot be imposed in the alternative since it+s the dut) of the court to indicate the penalt) imposed definitel) and positivel). /hus, the court cannot sentence the #uilt) person in a manner as such as Kto pa) fine of 1>>> pesos, or to suffer an imprisonment of 2 )ears, and to pa) the costs.; 'f the fine imposed b) the law for the felon) is e(actl) 2>> pesos, it is a li#ht felon). @ines0 a Afflictive over 4>>> b orrectional 2>1 to 4>>> c &i#ht 2>> and less .ote0 /he classification applies if the fine is imposed as a sin#le or alternative penalt). <ence, it does not appl) if the fine imposed to#ether with another penalt). 3ond to -eep the peace is b) analo#)0 a Afflictive over 4>>> b orrectional 2>1 to 4>>> c &i#ht 2>> and less
Aistinction between classification of Penalties in Art. : and Art. 24 Article : Article 24 Applicable in determinin# the prescriptive Applicable in determinin# the prescriptive period of felonies period of penalties DURATION AND EFFECT OF $ENALTIES Ar'. BF. R+/!6)i(n ,+r,+'6 . J An2 ,+r)(n )+n'+n/+3 '( n2 (- '*+ ,+r,+'6 ! ,+n !'i+) )* !! :+ , r3(n+3 -'+r 6n3+r.(in. '*+ ,+n !'2 -(r '*ir'2 2+ r)> 6n!+)) )6/* ,+r)(n :2 r+ )(n (- *i) /(n36/' (r )(m+ ('*+r )+ri(6) / 6)+ )* !! :+ /(n)i3+r+3 :2 '*+ C*i+- E<+/6'i5+ ) 6n"(r'*2 (- , r3(n. R+/!6)i(n '+m,(r !. J T*+ ,+n !'2 (- r+/!6)i(n '+m,(r ! )* !! :+ -r(m '"+!5+ 2+ r) n3 (n+ 3 2 '( '"+n'2 2+ r). $ri)i(n m 2(r n3 '+m,(r r2 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n. J T*+ 36r 'i(n (- '*+ ,+n !'i+) (,ri)i(n m 2(r n3 '+m,(r r2 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n )* !! :+ -r(m )i< 2+ r) n3 (n+ 3 2 '( '"+!5+ 2+ r)> +</+,' "*+n '*+ ,+n !'2 (- 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n i) im,()+3 ) n //+))(r2 ,+n !'2> in "*i/* / )+ i') 36r 'i(n )* !! :+ '* ' (- '*+ ,rin/i, ! ,+n !'2. $ri)i(n /(rr+//i(n !> )6),+n)i(n> n3 3+)'i+rr(. J T*+ 36r 'i(n (- '*+ ,+n !'i+) (- ,ri)i(n /(rr+//i(n !> )6),+n)i(n n3 3+)'i+rr( )* !! :+ -r(m )i< m(n'*) n3
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(n+ 3 2 '( )i< 2+ r)> +</+,' "*+n )6),+n)i(n i) im,()+3 ) n //+))(r2 ,+n !'2> in "*i/* / )+> i') 36r 'i(n )* !! :+ '* ' (- '*+ ,rin/i, ! ,+n !'2. Arr+)'( m 2(r. J T*+ 36r 'i(n (- '*+ ,+n !'2 (- rr+)'( m 2(r )* !! :+ -r(m (n+ m(n'* n3 (n+ 3 2 '( )i< m(n'*). Arr+)'( m+n(r. J T*+ 36r 'i(n (- '*+ ,+n !'2 (- rr+)'( m+n(r )* !! :+ -r(m (n+ 3 2 '( '*ir'2 3 2). B(n3 '( ?++, '*+ ,+ /+. J T*+ :(n3 '( ?++, '*+ ,+ /+ )* !! :+ r+;6ir+3 '( /(5+r )6/* ,+ri(3 (- 'im+ ) '*+ /(6r' m 2 3+'+rmin+. 3 fold rule0 the ma(imum duration of the convict+s sentence shall not be more than 3 times the len#th of time correspondin# to the most severe of the penalties imposed upon him. the ma(imum duration of the convict+s sentence shall in no case e(ceed 4> )ears /emporar) dis1ualification and suspension, when imposed as accessor) penalties, have different durations the) follow the duration of the principal penalt) Aestierro is imposed in the followin# circumstances0 a serious ph)sical in2uries or death under e(ceptional circumstances "spouse findin# other spouse in pari delicto$ b failure to #ive bond for #ood behavior " a person ma-in# threat ma) be re1uired to #ive bond not to molest the person threatened, if not destierro$ c penalt) for the concubine d in cases where the reduction of the penalt) b) one or more de#rees results in destierro 3ond to -eep the peace is not specificall) provided as a penalt) for an) felon) and therefore cannot be imposed b) the court. 't is re1uired in Art 294 and not to be #iven in cases involvin# other crimes. !ummar)0 a Perpetual penalties after 3> )ears, can be pardoned, e(cept when he is unworth) of pardon b) reason of his conduct and some other serious cause, it won+t e(ceed 4> )ears. b Reclusion /emporal 12 )rs and 1 da) to 2> )rs c Prision ,a)or and temporar) dis1ualification 4 )rs and 1 da) to 12 )rs7 dis1ualification if accessor) follows the duration of the principal penalt) d Prision orreccional, suspension and destierro 4 mos and 1 da) to 12 )rs7 dis1ualification if accessor) follows the duration of the principal penalt) e Arresto ,a)or 1 month and 1 da) to 4 months f Arresto ,enor 1 da) to 3> da)s # 3ond to -eep the peace the period durin# which the bond shall be effective is discretionar) to the court apital and Afflictive Penalties Reclusion Reclusion Prison ,a)or Perpetua /emporal 2> da)s and 1 12 )ears and 1 4 )ears and 1 da) da) to 4> )ears da) to 2> )ears to 12 )ears = ivil 'nterdiction or durin# his sentence =Perpetual absolute dis1ualification = ivil 'nterdiction or durin# his sentence =Perpetual absolute dis1ualification =/emporar) absolute dis1ualification =Perpetual special dis1ualification from the ri#ht of suffra#e which the offender suffers
Aeath /erm of .one 'mprison= ment Accessor) .one, unless Penalties pardoned0 =Perpetual absolute dis1ualification = ivil interdiction for 3> )ears
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althou#h pardoned orrectional and &i#ht Penalties Prison orrectional Arresto ,a)or 4 months and 1 da) to 4 1 month and 1 da) )ears to 4 months =!uspension from public =!uspension of ri#ht office to hold office =!uspension from the ri#ht to =!uspension of the follow a profession or callin# ri#ht of suffra#e =Perpetual special durin# the term of dis1ualification on the ri#ht the sentence of suffra#e Arresto ,enor 1 da) to 3> da)s =!uspension of ri#ht to hold office =!uspension of the ri#ht of suffra#e durin# the term of the sentence
'mprison= ment Accessor) Penalties
Ar'. BG. C(m,6' 'i(n (- ,+n !'i+). J I- '*+ (--+n3+r )* !! :+ in ,ri)(n> '*+ '+rm (- '*+ 36r 'i(n (- '*+ '+m,(r r2 ,+n !'i+) )* !! :+ /(m,6'+3 -r(m '*+ 3 2 (n "*i/* '*+ 763.m+n' (- /(n5i/'i(n )* !! * 5+ :+/(m+ -in !. I- '*+ (--+n3+r :+ n(' in ,ri)(n> '*+ '+rm (- '*+ 36r 'i(n (- '*+ ,+n !'2 /(n)i)'in. (- 3+,ri5 'i(n (- !i:+r'2 )* !! :+ /(m,6'+3 -r(m '*+ 3 2 '* ' '*+ (--+n3+r i) ,! /+3 ' '*+ 3i),() ! (- '*+ 763i/i ! 6'*(ri'i+) -(r '*+ +n-(r/+m+n' ('*+ ,+n !'2. T*+ 36r 'i(n (- '*+ ('*+r ,+n !'i+) )* !! :+ /(m,6'+3 (n!2 -r(m '*+ 3 2 (n "*i/* '*+ 3+-+n3 n' /(mm+n/+) '( )+r5+ *i) )+n'+n/+. Airector of PrisonsEwarden to compute based on Art 290 a 6hen the offender is in prison the duration of the temporar) penalties "PAA, /AA, detention, suspension$ is from the da) on which the 2ud#ment of conviction becomes final. b 6hen the offender is not in prison the duration of the penalt) in deprivation of libert) is from the da) that the offender is placed at the disposal of 2udicial authorities for the enforcement of the penalt) c /he duration of the other penalties the duration is from the da) on which the offender commences to serve his sentence Reason for rule "a$ because under Art 24, the arrest and temporar) detention of the accused is not considered a penalt) if in custod), the accused appealed, the service of the sentence should commence from the date of the promul#ation of the decision of the appellate court, not from the date of the 2ud#ment of the trial court was promul#ated. service of one in prison be#ins onl) on the da) the 2ud#ment of conviction becomes final. 'n cases if temporar) penalties, if the offender is under detention, as when under#oin# preventive imprisonment, rule "a$ applies. 'f not under detention "released on bail$ rule "c$ applies %ffender under preventive imprisonment, rule "c$ applies not rule "a$ /he offender is entitled to a deduction of full=time or 4E5 of the time of his detention.
Ar'. B@. $+ri(3 (- ,r+5+n'i5+ im,ri)(nm+n' 3+36/'+3 -r(m '+rm (im,ri)(nm+n'. J O--+n3+r) "*( * 5+ 6n3+r.(n+ ,r+5+n'i5+ im,ri)(nm+n' )* !! :+ /r+3i'+3 in '*+ )+r5i/+ (- '*+ir )+n'+n/+ /(n)i)'in. (- 3+,ri5 'i(n (- !i:+r'2> "i'* '*+ -6!! 'im+ 36rin. "*i/* '*+2 * 5+ 6n3+r.(n+ ,r+5+n'i5+ im,ri)(nm+n'> i'*+ 3+'+n'i(n ,ri)(n+r .r++) 5(!6n' ri!2 in "ri'in. '( :i3+ :2 '*+ ) m+ 3i)/i,!in r2 r6!+) im,()+3 6,(n /(n5i/'+3 ,ri)(n+r)> +</+,' in '*+ -(!!("in. / )+)9 1. W*+n '*+2 r+ r+/i3i5i)') (r * 5+ :++n /(n5i/'+3 ,r+5i(6)!2 '"i/+ (r m(r+ 'im+) (- n2 /rim+4 n3
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B. W*+n 6,(n :+in. )6mm(n+3 -(r '*+ +<+/6'i(n (- '*+ir )+n'+n/+ '*+2 * 5+ - i!+3 '( )6rr+n3+r 5(!6n' ri!2. I- '*+ 3+'+n'i(n ,ri)(n+r 3(+) n(' .r++ '( :i3+ :2 '*+ ) m+ 3i)/i,!in r2 r6!+) im,()+3 6,(n /(n5i/'+3 ,ri)(n+r)> *+ )* !! :+ /r+3i'+3 in '*+ )+r5i/+ (- *i) )+n'+n/+ "i'* -(6rH-i-'*) (- '*+ 'im+ 36rin. "*i/* *+ * ) 6n3+r.(n+ ,r+5+n'i5+ im,ri)(nm+n'. (A) m+n3+3 :2 R+,6:!i/ A/' E1BF> J6n+ 1F> 1@FI). /3 i W*+n+5+r n //6)+3 * ) 6n3+r.(n+ ,r+5+n'i5+ im,ri)(nm+n' -(r ,+ri(3 +;6 ! '( (r m(r+ '* n '*+ ,())i:!+ m <im6m im,ri)(nm+n' (- '*+ (--+n)+ /* r.+3 '( "*i/* *+ m 2 :+ )+n'+n/+3 n3 *i) / )+ i) n(' 2+' '+rmin '+3> *+ )* !! :+ r+!+ )+3 imm+3i '+!2 "i'*(6' ,r+763i/+ '( '*+ /(n'in6 'i(n (- '*+ 'ri ! '*+r+(- (r '*+ ,r(/++3in. (n ,,+ !> i- '*+ ) m+ i) 6n3+r r+5i+". In / )+ '*+ m <im6m ,+n !'2 '( "*i/* '*+ //6)+3 m 2 :+ )+n'+n/+3 i) 3+)'i+rr(> *+ )* !! :+ r+!+ )+3 -'+r '*ir'2 (AI) 3 2) (- ,r+5+n'i5+ im,ri)(nm+n'. (A) m+n3+3 :2 E.O. N(. B1C> J6!2 1I> 1@GG) Accused under#oes preventive suspension if0 a offense is non=bailable b bailable but can+t furnish bail the full time or 4E5 of the time durin# which the offenders have under#one preventive suspension shall be deducted from the penalt) imposed preventive imprisonment must also be considered in perpetual penalties. Article does not ma-e an) distinction between temporal and perpetual penalties. duration of RP is to be computed at 3> )ears, thus, even if the accused is sentenced to life imprisonment, he is entitled to the full time or 4E5 of the time of preventive suspension redit is #iven in the service of sentences Kconsistin# of deprivation of libert); "imprisonment and destierro$. /hus, persons who had under#one preventive imprisonment but the offense is punishable b) a fine onl) would not be #iven credit. Aestierro is considered a Kdeprivation of libert); 'f the penalt) imposed is arresto menor to destierro, the accused who has been in prison for 3> da)s "arresto menor to 3> da)s$ should be released because althou#h the ma(imum penalt) is destierro "4 mos 1 da) to 4 )rs$, the accused sentenced to such penalt) does not serve it in prison. <abitual Aelin1uents not entitled to the full time or 4E5 credit of time under preventive imprisonment since he is necessaril) a recidivist or has been convicted previousl) twice or more times of an) crime. *(ample0 B who was arrested for serious ph)sical in2uries, detained for 1 )ear and went out on bail but was later on found #uilt). <e was conse1uentl) summoned for the e(ecution of the sentence, but havin# failed to appear, B will not be credited in the service of his sentence for serious ph)sical in2uries wE one )ear or 4E5 of one )ear preventive imprisonment.
Ar'. AI. E--+/') (- '*+ ,+n !'i+) (- ,+r,+'6 ! (r '+m,(r r2 :)(!6'+ 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n. J T*+ ,+n !'i+) (- ,+r,+'6 ! (r '+m,(r r2 :)(!6'+ 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n -(r ,6:!i/ (--i/+ )* !! ,r(36/+ '*+ -(!!("in. +--+/')9 1. T*+ 3+,ri5 'i(n (- '*+ ,6:!i/ (--i/+) n3 +m,!(2m+n') "*i/* '*+ (--+n3+r m 2 * 5+ *+!3 +5+n i- /(n-+rr+3 :2 ,(,6! r +!+/'i(n. B.T*+ 3+,ri5 'i(n (- '*+ ri.*' '( 5('+ in n2 +!+/'i(n -(r n2 ,(,6! r (--i/+ (r '( :+ +!+/'+3 '( )6/* (--i/+. A. T*+ 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n -(r '*+ (--i/+) (r ,6:!i/ +m,!(2m+n') n3 -(r '*+ +<+r/i)+ (- n2 (- '*+ ri.*') m+n'i(n+3. In / )+ (- '+m,(r r2 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n> )6/* 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n ) i) /(m,ri)+3 in , r .r ,*) B n3 A (- '*i) r'i/!+ )* !! ! )' 36rin. '*+ '+rm (- '*+ )+n'+n/+. C. T*+ !()) (- !! ri.*') '( r+'ir+m+n' , 2 (r ('*+r ,+n)i(n -(r n2 (--i/+ -(rm+r!2 *+!3.
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/he e(clusion is a mere dis1ualification for protection and not for punishment the withholdin# of a privile#e, not a denial of a ri#ht. Perpetual absolute dis1ualification is effective durin# the lifetime of the convict and even after the service of the sentence. /emporar) absolute dis1ualification is effective durin# the term of sentence and is removed after the service of the same. *(ception0 "1$ deprivation of the public office or emplo)ment7 "2$ loss of all ri#hts to retirement pa) or other pension for an) office formerl) held. *ffects of Perpetual and temporar) absolute dis1ualification0 a Aeprivation of an) public office or emplo)ment of offender b Aeprivation of the ri#ht to vote in an) election or to be voted upon c &oss of ri#hts to retirement pa) or pension d All these effects last durin# the lifetime of the convict and even after the service of the sentence e(cept as re#ards para#raphs 2 and 3 of the above in connection with /emporar) Absolute Ais1ualification.
Ar'. A1. E--+/' (- '*+ ,+n !'i+) (- ,+r,+'6 ! (r '+m,(r r2 ),+/i ! 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n. J T*+ ,+n !'i+) (- ,+r,+'6 ! (r '+m,(r ! ),+/i ! 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n -(r ,6:!i/ (--i/+> ,r(-+))i(n (r / !!in. )* !! ,r(36/+ '*+ -(!!("in. +--+/')9 1. T*+ 3+,ri5 'i(n (- '*+ (--i/+> +m,!(2m+n'> ,r(-+))i(n (r / !!in. --+/'+34 B. T*+ 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n -(r *(!3in. )imi! r (--i/+) (r +m,!(2m+n') +i'*+r ,+r,+'6 !!2 (r 36rin. '*+ '+rm (- '*+ )+n'+n/+ //(r3in. '( '*+ +<'+n' (- )6/* 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n. Ar'. AB. E--+/' (- '*+ ,+n !'i+) (- ,+r,+'6 ! (r '+m,(r r2 ),+/i ! 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n -(r '*+ +<+r/i)+ (- '*+ ri.*' (- )6--r .+. J T*+ ,+r,+'6 ! (r '+m,(r r2 ),+/i ! 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n -(r '*+ +<+r/i)+ (- '*+ ri.*' (- )6--r .+ )* !! 3+,ri5+ '*+ (--+n3+r ,+r,+'6 !!2 (r 36rin. '*+ '+rm (- '*+ )+n'+n/+> //(r3in. '( '*+ n '6r+ (- ) i3 ,+n !'2> (- '*+ ri.*' '( 5('+ in n2 ,(,6! r +!+/'i(n -(r n2 ,6:!i/ (--i/+ (r '( :+ +!+/'+3 '( )6/* (--i/+. M(r+(5+r> '*+ (--+n3+r )* !! n(' :+ ,+rmi''+3 '( *(!3 n2 ,6:!i/ (--i/+ 36rin. '*+ ,+ri(3 (- *i) 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n. /emporar) dis1ualification if imposed is an accessor) penalt), its duration is that of the principal penalt) *ffects of Perpetual and /emporar) !pecial Ais1ualification a. @or public office, profession, or callin# 1. Aeprivation of the office, emplo)ment, profession or callin# affected 2. Ais1ualification for holdin# similar offices or emplo)ment durin# the period of dis1ualification b. @or the e(ercise of the ri#ht of suffra#e 1. Aeprivation of the ri#ht to vote or to be elected in an office. 1. annot hold an) public office durin# the period of dis1ualification.
Ar'. AA. E--+/') (- '*+ ,+n !'i+) (- )6),+n)i(n -r(m n2 ,6:!i/ (--i/+> ,r(-+))i(n (r / !!in.> (r '*+ ri.*' (- )6--r .+. J T*+ )6),+n)i(n -r(m ,6:!i/ (--i/+> ,r(-+))i(n (r / !!in.> n3 '*+ +<+r/i)+ (- '*+ ri.*' (- )6--r .+ )* !! 3i);6 !i-2 '*+ (--+n3+r -r(m *(!3in. )6/* (--i/+ (r +<+r/i)in. )6/* ,r(-+))i(n (r / !!in. (r ri.*' (- )6--r .+ 36rin. '*+ '+rm (- '*+ )+n'+n/+. T*+ ,+r)(n )6),+n3+3 -r(m *(!3in. ,6:!i/ (--i/+ )* !! n(' *(!3 n('*+r * 5in. )imi! r -6n/'i(n) 36rin. '*+ ,+ri(3 (- *i) )6),+n)i(n. *ffects0 a Ais1ualification from holdin# such office or the e(ercise of such profession or ri#ht of suffra#e durin# the term of the sentence.
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annot hold another office havin# similar functions durin# the period of suspension.
Ar'. AC. Ci5i! in'+r3i/'i(n. J Ci5i! in'+r3i/'i(n )* !! 3+,ri5+ '*+ (--+n3+r 36rin. '*+ 'im+ (- *i) )+n'+n/+ (- '*+ ri.*') (- , r+n' ! 6'*(ri'2> (r .6 r3i n)*i,> +i'*+r ) '( '*+ ,+r)(n (r ,r(,+r'2 (- n2 " r3> (- m ri' ! 6'*(ri'2> (- '*+ ri.*' '( m n .+ *i) ,r(,+r'2 n3 (- '*+ ri.*' '( 3i),()+ (- )6/* ,r(,+r'2 :2 n2 /' (r n2 /(n5+2 n/+ in'+r 5i5(). *ffects0 a. Aeprivation of the followin# ri#hts0 1. Parental ri#hts 2. Cuardianship over the ward 3. ,artial authorit) 4. Ri#ht to mana#e propert) and to dispose of the same b) acts inter vivos b. ivil 'nterdiction is an accessor) penalt) to the followin# principal penalties 1. 'f death penalt) is commuted to life imprisonment 2. Reclusion perpetua 3. Reclusion temporal <e can dispose of such propert) b) will or donation mortis causa Ar'. AD. E--+/') (- :(n3 '( ?++, '*+ ,+ /+. J I' )* !! :+ '*+ 36'2 (- n2 ,+r)(n )+n'+n/+3 '( .i5+ :(n3 '( ?++, '*+ ,+ /+> '( ,r+)+n' '"( )6--i/i+n' )6r+'i+) "*( )* !! 6n3+r' ?+ '* ' )6/* ,+r)(n "i!! n(' /(mmi' '*+ (--+n)+ )(6.*' '( :+ ,r+5+n'+3> n3 '* ' in / )+ )6/* (--+n)+ :+ /(mmi''+3 '*+2 "i!! , 2 '*+ m(6n' 3+'+rmin+3 :2 '*+ /(6r' in '*+ 763.m+n'> (r ('*+r"i)+ '( 3+,()i' )6/* m(6n' in '*+ (--i/+ (- '*+ /!+r? (- '*+ /(6r' '( .6 r n'++ ) i3 6n3+r' ?in.. T*+ /(6r' )* !! 3+'+rmin+> //(r3in. '( i') 3i)/r+'i(n> '*+ ,+ri(3 (36r 'i(n (- '*+ :(n3. S*(6!3 '*+ ,+r)(n )+n'+n/+3 - i! '( .i5+ '*+ :(n3 ) r+;6ir+3 *+ )* !! :+ 3+' in+3 -(r ,+ri(3 "*i/* )* !! in n( / )+ +</++3 )i< m(n'*)> i) *+ )* !! * 5+ :++n ,r()+/6'+3 -(r .r 5+ (r !+)) .r 5+ -+!(n2> n3 )* !! n(' +</++3 '*ir'2 3 2)> i- -(r !i.*' -+!(n2. 3ond to -eep the peace is different from bail bond which is posted for the provisional release of a person arrested for or accused of a crime. 3ond to -eep the peace or for #ood behavior is imposed as a penalt) in threats.
Ar'. AE. $ r3(n4 i') +--+/'. J A , r3(n )* !! n(' "(r? '*+ r+)'(r 'i(n (- '*+ ri.*' '( *(!3 ,6:!i/ (--i/+> (r '*+ ri.*' (- )6--r .+> 6n!+)) )6/* ri.*') :+ +<,r+))!2 r+)'(r+3 :2 '*+ '+rm) (- '*+ , r3(n. A , r3(n )* !! in n( / )+ +<+m,' '*+ /6!,ri' -r(m '*+ , 2m+n' (- '*+ /i5i! in3+mni'2 im,()+3 6,(n *im :2 '*+ )+n'+n/+. Pardon b) the President does not restore the ri#ht to public office or suffra#e e(cept when both are e(pressl) restored in the pardon. .or does it e(empt from civil liabilit)Efrom pa)ment of civil indemnit). &imitations to President+s power to pardon0 a can be e(ercised onl) after final 2ud#ment b does not e(tend to cases of impeachment c does not e(tin#uish civil liabilit) onl) criminal liabilit) Pardon #ranted in #eneral terms does not include accessor) penalties. *(ceptions0 a. if the absolute pardon us #ranted after the term of imprisonment has e(pire, it removes all that is left of the conse1uences of conviction. <owever, if the penalt) is life imprisonment and after the service of 3> )ears, a pardon is #ranted, the
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pardon does not remove the accessor) penalt) of absolute perpetual dis1ualification b. if the facts and circumstances of the case show that the purpose of the President is to precisel) restore the ri#hts i.e., #rantin# absolute pardon after election to a post "ma)or$ but before the date fi(ed b) law for assumin# office to enable him to assume the position in deference to the popular will Pardon b) the offended part) does not e(tin#uish criminal liabilit), ma) include offended part) waivin# civil indemnit) and it is done before the institution of the criminal prosecution and e(tended to both offenders.
Ar'. AF. C()'. J W* ' r+ in/!63+3. J C()') )* !! in/!63+ -++) n3 in3+mni'i+) in '*+ /(6r)+ (- '*+ 763i/i ! ,r(/++3in.)> "*+'*+r '*+2 :+ -i<+3 (r 6n !'+r :!+ m(6n') ,r+5i(6)!2 3+'+rmin+3 :2 ! " (r r+.6! 'i(n) in -(r/+> (r m(6n') n(' )6:7+/' '( )/*+36!+. osts include0 a. fees b. indemnities in the course of 2udicial proceedin#s osts "e(penses of the liti#ation$ are char#eable to the accused in case of conviction. 'n case of ac1uittal, the costs are de oficio, each part) bearin# is own e(pense .o costs allowed a#ainst the Republic of the Philippines until law provides the contrar)
Ar'. AG. $+/6ni r2 !i :i!i'i+). J Or3+r (- , 2m+n'. J In / )+ '*+ ,r(,+r'2 ('*+ (--+n3+r )*(6!3 n(' :+ )6--i/i+n' -(r '*+ , 2m+n' (- !! *i) ,+/6ni r2 !i :i!i'i+)> '*+ ) m+ )* !! :+ m+' in '*+ -(!!("in. (r3+r9 1. T*+ r+, r 'i(n (- '*+ 3 m .+ / 6)+3. B. In3+mni-i/ 'i(n (- /(n)+;6+n'i ! 3 m .+). A. T*+ -in+. C. T*+ /()' (- '*+ ,r(/++3in.). Applicable Kin case propert) of the offender should not be sufficient for the pa)ment of all his pecuniar) liabilities.; <ence, if the offender has insufficient or no propert), there is no use for Art 39. %rder of pa)ment is mandator) *(ample0 Duan inflicted serious ph)sical in2uries a#ainst Pedro and too- the latter+s watch and rin#. <e incurred 5>> worth of hospital bills and failed to earn 3>> worth of salar). Civen that Duan onl) has 1>>> pesos worth of propert) not e(empt from e(ecution, it shall be first applied to the pa)ment of the watch and rin# which cannot be returned as such is covered b) Kreparation of the dama#e caused; thus, no. 1 in the order of pa)ment. /he 5>> and 3>> are covered b) Kindemnification of the conse1uential dama#e; thus, no. 2 in the order of pa)ment.
Ar'. A@. S6:)i3i r2 ,+n !'2. J I- '*+ /(n5i/' * ) n( ,r(,+r'2 "i'* "*i/* '( m++' '*+ -in+ m+n'i(n+3 in '*+ , r .r ,* A (- '*+ n+)' ,r+/+3in. r'i/!+> *+ )* !! :+ )6:7+/' '( )6:)i3i r2 ,+r)(n ! !i :i!i'2 ' '*+ r '+ (- (n+ 3 2 -(r + /* +i.*' ,+)()> )6:7+/' '( '*+ -(!!("in. r6!+)9 1. I- '*+ ,rin/i, ! ,+n !'2 im,()+3 :+ ,ri)i(n /(rr+//i(n ! (r rr+)'( n3 -in+> *+ )* !! r+m in 6n3+r /(n-in+m+n' 6n'i! *i) -in+ r+-+rr+3 '( in '*+ ,r+/+3in. , r .r ,* i) ) 'i)-i+3> :6' *i) )6:)i3i r2 im,ri)(nm+n' )* !! n(' +</++3 (n+H'*ir3 (- '*+ '+rm (- '*+ )+n'+n/+> n3 in n( / )+ )* !! i' /(n'in6+ -(r m(r+ '* n (n+ 2+ r> n3 n( -r /'i(n (r , r' (- 3 2 )* !! :+ /(6n'+3 . in)' '*+ ,ri)(n+r.
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B. W*+n '*+ ,rin/i, ! ,+n !'2 im,()+3 :+ (n!2 -in+> '*+ )6:)i3i r2 im,ri)(nm+n' )* !! n(' +</++3 )i< m(n'*)> i- '*+ /6!,ri' )* !! * 5+ :++n ,r()+/6'+3 -(r .r 5+ (r !+)) .r 5+ -+!(n2> n3 )* !! n(' +</++3 -i-'++n 3 2)> i-(r !i.*' -+!(n2. A. W*+n '*+ ,rin/i, ! im,()+3 i) *i.*+r '* n ,ri)i(n /(rr+//i(n !> n( )6:)i3i r2 im,ri)(nm+n' )* !! :+ im,()+3 6,(n '*+ /6!,ri'. C. I- '*+ ,rin/i, ! ,+n !'2 im,()+3 i) n(' '( :+ +<+/6'+3 :2 /(n-in+m+n' in ,+n ! in)'i'6'i(n> :6' )6/* ,+n !'2 i) (- -i<+3 36r 'i(n> '*+ /(n5i/'> 36rin. '*+ ,+ri(3 (- 'im+ +)' :!i)*+3 in '*+ ,r+/+3in. r6!+)> )* !! /(n'in6+ '( )6--+r '*+ ) m+ 3+,ri5 'i(n) ) '*()+ (- "*i/* '*+ ,rin/i, ! ,+n !'2 /(n)i)'). D. T*+ )6:)i3i r2 ,+r)(n ! !i :i!i'2 "*i/* '*+ /(n5i/' m 2 * 5+ )6--+r+3 :2 r+ )(n (- *i) in)(!5+n/2 )* !! n(' r+!i+5+ *im> -r(m '*+ -in+ in / )+ *i) -in n/i ! /ir/6m)' n/+) )*(6!3 im,r(5+. (A) m+n3+3 :2 RA DCED> A,ri! B1> 1@E@.) /here is no subsidiar) penalt) for non=pa)ment of reparation, indemnification and costs in par 1, 2 and 4 of Art 39. 't is onl) for fines. Art 3: applies onl) when the convict has no propert) with which to meet the fine in par 3 of art 39. /hus, a convict who has propert) enou#h to meet the fine and not e(empted from e(ecution cannot choose to serve the subsidiar) penalt) instead of the pa)ment of the fine. !ubsidiar) imprisonment is not an accessor) penalt). 't is covered b) Art 4>=45 of this ode. Accessor) penalties are deemed imposed even when not mentioned while subsidiar) imprisonment must be e(pressl) imposed.
Rules0 P*.A&/I ',P%!*A Prision correccional or arresto and fine @ine onl) <i#her than prision correccional .ot to be e(ecuted b) confinement but of fi(ed duration
&*.C/< %@ !F3!'A'ARI P*.A&/I .ot e(ceed 1E3 of term of sentence, in no case more than 1 )ear fraction or part of a da) not counted. .ot to e(ceed 4 months if prosecuted for #rave or less #rave felon), not to e(ceed 15 da)s if prosecuted for li#ht felon) .o subsidiar) imprisonment !ame deprivations as those of the principal penalt) under rules 1, 2 and 3 above
'f financial circumstances improve, convict still to pa) the fine even if he has suffered subsidiar) personal liabilit). the penalt) imposed must be P , A,, Am, suspension, destierro and fine onl). other than these "P,, R/, RP$ court cannot impose subsidiar) penalt). *ven if the penalt) imposed is not hi#her than P , if the accused is a habitual delin1uent who deserves an additional penalt) of 12 )rs and 1 da) of R/, there is no subsidiar) imprisonment. "per Dud#e ,abalot$
Ar'. CI. D+ '* J I') //+))(r2 ,+n !'i+). J T*+ 3+ '* ,+n !'2> "*+n i' i) n(' +<+/6'+3 :2 r+ )(n (- /(mm6' 'i(n (r , r3(n )* !! / rr2 "i'* i' '* ' (- ,+r,+'6 ! :)(!6'+ 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n n3 '* ' (- /i5i! in'+r3i/'i(n 36rin. '*ir'2 2+ r) -(!!("in. '*+ 3 '+ )+n'+n/+> 6n!+)) )6/* //+))(r2 ,+n !'i+) * 5+ :++n +<,r+))!2 r+mi''+3 in '*+ , r3(n. Ar'. C1. R+/!6)i(n ,+r,+'6 n3 r+/!6)i(n '+m,(r !. J T*+ir //+))(r2 ,+n !'i+). J T*+ ,+n !'i+) (- r+/!6)i(n ,+r,+'6 n3 r+/!6)i(n '+m,(r ! )* !! / rr2 "i'* '*+m '* ' (- /i5i! in'+r3i/'i(n -(r !i-+ (r 36rin. '*+ ,+ri(3 (- '*+ )+n'+n/+ ) '*+ / )+ m 2 :+> n3 '* ' (- ,+r,+'6 ! :)(!6'+ 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n
