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Physics chapter 4 Form 4 1. Temperature The temperature of an object is its degree of hotness.

It measured in degree Celsius (C)

2. Heat Heat is the amount of thermal energy that can be transferred from one object to another. It measured in joules (J) *** (Thermal energy is the total amount of internal kinetic energy of an object.) 3. Thermal equilibrium Thermal equilibrium is a condition in which the net heat flow is zero. When two objects of different temperature are placed in contact with each other, the object with a higher temperature will transfer heat to lower temperature. The heat is still flowing between the two objects but the rate is equal.

4. Thermometric property (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) The expansion of a fixed mass of liquid, The electrical resistance of a platinum wire, The voltage of a thermocouple, The expansion of a bimetallic strip, The pressure of a gas at constant volume.

5. Ice point(Lower fixed point) Ice point is the temperature of pure melting ice. Ice points is taken as 0C

6. Stem point(Upper fixed point) Steam point is the temperature of steam above water boiling at normal atmospheric pressure at 760mmHg.

Steam points is taken as 100C.

7. Heat capacity Heat capacity of a substance is defined as the amount of heat required to raise its temperature by 1C. Heat capacity is measured in joules per degree Celsius (J C).

8. Specific heat capacity The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of the substance by 1C. The unit of specific heat capacity is joule per kilogram (J kg C). Its symbol is c.

***Heat capacity and specific heat capacity are two different quantities. ***The term specific is used in physics when we refer to a unit quantity of a physical quantity. ***The statement water has a specific heat capacity of 4200J kg C means that 4200J is required to raise the temperature of a kilogram through 1C.

9. Specific latent heat The heat that is required to bring about a change in temperature is thus known as latent heat. Latent heat is absorb when (a) A solid changes to a liquid. (b) A liquid changes to a gas. Latent heat is release when (a) A gas changes to a liquid. (b) A liquid changes to a solid. 10. Specific latent heat of fusion

The latent heat that is required for a change of state from solid to liquid (or liquid to solid) without any change in temperature is known as the latent heat of fusion.

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Measured in joules per kilogram (J kg) or joules per gram (J g). Symbol is L. Formula: Q=mL Specific latent heat of vaporization The latent heat that is required for a change state from liquid to gas (or gas to liquid) without any change in temperature is known as latent heat of vaporisation.

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Measured in joules per kilogram (J kg) or joules per gram (J g). Symbol is L. Formula: Q=mL Boyles Law Boyles law states that the pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume if the temperature is kept constant. Another way of stating Boyles law is to say that the volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to its pressure, that is, . Formula: pV=pV Charles Law Charles Law states that the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature if the pressure is kept constant. Formula: Pressure Law The pressure law states that the pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature if the volume is kept constant.

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Formula:

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