Questions to be answered during this presentation: 1. What is Cloning ? 2. What are the various types of cloning ? 3.

Advantages and disadvantages of cloning ?

 The term clone is derived from , the Greek word for

"trunk, branch.  Clone means exact or carbon copies of a single parent.  In biology, cloning signifies the process of producing populations of genetically identical individuals .  In biotechnology, cloning refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments (molecular cloning), cells (cell cloning), or organisms.

1. Molecular Cloning

2. Plant Cloning

3. Animal Cloning

 Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple copies of a

defined DNA sequence.  Cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves four steps: 1. Fragmentation - breaking apart a strand of DNA 2. Ligation - gluing together pieces of DNA in a desired sequence 3. Transfection - inserting the newly formed pieces of DNA into cell 4. Screening - selecting out the cells with new DNA  Unicellular cloning -: derive a population of cells from a single cell.  Cloning in stem cell research -: Somatic cell nuclear transfer, known as SCNT, can also be used to create embryos for research or therapeutic purposes.

Steps Involved in Molecular Cloning

Escherichia coli Rhizobium meliloti

Production of Human insulin, human growth factor

Nitrogen fixation by incorporating nif gene in cereal crops

Pseudomonas Scavenging of oil spills by digesting hydrocarbons of crude fluorescence oil

 Refers to the procedure of creating a new multi-cellular

organism, genetically identical to another. This includes two types of cloning: 1. Plant cloning 2. Animal cloning  Natural cloning is seen in :
 Horticulture such as grafting in

grapes, potato and banana.  Parthenogenesis as in some lizards.

 Artificial cloning is seen in :

 Various GM foods like Bt Cotton  GM animals like Dolly the Sheep

 Used of producing

important agro crops.  Based upon Totipotency i.e. ability of a plant cell to grow into a complete plant.  Uses meristematic cells present at shoot & root apices.  Many GM foods have been produced by scientists using these methods.
lant cloning

 first mammal to be cloned

from a single cell.  cloned at the Rollin Institute in Scotland by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues  born after 237 eggs were used to create 29 embryos, which only produced three lambs at birth, only one of which lived

 creation of a identical copy of an existing or previously

existing human  two types of human cloning: therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning  First human hybrid clone was created in November 1998, by American Cell Technologies, from a man's leg cell & a cow's egg whose DNA was removed, destroyed in 12 days.

 Religious organizations oppose all

forms of cloning, on the grounds that life begins at conception.  On December 28, 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the consumption of products from cloned animals
 Cloned individuals are often

biologically damaged, due to the inherent unreliability of their origin

 Sense of individuality is lost

 Books
 The Ethics of Human

Cloning by Leon R. Kass, James Q. Wilson  On Cloning by John Harris

 Websites
 www.wikipedia.org  www.scribd.com  www.genetics.org