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"*i/* '*+ (--+n3+r )* !! )6--+r +5+n '*(6.* , r3(n+3 ) '( '*+ ,rin/i, ! ,+n !'2> 6n!+)) '*+ ) m+ )* !! * 5+ :++n +<,r+))!2 r+mi''+3 in '*+ , r3(n. Ar'. CB. $ri)i(n m 2(r J I') //+))(r2 ,+n !'i+). J T*+ ,+n !'2 (- ,ri)i(n m 2(r> )* !! / rr2 "i'* i' '* ' (- '+m,(r r2 :)(!6'+ 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n n3 '* ' (,+r,+'6 ! ),+/i ! 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n -r(m '*+ ri.*' (- )6--r .+ "*i/* '*+ (--+n3+r )* !! )6--+r !'*(6.* , r3(n+3 ) '( '*+ ,rin/i, ! ,+n !'2> 6n!+)) '*+ ) m+ )* !! * 5+ :++n +<,r+))!2 r+mi''+3 in '*+ , r3(n. Ar'. CA. $ri)i(n /(rr+//i(n ! J I') //+))(r2 ,+n !'i+). J T*+ ,+n !'2 (,ri)i(n /(rr+//i(n ! )* !! / rr2 "i'* i' '* ' (- )6),+n)i(n -r(m ,6:!i/ (--i/+> -r(m '*+ ri.*' '( -(!!(" ,r(-+))i(n (r / !!in.> n3 '* ' (- ,+r,+'6 ! ),+/i ! 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n -r(m '*+ ri.*' (- )6--r .+> i- '*+ 36r 'i(n (- ) i3 im,ri)(nm+n' )* !! +</++3 +i.*'++n m(n'*). T*+ (--+n3+r )* !! )6--+r '*+ 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n ,r(5i3+3 in '*+ r'i/!+ !'*(6.* , r3(n+3 ) '( '*+ ,rin/i, ! ,+n !'2> 6n!+)) '*+ ) m+ )* !! * 5+ :++n +<,r+))!2 r+mi''+3 in '*+ , r3(n. Ar'. CC. Arr+)'( J I') //+))(r2 ,+n !'i+). J T*+ ,+n !'2 (- rr+)'( )* !! / rr2 "i'* i' '* ' (- )6),+n)i(n (- '*+ ri.*' '(( *(!3 (--i/+ n3 '*+ ri.*' (- )6--r .+ 36rin. '*+ '+rm (- '*+ )+n'+n/+. %utline of accessor) penalties inherent in principal penalties a. death if not e(ecuted because of commutation or pardon 1. perpetual absolute dis1ualification 2. civil interdiction durin# 3> )ears "if not e(pressl) remitted in the pardon$ b. RP and R/ 1. civil interdiction for life or durin# the sentence 2. perpetual absolute dis1ualification "unless e(pressl) remitted in the pardon$ c. P, 1. temporar) absolute dis1ualification 2. perpetual absolute dis1ualification from suffra#e "unless e(pressl) remitted in the pardon$ d. P 1. suspension from public office, profession or callin# 2. perpetual special dis1ualification from suffra#e if the duration of the imprisonment e(ceeds 19 months "unless e(pressl) remitted in the pardon$ /he accessor) penalties in Art 4>=44 must be suffered b) the offender, althou#h pardoned as to the principal penalties. /o be relieved of these penalties, the) must be e(pressl) remitted in the pardon. .o accessor) penalt) for destierro Persons who served out the penalt) ma) not have the ri#ht to e(ercise the ri#ht of suffra#e. @or a prisoner who has been sentenced to one )ear of imprisonment or more for an) crime, absolute pardon restores to him his political ri#hts. 'f the penalt) is less than one )ear, dis1ualification does not attach e(cept if the crime done was a#ainst propert). /he nature of the crime is immaterial when the penalt) imposed is one )ear imprisonment or more. /he accessor) penalties are understood to be alwa)s imposed upon the offender b) the mere fact that the law fi(es a certain penalt) for the crime. 6henever the courts impose a penalt) which b) provision of law, carries with it other penalties, it+s understood that the accessor) penalties are also imposed. the accessor) penalties do not affect the 2urisdiction of the court in which the information is filed because the) don+t modif) or alter the nature of the penalt)
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provided b) law. 6hat determines 2urisdiction in criminal cases is the e(tent of the principal penalt) wEc the law imposes of the crime char#ed. the ,/ has e(clusive 2urisdiction over offenses punishable with imprisonment of not e(ceedin# 4 )ears and 2 months or a fine of not more than 4>>> or both re#ardless of other imposable accessor) or other penalties.
Ar'. CD. C(n-i)/ 'i(n n3 -(r-+i'6r+ (- '*+ ,r(/++3) (r in)'r6m+n') (- '*+ /rim+. J E5+r2 ,+n !'2 im,()+3 -(r '*+ /(mmi))i(n (- -+!(n2 )* !! / rr2 "i'* i' '*+ -(r-+i'6r+ (- '*+ ,r(/++3) (- '*+ /rim+ n3 '*+ in)'r6m+n') (r '((!) "i'* "*i/* i' " ) /(mmi''+3. S6/* ,r(/++3) n3 in)'r6m+n') (r '((!) )* !! :+ /(n-i)/ '+3 n3 -(r-+i'+3 in - 5(r (- '*+ G(5+rnm+n'> 6n!+)) '*+2 :+ ,r(,+r'2 (- '*ir3 ,+r)(n n(' !i :!+ -(r '*+ (--+n)+> :6' '*()+ r'i/!+) "*i/* r+ n(' )6:7+/' (- ! "-6! /(mm+r/+ )* !! :+ 3+)'r(2+3. ever) penalt) imposed carries with it the forfeiture of the proceeds of the crime and the instruments or tools used in the commission of the crime proceeds and instrumentsEtools of the crime are confiscated in favor of the #overnment 3rd persons+ "not liable for the offense$ propert) is not sub2ect to confiscation and forfeiture propert) not sub2ect of lawful commerce "whether it belon#s to accused or 3 rd person$ shall be destro)ed. can+t confiscateEforfeit unless there+s a criminal case filed and tried, and accused is ac1uitted. must indict 3rd person to order confiscation of his propert) instruments of the crime belon#in# to innocent 3rd person ma) be recovered confiscation can be ordered onl) if the propert) is submitted in evidence or placed at the disposal of the court articles which are forfeited = when the order of forfeiture is alread) final, can+t be returned even in case of an ac1uittal confiscation and ac1uittal are additional penalties. 6here the penalt) imposed did not include the confiscation of the #oods involved, the confiscation M forfeiture of said #oods would be an additional penalt) and would amount to an increase of the penalt) alread) imposed, thereb) placin# the accused in double 2eopard). when the accused has appealed, confiscation and forfeiture not ordered b) the trial court ma) be imposed b) the appellate court the #overnment can+t appeal the modification of a sentence if the defendant did not appeal. 3ut if the defendant appeals, it removes all bars to the review and correction of the penalt) imposed b) the court below, even if an increase thereof should be the result.
Ar'. CE. $+n !'2 '( :+ im,()+3 6,(n ,rin/i, !) in .+n+r !. J T*+ ,+n !'2 ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! " -(r '*+ /(mmi))i(n (-+!(n2 )* !! :+ im,()+3 6,(n '*+ ,rin/i, !) in '*+ /(mmi))i(n (- )6/* -+!(n2. W*+n+5+r '*+ ! " ,r+)/ri:+) ,+n !'2 -(r -+!(n2 i) .+n+r ! '+rm)> i' )* !! :+ 6n3+r)'((3 ) ,,!i/ :!+ '( '*+ /(n)6mm '+3 -+!(n2. /he penalt) prescribed b) law in #eneral terms shall be imposed0 a upon the principals b for consummated felon) *(ception0 when the law fi(es a penalt) for the frustrated or attempted felon). 6henever it is believed that the penalt) lower b) one or two de#rees correspondin#
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to said acts of e(ecution is not proportionate to the wron# done, the law fi(es a distinct penalt) for the principal in the frustrated or attempted felon). /he #raduation of penalties refers to0 a sta#es of e(ecution "consummated, frustrated, attempted$ b de#ree of the criminal participation of the offender "principal, accomplice, accessor)$ the division of a divisible penalt) "min, med, ma($ refers to the proper period of the penalt) which should be imposed when a##ravatin# or miti#atin# circumstances attend the commission of the crime.
Ar'. CF. In "* ' / )+) '*+ 3+ '* ,+n !'2 )* !! n(' :+ im,()+3. J T*+ 3+ '* ,+n !'2 )* !! :+ im,()+3 in !! / )+) in "*i/* i' m6)' :+ im,()+3 6n3+r +<i)'in. ! ")> +</+,' in '*+ -(!!("in. / )+)9 1. W*+n '*+ .6i!'2 ,+r)(n :+ m(r+ '* n )+5+n'2 2+ r) (- .+. B. W*+n 6,(n ,,+ ! (r r+5i)i(n (- '*+ / )+ :2 '*+ S6,r+m+ /(6r'> !! '*+ m+m:+r) '*+r+(- r+ n(' 6n nim(6) in '*+ir 5('in. ) '( '*+ ,r(,ri+'2 (- '*+ im,()i'i(n (- '*+ 3+ '* ,+n !'2. F(r '*+ im,()i'i(n (- ) i3 ,+n !'2 (r -(r '*+ /(n-irm 'i(n (- 763.m+n' (- '*+ in-+ri(r /(6r' im,()in. '*+ 3+ '* )+n'+n/+> '*+ S6,r+m+ C(6r' )* !! r+n3+r i') 3+/i)i(n ,+r /6ri m> "*i/* )* !! :+ )i.n+3 :2 !! 76)'i/+) (- ) i3 /(6r'> 6n!+)) )(m+ m+m:+r (r m+m:+r) '*+r+(- )* !! * 5+ :++n 3i);6 !i-i+3 -r(m ' ?in. , r' in '*+ /(n)i3+r 'i(n (- '*+ / )+> in "*i/* +5+n '*+ 6n nim(6) 5('+ n3 )i.n '6r+ (- (n!2 '*+ r+m inin. 76)'i/+) )* !! :+ r+;6ir+3. whenever the 2ud#ment of the lower court imposes the death penalt), the case shall be determined b) 1> 2ustices of the court. 6hen 1> 2ustices fail to reach a decision "as to the propriet) of the imposition of the death penalt)$, the penalt) ne(t lower in de#ree than the death penalt) shall be imposed. Aeath penalt) not imposed in the ff cases0 a$ when the person is more than 5> )ears old at time R/ sentenced him b$ when upon appeal or revision of the case b) the ! , 1> 2ustices are not unanimous in their votin# c$ when the offender is a minor under 19 )rs of a#e. 6h)? 3ecause minorit) is alwa)s a miti#atin# circumstance Dustification for the death penalt)0 social defense and e(emplarit). .ot considered cruel and unusual because does not involve torture or lin#erin# death. rimes where death penalt) is imposed0 a$ treason b$ certain acts of espiona#e under ommonwealth Act 414 c$ correspondence wE hostile countr) when it contains notice or information and the intention of the offender is to aid the enem) d$ 1ualified pirac) e$ certain violations of the Anti=subversion act f$ parricide #$ murder h$ -idnappin# and serious ille#al detention i$ robber) wE homicide 2$ rape wE homicide -$ when death resulted from the commission of arson or other crime involvin# destruction trial court must re1uire the prosecution to present evidence, despite plea of #uilt), when the crime char#ed is punished b) death. A sentence of death is valid onl) if it is
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susceptible of a fair and reasonable e(amination b) the court. /his is impossible if no evidence of #uilt was ta-en after a plea of #uilt). Ar'. CG. $+n !'2 -(r /(m,!+< /rim+). J W*+n )in.!+ /' /(n)'i'6'+) '"( (r m(r+ .r 5+ (r !+)) .r 5+ -+!(ni+)> (r "*+n n (--+n)+ i) n+/+)) r2 m+ n) -(r /(mmi''in. '*+ ('*+r> '*+ ,+n !'2 -(r '*+ m()' )+ri(6) /rim+ )* !! :+ im,()+3> '*+ ) m+ '( :+ ,,!i+3 in i') m <im6m ,+ri(3. /he 2 or more #rave or less #rave felonies must be the result of a sin#le act, or an offense must be a necessar) means to commit the crime. omple( crime one crime onl) as there is onl) one criminal intent onl) one information need be filed 2 -inds of comple( crimes0 a$ compound crime sin#le act constitutes 2 or more #rave or less #rave felonies Re1uisites0 1$ that onl) one sin#le act is committed b) the offender 2$ that the sin#le act produces a$ 2 or more #rave felonies b$ one or more #rave and one or more less #rave felonies c$ 2 or more less #rave felonies b$ comple( crime proper when an offense is a necessar) means for committin# another Re1uisites0 1$ that at least 2 offenses are committed 2$ that one or some of the offenses must be necessar) to commit the other 3$ that both or all the offenses must be punished under the same statute .o sin#le act in the followin# cases0 a$ 6hen 2 persons are -illed one after the other, b) different acts, althou#h these 2 -illin#s were the result of a sin#le criminal impulse, the different acts must be considered as distinct crimes. b$ 6hen the acts are wholl) different, not onl) in themselves, but also because the) are directed a#ainst 2 different persons, as when one fires his #un twice in succession, -illin# one and in2urin# the other. &i#ht felonies produced b) the same act should be treated and punished as separate offenses or ma) be absorbed b) the #rave felon). *(amples0 a$ several li#ht felonies resultin# from one sin#le act not comple( Duan hit Pedro+s car, resultin# in several li#ht in2uries and li#ht felon) of dama#e to propert). .o comple( crime because the crime of sli#ht ph)sical in2uries and dama#e to propert) are li#ht felonies. /here are as man) crimes as there are persons in2ured wE li#ht ph)sical in2uries and as man) penalties as there are li#ht felonies committed, even thou#h the) are produced b) a sin#le act of the offender. b$ when the crime is committed b) force or violence, sli#ht ph)sical in2uries are absorbed. *(amples of comple( crimes0 a$ Duan was a baran#a) captain who was -illed while dischar#in# his dut), the crime is a comple( crime of homicide wE assault upon a person of authorit). b$ Duan raped Petra, causin# her ph)sical in2uries wEc re1uired a month+s worth of medical attention. /his is a comple( crime of rape wE less serious ph)sical in2uries. /he in2uries were necessar) to the commission of the rape.
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when in obedience to an order, several accused simultaneousl) shot man) persons, without evidence how man) each -illed, there is onl) a sin#le offense, there bein# a sin#le criminal impulse. when various acts are e(ecuted for the attainment of a sin#le purpose wEc constitutes an offense, such acts must be considered onl) as one offense. *(ample0 Duan falsified 1>> warehouse receipts from April to Dune which enabled him to swindle the ban- of 1>> million. /here+s onl) one comple( crime of estafa throu#h multiple falsification of documents. /here is no comple( crime of arson wE homicide Art 49 is applicable to crimes throu#h ne#li#ence *(ample0 Duan lit a ci#arette as he poured #as in the tan- of his car in his #ara#e. /he #as cau#ht fire and the house burned. <is sister died and the maid suffered serious ph)sical in2uries. /he crimes of arson, homicide, serious ph)sical in2uries and dama#e to propert) constitute a comple( crime. /here is onl) one penalt) but there are 3 civil liabilities. .o comple( crime when one of the offenses is penali8ed b) a special law *(ample of comple( crime proper "at least 2 crimes must be committed$0 Gidnappin# the victim to murder him in a secluded place ransom wasn+t paid so victim was -illed. Gidnappin# was a necessar) means to commit murder. 3ut where the victim was ta-en from his home for the sole purpose of -illin# him and not for detainin# him ille#all) or for the purpose of ransom, the crime is simple murder. K.ecessar) means; does not mean Kindispensable means;. 'ndispensable would mean it is an element of the crime. /he crime can be committed b) another mean. /he means actuall) emplo)ed "another crime$ was merel) to facilitate and insure the consummation of the crime. 6hen in the definition of a felon), one offense is a means to commit the other, there is no comple( crime. *(. ,urder committed b) means of fire. ,urder can be 1ualified b) the circumstance of fire so no comple( crime even if Art 321 and 324 punishes arson. 't+s plain and simple murder. .ot comple( crime when trespass to dwellin# is a direct means to commit a #rave offense. &i-e rape, there is no comple( crime of trespass to dwellin# with rape. /respass will be considered as a##ravatin# "unlawful entr) or brea-in# part of a dwellin#$ .o comple( crime when one offense is committed to conceal another *(ample0 Duan set the school on fire after committin# homicide. 2 crimes. 6hen the offender had in his possession the funds wEc he misappropriated, the falsification of a public or official document involvin# said funds is a separate offense. 3ut when the offender had to falsif) a public or official document to obtain possession of the funds wEc he misappropriated, the falsification is a necessar) means to commit the malversation. /here is no comple( crime of rebellion with murder, arson, robber) or other common crimes. /he) are mere in#redients of the crime of rebellion absorbed alread). 6hen 2 crimes produced b) a sin#le act are respectivel) within the e(clusive 2urisdiction of 2 courts of different 2urisdiction, the court of hi#her 2urisdiction shall tr) the comple( crime. *(ample0 Althou#h the forcible abduction which was supposedl) commenced in ,anila was not proven, and althou#h the rape which was proven was actuall) committed in avite, still the R/ of ,anila had 2urisdiction to convict the accused of rape. /he comple( crime of forcible abduction with rape was char#ed in the complaint on the basis of which the case was tried. Art. 49 is intended to favor the culprit. /he penalt) for comple( crime is the penalt) for the most serious crime, the same to be applied in its ma(imum period. 'f the different crimes resultin# from one sin#le act are punished with the same penalt), the penalt) for an) one of them shall be
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imposed, the same to be applied in the ma(imum period. /he same rule shall be observed when an offense is a necessar) means to commit the other. A comple( crime of the second form ma) be committed b) two persons. 3ut when one of the offenses, as a means to commit the other, was committed b) one of the accused b) rec-less imprudence, the accused who committed the crime b) rec-less imprudence is liable for his acts onl). *(ample0 Duan cooperated in the commission of the comple( offense of estafa throu#h falsification b) rec-less imprudence b) acts without which it could not have been accomplished, and this bein# a fact, there would be no reason to e(culpate him from liabilit). *ven assumin# he had no intention to defraud /omas if his co= defendants succeeded in attainin# the purpose sou#ht b) the culprits, Duan+s participation to#ether wE the participation of his co=defendants in the commission of the offense completed all the elements necessar) for the perpetration of the comple( crime of estafa throu#h falsification of documents. 6hen two felonies constitutin# a comple( crime are punishable b) imprisonment and fine, respectivel), onl) the penalt) of imprisonment shall be imposed. 6hen a sin#le act constitutes two #rave or less #rave or one #rave and another less #rave, and the penalt) for one is imprisonment while that for the other is fine, the severit) of the penalt) for the more serious crime should not be 2ud#ed b) the classification of each of the penalties involved, but b) the nature of the penalties. *(ample0 *ven if the fine for dama#e to propert) throu#h rec-less imprudence is P4>,>>>, an afflictive penalt), and the penalt) for the ph)sical in2uries resultin# from the same act is onl) 4 mos of arresto ma)or, a correccional penalt) ma) be imposed. 'n the order of severit) of the penalties, arresto ma)or and arresto menor are considered more severe than destierro and arresto menor is hi#her in de#ree than destierro. @ine is not included in the list of penalties in the order of severit) and it is the last in the order. Art 49 applies onl) to cases where the ode doesn+t provide a specific penalt) for a comple( crime. Art 49 doesn+t appl) when the law provides one sin#le penalt) for sin#le comple( crimes li-e the ff0 a$ robber) wE homicide b$ robber) wE rape c$ -idnappin# wE serious ph)sical in2uries d$ rape wE homicide 6hen a comple( crime is char#ed and one offense is not proven, the accused can be convicted of the other. Pluralit) of crimes consists in the successive e(ecution b) the same individual of different criminal acts upon an) of wEc no conviction has )et been declared. Ginds of pluralit) of crimes0 a$ formal or ideal onl) one criminal liabilit) b$ real or material there are different crimes in law as well as in the conscience of the offender, in such cases, the offender shall be punished for each and ever) offense that he committed. *(ample0 Duan stabbed Pedro, then Duan stabbed /omas too. /here are 2 committed as 2 acts were performed. R* 'A'L'!, /here must be conviction b) final 2ud#ment of the first prior offense
P&FRA&'/I %@ R',*! .o conviction of the crimes committed
@ormalEideal plural crimes are divided into 3 #roups0 "a person committin# multiple crimes is punished wE one penalt) in the ff cases$ a$ when the offender commits an) of the comple( crimes defined in art 49
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b$ when the law specificall) fi(es a sin#le penalt) for 2 or more offenses committed0 robber) wE homicide, -idnappin# wE serious ph)sical in2uires c$ when the offender commits continued crimes ontinued crimes refers to a sin#le crime consistin# of a series of acts but all arisin# from one criminal resolution. Althou#h there is a series of acts, there is onl) one crime committed, so onl) one penalt) shall be imposed. *(amples of continued crimes0 a$ a collector of a commercial firm misappropriates for his personal use several amounts collected b) him from different persons. /here is onl) one crime because the different and successive appropriations are but the different moments durin# which one criminal resolution arises. b$ Duan stole 2 boo-s belon#in# to 2 different persons. <e commits onl) one crime because there is unit) of thou#ht in the criminal purpose of the offender. A continued crime is not a comple( crime as offender does not perform a sin#le act but a series of acts. /herefore0 a$ penalt) not to be imposed in the ma(imum b$ no actual provision punishin# a continued crime it+s a principle applied in connection wE 2 or more crimes committed wE a sin#le intention. ontinued crime is different from a transitor) crime. /ransitor) crime is Kmovin# crime;. *(ample0 -idnappin# someone for ransom and movin# him to another venue. /he offenders can be prosecuted and tried in either of the 2 areas. %./'.F*A !ame R',*
R*A&E,A/*RA'A& P&FRA&'/I /here is a series of acts performed b) the offender *ach act performed constitutes a separate crime because each act is #enerated b) a criminal impulse
Aifferent acts constitute onl) one crime because all of the acts performed arise from one criminal resolution.
Ar'. C@. $+n !'2 '( :+ im,()+3 6,(n '*+ ,rin/i, !) "*+n '*+ /rim+ /(mmi''+3 i) 3i--+r+n' -r(m '* ' in'+n3+3. J In / )+) in "*i/* '*+ -+!(n2 /(mmi''+3 i) 3i--+r+n' -r(m '* ' "*i/* '*+ (--+n3+r in'+n3+3 '( /(mmi'> '*+ -(!!("in. r6!+) )* !! :+ (:)+r5+39 1. I- '*+ ,+n !'2 ,r+)/ri:+3 -(r '*+ -+!(n2 /(mmi''+3 :+ *i.*+r '* n '* ' /(rr+),(n3in. '( '*+ (--+n)+ "*i/* '*+ //6)+3 in'+n3+3 '( /(mmi'> '*+ ,+n !'2 /(rr+),(n3in. '( '*+ ! ''+r )* !! :+ im,()+3 in i') m <im6m ,+ri(3. B. I- '*+ ,+n !'2 ,r+)/ri:+3 -(r '*+ -+!(n2 /(mmi''+3 :+ !("+r '* n '* ' /(rr+),(n3in. '( '*+ (n+ "*i/* '*+ //6)+3 in'+n3+3 '( /(mmi'> '*+ ,+n !'2 -(r '*+ -(rm+r )* !! :+ im,()+3 in i') m <im6m ,+ri(3. A. T*+ r6!+ +)' :!i)*+3 :2 '*+ n+<' ,r+/+3in. , r .r ,* )* !! n(' :+ ,,!i/ :!+ i- '*+ /') /(mmi''+3 :2 '*+ .6i!'2 ,+r)(n )* !! !)( /(n)'i'6'+ n ''+m,' (r -r6)'r 'i(n (- n('*+r /rim+> i- '*+ ! " ,r+)/ri:+) *i.*+r ,+n !'2 -(r +i'*+r (- '*+ ! ''+r (--+n)+)> in "*i/* / )+ '*+ ,+n !'2 ,r(5i3+3 -(r '*+ ''+m,'+3 (r '*+ -r6)'r '+3 /rim+ )* !! :+ im,()+3 in i') m <im6m ,+ri(3. Art 4: has reference to the provision in the 1 st par of Art 4 which provides that criminal liabilit) shall be incurred Kb) an) person committin# a felon) althou#h the wron#ful act done be different from that which he intended; Art 4: applicable onl) in cases when there is a mista-e in identit) of the victim of the crime and the penalt) for the crime committed is different from that for the crime intended to be committed. Art 4: also has no application where a more serious conse1uence not intended b) the offender befalls the same person. *(ample0 Duan onl) wanted to inflict a wound upon Pedro but because he lost control of his ri#ht arm, he -illed Pedro. Art 4: not applicable.
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AR/ 4: &esser penalt) to be imposed in its ma(imum pd
AR/ 49 Penalt) for the more serious crime shall be imposed in its ma(imum pd
