Planeación de La Acción Empresarial

INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERA

Escuela Acadmico P o!esio"al de I"#e"ie $a Ci%il
TEMA& EMPRESA: INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL.
'COMERCIALI(ACI)N * SERVICIO DE CONSTRUCCI)N CON LOS MATERIALES PREFA+RICADOS,-
ASIGNATURA
&
Planificacin Estratgica
DOCENTE
& Lic. Adm. PAJARES ARANA Marc! A.
ALUMNOS
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" cicl! # $%int! A&!
Ca'amarca s(ti(m)r( d(l *+,-.
ORGANIZACIN Y ADMINISTRACIN DE EMPRESAS
PLANIFICACI)N
I.1. CONCEPTO
Las (m.r(sas n! f%nci!nan d( man(ra im.r!/isada. La (strat(gia (m.r(sarial (s )0sicam(nt( %na acti/idad raci!nal 1%( im.lica id(ntificar las !.!rt%nidad(s 2 am(na3as d(l am)i(nt( d!nd( !.(ra la (m.r(sa limitaci!n(s 2 as4 c!m! (/al%ar las f!rtal(3as d( la (m.r(sa s% ca.acidad r(al ! .!t(ncial .ara
antici.ars( a las n(c(sidad(s 2 d(mandas d(l m(rcad! ! c!m.(tir (n c!ndici!n(s d( ri(sg! c!n las (m.r(sas ri/al(s. En c!ns(c%(ncia la (strat(gia d()( c!m)inar las !.!rt%nidad(s am)i(ntal(s c!n la ca.acidad (m.r(sarial 2 l!grar (l (1%ili)ri! .tim! (ntr( l! 1%( la (m.r(sa 1%i(r( 2 l! 1%( r(alm(nt( .%(d( 5ac(r. El trmin! 6Planificacin7 as%m( distint!s significad!s s(g8n (l c!nt(9t! d( !)s(r/acin. Para la Dir(ccin ! Manag(m(nt la .lanificacin (s %n .r!c(s! d( .r(.aracin d( d(cisi!n(s r(f(r(nt(s al f%t%r! d(l sist(ma a dirigir c!n l! 1%( s( c!ndici!nan:.!si)ilitan f%t%ras d(cisi!n(s. Est( .r!c(s! s( )asa (n %n .r!nstic! .r(/iam(nt( (la)!rad! s(g8n mt!d!s (s.(c4fic!s ;Pr!s.(cti/a< 2 s( artic%la )as0nd!s( (n c!m.(t(ncias (s.(ciali3adas s(g8n las 0r(as d( acti/idad d(l sist(ma= .!r ('(m.l!: .lanificacin financi(ra .lanificacin d( .(rs!nal .lanificacin d( la .r!d%ccin d( )i(n(s ! s(r/ici!s mant(nimi(nt! d( instalaci!n(s (tc. La .lanificacin (s (nt(ndida a1%4 c!m! (l c!n'%nt! d( acti/idad(s (n 1%( s( .r(.ara .!r r(fl(9in 2 tra)a'! m(tdic! d( .r(.aracin ;.r!s.(cti/a< 2 s( t!man d(cisi!n(s s!)r( alt(rnati/as d( s!l%cin d( .r!)l(mas ;/(r a)a'!< 1%( .!si)ilit(n (nmar1%(n 2 a2%d(n a la f%t%ra t!ma d( d(cisi!n(s 2 lan3ami(nt! d( acti/idad(s d(l sist(ma a .lanificar ;.!r ('(m.l!: .lanificacin financi(ra= d( la .r!d%ccin d( .(rs!nal d( c!!.(racin (ntr( (m.r(sas %nidad(s d( la Administracin (tc.<. La .lanificacin d()( (nt(nd(rs( si(m.r( c!m! la .rim(ra dim(nsin d( %n .r!c(s! d( !rgani3acin 2 manag(m(nt 1%( d()( ir ac!m.a&ad! .!r (l C!ntr!lling :sin (s( c!ntr!l raci!nal d( l! 1%( s( .r(.ara 2 r(ali3a ni .%(d(
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL Pgina 2
.lanificacin d(l
5a)lars( (n (strict! s(ntid! 6!rgani3aci!nal7 d( %na .lanificacin.