.otes0 1. Art. 4: has reference to Art. 4"1$. 't applies onl) when there is +rr(r in ,+r)(n +. 2. 'n Art. 4: "Para#raphs 1 and 2$ the lower penalt) in its ma(imum period is alwa)s imposed. 3. 'n Par. 3 the penalt) for the attempted or frustrated crime shall be imposed in its ma(imum period. /his rule is not necessar) and ma) well be covered b) Art. 49, in view of the fact that the same act also constitutes an attempt or a frustration of another crime. Ar'. DI. $+n !'2 '( :+ im,()+3 6,(n ,rin/i, !) (- -r6)'r '+3 /rim+. J T*+ ,+n !'2 n+<' !("+r in 3+.r++ '* n '* ' ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! " -(r '*+ /(n)6mm '+3 -+!(n2 )* !! :+ im,()+3 6,(n '*+ ,rin/i, ! in -r6)'r '+3 -+!(n2. Ar'. D1. $+n !'2 '( :+ im,()+3 6,(n ,rin/i, !) (- ''+m,'+3 /rim+). J A ,+n !'2 !("+r :2 '"( 3+.r++) '* n '* ' ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! " -(r '*+ /(n)6mm '+3 -+!(n2 )* !! :+ im,()+3 6,(n '*+ ,rin/i, !) in n ''+m,' '( /(mmi' -+!(n2. Ar'. DB. $+n !'2 '( :+ im,()+3 6,(n //(m,!i/+) in /(n)6mm '+3 /rim+. J T*+ ,+n !'2 n+<' !("+r in 3+.r++ '* n '* ' ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! " -(r '*+ /(n)6mm '+3 )* !! :+ im,()+3 6,(n '*+ //(m,!i/+) in '*+ /(mmi))i(n (/(n)6mm '+3 -+!(n2. Ar'. DA. $+n !'2 '( :+ im,()+3 6,(n //+))(ri+) '( '*+ /(mmi))i(n (/(n)6mm '+3 -+!(n2. J T*+ ,+n !'2 !("+r :2 '"( 3+.r++) '* n '* ' ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! " -(r '*+ /(n)6mm '+3 -+!(n2 )* !! :+ im,()+3 6,(n '*+ //+))(ri+) '( '*+ /(mmi))i(n (- /(n)6mm '+3 -+!(n2. Ar'. DC. $+n !'2 '( im,()+3 6,(n //(m,!i/+) in -r6)'r '+3 /rim+. J T*+ ,+n !'2 n+<' !("+r in 3+.r++ '* n ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! " -(r '*+ -r6)'r '+3 -+!(n2 )* !! :+ im,()+3 6,(n '*+ //(m,!i/+) in '*+ /(mmi))i(n (-r6)'r '+3 -+!(n2. Ar'. DD. $+n !'2 '( :+ im,()+3 6,(n //+))(ri+) (- -r6)'r '+3 /rim+. J T*+ ,+n !'2 !("+r :2 '"( 3+.r++) '* n '* ' ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! " -(r '*+ -r6)'r '+3 -+!(n2 )* !! :+ im,()+3 6,(n '*+ //+))(ri+) '( '*+ /(mmi))i(n (-r6)'r '+3 -+!(n2. Ar'. DE. $+n !'2 '( :+ im,()+3 6,(n //(m,!i/+) in n ''+m,'+3 /rim+. J T*+ ,+n !'2 n+<' !("+r in 3+.r++ '* n '* ' ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! " -(r n ''+m,' '( /(mmi' -+!(n2 )* !! :+ im,()+3 6,(n '*+ //(m,!i/+) in n ''+m,' '( /(mmi' '*+ -+!(n2. Ar'. DF. $+n !'2 '( :+ im,()+3 6,(n //+))(ri+) (- n ''+m,'+3 /rim+. J T*+ ,+n !'2 !("+r :2 '"( 3+.r++) '* n '* ' ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! " -(r '*+ ''+m,'+3 -+!(n2 )* !! :+ im,()+3 6,(n '*+ //+))(ri+) '( '*+ ''+m,' '( /(mmi' -+!(n2.
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Participation Principal Accomplice Accessor)
Application of Article 5> to 55 onsummated @rustrated Penalt) imposed b) law 1 less 1 less 2 less 2 less 3 less
Attempted 2 less 3 less 4 less
.otes0 Art 5>=55 not applicable when the law specificall) prescribes the penalt) for the frustrated and attempted felon) or that to be imposed upon the accomplices and accessories. Ae#ree one whole penalt), one entire penalt) or one unit of the penalties enumerated in the #raduated scales provided for in Art 51 Period one of 3 e1ual portions, minEmedEma( of a divisible penalt). A period of a divisible penalt) when prescribed b) the ode as a penalt) for a felon), is in itself a de#ree.
Aistinctions between Ae#ree and Period Ae#ree Refers to the penalt) imposable for a felon) committed considerin# the sta#es of e(ecution and the de#ree of participation of the offender ,a) refer to both divisible and indivisible penalties
Period Refers to the duration of the penalt) consistin# of the ma(imum, medium, and minimum, after considerin# the presence or absence of a##ravatin# circumstances Refers onl) to divisible penalties
/he rules provided in Arts. 53, 55 and 55 do not appl) if the felon) is li#ht because accessories are not liable for the same 3ases for imposition of the penalt) under the RP a. !ta#e of the commission of the crime 1. Participation of the persons liable 2. Presence of a##ravatin# or miti#atin# circumstances
Ar'. DG. A33i'i(n ! ,+n !'2 '( :+ im,()+3 6,(n /+r' in //+))(ri+). J T*()+ //+))(ri+) - !!in. "i'*in '*+ '+rm) (- , r .r ,*) A (Ar'i/!+ 1@ (- '*i) C(3+ "*( )*(6!3 /' "i'* :6)+ (- '*+ir ,6:!i/ -6n/'i(n)> )* !! )6--+r '*+ 33i'i(n ! ,+n !'2 (- :)(!6'+ ,+r,+'6 ! 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n i- '*+ ,rin/i, ! (--+n3+r )* !! :+ .6i!'2 (.r 5+ -+!(n2> n3 '* ' (- :)(!6'+ '+m,(r r2 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n i- *+ )* !! :+ .6i!'2 (- !+)) .r 5+ -+!(n2. Art is limited onl) to #rave and less #rave felonies since it is not possible to have accessories liable for li#ht felonies. 't is further limited to those whose participation in the crime is characteri8ed b) the misuse of public office or authorit). *(ample0 a$ A ma)or aided in friend, a wanted criminal, in escapin# b$ A senator #ives protection to his 2ueten# lord friend "per Dud#e ,abalot$ Additional Penalties for Public %fficers who are accessories 1. Absolute perpetual dis1ualification, if the principal offender is #uilt) of a #rave felon). 2. Absolute temporar) dis1ualification if the principal offender is #uilt) of less #rave felon)
Ar'. D@. $+n !'2 '( :+ im,()+3 in / )+ (- - i!6r+ '( /(mmi' '*+ /rim+ :+/ 6)+ '*+ m+ n) +m,!(2+3 (r '*+ im) )(6.*' r+ im,())i:!+. J W*+n '*+
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,+r)(n in'+n3in. '( /(mmi' n (--+n)+ * ) !r+ 32 ,+r-(rm+3 '*+ /') -(r '*+ +<+/6'i(n (- '*+ ) m+ :6' n+5+r'*+!+)) '*+ /rim+ " ) n(' ,r(36/+3 :2 r+ )(n ('*+ - /' '* ' '*+ /' in'+n3+3 " ) :2 i') n '6r+ (n+ (- im,())i:!+ //(m,!i)*m+n' (r :+/ 6)+ '*+ m+ n) +m,!(2+3 :2 )6/* ,+r)(n r+ +))+n'i !!2 in 3+;6 '+ '( ,r(36/+ '*+ r+)6!' 3+)ir+3 :2 *im> '*+ /(6r'> * 5in. in min3 '*+ )(/i ! 3 n.+r n3 '*+ 3+.r++ (- /rimin !i'2 )*("n :2 '*+ (--+n3+r> )* !! im,()+ 6,(n *im '*+ ,+n !'2 (- rr+)'( m 2(r (r -in+ -r(m BII '( DII ,+)(). 3asis for the imposition of proper penalt) in impossible crimes0 sopcial dan#er and de#ree of criminalit) shown b) the offender. *(ample0 Duan fired a revolver at Pedro at the distance of 2 -ilometers. /his shoes stupidit) rather than dan#er. Duan should not be punished as there is no social dan#er nor de#ree of criminalit). 3ut if Duan was a convicted felon, act ma) be punished. Article limited to those cases of #rave and less #rave felonies.
Ar'. EI. E</+,'i(n '( '*+ r6!+) +)' :!i)*+3 in Ar'i/!+) DI '( DF. J T*+ ,r(5i)i(n) /(n' in+3 in Ar'i/!+) DI '( DF> in/!6)i5+> (- '*i) C(3+ )* !! n(' :+ ,,!i/ :!+ '( / )+) in "*i/* '*+ ! " +<,r+))!2 ,r+)/ri:+) '*+ ,+n !'2 ,r(5i3+3 -(r -r6)'r '+3 (r ''+m,'+3 -+!(n2> (r '( :+ im,()+3 6,(n //(m,!i/+) (r //+))(ri+). 2 cases wherein the accomplice is punished wE the same penalt) imposed upon the principal a$ ascendants, #uardians, curators, teachers and an) person who b) abuse of authorit) or confidential relationship shall cooperate as accomplices in the crimes of rape, acts of lasciviousness, seduction, corruption of minors, white slave trade or abduction. b$ one who furnished the place for the perpetration of the crime of sli#ht ille#al detention. Accessor) punished as principal0 Art 142 punishes an accessor) for -nowin#l) concealed certain evil practices. ases when instead of a penalt) 2 de#rees lower, one de#ree for accessor)0 a$ -nowin#l) usin# counterfeited seal or for#ed si#nature or stamp of the President b$ ille#al possession and use of false treasur) or ban- note c$ usin# a falsified document d$ usin# a falsified dispatch
Ar'. E1. R6!+) -(r .r 36 'in. ,+n !'i+). J F(r '*+ ,6r,()+ (- .r 36 'in. '*+ ,+n !'i+) "*i/*> //(r3in. '( '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- Ar'i/!+) DI '( DF> in/!6)i5+> (- '*i) C(3+> r+ '( :+ im,()+3 6,(n ,+r)(n) .6i!'2 ) ,rin/i, !) (- n2 -r6)'r '+3 (r ''+m,'+3 -+!(n2> (r ) //(m,!i/+) (r //+))(ri+)> '*+ -(!!("in. r6!+) )* !! :+ (:)+r5+39 1. W*+n '*+ ,+n !'2 ,r+)/ri:+3 -(r '*+ -+!(n2 i) )in.!+ n3 in3i5i)i:!+> '*+ ,+n !'2 n+<' !("+r in 3+.r++) )* !! :+ '* ' imm+3i '+!2 -(!!("in. '* ' in3i5i)i:!+ ,+n !'2 in '*+ r+),+/'i5+ .r 36 '+3 )/ !+ ,r+)/ri:+3 in Ar'i/!+ F1 (- '*i) C(3+. B. W*+n '*+ ,+n !'2 ,r+)/ri:+3 -(r '*+ /rim+ i) /(m,()+3 (- '"( in3i5i)i:!+ ,+n !'i+)> (r (- (n+ (r m(r+ 3i5i)i:!+ ,+n !'i+) '( :+ im,()+ '( '*+ir -6!! +<'+n'> '*+ ,+n !'2 n+<' !("+r in 3+.r++ )* !! :+ '* ' imm+3i '+!2 -(!!("in. '*+ !+))+r (- '*+ ,+n !'i+) ,r+)/ri:+3 in '*+ r+),+/'i5+ .r 36 '+3 )/ !+. A. W*+n '*+ ,+n !'2 ,r+)/ri:+3 -(r '*+ /rim+ i) /(m,()+3 (- (n+ (r '"( in3i5i)i:!+ ,+n !'i+) n3 '*+ m <im6m ,+ri(3 (- n('*+r 3i5i)i:!+ ,+n !'2> '*+ ,+n !'2 n+<' !("+r in 3+.r++ )* !! :+ /(m,()+3 (- '*+ m+3i6m n3 minim6m ,+ri(3) (- '*+ ,r(,+r 3i5i)i:!+ ,+n !'2 n3 '*+ m <im6m ,+ri(3) (- '*+ ,r(,+r
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3i5i)i:!+ ,+n !'2 n3 '*+ m <im6m ,+ri(3 (- '* ' imm+3i '+!2 -(!!("in. in ) i3 r+),+/'i5+ .r 36 '+3 )/ !+. C. "*+n '*+ ,+n !'2 ,r+)/ri:+3 -(r '*+ /rim+ i) /(m,()+3 (- )+5+r ! ,+ri(3)> /(rr+),(n3in. '( 3i--+r+n' 3i5i)i:!+ ,+n !'i+)> '*+ ,+n !'2 n+<' !("+r in 3+.r++ )* !! :+ /(m,()+3 (- '*+ ,+ri(3 imm+3i '+!2 -(!!("in. '*+ minim6m ,r+)/ri:+3 n3 (- '*+ '"( n+<' -(!!("in.> "*i/* )* !! :+ ' ?+n -r(m '*+ ,+n !'2 ,r+)/ri:+3> i,())i:!+4 ('*+r"i)+ -r(m '*+ ,+n !'2 imm+3i '+!2 -(!!("in. in '*+ :(5+ m+n'i(n+3 r+),+/'i5+ .r 36 '+3 )/ !+. D. W*+n '*+ ! " ,r+)/ri:+) ,+n !'2 -(r /rim+ in )(m+ m nn+r n(' +),+/i !!2 ,r(5i3+3 -(r in '*+ -(6r ,r+/+3in. r6!+)> '*+ /(6r')> ,r(/++3in. :2 n !(.2> )* !! im,()+ /(rr+),(n3in. ,+n !'i+) 6,(n '*()+ .6i!'2 ) ,rin/i, !) ('*+ -r6)'r '+3 -+!(n2> (r (- ''+m,' '( /(mmi' '*+ ) m+> n3 6,(n //(m,!i/+) n3 //+))(ri+). /he rules provided in this Art should also appl) in determinin# the minimum of the 'ndeterminate !entence &aw "'!&$. 't also applies in lowerin# the penalt) b) one or two de#rees b) reason of the presence of the privile#ed miti#atin# circumstance or when the penalt) is divisible and there are two or more miti#atin# circumstances.
Gr 36 '+3 S/ !+ in Ar' F1 'ndivisible Penalties0 a$ Aeath b$ Reclusion Perpetua Aivisible Penalties0 a$ Reclusion /emporal b$ Prision ,a)or c$ Prision orreccional d$ Arresto ,a)or e$ Aestierro f$ Arresto ,enor #$ Public ensure h$ @ine "ule #o. +) 6hen the penalt) is sin#le and indivisible "e(. RP$, the penalt) ne(t lower shall be reclusion temporal. "ule #o. -) a$ when the penalt) is composed of two indivisible penalties *(. penalt) for parricide is reclusion perpetua to death, the ne(t lower penalt) is reclusion temporal b$ when the penalt) is composed of one or more divisible penalties to be imposed to their full e(tent *(. one divisible penalt) is reclusion temporal. /he penalt) immediatel) followin# R/ is prision ma)or. 2 divisible penalties are prision correccional to prision ma)or. /he penalt) immediatel) precedin# the lesser of the penalties of prision correccional to prision ma)or is arresto ma)or. "ule #o. %) 6hen the penalt) is composed of 2 indivisible penalties and the ma(imum period of a divisible penalt)E or when composed of one divisible penalt) the ma(imum of one divisible penalt) *(. penalt) for murder is reclusion temporal to death. /he point of reference will be on the proper divisible penalt) which is reclusion temporal. Fnder the 3 rd rule, the penalt) ne(t lower to reclusion temporal is composed of the medium and minimum periods of reclusion temporal and the ma(imum of prision ma)or.
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"ule #o.D) 6hen the penalt) is composed of several periods *(. the Kseveral; periods contemplated in this rule correspond to different divisible penalties. A penalt) of prision ma)or in its medium period to reclusion temporal in its minimum period is an e(ample of such. /he penalt) immediatel) followin# the minimum of the entire sentence, which is prision ma)or medium, is prision ma)or in its minimum and the 2 periods ne(t followin#, which are prision correccional ma( and medium. "ule #o.0) 6hen the penalt) has onl) 2 periods *(. Abduction punishable b) prision correccional in its medium and minimum. /he ne(t penalt) followin# is formed b) 2 periods to be ta-en from the same penalt) if possible or from the periods of the penalt) numericall) followin# the lesser of the penalties prescribed. /he penalt) ne(t followin# prision correccional in its med and min shall be arresto ma)or in its med and ma(. ,iti#atin# and A##ravatin# circumstances are first disre#arded in the application of the rules for #raduatin# penalties. 't is onl) after the penalt) ne(t lower in de#ree is alread) determined that the miti#atin# and a##ravatin# circumstances should be considered.
Ar'. EB. E--+/' (- '*+ ''+n3 n/+ (- mi'i. 'in. (r ..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+) n3 (- * :i'6 ! 3+!in;6+n/2. J Mi'i. 'in. (r ..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+) n3 * :i'6 ! 3+!in;6+n/2 )* !! :+ ' ?+n in'( //(6n' -(r '*+ ,6r,()+ (- 3imini)*in. (r in/r+ )in. '*+ ,+n !'2 in /(n-(rmi'2 "i'* '*+ -(!!("in. r6!+)9 1. A..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+) "*i/* in '*+m)+!5+) /(n)'i'6'+ /rim+ ),+/i !!2 ,6ni)* :!+ :2 ! " (r "*i/* r+ in/!63+3 :2 '*+ ! " in 3+-inin. /rim+ n3 ,r+)/ri:in. '*+ ,+n !'2 '*+r+-(r )* !! n(' :+ ' ?+n in'( //(6n' -(r '*+ ,6r,()+ (- in/r+ )in. '*+ ,+n !'2. B. T*+ ) m+ r6!+ )* !! ,,!2 "i'* r+),+/' '( n2 ..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+ in*+r+n' in '*+ /rim+ '( )6/* 3+.r++ '* ' i' m6)' (- n+/+))i'2 //(m, n2 '*+ /(mmi))i(n '*+r+(-. A. A..r 5 'in. (r mi'i. 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+) "*i/* ri)+ -r(m '*+ m(r ! ''ri:6'+) (- '*+ (--+n3+r> (r -r(m *i) ,ri5 '+ r+! 'i(n) "i'* '*+ (--+n3+3 , r'2> (r -r(m n2 ('*+r ,+r)(n ! / 6)+> )* !! (n!2 )+r5+ '( ..r 5 '+ (r mi'i. '+ '*+ !i :i!i'2 (- '*+ ,rin/i, !)> //(m,!i/+) n3 //+))(ri+) ) '( "*(m )6/* /ir/6m)' n/+) r+ ''+n3 n'. C. T*+ /ir/6m)' n/+) "*i/* /(n)i)' in '*+ m '+ri ! +<+/6'i(n (- '*+ /'> (r in '*+ m+ n) +m,!(2+3 '( //(m,!i)* i'> )* !! )+r5+ '( ..r 5 '+ (r mi'i. '+ '*+ !i :i!i'2 (- '*()+ ,+r)(n) (n!2 "*( * 3 ?n("!+3.+ (- '*+m ' '*+ 'im+ (- '*+ +<+/6'i(n (- '*+ /' (r '*+ir /((,+r 'i(n '*+r+in. D. % :i'6 ! 3+!in;6+n/2 )* !! * 5+ '*+ -(!!("in. +--+/'). ( ) U,(n '*ir3 /(n5i/'i(n '*+ /6!,ri' )* !! :+ )+n'+n/+3 '( '*+ ,+n !'2 ,r(5i3+3 :2 ! " -(r '*+ ! )' /rim+ (- "*i/* *+ :+ -(6n3 .6i!'2 n3 '( '*+ 33i'i(n ! ,+n !'2 (- ,ri)i(n /(rr+//i(n ! in i') m+3i6m n3 m <im6m ,+ri(3)4 (:) U,(n -(6r'* /(n5i/'i(n> '*+ /6!,ri' )* !! :+ )+n'+n/+3 '( '*+ ,+n !'2 ,r(5i3+3 -(r '*+ ! )' /rim+ (- "*i/* *+ :+ -(6n3 .6i!'2 n3 '( '*+ 33i'i(n ! ,+n !'2 (- ,ri)i(n m 2(r in i') minim6m n3 m+3i6m ,+ri(3)4 n3 (/) U,(n -i-'* (r 33i'i(n ! /(n5i/'i(n> '*+ /6!,ri' )* !! :+ )+n'+n/+3 '( '*+ ,+n !'2 ,r(5i3+3 -(r '*+ ! )' /rim+ (- "*i/* *+ :+ -(6n3 .6i!'2 n3 '( '*+ 33i'i(n ! ,+n !'2 (- ,ri)i(n m 2(r in i') m <im6m ,+ri(3 '( r+/!6)i(n '+m,(r ! in i') minim6m ,+ri(3. N('"i'*)' n3in. '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- '*i) r'i/!+> '*+ '(' ! (- '*+ '"( ,+n !'i+) '( :+ im,()+3 6,(n '*+ (--+n3+r> in /(n-(rmi'2 *+r+"i'*> )* !! in n( / )+ +</++3 AI 2+ r).
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F(r '*+ ,6r,()+ (- '*i) r'i/!+> ,+r)(n )* !! :+ 3++m+3 '( :+ * :i'6 ! 3+!in;6+n'> i) "i'*in ,+ri(3 (- '+n 2+ r) -r(m '*+ 3 '+ (- *i) r+!+ )+ (r ! )' /(n5i/'i(n (- '*+ /rim+) (- )+ri(6) (r !+)) )+ri(6) ,*2)i/ ! in76ri+)> r(:(> *6r'( +)' - (r - !)i-i/ 'i(n> *+ i) -(6n3 .6i!'2 (- n2 (- ) i3 /rim+) '*ir3 'im+ (r (-'+n+r. Par 10 A##ravatin# circumstances are not to be ta-en into account when0 a$ the) themselves constitute a crime *(. b) Kmeans of fire; arson b$ the) are included b) law in the definition of a crime Par 20 !ame rules applies when the a##ravatin# circumstance is inherent in the crime Par 3. A##ravatin# or miti#atin# circumstances arisin# from an) of the ff affect onl) those to whom such circumstances are attendant0 a$ from the moral attributes of the offender b$ from his private relations wE the offended part) c$ from an) other personal cause Par 40 the circumstances wEc consist of the ff shall serve to a##ravate and miti#ate the liabilit) onl) of those who had -nowled#e of them at the time of the commission of the offense a$ material e(ecution of the act b$ means emplo)ed to accomplish the crime Par 50 <abitual Aelin1uent is a person who within the period of 1> )ears from the date of his "last$ release or last conviction of the crimes of0 (REFIT) a$ serious or less serious ph)sical in2uries b$ robber) c$ estafa d$ falsification e$ theft is found #uilt) of an) of the said crimes a third time or oftener. /en )ear period to be computed from the time of last release or conviction !ubse1uent crime must be committed after conviction of the former crime. ases still pendin# are not to be ta-en into consideration. R* 'A'L'!, !ame title .o time fi(ed b) law !econd conviction 's not offset b) , , increases penalt) to ma(imum
<A3'/FA& A*&'.JF*. I rimes to be committed are specified 6E in 1> )ears ,ust be found #uilt) 3rd time or oftener Additional penalt) is imposed
Rulin#s on <abitual Aelin1uenc)0 a$ the law on habitual delin1uenc) does not contemplate the e(clusion from the computation of prior conviction those fallin# outside the 1> )r pd immediatel) precedin# the crime for wEc the defendant is bein# tried b$ ten )r pd is counted not from the date of commission of the subse1uent offense but to the date of conviction thereof in relation to the date of his last release or last conviction c$ when an offender has committed several crimes mentioned in the definition of habitual delin1uent, without bein# first convicted of an) of them before committin# the others, he is not a habitual delin1uent d$ convictions on the same da) or at about the same time are considered as one onl) "da)s, wee-s..$ e$ crimes committed on the same date, althou#h convictions on different dates are considered as one f$ previous convictions are considered ever) time a new offense is committed
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#$ commissions of those crimes need not be consummated h$ habitual delin1uenc) applies to accomplice and accessories as lon# as in the crimes specified i$ a crime committed in the minorit) of the offender is not counted 2$ imposition of additional penalt) is mandator) and constitutional -$ modif)in# circumstances applicable to additional penalt) l$ habitual delin1uenc) is not a crime, it is simpl) a fact or circumstance which if present #ives rise to the imposition of additional penalt) m$ penalt) for habitual delin1uenc) is a real penalt) that determines 2urisdiction n$ a habitual delin1uent is necessaril) a recidivist o$ in imposin# the additional penalt), recidivism is not a##ravatin#. /he additional penalt) must be imposed in its minimum p$ an offender can be a habitual delin1uent wEo bein# a recidivist #otes) 'n no case shall be the total penalties imposed upon the offender e(ceed 3> )ears /he law does not appl) to crimes described in Art. 155 /he imposition of the additional penalties on habitual delin1uents are constitutional, it is simpl) a punishment on future crimes on account of the criminal propensities of the accused. /he imposition of such additional penalties are mandator). <abitual delin1uenc) applies at an) sta#e of the e(ecution because sub2ectivel), the offender reveals the same de#ree of depravit) or perversit) as the one who commits a consummated crime. <abitual delin1uenc) applies to all participants because it reveals persistence in them of the inclination to wron#doin# and of the perversit) of character that led them to commit the previous crime. ases where the attendin# a##ravatin# or miti#atin# circumstances are not considered in the imposition of penalties. Penalt) that is sin#le and indivisible @elonies throu#h ne#li#ence Penalt) is a fine Penalt) is prescribed b) a special law
Ar'. EA. R6!+) -(r '*+ ,,!i/ 'i(n (- in3i5i)i:!+ ,+n !'i+). J In !! / )+) in "*i/* '*+ ! " ,r+)/ri:+) )in.!+ in3i5i)i:!+ ,+n !'2> i' )* !! :+ ,,!i+3 :2 '*+ /(6r') r+. r3!+)) (- n2 mi'i. 'in. (r ..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+) '* ' m 2 * 5+ ''+n3+3 '*+ /(mmi))i(n (- '*+ 3++3. In !! / )+) in "*i/* '*+ ! " ,r+)/ri:+) ,+n !'2 /(m,()+3 (- '"( in3i5i)i:!+ ,+n !'i+)> '*+ -(!!("in. r6!+) )* !! :+ (:)+r5+3 in '*+ ,,!i/ 'i(n '*+r+(-9 1. W*+n in '*+ /(mmi))i(n (- '*+ 3++3 '*+r+ i) ,r+)+n' (n!2 (n+ ..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+> '*+ .r+ '+r ,+n !'2 )* !! :+ ,,!i+3. B. W*+n '*+r+ r+ n+i'*+r mi'i. 'in. n(r ..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+) n3 '*+r+ i) n( ..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+> '*+ !+))+r ,+n !'2 )* !! :+ ,,!i+3. A. W*+n '*+ /(mmi))i(n (- '*+ /' i) ''+n3+3 :2 )(m+ mi'i. 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+) n3 '*+r+ i) n( ..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+> '*+ !+))+r ,+n !'2 )* !! :+ ,,!i+3. C. W*+n :('* mi'i. 'in. n3 ..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+) ''+n3+3 '*+ /(mmi))i(n (- '*+ /'> '*+ /(6r' )* !! r+ )(n :!2 !!(" '*+m '( (--)+' (n+ n('*+r in /(n)i3+r 'i(n (- '*+ir n6m:+r n3 im,(r' n/+> -(r '*+ ,6r,()+ (- ,,!2in. '*+ ,+n !'2 in //(r3 n/+ "i'* '*+ ,r+/+3in. r6!+)> //(r3in. '( '*+ r+)6!' (- )6/* /(m,+n) 'i(n.
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Art 43 applies onl) when the penalt) prescribed b) the ode is either one indivisible penalt) or 2 indivisible penalties 6hen the penalt) is composed of 2 indivisible penalties, the penalt) cannot be lowered b) one de#ree no matter how man) miti#atin# circumstances are present *(ception0 in cases of privile#ed miti#atin# circumstances Par.40 the moral value rather than the numerical wei#ht shall be ta-en into account Rules for the application of indivisible penalties Penalt) is sin#le and indivisible applied re#ardless of the presence of a##ravatin# and miti#atin# circumstances Penalt) composed of two indivisible penalties 1. %ne a##ravatin# circumstance present hi#her penalt) 2. %ne miti#atin# circumstance present lower penalt) 3. !ome miti#atin# circumstances present and no a##ravatin# lower penalt) 4. ,iti#atin# and A##ravatin# ircumstance are present basis in number and importance
Ar'. EC. R6!+) -(r '*+ ,,!i/ 'i(n (- ,+n !'i+) "*i/* /(n' in '*r++ ,+ri(3). J In / )+) in "*i/* '*+ ,+n !'i+) ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! " /(n' in '*r++ ,+ri(3)> "*+'*+r i' :+ )in.!+ 3i5i)i:!+ ,+n !'2 (r /(m,()+3 (- '*r++ 3i--+r+n' ,+n !'i+)> + /* (n+ ("*i/* -(rm) ,+ri(3 in //(r3 n/+ "i'* '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- Ar'i/!+) FE n3 FF> '*+ /(6r' )* !! (:)+r5+ -(r '*+ ,,!i/ 'i(n (- '*+ ,+n !'2 '*+ -(!!("in. r6!+)> //(r3in. '( "*+'*+r '*+r+ r+ (r r+ n(' mi'i. 'in. (r ..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+)9 1. W*+n '*+r+ r+ n+i'*+r ..r 5 'in. n(r mi'i. 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+)> '*+2 )* !! im,()+ '*+ ,+n !'2 ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! " in i') m+3i6m ,+ri(3. B. W*+n (n!2 mi'i. 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+) i) ,r+)+n' in '*+ /(mmi))i(n (- '*+ /'> '*+2 )* !! im,()+ '*+ ,+n !'2 in i') minim6m ,+ri(3. A. W*+n n ..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+ i) ,r+)+n' in '*+ /(mmi))i(n (- '*+ /'> '*+2 )* !! im,()+ '*+ ,+n !'2 in i') m <im6m ,+ri(3. C. W*+n :('* mi'i. 'in. n3 ..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+) r+ ,r+)+n'> '*+ /(6r' )* !! r+ )(n :!2 (--)+' '*()+ (- (n+ /! )) . in)' '*+ ('*+r //(r3in. '( '*+ir r+! 'i5+ "+i.*'. D. W*+n '*+r+ r+ '"( (r m(r+ mi'i. 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+) n3 n( ..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+) r+ ,r+)+n'> '*+ /(6r' )* !! im,()+ '*+ ,+n !'2 n+<' !("+r '( '* ' ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! "> in '*+ ,+ri(3 '* ' i' m 2 3++m ,,!i/ :!+> //(r3in. '( '*+ n6m:+r n3 n '6r+ (- )6/* /ir/6m)' n/+). E. W* '+5+r m 2 :+ '*+ n6m:+r n3 n '6r+ (- '*+ ..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+)> '*+ /(6r') )* !! n(' im,()+ .r+ '+r ,+n !'2 '* n '* ' ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! "> in i') m <im6m ,+ri(3. F. Wi'*in '*+ !imi') (- + /* ,+ri(3> '*+ /(6r' )* !! 3+'+rmin+ '*+ +<'+n' (- '*+ ,+n !'2 //(r3in. '( '*+ n6m:+r n3 n '6r+ (- '*+ ..r 5 'in. n3 mi'i. 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+) n3 '*+ .r+ '+r n3 !+))+r +<'+n' (- '*+ +5i! ,r(36/+3 :2 '*+ /rim+. Art 44 applies when the penalt) has 3 periods because the) are divisible. 'f the penalt) is composed of 3 different penalties, each forms a period accordin# to Art 55 Par 40 the miti#atin# circumstances must be ordinar), not privile#ed. /he a##ravatin# circumstances must be #eneric or specific, not 1ualif)in# or inherent. *(ample0 a 1ualif)in# circumstance "treacher)$ cannot be offset b) a #eneric miti#atin# circumstance "voluntar) circumstance$ /he court has discretion to impose the penalt) within the limits fi(ed b) law Art 44 not applicable when the penalt) is indivisible or prescribed b) special law or a fine Rules for the application of divisible penalties .o a##ravatin# and no miti#atin# circumstances medium period
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%ne miti#atin# circumstance minimum period %ne a##ravatin# circumstance ma(imum period ,iti#atin# and a##ravatin# circumstance o offset each other and accordin# to relative wei#ht 2 or more miti#atin# without an) a##ravatin# circumstance on de#ree lower Ar'. ED. R6!+ in / )+) in "*i/* '*+ ,+n !'2 i) n(' /(m,()+3 (- '*r++ ,+ri(3). J In / )+) in "*i/* '*+ ,+n !'2 ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! " i) n(' /(m,()+3 (- '*r++ ,+ri(3)> '*+ /(6r') )* !! ,,!2 '*+ r6!+) /(n' in+3 in '*+ -(r+.(in. r'i/!+)> 3i5i3in. in'( '*r++ +;6 ! ,(r'i(n) (- 'im+ in/!63+3 in '*+ ,+n !'2 ,r+)/ri:+3> n3 -(rmin. (n+ ,+ri(3 (- + /* (- '*+ '*r++ ,(r'i(n). 1@=P/TAT8@#.) A. .xample/ Prision )a!or 01 !rs, 2 da! to 2$ !rs3 1) )6:'r /' '*+ minim6m (3i)r+. r3 1 3 2) -r(m '*+ m <im6m 12)rs 4)rs S 4 )rs B) 3i5i3+ '*+ 3i--+r+n/+ :2 A 4 )rs E 3 S 2 )rs A) 6)+ '*+ minim6m (E 2r) n3 1 3 2) ) '*+ minim6m (- '*+ minim6m ,+ri(3. T*+n 33 '*+ B 2r) (3i)r+. r3in. '*+ 1 3 2) '( '*+ minim6m '( .+' '*+ m <im6m (- '*+ minim6m 4 )rs "minimum of the minimum$ T 2 )rs "difference$ =========================================== 9 )rs "ma(imum of the minimum$. /herefore, minimum period of prision ma)or7 4 )rs 1 da) to 9 )rs C) 6)+ '*+ m <im6m (- '*+ minim6m ,+ri(3 ) '*+ minim6m (- '*+ m+3i6m ,+ri(3 n3 33 1 3 2 '( 3i)'in.6i)* -r(m '*+ minim6m ,+ri(3. T*+n 33 B 2+ r) '( '*+ minim6m (- '*+ m+3i6m (3i)r+. r3in. '*+ 1 3 2) '( .+' '*+ m <im6m (- '*+ m+3i6m ,+ri(3. 9 )rs "minimum of the medium$ T 2 )rs "difference$ =========================================== 1> )rs "ma(imum of the medium$ /herefore, medium period of prision ma)or7 9 )rs 1 da) to 1> )rs D) 6)+ '*+ m <im6m (- '*+ m+3i6m ,+ri(3 ) '*+ minim6m (- '*+ m <im6m ,3> 33 1 3 2 '( 3i)'in.6i)* i' -r(m '*+ m+3i6m ,+ri(3. T*+n 33 B 2r) '( '*+ minim6m (- '*+ m <im6m ,3 (3i)r+. r3in. '*+ 1 3 2) '( .+' '*+ m <im6m ('*+ m <im6m ,+ri(3) 1> )rs "ma(imum of the medium$ T 2 )rs "difference$ ============================================== 12 )rs "ma(imum of the ma(imum$ /herefore, ma(imum period of prision ma)or7 1> )rs 1 da) to 12 )rs omputation above applicable to all others e(cept arresto ma)or
4. .xample/ Prision )a!or minimum 01 !rs 2 da! to 5 !rs3 onl! 1) S6:'r /' minim6m -r(m '*+ m <im6m 9)rs 4)rs S 2 )rs B) Di5i3+ '*+ 3i--+r+n/+ :2 A 2)rs E 3 S 9 months A) U)+ '*+ minim6m (- '*+ .i5+n +< m,!+ ) '*+ minim6m ,+ri(3. T*+n '( .+' '( .+' '*+ m <im6m (- '*+ minim6m> 33 '*+ G m(n'*) 4 )rs T 9 months S 4 )rs and 9 months
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/herefore, minimum of prision ma)or minimum7 4 )rs 1 da) to 4 )rs 9 months C) U)+ '*+ m <im6m (- '*+ minim6m ) '*+ minim6m (- '*+ m+3i6m ,+ri(3. A33 1 3 2 '( 3i)'in.6i)* i' -r(m '*+ m <im6m (- '*+ minim6m. A33 '*+ G m(n'*) n3 '*i) :+/(m+) '*+ m <im6m (- '*+ m+3i6m 4 )rs 9 months T 9 months S 5 )rs 4 months /herefore, the medium period of prision ma)or minimum7 4 )rs 9 mos 1 da) to 5 )rs 4 mos D) U)+ '*+ m <im6m (- '*+ m+3i6m ) '*+ minim6m ,+ri(3 (- '*+ m <im6m ,+ri(3 n3 33 1 3 2 '( 3i)'in.6i)*. A33 '*+ G m(n'*) '( .+' '*+ m <im6m ('*i) m <im6m 5 )rs 4 mos T 9 mos S 9 )rs /herefore, ma(imum of prision ma)or7 5 )rs 4 mos 1 da) to 9 )rs Ar'. EE. Im,()i'i(n (- -in+). J In im,()in. -in+) '*+ /(6r') m 2 -i< n2 m(6n' "i'*in '*+ !imi') +)' :!i)*+3 :2 ! "4 in -i<in. '*+ m(6n' in + /* / )+ ''+n'i(n )* !! :+ .i5+n> n(' (n!2 '( '*+ mi'i. 'in. n3 ..r 5 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+)> :6' m(r+ , r'i/6! r!2 '( '*+ "+ !'* (r m+ n) (- '*+ /6!,ri'. ourt must consider the followin# in imposin# the fine0 a$ miti#atin# and a##ravatin# circumstances b$ the wealth and means of the culprit 6hen the minimum of the fine is not fi(ed, the court shall have the discretion provided it does not e(ceed the amount authori8ed b) law
Ar'. EF. $+n !'2 '( :+ im,()+3 "*+n n(' !! '*+ r+;6i)i'+) (- +<+m,'i(n ('*+ -(6r'* /ir/6m)' n/+ (- Ar'i/!+ 1B r+ ,r+)+n'.J W*+n !! '*+ /(n3i'i(n) r+;6ir+3 in /ir/6m)' n/+) N6m:+r C (- Ar'i/!+ 1B (- '*i) C(3+ '( +<+m,' -r(m /rimin ! !i :i!i'2 r+ n(' ,r+)+n'> '*+ ,+n !'2 (- rr+)'( m 2(r in i') m <im6m ,+ri(3 '( ,ri)i(n /(rr+//i(n ! in i') minim6m ,+ri(3 )* !! :+ im,()+3 6,(n '*+ /6!,ri' i- *+ )* !! * 5+ :++n .6i!'2 (.r 5+ -+!(n2> n3 rr+)'( m 2(r in i') minim6m n3 m+3i6m ,+ri(3)> i- (- !+)) .r 5+ -+!(n2. Re1uisites of Art 12 par 4 a$ act causin# the in2ur) must be lawful b$ act performed wE due care c$ in2ur) was caused b) mere accident d$ no fault or intention to cause in2ur) if these conditions are not all present, then the ff penalties shall be imposed0 a$ #rave felon) arresto ma)or ma( to prision correccional min b$ less #rave felon) arresto ma)or min to arresto ma)or med
Ar'. EG. $+n !'2 '( :+ im,()+3 6,(n ,+r)(n 6n3+r +i.*'++n 2+ r) (- .+. J W*+n '*+ (--+n3+r i) min(r 6n3+r +i.*'++n 2+ r) n3 *i) / )+ i) (n+ /(min. 6n3+r '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- '*+ , r .r ,*) n+<' '( '*+ ! )' (- Ar'i/!+ GI (- '*i) C(3+> '*+ -(!!("in. r6!+) )* !! :+ (:)+r5+39 1. U,(n ,+r)(n 6n3+r -i-'++n :6' (5+r nin+ 2+ r) (- .+> "*( i) n(' +<+m,'+3 -r(m !i :i!i'2 :2 r+ )(n (- '*+ /(6r' * 5in. 3+/! r+3 '* ' *+ /'+3 "i'* 3i)/+rnm+n'> 3i)/r+'i(n r2 ,+n !'2 )* !! :+ im,()+3> :6' !" 2) !("+r :2 '"( 3+.r++) ' !+ )' '* n '* ' ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! " -(r '*+ /rim+ "*i/* *+ /(mmi''+3. B. U,(n ,+r)(n (5+r -i-'++n n3 6n3+r +i.*'++n 2+ r) (- .+ '*+ ,+n !'2 n+<' !("+r '* n '* ' ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! " )* !! :+ im,()+3> :6' !" 2) in '*+ ,r(,+r ,+ri(3.
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#otes) Art. 49 applies to such minor if his application for suspension of sentence is disapproved or if while in the reformator) institution he becomes incorri#ible in which case he shall be returned to the court for the imposition of the proper penalt). Art. 49 provides for 2 privile#ed miti#atin# circumstances 'f the act is attended b) two or more miti#atin# circumstance and no a##ravatin# circumstance, the penalt) bein# divisible a minor over 15 but under 19 ma) still #et a penalt) two de#rees lower. under 15 but over : and has acted wE discretion0 2 de#rees lower under 19 but over 150 1 de#ree lower Ar'. E@. $+n !'2 '( :+ im,()+3 "*+n '*+ /rim+ /(mmi''+3 i) n(' "*(!!2 +</6) :!+. J A ,+n !'2 !("+r :2 (n+ (r '"( 3+.r++) '* n '* ' ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! " )* !! :+ im,()+3 i- '*+ 3++3 i) n(' "*(!!2 +</6) :!+ :2 r+ )(n (- '*+ ! /? (- )(m+ (- '*+ /(n3i'i(n) r+;6ir+3 '( 76)'i-2 '*+ ) m+ (r '( +<+m,' -r(m /rimin ! !i :i!i'2 in '*+ )+5+r ! / )+) m+n'i(n+3 in Ar'i/!+ 11 n3 1B> ,r(5i3+3 '* ' '*+ m 7(ri'2 ()6/* /(n3i'i(n) :+ ,r+)+n'. T*+ /(6r') )* !! im,()+ '*+ ,+n !'2 in '*+ ,+ri(3 "*i/* m 2 :+ 3++m+3 ,r(,+r> in 5i+" (- '*+ n6m:+r n3 n '6r+ (- '*+ /(n3i'i(n) (- +<+m,'i(n ,r+)+n' (r ! /?in.. Penalt) to be imposed when the crime committed is not wholl) e(cusable 1 or 2 de#rees lower if the ma2orit) of the conditions for 2ustification or e(emption in the cases provided in Arts. 11 and 12 are present.
Ar'. FI. S6//+))i5+ )+r5i/+ (- )+n'+n/+. J W*+n '*+ /6!,ri' * ) '( )+r5+ '"( (r m(r+ ,+n !'i+)> *+ )* !! )+r5+ '*+m )im6!' n+(6)!2 i- '*+ n '6r+ (- '*+ ,+n !'i+) "i!! )( ,+rmi' ('*+r"i)+> '*+ -(!!("in. r6!+) )* !! :+ (:)+r5+39 In '*+ im,()i'i(n (- '*+ ,+n !'i+)> '*+ (r3+r (- '*+ir r+),+/'i5+ )+5+ri'2 )* !! :+ -(!!("+3 )( '* ' '*+2 m 2 :+ +<+/6'+3 )6//+))i5+!2 (r ) n+ r!2 ) m 2 :+ ,())i:!+> )*(6!3 , r3(n * 5+ :++n .r n'+3 ) '( '*+ ,+n !'2 (r ,+n !'i+) -ir)' im,()+3> (r )*(6!3 '*+2 * 5+ :++n )+r5+3 (6'. F(r '*+ ,6r,()+ (- ,,!2in. '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- '*+ n+<' ,r+/+3in. , r .r ,* '*+ r+),+/'i5+ )+5+ri'2 (- '*+ ,+n !'i+) )* !! :+ 3+'+rmin+3 in //(r3 n/+ "i'* '*+ -(!!("in. )/ !+9 1. D+ '*> B. R+/!6)i(n ,+r,+'6 > A. R+/!6)i(n '+m,(r !> C. $ri)i(n m 2(r> D. $ri)i(n /(rr+//i(n !> E. Arr+)'( m 2(r> F. Arr+)'( m+n(r> G. D+)'i+rr(> @. $+r,+'6 ! :)(!6'+ 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n> 1I T+m,(r ! :)(!6'+ 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n. 11. S6),+n)i(n -r(m ,6:!i/ (--i/+> '*+ ri.*' '( 5('+ n3 :+ 5('+3 -(r> '*+ ri.*' '( -(!!(" ,r(-+))i(n (r / !!in.> n3 1B. $6:!i/ /+n)6r+. N('"i'*)' n3in. '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- '*+ r6!+ n+<' ,r+/+3in.> '*+ m <im6m 36r 'i(n (- '*+ /(n5i/'K) )+n'+n/+ )* !! n(' :+ m(r+ '* n '*r++H-(!3 '*+ !+n.'* (- 'im+ /(rr+),(n3in. '( '*+ m()' )+5+r+ (- '*+ ,+n !'i+) im,()+3 6,(n *im. N( ('*+r ,+n !'2 '( "*i/* *+ m 2 :+ !i :!+ )* !! :+ in-!i/'+3 -'+r '*+ )6m '(' ! (- '*()+ im,()+3 +;6 !) '*+ ) m+ m <im6m ,+ri(3. S6/* m <im6m ,+ri(3 )* !! in n( / )+ +</++3 -(r'2 2+ r). In ,,!2in. '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- '*i) r6!+ '*+ 36r 'i(n (- ,+r,+'6 ! ,+n !'i+) ( ,+n ,+r,+'6 ) )* !! :+ /(m,6'+3 ' '*ir'2 2+ r). (A) m+n3+3).
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,a(imum duration of the convict+s sentence0 3 times the most severe penalt) ,a( period shall not e(ceed 4> )ears !ubsidiar) imprisonment this shall be e(cluded in computin# for the ma(imum duration *(ample0 Duan has 1> sentences of 4 months and 1 da) each and a fine of 1>>>. <e was not able to pa) the fine. /herefore, he must serve subsidiar) penalt) after 19 months and 3 da)s in 2ail. "per Dud#e ,abalot$
Ar'. F1. Gr 36 '+3 )/ !+). J In '*+ / )+ in "*i/* '*+ ! " ,r+)/ri:+3 ,+n !'2 !("+r (r *i.*+r :2 (n+ (r m(r+ 3+.r++) '* n n('*+r .i5+n ,+n !'2> '*+ r6!+) ,r+)/ri:+3 in Ar'i/!+ E1 )* !! :+ (:)+r5+3 in .r 36 'in. )6/* ,+n !'2. T*+ !("+r (r *i.*+r ,+n !'2 )* !! :+ ' ?+n -r(m '*+ .r 36 '+3 )/ !+ in "*i/* i) /(m,ri)+3 '*+ .i5+n ,+n !'2. T*+ /(6r')> in ,,!2in. )6/* !("+r (r *i.*+r ,+n !'2> )* !! (:)+r5+ '*+ -(!!("in. .r 36 '+3 )/ !+)9 SCALE NO. 1 1. D+ '*> B. R+/!6)i(n ,+r,+'6 > A. R+/!6)i(n '+m,(r !> C. $ri)i(n m 2(r> D. $ri)i(n /(rr+//i(n !> E. Arr+)'( m 2(r> F. D+)'i+rr(> G. Arr+)'( m+n(r> @. $6:!i/ /+n)6r+> 1I. Fin+. SCALE NO. B 1. $+r,+'6 ! :)(!6'+ 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n> B. T+m,(r ! :)(!6'+ 3i);6 !i-i/ 'i(n A. S6),+n)i(n -r(m ,6:!i/ (--i/+> '*+ ri.*' '( 5('+ n3 :+ 5('+3 -(r> '*+ ri.*' '( -(!!(" ,r(-+))i(n (r / !!in.> C. $6:!i/ /+n)6r+> D. Fin+. Ar'. FB. $r+-+r+n/+ in '*+ , 2m+n' (- '*+ /i5i! !i :i!i'i+). J T*+ /i5i! !i :i!i'i+) (- ,+r)(n -(6n3 .6i!'2 (- '"( (r m(r+ (--+n)+) )* !! :+ ) 'i)-i+3 :2 -(!!("in. '*+ /*r(n(!(.i/ ! (r3+r (- '*+ 3 '+) (- '*+ 763.m+n') r+n3+r+3 . in)' *im> :+.innin. "i'* '*+ -ir)' in (r3+r (- 'im+. the penalties shall be satisfied accordin# to the scale of Art 5>
Ar'. FA. $r+)6m,'i(n in r+. r3 '( '*+ im,()i'i(n (- //+))(r2 ,+n !'i+). J W*+n+5+r '*+ /(6r') )* !! im,()+ ,+n !'2 "*i/*> :2 ,r(5i)i(n (! "> / rri+) "i'* i' ('*+r ,+n !'i+)> //(r3in. '( '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- Ar'i/!+) CI> C1> CB> CA n3 CC (- '*i) C(3+> i' m6)' :+ 6n3+r)'((3 '* ' '*+ //+))(r2 ,+n !'i+) r+ !)( im,()+3 6,(n '*+ /(n5i/'. subsidiar) penalties are deemed imposed. <owever, the subsidiar) imprisonment must be e(pressl) stated in the decision.
Ar'. FC. $+n !'2 *i.*+r '* n r+/!6)i(n ,+r,+'6 in /+r' in / )+). J In / )+) in "*i/* '*+ ! " ,r+)/ri:+) ,+n !'2 *i.*+r '* n n('*+r .i5+n ,+n !'2> "i'*(6' ),+/i !!2 3+)i.n 'in. '*+ n m+ (- '*+ -(rm+r> i- )6/* *i.*+r ,+n !'2 )*(6!3 :+ '* '
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(- 3+ '*> '*+ ) m+ ,+n !'2 n3 '*+ //+))(r2 ,+n !'i+) (- Ar'i/!+ CI> )* !! :+ /(n)i3+r+3 ) '*+ n+<' *i.*+r ,+n !'2. if the decision or law sa)s hi#her than RP or 2 de#rees than R/, then the penalt) imposed is RP or R/ as the case ma) be. Aeath must be desi#nated b) name. <owever, for the other penalties, this does not appl). *(ample0 the penalt) for crime B is 2 de#rees lower than RP. /he penalt) imposed is prision ma)or.
Ar'. FD. In/r+ )in. (r r+36/in. '*+ ,+n !'2 (- -in+ :2 (n+ (r m(r+ 3+.r++). J W*+n+5+r i' m 2 :+ n+/+)) r2 '( in/r+ )+ (r r+36/+ '*+ ,+n !'2 (- -in+ :2 (n+ (r m(r+ 3+.r++)> i' )* !! :+ in/r+ )+3 (r r+36/+3> r+),+/'i5+!2> -(r + /* 3+.r++> :2 (n+H-(6r'* (- '*+ m <im6m m(6n' ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! "> "i'*(6' *("+5+r> /* n.in. '*+ minim6m. T*+ ) m+ r6!+) )* !! :+ (:)+r5+3 "i'* r+. r3 (- -in+) '* ' 3( n(' /(n)i)' (-i<+3 m(6n'> :6' r+ m 3+ ,r(,(r'i(n !. To get the lower degree/ ,a(0 reduce b) one=fourth ,in0 the same
Ar'. FE. L+. ! ,+ri(3 (- 36r 'i(n (- 3i5i)i:!+ ,+n !'i+). J T*+ !+. ! ,+ri(3 (36r 'i(n (- 3i5i)i:!+ ,+n !'i+) )* !! :+ /(n)i3+r+3 ) 3i5i3+3 in'( '*r++ , r')> -(rmin. '*r++ ,+ri(3)> '*+ minim6m> '*+ m+3i6m> n3 '*+ m <im6m in '*+ m nn+r )*("n in '*+ -(!!("in. ' :!+9
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Ar'. FF. W*+n '*+ ,+n !'2 i) /(m,!+< (n+ /(m,()+3 (- '*r++ 3i)'in/' ,+n !'i+). J In / )+) in "*i/* '*+ ! " ,r+)/ri:+) ,+n !'2 /(m,()+3 (- '*r++ 3i)'in/' ,+n !'i+)> + /* (n+ )* !! -(rm ,+ri(34 '*+ !i.*'+)' (- '*+m )* !! :+ '*+ minim6m '*+ n+<' '*+ m+3i6m> n3 '*+ m()' )+5+r+ '*+ m <im6m ,+ri(3. W*+n+5+r '*+ ,+n !'2 ,r+)/ri:+3 3(+) n(' * 5+ (n+ (- '*+ -(rm) ),+/i !!2 ,r(5i3+3 -(r in '*i) C(3+> '*+ ,+ri(3) )* !! :+ 3i)'ri:6'+3> ,,!2in. :2 n !(.2 '*+ ,r+)/ri:+3 r6!+). if there are 3 distinct penalties7 there shall be a minimum, a medium and a ma(imum *(ample0 Reclusion temporal ma( to death
Ar'. FG. W*+n n3 *(" ,+n !'2 i) '( :+ +<+/6'+3. J N( ,+n !'2 )* !! :+ +<+/6'+3 +</+,' :2 5ir'6+ (- -in ! 763.m+n'. A ,+n !'2 )* !! n(' :+ +<+/6'+3 in n2 ('*+r -(rm '* n '* ' ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ! "> n(r "i'* n2 ('*+r /ir/6m)' n/+) (r in/i3+n') '* n '*()+ +<,r+))!2 6'*(ri1+3 '*+r+:2. In 33i'i(n '( '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- '*+ ! "> '*+ ),+/i ! r+.6! 'i(n) ,r+)/ri:+3 -(r '*+ .(5+rnm+n' (- '*+ in)'i'6'i(n) in "*i/* '*+ ,+n !'i+) r+ '( :+ )6--+r+3 )* !! :+ (:)+r5+3 "i'* r+. r3 '( '*+ /* r /'+r (- '*+ "(r? '( :+ ,+r-(rm+3> '*+ 'im+ (- i') ,+r-(rm n/+> n3 ('*+r in/i3+n') /(nn+/'+3 '*+r+"i'*> '*+ r+! 'i(n) (- '*+ /(n5i/') m(n. '*+m)+!5+) n3 ('*+r ,+r)(n)> '*+ r+!i+- "*i/* '*+2 m 2 r+/+i5+> n3 '*+ir 3i+'. T*+ r+.6! 'i(n) )* !! m ?+ ,r(5i)i(n -(r '*+ )+, r 'i(n (- '*+ )+<+) in 3i--+r+n' in)'i'6'i(n)> (r ' !+ )' in'( 3i--+r+n' 3+, r'm+n') n3 !)( -(r '*+ /(rr+/'i(n n3 r+-(rm (- '*+ /(n5i/'). %nl) penalt) b) final 2ud#ment can be e(ecuted. Dud#ment is final if the accused has not appealed within 15 da)s or he has e(pressl) waived in writin# that he will not appeal. /here could be no subsidiar) liabilit) if it was not e(pressl) ordered in the 2ud#ment
Ar'. F@. S6),+n)i(n (- '*+ +<+/6'i(n n3 )+r5i/+ (- '*+ ,+n !'i+) in / )+ (in) ni'2. J W*+n /(n5i/' )* !! :+/(m+ in) n+ (r n im:+/i!+ -'+r -in ! )+n'+n/+ * ) :++n ,r(n(6n/+3> '*+ +<+/6'i(n (- ) i3 )+n'+n/+ )* !! :+ )6),+n3+3 (n!2 "i'* r+. r3 '( '*+ ,+r)(n ! ,+n !'2> '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- '*+ )+/(n3 , r .r ,* (- /ir/6m)' n/+ n6m:+r 1 (- r'i/!+ 1B :+in. (:)+r5+3 in '*+ /(rr+),(n3in. / )+). I- ' n2 'im+ '*+ /(n5i/' )* !! r+/(5+r *i) r+ )(n> *i) )+n'+n/+ )* !! :+ +<+/6'+3> 6n!+)) '*+ ,+n !'2 )* !! * 5+ ,r+)/ri:+3 in //(r3 n/+ "i'* '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- '*i) C(3+. T*+ r+),+/'i5+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- '*i) )+/'i(n )* !! !)( :+ (:)+r5+3 i- '*+ in) ni'2 (r im:+/i!i'2 (//6r) "*i!+ '*+ /(n5i/' i) )+r5in. *i) )+n'+n/+ ases of insanit)0 a$ after final sentence, suspend the sentence re#ardin# the personal penalties b$ if he recovers, the sentence is e(ecuted unless it has prescribed c$ the pa)ment of civil of pecuniar) liabilities shall not be suspended Art 9> "as amended b) PA 4>30 hild and Iouth 6elfare ode$ a$ )outhful offender over : but under 19 at time of the commission of the offense b$ a )outhful offender held for e(amination or trial who cannot furnish bail will be committed to the A!6AElocal rehab center or detention home
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c$ 2ud#ment of the court shall not be pronounced but suspended e(cept for the ff cases0 1. those who previousl) en2o)ed a suspension of sentence 2. those convicted of death or life imprisonment 3. those convicted for an offense b) the militar) tribunals d$ the A!6A ma) dismiss the case if the )outh behaves properl) e$ the records of the proceedin# shall be privile#ed and shall not be disclosed f$ the civil liabilit) of the )outhful offender ma) be voluntar) assumed b) a relative or a friend #$ the parent or #uardian of the child is liable when he aids, abets or connives wE the commission of the crime or does an act producin#, promotin# or contributin# to the child+s bein# a 2uvenile delin1uent. h$ /he penalties for the parent or #uardian0 @ine not e(ceedin# 5>> andEor imprisonment not e(ceedin# 2 )ears Ar'. G1. W*+n n3 *(" '*+ 3+ '* ,+n !'2 i) '( :+ +<+/6'+3. J T*+ 3+ '* )+n'+n/+ )* !! :+ +<+/6'+3 "i'* r+-+r+n/+ '( n2 ('*+r n3 )* !! /(n)i)' in ,6''in. '*+ ,+r)(n 6n3+r )+n'+n/+ '( 3+ '* :2 +!+/'r(/6'i(n. T*+ 3+ '* )+n'+n/+ )* !! :+ +<+/6'+3 6n3+r '*+ 6'*(ri'2 (- '*+ Dir+/'(r (- $ri)(n)> +n3+ 5(rin. )( - r ) ,())i:!+ '( mi'i. '+ '*+ )6--+rin.) (- '*+ ,+r)(n 6n3+r )+n'+n/+ 36rin. +!+/'r(/6'i(n ) "+!! ) 36rin. '*+ ,r(/++3in.) ,ri(r '( '*+ +<+/6'i(n. I- '*+ ,+r)(n 6n3+r )+n'+n/+ )( 3+)ir+)> *+ )* !! :+ n +)'*+'i1+3 ' '*+ m(m+n' (- '*+ +!+/'r(/6'i(n. Ar'. GB. N('i-i/ 'i(n n3 +<+/6'i(n (- '*+ )+n'+n/+ n3 ))i)' n/+ '( '*+ /6!,ri'. J T*+ /(6r' )* !! 3+)i.n '+ "(r?in. 3 2 -(r '*+ +<+/6'i(n :6' n(' '*+ *(6r '*+r+(-4 n3 )6/* 3+)i.n 'i(n )* !! n(' :+ /(mm6ni/ '+3 '( '*+ (--+n3+r :+-(r+ )6nri)+ (- ) i3 3 2> n3 '*+ +<+/6'i(n )* !! n(' ' ?+ ,! /+ 6n'i! -'+r '*+ +<,ir 'i(n (- ' !+ )' +i.*' *(6r) -(!!("in. '*+ n('i-i/ 'i(n> :6' :+-(r+ )6n)+'. D6rin. '*+ in'+r5 ! :+'"++n '*+ n('i-i/ 'i(n n3 '*+ +<+/6'i(n> '*+ /6!,ri' )* !!> in )( - r ) ,())i:!+> :+ -6rni)*+3 )6/* ))i)' n/+ ) *+ m 2 r+;6+)' in (r3+r '( :+ ''+n3+3 in *i) ! )' m(m+n') :2 ,ri+)') (r mini)'+r) (- '*+ r+!i.i(n *+ ,r(-+))+) n3 '( /(n)6!' ! "2+r)> ) "+!! ) in (r3+r '( m ?+ "i!! n3 /(n-+r "i'* m+m:+r) (- *i) - mi!2 (r ,+r)(n) in /* r.+ (- '*+ m n .+m+n' (- *i) :6)in+))> (- '*+ 3mini)'r 'i(n (- *i) ,r(,+r'2> (r (- '*+ / r+ (- *i) 3+)/+n3 n'). Aesi#nate a wor-in# da) wEc shall not be communicated to the offender before the sunrise of said da). /he e(ecution shall not ta-e place until after the e(piration of at least 9 hrs followin# such notification. <e can e(ecute a will.
Ar'. GA. S6),+n)i(n (- '*+ +<+/6'i(n (- '*+ 3+ '* )+n'+n/+. J T*+ 3+ '* )+n'+n/+ )* !! n(' :+ in-!i/'+3 6,(n "(m n "i'*in '*+ '*r++ 2+ r) n+<' -(!!("in. '*+ 3 '+ (- '*+ )+n'+n/+ (r "*i!+ )*+ i) ,r+.n n'> n(r 6,(n n2 ,+r)(n (5+r )+5+n'2 2+ r) (- .+. In '*i) ! )' / )+> '*+ 3+ '* )+n'+n/+ )* !! :+ /(mm6'+3 '( '*+ ,+n !'2 (- r+/!6)i(n ,+r,+'6 "i'* '*+ //+))(r2 ,+n !'i+) ,r(5i3+3 in Ar'i/!+ CI. Aeath sentence commuted to RP0 a$ woman, within 3 )ears, followin# the date of sentence b$ woman, while pre#nant c$ person over 5> )ears old.
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Ar'. GC. $! /+ (- +<+/6'i(n n3 ,+r)(n) "*( m 2 "i'n+)) '*+ ) m+. J T*+ +<+/6'i(n )* !! ' ?+ ,! /+ in '*+ ,+ni'+n'i r2 (- Bi!i:i3 in ), /+ /!()+3 '( '*+ ,6:!i/ 5i+" n3 )* !! :+ "i'n+))+3 (n!2 :2 '*+ ,ri+)') ))i)'in. '*+ (--+n3+r n3 :2 *i) ! "2+r)> n3 :2 *i) r+! 'i5+)> n(' +</++3in. )i<> i- *+ )( r+;6+)'> :2 '*+ ,*2)i/i n n3 '*+ n+/+)) r2 ,+r)(nn+! (- '*+ ,+n ! +)' :!i)*m+n'> n3 :2 )6/* ,+r)(n) ) '*+ Dir+/'(r (- $ri)(n) m 2 6'*(ri1+. Ar'. GD. $r(5i)i(n) r+! 'i5+ '( '*+ /(r,)+ (- '*+ ,+r)(n +<+/6'+3 n3 i') :6ri !. J Un!+)) /! im+3 :2 *i) - mi!2> '*+ /(r,)+ (- '*+ /6!,ri' )* !!> 6,(n '*+ /(m,!+'i(n (- '*+ !+. ! ,r(/++3in.) )6:)+;6+n' '( '*+ +<+/6'i(n> :+ '6rn+3 (5+r '( '*+ in)'i'6'+ (- !+ rnin. (r )/i+n'i-i/ r+)+ r/* -ir)' ,,!2in. -(r i'> -(r '*+ ,6r,()+ (- )'632 n3 in5+)'i. 'i(n> ,r(5i3+3 '* ' )6/* in)'i'6'+ )* !! ' ?+ /* r.+ (- '*+ 3+/+n' :6ri ! (- '*+ r+m in). O'*+r"i)+> '*+ Dir+/'(r (- $ri)(n) )* !! (r3+r '*+ :6ri ! (- '*+ :(32 (- '*+ /6!,ri' ' .(5+rnm+n' +<,+n)+> .r n'in. ,+rmi))i(n '( :+ ,r+)+n' '*+r+ ' '( '*+ m+m:+r) (- '*+ - mi!2 (- '*+ /6!,ri' n3 '*+ -ri+n3) ('*+ ! ''+r. In n( / )+ )* !! '*+ :6ri ! (- '*+ :(32 (- ,+r)(n )+n'+n/+3 '( 3+ '* :+ *+!3 "i'* ,(m,. Ar'. GE. R+/!6)i(n ,+r,+'6 > r+/!6)i(n '+m,(r !> ,ri)i(n m 2(r> ,ri)i(n /(rr+//i(n ! n3 rr+)'( m 2(r. J T*+ ,+n !'i+) (- r+/!6)i(n ,+r,+'6 > r+/!6)i(n '+m,(r !> ,ri)i(n m 2(r> ,ri)i(n /(rr+//i(n ! n3 rr+)'( m 2(r> )* !! :+ +<+/6'+3 n3 )+r5+3 in '*+ ,! /+) n3 ,+n ! +)' :!i)*m+n') ,r(5i3+3 :2 '*+ A3mini)'r 'i5+ C(3+ in -(r/+ (r "*i/* m 2 :+ ,r(5i3+3 :2 ! " in '*+ -6'6r+. Ar'. GF. D+)'i+rr(. J An2 ,+r)(n )+n'+n/+3 '( 3+)'i+rr( )* !! n(' :+ ,+rmi''+3 '( +n'+r '*+ ,! /+ (r ,! /+) 3+)i.n '+3 in '*+ )+n'+n/+> n(r "i'*in '*+ r 3i6) '*+r+in ),+/i-i+3> "*i/* )* !! :+ n(' m(r+ '* n BDI n3 n(' !+)) '* n BD ?i!(m+'+r) -r(m '*+ ,! /+ 3+)i.n '+3. Aestierro shall be imposed in the ff cases0 a$ death or serious ph)sical in2uries is caused or are inflicted under e(ceptional circumstance b$ person fails to #ive bond for #od behavior c$ concubine+s penalt) for the crime of concubina#e d$ lowerin# the penalt) b) de#rees *(ecution of Aistierro a$ onvict shall not be permitted to enter the place desi#nated in the sentence nor within the radius specified, which shall not be more than 25> and not less than 25 -m from the place desi#nated. b$ 'f the convict enters the prohibited area, he commits evasion of sentence
Ar'. GG. Arr+)'( m+n(r. J T*+ ,+n !'2 (- rr+)'( m+n(r )* !! :+ )+r5+3 in '*+ m6ni/i, ! 7 i!> (r in '*+ *(6)+ (- '*+ 3+-+n3 n' *im)+!- 6n3+r '*+ )6r5+i!! n/+ (- n (--i/+r (- '*+ ! "> "*+n '*+ /(6r' )( ,r(5i3+) in i') 3+/i)i(n> ' ?in. in'( /(n)i3+r 'i(n '*+ *+ !'* (- '*+ (--+n3+r n3 ('*+r r+ )(n) "*i/* m 2 )++m ) 'i)- /'(r2 '( i'. !erved where0 'n the municipal 2ail 'n the house of the offender, but under the surveillance of an officer of the law whenever the court so provides in the decision due to the health of the offender. 3ut
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the reason is not satisfactor) 2ust because the offender is a respectable member of the communit) Ar'. G@. %(" /rimin ! !i :i!i'2 i) '(' !!2 +<'in.6i)*+3. J Crimin ! !i :i!i'2 i) '(' !!2 +<'in.6i)*+39 (1) B2 '*+ 3+ '* (- '*+ /(n5i/'> ) '( '*+ ,+r)(n ! ,+n !'i+) n3 ) '( ,+/6ni r2 ,+n !'i+)> !i :i!i'2 '*+r+-(r i) +<'in.6i)*+3 (n!2 "*+n '*+ 3+ '* (- '*+ (--+n3+r (//6r) :+-(r+ -in ! 763.m+n'. *(tin#uishment of criminal liabilit) is a #round of motion to 1uash riminal liabilit) whether before or after final 2ud#ment is e(tin#uished upon death because it is a personal penalt) Pecuniar) penalt) is e(tin#uished onl) when death occurs before final 2ud#ement. /he death of the offended part) however does not e(tin#uish criminal liabilit) of the accused because it is a crime a#ainst the state. (B) B2 )+r5i/+ (- '*+ )+n'+n/+ rime is a debt, hence e(tin#uished upon pa)ment !ervice does not e(tin#uish civil liabilit) Amnest) is an act of the soverei#n power #rantin# oblivion or #eneral pardon. 't wipes all traces and vesti#es of the crime but does not e(tin#uish civil liabilit). (A) B2 :)(!6'+ , r3(n Pardon an act of #race proceedin# from the power entrusted wE the e(ecution of laws, which e(empts the individual from the punishment the law inflicts for the crime. A,.*!/I *(tended to classes of persons who ma) be #uilt) of political offenses *(ercised even before trial or investi#ation &oo-s bac-ward and abolishes the offense itself Aoes not e(tin#uish civil liabilit) A public act that needs the declaration of the president with the concurrence of on#ress ourts should ta-e 2udicial notice PARA%. *(ercised individuall) b) the president *(ercised when one is convicted &oo-s forward and relieves the offender of the conse1uences !ame A private act of the president ,ust be pleaded and proved
(C) B2 ,r+)/ri,'i(n (- '*+ /rim+ 6hen the crime prescribes, the state loses the ri#ht to prosecute Prescription of a crime is the lossEforfeiture of the ri#ht of the state to prosecute the offender after the lapse of a certain time. (D) B2 ,r+)/ri,'i(n (- '*+ ,+n !'2 means the lossEforfeiture of the ri#ht of #overnment to e(ecute the final sentence after the lapse of a certain time. onditions0 there must be final 2ud#ement and the period has elapsed. (E) B2 '*+ m rri .+ (- '*+ (--+n3+3 "(m n> ) ,r(5i3+3 in Ar' ACC (- '*i) C(3+ Ar'. @I. $r+)/ri,'i(n (- /rim+. J Crim+) ,6ni)* :!+ :2 3+ '*> r+/!6)i(n ,+r,+'6 (r r+/!6)i(n '+m,(r ! )* !! ,r+)/ri:+ in '"+n'2 2+ r). Crim+) ,6ni)* :!+ :2 ('*+r --!i/'i5+ ,+n !'i+) )* !! ,r+)/ri:+ in -i-'++n 2+ r). T*()+ ,6ni)* :!+ :2 /(rr+/'i(n ! ,+n !'2 )* !! ,r+)/ri:+ in '+n 2+ r)4 "i'* '*+ +</+,'i(n (- '*()+ ,6ni)* :!+ :2 rr+)'( m 2(r> "*i/* )* !! ,r+)/ri:+ in -i5+ 2+ r). T*+ /rim+ (- !i:+! (r ('*+r )imi! r (--+n)+) )* !! ,r+)/ri:+ in (n+ 2+ r. T*+ /rim+ (- (r ! 3+- m 'i(n n3 )! n3+r :2 3++3 )* !! ,r+)/ri:+ in )i< m(n'*).
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Li.*' (--+n)+) ,r+)/ri:+ in '"( m(n'*). W*+n '*+ ,+n !'2 -i<+3 :2 ! " i) /(m,(6n3 (n+> '*+ *i.*+)' ,+n !'2 )* !! :+ m 3+ '*+ : )i) (- '*+ ,,!i/ 'i(n (- '*+ r6!+) /(n' in+3 in '*+ -ir)'> )+/(n3 n3 '*ir3 , r .r ,*) (- '*i) r'i/!+. (A) m+n3+3 :2 RA CEE1> ,,r(5+3 J6n+ 1@> 1@EE.) 'n computin# for the period, the first da) is e(cluded and the last da) included. !ub2ect to leap )ears 6hen the last da) of the prescriptive period falls on a !unda) or a le#al holida), the info can no lon#er be filed the ff da) !imple slander prescribes in 2 months and #rave slander in 4 months !ince destierro is a correctional penalt), it prescribes in 1> )ears. Afflictive penalties, 15 )ears. 'f compound penalt), basis will be the hi#hest penalt) 'f fine is an alternative penalt) "imposed to#ether wE a penalt) lower than the fine$, fine shall be the basis Prescription be#ins to run from the discover) thereof. 'nterrupted when proceedin#s are instituted and shall be#in to run a#ain when the proceedin#s are dismissed. 'f an accused fails to move to 1uash before pleadin#, he is deemed to have waived all ob2ections. Prescription does not ta-e awa) the court+s 2urisdiction but onl) absolves the defendant and ac1uits him.
Ar'. @1. C(m,6' 'i(n (- ,r+)/ri,'i(n (- (--+n)+). J T*+ ,+ri(3 (,r+)/ri,'i(n )* !! /(mm+n/+ '( r6n -r(m '*+ 3 2 (n "*i/* '*+ /rim+ i) 3i)/(5+r+3 :2 '*+ (--+n3+3 , r'2> '*+ 6'*(ri'i+)> (r '*+ir .+n')> n3 )* !! :+ in'+rr6,'+3 :2 '*+ -i!in. (- '*+ /(m,! in' (r in-(rm 'i(n> n3 )* !! /(mm+n/+ '( r6n . in "*+n )6/* ,r(/++3in.) '+rmin '+ "i'*(6' '*+ //6)+3 :+in. /(n5i/'+3 (r /;6i''+3> (r r+ 6n76)'i-i :!2 )'(,,+3 -(r n2 r+ )(n n(' im,6' :!+ '( *im. T*+ '+rm (- ,r+)/ri,'i(n )* !! n(' r6n "*+n '*+ (--+n3+r i) :)+n' -r(m '*+ $*i!i,,in+ Ar/*i,+! .(. 'f there is nothin# concealed "appears in a public document$, the crime commences to run on the date of the commission Period of prescription for crimes that is continuin# never runs rime needs to be discovered b)0 a$ offended part) b$ authorities c$ their a#ents 'f a person witnesses the crime but onl) tells the authorities 25 )ears later, prescription commences on the da) the authorities were told.
5hat interrupts prescription9 a$ preliminar) e(amination or investi#ation wEc is similar to 2udicial proceedin# b$ filin# the proper complaint wE the fiscal+s office and the prosecutor. Police not included. c$ @ilin# complaint with the court that has proper 2urisdiction 6hen the period commences to run a#ain a$ 6hen the proceedin# is terminated without the accused bein# convicted or ac1uitted b$ 6hen the proceedin# is un2ustifiabl) stopped for a reason not imputable to the offender Kwhen such proceedin#s terminate; termination that is final7 an unappealed conviction or ac1uittal
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Kun2ustifiabl) stopped for an) reason; e(ample0 accused evades arrest, proceedin#s must be stopped Art :1 applies to a special law when said law does not provide for the application but onl) provides for the period of prescription
Ar'. @B. W*+n n3 *(" ,+n !'i+) ,r+)/ri:+. J T*+ ,+n !'i+) im,()+3 :2 -in ! )+n'+n/+ ,r+)/ri:+ ) -(!!(")9 1. D+ '* n3 r+/!6)i(n ,+r,+'6 > in '"+n'2 2+ r)4 B. O'*+r --!i/'i5+ ,+n !'i+)> in -i-'++n 2+ r)4 A. C(rr+/'i(n ! ,+n !'i+)> in '+n 2+ r)4 "i'* '*+ +</+,'i(n (- '*+ ,+n !'2 (rr+)'( m 2(r> "*i/* ,r+)/ri:+) in -i5+ 2+ r)4 C. Li.*' ,+n !'i+)> in (n+ 2+ r. .ote that final sentence must be imposed 'f a convict can avail of miti#atin# circumstances and the penalt) is lowered, it is still the ori#inal penalt) that is used as the basis for prescription. <owever, if the convict alread) serves a portion of his sentence and escapes after, the penalt) that was imposed "not the ori#inal$ shall be the basis for prescription @ines less than 2>> fall under li#ht penalt). /hose above are correccional.
Ar'. @A. C(m,6' 'i(n (- '*+ ,r+)/ri,'i(n (- ,+n !'i+). J T*+ ,+ri(3 (,r+)/ri,'i(n (- ,+n !'i+) )* !! /(mm+n/+ '( r6n -r(m '*+ 3 '+ "*+n '*+ /6!,ri' )*(6!3 +5 3+ '*+ )+r5i/+ (- *i) )+n'+n/+> n3 i' )* !! :+ in'+rr6,'+3 i- '*+ 3+-+n3 n' )*(6!3 .i5+ *im)+!- 6,> :+ / ,'6r+3> )*(6!3 .( '( )(m+ -(r+i.n /(6n'r2 "i'* "*i/* '*i) G(5+rnm+n' * ) n( +<'r 3i'i(n 'r+ '2> (r )*(6!3 /(mmi' n('*+r /rim+ :+-(r+ '*+ +<,ir 'i(n (- '*+ ,+ri(3 (- ,r+)/ri,'i(n. *lements0 a$ penalt) is final b$ convict evaded the sentence c$ convict has not #iven himself up d$ penalt) has prescribed because of lapse of time from the date of the evasion of the service of the sentence 'nterruption of the period 'f the defendant surrenders 'f he is captured 'f he should #o into a forei#n countr) with which the Philippines has no e(tradition treat) 'f he should commit another crime before the e(piration of the period of prescription Acceptance of a conditional pardon"People v. Puntilos, 'f a #overnment has an e(tradition treat) wE the countr) to wEc a convict escaped and the crime is not included in the treat), the runnin# of the prescription is interrupted !entence evasion clearl) starts the runnin# of the prescription. 't does not interrupt it. Acceptance of the conditional pardon interrupts the prescriptive period. Rolito Co case0 since he was captured, he is onl) supposed to serve the remainder of his sentence. Reason0 durin# the period he escaped, his e(istence is one of fear and discomfort
Ar'. @C. $ r'i ! E<'in/'i(n (- /rimin ! !i :i!i'2. J Crimin ! !i :i!i'2 i) +<'in.6i)*+3 , r'i !!29 1. B2 /(n3i'i(n ! , r3(n4 B. B2 /(mm6' 'i(n (- '*+ )+n'+n/+4 n3
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A. F(r .((3 /(n36/' )+r5in. *i) )+n'+n/+.
!!(" n/+) "*i/* '*+ /6!,ri' m 2 + rn "*i!+ *+ i)
C(n3i'i(n ! , r3(n contract between the soverei#n power of the e(ecutive and the convict onvict shall not violate an) of the penal laws of the Philippines Liolation of conditions0 %ffender is re=arrested and re=incarcerated Prosecution under Art. 15: C(mm6' 'i(n chan#e in the decision of the court b) the chief re#ardin# the "1$ de#ree of the penalt)7 "2$ b) decreasin# the len#th of the imprisonment or fine ommutation allowed when0 a$ person over 5> )rs old b$ 1> 2ustices fail to reach a decision affirmin# the death penalt) onsent not necessar) in commutation Prisoner is also allowed special time allowance for lo)alt) wEc is 1E5 deduction of the period of his sentence. the the are his
$ r(!+ consists in the suspension of the sentence of a convict after servin# minimum term of the indeterminate penalt), without #rantin# pardon, prescribin# terms upon which the sentence shall be suspended. 'n case his parole conditions not observed, a convict ma) be returned to the custod) and continue to serve sentence without deductin# the time that elapsed. %.A'/'%.A& PARA%. Civen after final 2ud#ement Cranted b) hief *(ecutive @or violation, convict ma) not be prosecuted under 15:
PAR%&* Civen after service of the minimum penalt) Civen b) the 3d of Pardons and Parole @or violations, ma) be rearrested, convict serves remainin# sentence
Aood conduct allowance during confinement Aeduction for the term of sentence for #ood behavior
Ar'. @D. O:!i. 'i(n in/6rr+3 :2 ,+r)(n .r n'+3 /(n3i'i(n ! , r3(n. J An2 ,+r)(n "*( * ) :++n .r n'+3 /(n3i'i(n ! , r3(n )* !! in/6r '*+ (:!i. 'i(n (- /(m,!2in. )'ri/'!2 "i'* '*+ /(n3i'i(n) im,()+3 '*+r+in ('*+r"i)+> *i) n(nH/(m,!i n/+ "i'* n2 (- '*+ /(n3i'i(n) ),+/i-i+3 )* !! r+)6!' in '*+ r+5(/ 'i(n (- '*+ , r3(n n3 '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- Ar'i/!+ 1D@ )* !! :+ ,,!i+3 '( *im. ondition of pardon is limited to unserved portion of the sentence, unless an intention to e(tend it be)ond the time is manifest
Ar'. @E. E--+/' (- /(mm6' 'i(n (- )+n'+n/+. J T*+ /(mm6' 'i(n (- '*+ (ri.in ! )+n'+n/+ -(r n('*+r (- 3i--+r+n' !+n.'* n3 n '6r+ )* !! * 5+ '*+ !+. ! +--+/' (- )6:)'i'6'in. '*+ ! ''+r in '*+ ,! /+ (- '*+ -(rm+r. Ar'. @F. A!!(" n/+ -(r .((3 /(n36/'. J T*+ .((3 /(n36/' (- n2 ,ri)(n+r in n2 ,+n ! in)'i'6'i(n )* !! +n'i'!+ *im '( '*+ -(!!("in. 3+36/'i(n) -r(m '*+ ,+ri(3 (- *i) )+n'+n/+9
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1. D6rin. '*+ -ir)' '"( 2+ r) (- *i) im,ri)(nm+n'> *+ )* !! :+ !!("+3 3+36/'i(n (- -i5+ 3 2) -(r + /* m(n'* (- .((3 :+* 5i(r4 B. D6rin. '*+ '*ir3 '( '*+ -i-'* 2+ r> in/!6)i5+> (- *i) im,ri)(nm+n'> *+ )* !! :+ !!("+3 3+36/'i(n (- +i.*' 3 2) -(r + /* m(n'* (- .((3 :+* 5i(r4 A. D6rin. '*+ -(!!("in. 2+ r) 6n'i! '*+ '+n'* 2+ r> in/!6)i5+> (- *i) im,ri)(nm+n'> *+ )* !! :+ !!("+3 3+36/'i(n (- '+n 3 2) -(r + /* m(n'* (- .((3 :+* 5i(r4 n3 C. D6rin. '*+ +!+5+n'* n3 )6//+))i5+ 2+ r) (- *i) im,ri)(nm+n'> *+ )* !! :+ !!("+3 3+36/'i(n (- -i-'++n 3 2) -(r + /* m(n'* (- .((3 :+* 5i(r. Allowance for #ood conduct not applicable when prisoner released under conditional pardon. Cood conduct time allowance is #iven in consideration of #ood conduct of prisoner while he is servin# sentence. Allowances for Cood conduct per )ear Iears @irst 2 )ears 3rd to 5th )ears @ollowin# )ears up to 1>th )ear 11th )ear and successive )ears Allowance 5 da)s per month of #ood behavior 9 da)s per month of #ood behavior 1> da)s per month of #ood behavior 15 da)s per month of #ood behavior
Ar'. @G. S,+/i ! 'im+ !!(" n/+ -(r !(2 !'2. J A 3+36/'i(n (- (n+H-i-'* (- '*+ ,+ri(3 (- *i) )+n'+n/+ )* !! :+ .r n'+3 '( n2 ,ri)(n+r "*(> * 5in. +5 3+3 '*+ )+r5i/+ (- *i) )+n'+n/+ 6n3+r '*+ /ir/6m)' n/+) m+n'i(n+3 in r'i/!+ DG (- '*i) C(3+> .i5+) *im)+!- 6, '( '*+ 6'*(ri'i+) "i'*in CG *(6r) -(!!("in. '*+ i))6 n/+ (,r(/! m 'i(n nn(6n/in. '*+ , ))in. " 2 (- '*+ / ! mi'2 (r / ' )'r(,*+ '( in ) i3 r'i/!+. !pecial time allowance for lo)alt) of prisoners0 /he article applies onl) to prisoners who escaped deduction of 1E5 of the period of sentence of prisoner who havin# evaded the service of his sentence durin# the calamit) or catastrophe mentioned in Art 159, #ives himself up to the authorities wEin 49 hrs ff the issuance of the proclamation b) the President announcin# the passin# awa) of the calamit) or catastrophe deduction based on the ori#inal sentence and not on the une(pired portion Art 159 provides for increased penalties0 = a convict who has evaded the service of his sentence b) leavin# the penal institution on the occasion of disorder resultin# from confla#ration, earth1ua-e or similar catastrophe or durin# mutin) in which he did not participate is liable to an increased penalt) "1E5 of the time still remainin# to be served not to e(ceed 4 months$, if he fails to #ive himself up to the authorities wEin 49 hrs ff the issuance of a proclamation b) the President announcin# the passin# awa) of the calamit).
Ar'. @@. W*( .r n') 'im+ !!(" n/+). J W*+n+5+r ! "-6!!2 76)'i-i+3> '*+ Dir+/'(r (- $ri)(n) )* !! .r n' !!(" n/+) -(r .((3 /(n36/'. S6/* !!(" n/+) (n/+ .r n'+3 )* !! n(' :+ r+5(?+3. a$ authorit) to #rant time allowance for #ood conduct is e(clusivel) vested in the Air "e.#. provincial warden cannot usurp Airector+s authorit)$ b$ it is not an automatic ri#ht and once #ranted, cannot be revo-ed b) him CIVIL LIABILITY 2 classes0 a$ social in2ur) produced b) disturbance and alarm wEc are the outcome of the offense
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b$ personal in2ur) caused b) the victim who ma) have suffered dama#e, either to his person, propert), honor or chastit) Ar'. 1II. !i :!+ -(r Ci5i! !i :i!i'2 (- ,+r)(n .6i!'2 (- -+!(n2. J E5+r2 ,+r)(n /rimin !!2 -+!(n2 i) !)( /i5i!!2 !i :!+.
B )i)9 obli#ation to repair or to ma-e whole the dama#e caused to another b) reason of an act or omission, whether done intentionall) or ne#li#entl) and whether or not punishable b) law D6 ! /* r /'+r (- '*+ /rim+ ) . in)'9 a$ the state because of the disturbance of peace and order b$ the private person in2ured unless it involves the crime of treason, rebellion, espiona#e, contempt and others where no civil liabilit) arises on the part of the offender either because there are no dama#es or there is no private person in2ured b) the crime D m .+ '* ' m 2 :+ r+/(5+r+3 in /rimin ! / )+)9 rimes a#ainst persons, li-e crime of ph)sical in2uries whatever he spent for treatment of wounds, doctor+s fees, medicines as well as salar) or wa#es unearned ,oral Aama#es0 seduction, abduction, rape or other lascivious acts, adulter) or concubina#e, ille#al or arbitrar) detention or arrest, ille#al search, libel, slander or an) other form of defamation, malicious prosecution *(emplar) Aama#es0 imposed when crime was committed with one or more a##ravatin# circumstances a$ 'f there is no dama#e caused b) the commission of the crime, offender is not civill) liable b$ Aismissal of the info or the crime action does not affect the ri#ht of the offended part) to institute or continue the civil action alread) instituted arisin# from the offense, because such dismissal does not carr) with it the e(tinction of the civil one. c$ 6hen accused is ac1uitted on #round that his #uilt has not been proven be)ond reasonable doubt, a civil action for dama#es for the same act or omission ma) be instituted d$ *(emption from criminal liabilit) in favor of an imbecile or insane person, and a person under : )rs, or over : but under 15 who acted wE discernment and those actin# under the impulse of irresistible force or under the impulse of an uncontrolable fear of an e1ual or #reater in2ur) does not include e(emption from civil liabilit). e$ Ac1uittal in the crim action for ne#li#ence does not preclude the offended part) from filin# a civil action to recover dama#es, based on the theor) that the act is 1uasi= delict f$ 6hen the court found the accused #uilt) of crim ne#li#ence but failed to enter 2ud#ement of civil liabilit), the private prosecutor has a ri#ht to appeal for the purposes of the civil liabilit) of the accused. /he appellate court ma) remand the case to the trial court for the latter to include in its 2ud#ement the civil liabilit) of the accused #$ 3efore e(piration of the 15=da) of appeal, the trial court can amend the 2ud#ement of conviction b) addin# a provision for the civil liabilit) of the accused, even if the convict has started servin# the sentence. h$ An independent civil action ma) be brou#ht b) the in2ured part) durin# the pendenc) of the criminal case provided the ri#ht is reserved. Reservation is necessar) in the ff cases0 1. an) of the cases referred to in Art 32 "perpetual or temporar) dis1ualification for e(ercise of the ri#ht of suffra#e$ 2. defamation, fraud and ph)sical in2ur) "bodil) in2ur) and not the crime of ph)sical in2ur)$
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i$
3. civil action is a#ainst a member of a cit) or municipal police force for refusin# or failin# to render aid or protection to an) person in case of dan#er to life or propert) 4. in an action for dama#e arisin# from fault or ne#li#ence and there is no pre=e(istin# contractual relation between the parties "1uasi=delict$ Pre2udicial Juestion one wEc arises in a case, the resolution of which is a lo#ical antecedent of the issue involved in said case and the co#ni8ance of which pertains to another tribunal. @or the principle to appl), it is essential that there be 2 cases involved, a civil and a criminal case. Pre2udicial 1uestions ma) be decided before an) criminal prosecution ma) be instituted or ma) proceed. An independent civil action ma) be brou#ht b) the in2ured part) durin# the pendenc) of the criminal case, provided that the ri#ht is reserved *(tinction of the penal action does not carr) with it the e(tinction of the civil, unless the e(tinction proceeds from a declaration in a final 2ud#ement that the fact from which the civil mi#ht arise did not e(ist
Ar'. 1I1. R6!+) r+. r3in. /i5i! !i :i!i'2 in /+r' in / )+). J T*+ +<+m,'i(n -r(m /rimin ! !i :i!i'2 +)' :!i)*+3 in )6:3i5i)i(n) 1> B> A> D n3 E (- r'i/!+ 1B n3 in )6:3i5i)i(n C (- r'i/!+ 11 (- '*i) C(3+ 3(+) n(' in/!63+ +<+m,'i(n -r(m /i5i! !i :i!i'2> "*i/* )* !! :+ +n-(r/+3 )6:7+/' '( '*+ -(!!("in. r6!+)9 Fir)'. In / )+) (- )6:3i5i)i(n) 1> B> n3 A (- Ar'i/!+ 1B> '*+ /i5i! !i :i!i'2 -(r /') /(mmi''+3 :2 n im:+/i!+ (r in) n+ ,+r)(n> n3 :2 ,+r)(n 6n3+r nin+ 2+ r) (.+> (r :2 (n+ (5+r nin+ :6' 6n3+r -i-'++n 2+ r) (- .+> "*( * ) /'+3 "i'*(6' 3i)/+rnm+n'> )* !! 3+5(!5+ 6,(n '*()+ * 5in. )6/* ,+r)(n 6n3+r '*+ir !+. ! 6'*(ri'2 (r /(n'r(!> 6n!+)) i' ,,+ r) '* ' '*+r+ " ) n( - 6!' (r n+.!i.+n/+ (n '*+ir , r'. S*(6!3 '*+r+ :+ n( ,+r)(n * 5in. )6/* in) n+> im:+/i!+ (r min(r 6n3+r *i) 6'*(ri'2> !+. ! .6 r3i n)*i, (r /(n'r(!> (r i- )6/* ,+r)(n :+ in)(!5+n'> ) i3 in) n+> im:+/i!+> (r min(r )* !! r+),(n3 "i'* '*+ir ("n ,r(,+r'2> +</+,'in. ,r(,+r'2 +<+m,' -r(m +<+/6'i(n> in //(r3 n/+ "i'* '*+ /i5i! ! ". S+/(n3. In / )+) - !!in. "i'*in )6:3i5i)i(n C (- Ar'i/!+ 11> '*+ ,+r)(n) -(r "*()+ :+n+-i' '*+ * rm * ) :++n ,r+5+n'+3 )* !! :+ /i5i!!2 !i :!+ in ,r(,(r'i(n '( '*+ :+n+-i' "*i/* '*+2 m 2 * 5+ r+/+i5+3. T*+ /(6r') )* !! 3+'+rmin+> in )(6n3 3i)/r+'i(n> '*+ ,r(,(r'i(n '+ m(6n' -(r "*i/* + /* (n+ )* !! :+ !i :!+. W*+n '*+ r+),+/'i5+ )* r+) / nn(' :+ +;6i' :!2 3+'+rmin+3> +5+n ,,r(<im '+!2> (r "*+n '*+ !i :i!i'2 !)( '' /*+) '( '*+ G(5+rnm+n'> (r '( '*+ m 7(ri'2 (- '*+ in* :i' n') (- '*+ '("n> n3> in !! +5+n')> "*+n+5+r '*+ 3 m .+) * 5+ :++n / 6)+3 "i'* '*+ /(n)+n' (- '*+ 6'*(ri'i+) (r '*+ir .+n')> in3+mni-i/ 'i(n )* !! :+ m 3+ in '*+ m nn+r ,r+)/ri:+3 :2 ),+/i ! ! ") (r r+.6! 'i(n). T*ir3. In / )+) - !!in. "i'*in )6:3i5i)i(n) D n3 E (- Ar'i/!+ 1B> '*+ ,+r)(n) 6)in. 5i(!+n/+ (r / 6)in. '*+ -+ r) )* !! :+ ,rim ri!2 !i :!+ n3 )+/(n3 ri!2> (r> i- '*+r+ :+ n( )6/* ,+r)(n)> '*()+ 3(in. '*+ /' )* !! :+ !i :!+> ) 5in. !" 2) '( '*+ ! ''+r '* ' , r' (- '*+ir ,r(,+r'2 +<+m,' -r(m +<+/6'i(n. Ceneral Rule0 e(emption from criminal liabilit) does not include e(emption from civil liabilit) *(ception0 no civil liabilit) in par 4 and 5of art 12. Par 1,2,3,5 and 4 are .%/ e(empt from civil liabilit) althou#h e(empt from criminal liabilit) 6ho are civill) liable for0 a. acts of insane or minor e(empt from criminal liabilit) 1. primaril) devolve upon perosns havin# le#al authorit) or control over him, if at fault or ne#li#ent "e(cept if proven that the) acted wEo fault or wE due dili#ence$
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2. if no fault or ne#li#ence, or even wE fault but is insolvent and there are no persons havin# le#al authorit) over them, the propert) of the insane, minor or imbecile not e(empt from e(ecution shall be held liable. b. over 15 but under 19 w. discernment 1. civil code sa)s parent "dad then mom$U 2. #uardians 3. minors own propert) where a #uardian ad litem shall be appointed Hfinal release of a child based on #ood conduct does not remove his civil liabilit) for dama#es. c. persons actin# under an irresistible force or uncontrollable fear 1. persons usin# violence or causin# the fear are primaril) liable 2. if there are none, those doin# the act d. no civil liabilit) in 2ustif)in# circumstances *B *P/0 par 4 of Art 11, the one benefited b) the act is civill) liable. e. civil liabilit) in case of state of necessit) /hose who benefited b) the act and court shall determine the proportionate amount for which each shall be liable. 'f the #overnment or ma2orit) of the inhabitants are liable, such will be determined b) special laws or re#ulations. Ar'. 1IB. S6:)i3i r2 /i5i! !i :i!i'2 (- inn?++,+r)> ' 5+rn?++,+r) n3 ,r(,ri+'(r) (- +)' :!i)*m+n'). J In 3+- 6!' (- '*+ ,+r)(n) /rimin !!2 !i :!+> inn?++,+r)> ' 5+rn?++,+r)> n3 n2 ('*+r ,+r)(n) (r /(r,(r 'i(n) )* !! :+ /i5i!!2 !i :!+ -(r /rim+) /(mmi''+3 in '*+ir +)' :!i)*m+n')> in !! / )+) "*+r+ 5i(! 'i(n (- m6ni/i, ! (r3in n/+) (r )(m+ .+n+r ! (r ),+/i ! ,(!i/+ r+.6! 'i(n )* !! * 5+ :++n /(mmi''+3 :2 '*+m (r '*+ir +m,!(2++). Inn?++,+r) r+ !)( )6:)i3i ri!2 !i :!+ -(r '*+ r+)'i'6'i(n (- .((3) ' ?+n :2 r(::+r2 (r '*+-' "i'*in '*+ir *(6)+) -r(m .6+)') !(3.in. '*+r+in> (r -(r '*+ , 2m+n' (- '*+ 5 !6+ '*+r+(-> ,r(5i3+3 '* ' )6/* .6+)') )* !! * 5+ n('i-i+3 in 35 n/+ '*+ inn?++,+r *im)+!-> (r '*+ ,+r)(n r+,r+)+n'in. *im> (- '*+ 3+,()i' (- )6/* .((3) "i'*in '*+ inn4 n3 )* !! -6r'*+rm(r+ * 5+ -(!!("+3 '*+ 3ir+/'i(n) "*i/* )6/* inn?++,+r (r *i) r+,r+)+n' 'i5+ m 2 * 5+ .i5+n '*+m "i'* r+),+/' '( '*+ / r+ n3 5i.i! n/+ (5+r )6/* .((3). N( !i :i!i'2 )* !! '' /* in / )+ (- r(::+r2 "i'* 5i(!+n/+ . in)' (r in'imi3 'i(n (- ,+r)(n) 6n!+)) /(mmi''+3 :2 '*+ inn?++,+rK) +m,!(2++). Elements of Par +) 1. /hat the inn-eeper of the establishment or his emplo)ee committed a violation of municipal ordinance or some #eneral or special police re#ulation 2. A crime is committed in such establishment 3. Person criminall) liable is insolvent when all these are present, the inn-eeper and the li-e are subsidiaril) liable Elements of Par -) 1. #uests notified in advance the inn-eeper of the deposit of such #oods wEin the inn 2. #uests followed the directions of the inn-eeper wE respect to the care and vi#ilance over the such #oods 3. such #oods of the #uest lod#in# therein were ta-en b) robber) wE force upon thin#s or theft 6hen all these are present, the inn-eeper is subsidiaril) liable .o civil liabilit) in case of robber) wE violence a#ainst or intimidation of person, unless committed b) the inn-eeper+s emplo)ees
95
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Actual deposit of the thin#s of the #uest to the inn-eeper is not necessar), it is enou#h that the) were within the inn.
Ar'. 1IA. S6:)i3i r2 /i5i! !i :i!i'2 (- ('*+r ,+r)(n). J T*+ )6:)i3i r2 !i :i!i'2 +)' :!i)*+3 in '*+ n+<' ,r+/+3in. r'i/!+ )* !! !)( ,,!2 '( +m,!(2+r)> '+ /*+r)> ,+r)(n)> n3 /(r,(r 'i(n) +n. .+3 in n2 ?in3 (- in36)'r2 -(r -+!(ni+) /(mmi''+3 :2 '*+ir )+r5 n')> ,6,i!)> "(r?m+n> ,,r+n'i/+)> (r +m,!(2++) in '*+ 3i)/* r.+ ('*+ir 36'i+). *lements a. emplo)er, teacher, person or corporation is en#a#ed in an) -ind of industr) 'ndustr) an) department or branch of art, occupation or business7 especiall) one wEc emplo)s so much labor and capital is a distinct branch of trade b. an) of their servants, pupils, wor-men, apprentices of emplo)ees commits a felon) while in the dischar#e of his duties c. the said emplo)ee is insolvent and has not satisfied his civil liabilit) <ospitals are not en#a#ed in industr)7 hence nit subsidiaril) liable for acts of nurses Private persons wEo business or industr), not subsidiarill) liable Ar'. 1IC. W* ' i) in/!63+3 in /i5i! !i :i!i'2. J T*+ /i5i! !i :i!i'2 +)' :!i)*+3 in Ar'i/!+) 1II> 1I1> 1IB> n3 1IA (- '*i) C(3+ in/!63+)9 1. R+)'i'6'i(n4 B. R+, r 'i(n (- '*+ 3 m .+ / 6)+34 A. In3+mni-i/ 'i(n -(r /(n)+;6+n'i ! 3 m .+). @irst remed) #ranted b) law is no. 1, in case this is not possible no. 2. 'n either case, no. 3 ma) be re1uired Restitution in theft, the culprit is dut) bound to return the propert) stolen Reparation in case of inabilit) to return the propert) stolen, the culprit must pa) the value of the propert) stolen. 'n case of ph)sical in2uries, the reparation of the dama#e cause would consist in the pa)ment of hospital bills and doctor+s fees to the offended part) 'ndemnification the lost of salar) or earnin#s P* F.'ARI &'A3'&'/'*! !ame .o restitution as the liabilities are to paid out of the propert) of the offender 'ncludes fines and costs of proceedin#s
'L'& &'A3'&'/'*! 'ncludes reparation and indemnification 'ncludes restitution "return propert) ta-en$, nothin# to pa) in terms of mone) .o fines and costs of proceedin#s
Ar'. 1ID. R+)'i'6'i(n. J %(" m 3+. J T*+ r+)'i'6'i(n (- '*+ '*in. i')+!- m6)' :+ m 3+ "*+n+5+r ,())i:!+> "i'* !!(" n/+ -(r n2 3+'+ri(r 'i(n> (r 3imin6'i(n (5 !6+ ) 3+'+rmin+3 :2 '*+ /(6r'. T*+ '*in. i')+!- )* !! :+ r+)'(r+3> +5+n '*(6.* i' :+ -(6n3 in '*+ ,())+))i(n ('*ir3 ,+r)(n "*( * ) /;6ir+3 i' :2 ! "-6! m+ n)> ) 5in. '( '*+ ! ''+r *i) /'i(n . in)' '*+ ,r(,+r ,+r)(n> "*( m 2 :+ !i :!+ '( *im. T*i) ,r(5i)i(n i) n(' ,,!i/ :!+ in / )+) in "*i/* '*+ '*in. * ) :++n /;6ir+3 :2 '*+ '*ir3 ,+r)(n in '*+ m nn+r n3 6n3+r '*+ r+;6ir+m+n') "*i/*> :2 ! "> : r n /'i(n -(r i') r+/(5+r2. /he convict cannot b) wa) of restitution, #ive to the offended part) a similar thin# of the same amount, -ind or species and 1ualit). /he ver) thin# should be returned.
96
:5

'f the propert) stolen while in the possession of the third part) suffers deterioration due to his fault, the court will assess the amount of the deterioration and, in addition to the return of the propert), the culprit will be ordered to pa) such amount Ceneral Rule0 the owner of the propert) ille#all) ta-en b) the offender can recover it from whomsoever is in possession thereof. /hus, even if the propert) stolen was ac1uired b) a 3rd person b) purchase wEo -nowin# that it has been stolen, such propert) will be returned to the owner. 'f the thin# is ac1uired b) a person -nowin# that it was stolen, then he is an accessor) and therefore criminall) liable /he third part) who ac1uired the stolen propert) ma) be reimbursed wE the price paid therefor if it be ac1uired at "a$ a public sale and "b$ in #ood faith ircumstances which bar an action for recover)0 1. /orrens title 2. 6hen sale is authori8ed 6hen the liabilit) to return a thin# arises from a contract, not from a criminal act, the court cannot order its return in the criminal case. Restitution ma) be ordered, even if accused is ac1uitted, provided the offense is proved and it is shown that the thin# belon#s to someone else 6hen crime is not a#ainst propert), no restitution or reparation of the thin# can be done Pa)ment of salar) of an emplo)ee durin# the period of suspension cannot, as a #eneral rule, be properl) decreed b) the court in a 2ud#ement of ac1uittal. 't devolves upon the head of the department concerned /he court has authorit) to order the reinstatement of the accused ac1uitted of a crime punishable b) the penalt) of perpetual or temporar) dis1ualification
Ar'. 1IE. R+, r 'i(n. J %(" m 3+. J T*+ /(6r' )* !! 3+'+rmin+ '*+ m(6n' (- 3 m .+> ' ?in. in'( /(n)i3+r 'i(n '*+ ,ri/+ (- '*+ '*in.> "*+n+5+r ,())i:!+> n3 i') ),+/i ! )+n'im+n' ! 5 !6+ '( '*+ in76r+3 , r'2> n3 r+, r 'i(n )* !! :+ m 3+ //(r3in.!2. N('+)9 Reparation will be ordered b) the court if restitution is not possible Reparation shall be a$ the price of the thin# b$ its sentimental value 'f there is no evidence as to the value of the thin# unrecovered, reparation cannot be made Pa)ment b) the insurance compan) does not relive the offender of his obli#ation to repair the dama#e caused /he dama#es shall be limited to those caused b) the crime Accused is liable for the dama#es caused as a result of the destruction of the propert) after the crime was committed either because it was lost or destro)ed b) the accused himself or that of an) other person or as a result of an) other cause or causes Ar'. 1IF. In3+mni-i/ 'i(n J W* ' i) in/!63+3. J In3+mni-i/ 'i(n -(r /(n)+;6+n'i ! 3 m .+) )* !! in/!63+ n(' (n!2 '*()+ / 6)+3 '*+ in76r+3 , r'2> :6' !)( '*()+ )6--+r+3 :2 *i) - mi!2 (r :2 '*ir3 ,+r)(n :2 r+ )(n (- '*+ /rim+. 'ndemnit) refers to crimes a#ainst persons7 reparation to crimes a#ainst propert) 'ndemnit) for medical services still unpaid ma) be recovered ontributor) ne#li#ence on the part of the offended part) reduces the civil liabilit) of the offender
97
:9

/he civil liabilit) ma) be increased onl) if it will not re1uired an a##ravation of the decision in the criminal case on wEc it is based /he amount of dama#es for death shall be at least 5>,>>>, even thou#h there ma) have been miti#atin# circumstances. 'n addition0 1. pa)ment for the loss of the earnin# capacit) of the deceased 2. if the deceased was obli#ed to #ive support, the recipient who is not an heir, ma) demand support from the defendant 3. the spouse, ille#itimate and ille#itimate descendants and ascendants of the deceased ma) demand for moral dama#es. ,oral dama#es ma) be recovered in the ff0 1. ph)sical in2uries 2. seduction, abduction, rape 3. adulter), concubina#e 4. ille#al or arbitrar) detention 5. ille#al search 4. libel, slander, defamation 5. malicious prosecution *(emplar) dama#es ma) be imposed when the crime was committed with one or more a##ravatin# circumstances7 cannot be recovered as a matter of ri#ht, the court will decide whether the) should be ad2udicated.
Ar'. 1IG. O:!i. 'i(n '( m ?+ r+)'(r 'i(n> r+, r 'i(n -(r 3 m .+)> (r in3+mni-i/ 'i(n -(r /(n)+;6+n'i ! 3 m .+) n3 /'i(n) '( 3+m n3 '*+ ) m+ J U,(n "*(m i' 3+5(!5+). J T*+ (:!i. 'i(n '( m ?+ r+)'(r 'i(n (r r+, r 'i(n -(r 3 m .+) n3 in3+mni-i/ 'i(n -(r /(n)+;6+n'i ! 3 m .+) 3+5(!5+) 6,(n '*+ *+ir) (- '*+ ,+r)(n !i :!+. T*+ /'i(n '( 3+m n3 r+)'(r 'i(n> r+, r 'i(n> n3 in3+mni-i/ 'i(n !i?+"i)+ 3+)/+n3) '( '*+ *+ir) (- '*+ ,+r)(n in76r+3. /he heirs of the person liable has no obli#ation if restoration is not possible and the deceased left no propert) ivil liabilit) is possible onl) when the offender dies after final 2ud#ement. 'f the death of the offender too- place before an) final 2ud#ement of conviction was rendered a#ainst him, the action for restitution must necessaril) be dismissed.
Ar'. 1I@. S* r+ (- + /* ,+r)(n /i5i!!2 !i :!+. J I- '*+r+ r+ '"( (r m(r+ ,+r)(n) /i5i!!2 !i :!+ -(r -+!(n2> '*+ /(6r') )* !! 3+'+rmin+ '*+ m(6n' -(r "*i/* + /* m6)' r+),(n3. 'n case of insolvenc) of the accomplices, the principal shall be subsidiaril) liable for their share of the indemnit) and in case of the insolvenc) of the principal, the accomplices shall be subsidiaril) liable, 2ointl) and severall) liable, for the indemnit) due from said principal Ar'. 11I. S+5+r ! n3 )6:)i3i r2 !i :i!i'2 (- ,rin/i, !)> //(m,!i/+) //+))(ri+) (-+!(n2 J $r+-+r+n/+ in , 2m+n'. J N('"i'*)' n3in. ,r(5i)i(n) (- '*+ n+<' ,r+/+3in. r'i/!+> '*+ ,rin/i, !)> //(m,!i/+)> //+))(ri+)> + /* "i'*in '*+ir r+),+/'i5+ /! ))> )* !! :+ !i :!+ )+5+r !!2 )(!i36m) m(n. '*+m)+!5+) -(r '*+ir ;6(' )> n3 )6:)i3i ri+) -(r '*()+ (('*+r ,+r)(n) !i :!+. n3 '*+ n3 (in '*+
98
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T*+ )6:)i3i r2 !i :i!i'2 )* !! :+ +n-(r/+3> -ir)' . in)' '*+ ,r(,+r'2 (- '*+ ,rin/i, !)4 n+<'> . in)' '* ' (- '*+ //(m,!i/+)> n3> ! )'!2> . in)' '* ' (- '*+ //+))(ri+). W*+n+5+r '*+ !i :i!i'2 in )(!i36m (r '*+ )6:)i3i r2 !i :i!i'2 * ) :++n +n-(r/+3> '*+ ,+r)(n :2 "*(m , 2m+n' * ) :++n m 3+ )* !! * 5+ ri.*' (- /'i(n . in)' '*+ ('*+r) -(r '*+ m(6n' (- '*+ir r+),+/'i5+ )* r+). *(ample0 an indemnit) of 1>>,>>> has been sentenced, 5>,>>> will #o to the principal and 2>,>>> to the accomplice !ubsidiar) liabilit) will be enforced on0 1. first, a#ainst the propert) of the principal 2. second, a#ainst that of the accomplice 3. third, a#ainst that of the accessories
Ar'. 111. O:!i. 'i(n '( m ?+ r+)'i'6'i(n in /+r' in / )+). J An2 ,+r)(n "*( * ) , r'i/i, '+3 .r '6i'(6)!2 in '*+ ,r(/++3) (- -+!(n2 )* !! :+ :(6n3 '( m ?+ r+)'i'6'i(n in n m(6n' +;6i5 !+n' '( '*+ +<'+n' (- )6/* , r'i/i, 'i(n. .otes0 1. /his refers to a person who has participated #ratuitousl) in the commission of a felon) and he is bound to ma-e restitution in an amount e1uivalent to the e(tent of such participation 2. /he third person must be innocent of the commission of the crime otherwise he would be liable as an accessor) and this article will appl) Ar'. 11B. E<'in/'i(n (- /i5i! !i :i!i'2. J Ci5i! !i :i!i'2 +)' :!i)*+3 in Ar'i/!+) 1II> 1I1> 1IB> n3 1IA (- '*i) C(3+ )* !! :+ +<'in.6i)*+3 in '*+ ) m+ m nn+r ) (:!i. 'i(n)> in //(r3 n/+ "i'* '*+ ,r(5i)i(n) (- '*+ Ci5i! L ". ivil liabilit) is e(tin#uished b)0 1. pa)ment or performance 2. loss of the thin# due 3. condonation or remission of the debt 4. confusion or mer#er of the ri#hts of creditor and debtor 5. compensation 4. novation %ther causes of e(tin#uishment of obli#ations such as annulment, rescission, fulfillment of a resolutor) condition and prescription are #overned elsewhere in this code ivil liabilit) ma) arise from 1. rime = RP 2. 3reach of contract = 3. /ortious act /he civil liabilit) from an) of these is e(tin#uished b) the same causes enumerated above /he accused shall still be liable for the pa)ment of the thin# stolen even if it is lost or destro)ed
Ar'. 11A. O:!i. 'i(n '( ) 'i)-2 /i5i! !i :i!i'2. J E</+,' in / )+ (- +<'in/'i(n (*i) /i5i! !i :i!i'2 ) ,r(5i3+3 in '*+ n+<' ,r+/+3in. r'i/!+ '*+ (--+n3+r )* !! /(n'in6+ '( :+ (:!i.+3 '( ) 'i)-2 '*+ /i5i! !i :i!i'2 r+)6!'in. -r(m '*+ /rim+ /(mmi''+3 :2 *im> n('"i'*)' n3in. '*+ - /' '* ' *+ * ) )+r5+3 *i) )+n'+n/+ /(n)i)'in. (- 3+,ri5 'i(n (- !i:+r'2 (r ('*+r ri.*')> (r * ) n(' :++n r+;6ir+3 '( )+r5+ '*+ ) m+ :2 r+ )(n (-
99
1>>

mn+)'2> , r3(n> /(mm6' 'i(n (- )+n'+n/+ (r n2 ('*+r r+ )(n. #otes) Fnless e(tin#uished, civil liabilit) subsists even if the offender has served sentence consistin# of deprivation of libert) or other ri#hts or has served the same, due to amnest), pardon, commutation of the sentence or an) other reason. Fnder the law as amended, even if the subsidiar) imprisonment is served for non= pa)ment of fines, this pecuniar) liabilit) of the defendant is not e(tin#uished. while amnest) wipes out all traces and vesti#es of the crime, it does not e(tin#uish the civil liabilit) of the offender. A pardon shall in no case e(empt the culprit from the pa)ment of the civil indemnit) imposed upon him b) the sentence probation affects onl) the criminal aspect of the crime.
END OF T%E NOTES OF JUDGE RRMABALOT
100

Lecture Notes in Criminal Law I by Judge Roberto R. Mabalot

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Lecture Notes in Criminal Law I by Judge Roberto R. Mabalot

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LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

<. AGG!A0ATING *I!*9/STAN*ES

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

Ar' A. A/') n3 (mi))i(n) ,6ni)* :!+ :2 ! " r+ -+!(ni+) .

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

Crime = acts and omissions punishable b) an) law

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

@elonies are classified as follows0

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

SU$$LETORY A$$LICATION OF T%E REVISED $ENAL CODE

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

Cir/6m)' n/+) --+/'in. /rimin ! !i :i!i'2

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

*ifference between insti'ation and entrapment

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

E<'+n6 'in. /ir/6m)' n/+)

Di)'in/'i(n) :+'"++n 76)'i-2in. /ir/6m)' n/+) n3 +<+m,'in. /ir/6m)' n/+)

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

1I. An3 n2 ('*+r /ir/6m)' n/+ (m+n'i(n+3

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

C. T* ' '*+ /' :+ /(mmi''+3 "i'* (1) 6n.r '+-6!n+))

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

11. T* ' '*+ /rim+ :+ /(mmi''+3 in /(n)i3+r 'i(n (

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

1@. T* ' ) :+ :r(?+n

LECTURE/NOTES FOR CRIMINAL LAW I (BOOK 1) JUDGE ROBERTO R. MABALOT

'C.%,'.I ,oral sufferin# sub2ected to humiliation

<. AGG!A0ATING I!9/STAN*ES

C. T* ' '+ /' :+ /(mmi''+3 "i' (1) 6n.r '+-6!n+))

!!(" n/+) "i/ '+ /6!,ri' m 2 + rn "i!+ *+ i)