PLANEACI)N EN LOS TRES NIVELES DE LA EMPRESA
Niveles de la Empresa
Instit%ci!nal
Planeacin
Contenido
Tiempo
Amplitud
Estratgica
G(nric! 2 sinttic!
Larg! .la3!
Macr!!ri(ntad!. Enf!ca la (m.r(sa c!m! t!talidad
Int(rm(di!
>0ctica
M(n!s g(nric! 2 m0s d(tallad!
M(dian! .la3!
Enf!ca cada %nidad d( la (m.r(sa ! cada c!n'%nt! d( r(c%rs!s .!r s(.arad!
O.(raci!nal
O.(raci!nal
D(tallad! 2 anal4tic!
A c!rt! .la3!
Micr!!ri(ntad!. Enf!ca cada tar(a % !.(racin .!r s(.arad!
I.2. IMPORTANCIA
E9ist(n .!d(r!sas ra3!n(s 1%( n!s ind%c(n a afirmar 1%( n! s!l! m(r(c( la .(na .lanificar sin! 1%( (s t!talm(nt( n(c(sari! 1%( las (m.r(sas (n m!m(nt!s d( tanta inc(rtid%m)r( 2 cam)i! c!m! l!s act%al(s .lanifi1%(n s%s acti/idad(s 2 n! s( c!n/i(rtan (n ?arc!s a la d(ri/a. M%c5!s a%t!r(s 5an dis(rtad! s!)r( la im.!rtancia d( la .lanificacin. ;@!!nt3 A OBD!nn(ll ,CDE< tam)in 5an (9.%(st! s%s ra3!n(s c!ncr(tas s!)r( la im.!rtancia f%ndam(ntal d( la f%ncin d( .lanificacin las mismas s( m%(stran a c!ntin%acin: N(%trali3acin d( la inc(rtid%m)r( 2 (l cam)i!. El f%t%r! s( caract(ri3a .!r la inc(rtid%m)r( 2 (l cam)i! 2 (ll! 5ac( 1%( la .lanificacin s(a %na n(c(sidad. C!nc(ntracin d( la at(ncin (n l!s !)'(ti/!s: D()id! a 1%( t!da la .lanificacin (st0 dirigida 5acia la !)t(ncin d( l!s !)'(ti/!s d( la (m.r(sa (l act! mism! d( .lanificar c!nc(ntra s% at(ncin (n (s!s !)'(ti/!s.
O)t(ncin d( %na !.(racin (c!nmica. La .lantacin minimi3a l!s c!st!s d()id! a la im.!rtancia 1%( da a %na !.(racin (fici(nt( 2 c!nsist(nt(. S%stit%2( la acti/idad indi/id%al .!c! c!!rdinada .!r (l (sf%(r3! c!n'%nt! dirigid!= (l fl%'! d( tra)a'! d(sig%al .!r (l fl%'! d( tra)a'! %nif!rm( 2 l!s '%ici!s .r(ci.itad!s .!r la d(cisin d(li)(rada. Facilitacin d(l c!ntr!l: %n ('(c%ti/! n! .%(d( c!ntr!lar las r(ali3aci!n(s d( s%s s%)!rdinad!s sin 5a)(r .lanificad! m(tas c!n las c%al(s c!m.ararlas. Para ;M(rcad! ,CCG< .lan(ar (s tan im.!rtant( c!m! !rgani3ar dirigir ! c!ntr!lar .!r1%( la (fici(ncia n! s( l!gra c!n la im.r!/isacin 2 si administrar (s 5ac(r a tra/s d( !tr!s n(c(sitam!s 5ac(r .lan(s s!)r( la f!rma c!m! (sa accin s( 5a)r0 d( c!!rdinar. El !)'(ti/! n! s( l!grar4a si l!s .lan(s n! l! d(tallar!n .ara s(r alcan3ad!. >!d! c!ntr!l s(r4a .!c! (f(cti/! si n! s( c!m.ara c!n %n .lan .r(/i!. Sin .lan(s s( tra)a'a a ci(gas. ASPECTOS GENERALES E IMPORTANCIA DE LA PLANIFICACI)N Planificar significa 1%( l!s ('(c%ti/!s (st%dian antici.adam(nt( s%s !)'(ti/!s 2 acci!n(s 2 s%st(ntan s%s act!s n! (n c!ra3!nadas sin! c!n alg8n mt!d! .lan ! lgica. L!s .lan(s (sta)l(c(n l!s !)'(ti/!s d( la !rgani3acin 2 d(fin(n l!s .r!c(dimi(nt!s ad(c%ad!s .ara alcan3arl!s. Ad(m0s l!s .lan(s s!n la g%4a .ara 1%( la !rgani3acin !)t(nga 2 a.li1%( l!s r(c%rs!s .ara l!grar l!s !)'(ti/!s= l!s mi(m)r!s d( la !rgani3acin d(s(m.(&(n acti/idad(s 2 t!m(n d(cisi!n(s c!ngr%(nt(s c!n l!s !)'(ti/!s 2 .r!c(dimi(nt!s (sc!gid!s 2a 1%( (nf!ca la at(ncin d( l!s (m.l(ad!s s!)r( l!s !)'(ti/!s 1%( g(n(ran r(s%ltad!s .%(da c!ntr!lars( (l l!gr! d( l!s !)'(ti/!s !rgani3aci!nal(s. Asimism! a2%da a fi'ar .ri!ridad(s .(rmit( c!nc(ntrars( (n las f!rtal(3as d( la !rgani3acin a2%da a tratar l!s .r!)l(mas d( cam)i!s (n (l (nt!rn! (9t(rn! (ntr( !tr!s as.(ct!s. P!r !tr! lad! (9ist(n /arias f%(r3as 1%( .%(d(n af(ctar a la .lanificacin: l!s (/(nt!s in(s.(rad!s la r(sist(ncia .sic!lgica al cam)i! 2a 1%( sta ac(l(ra (l cam)i! 2 la in1%i(t%d la (9ist(ncia d( ins%fici(nt( inf!rmacin la falta d( 5a)ilidad (n la %tili3acin d( l!s mt!d!s d( .lanificacin l!s (l(/ad!s gast!s 1%( im.lica (ntr( !tr!s.
I.3. PRINCIPIO
L!s .rinci.i!s (n (l .r!c(s! administrati/! s!n m%2 im.!rtant(s .ara .!d(r a.licar cada %n! d( l!s (l(m(nt!s 1%( l! f!rman. Hn .rinci.i! (s %na .r!.!sicin 1%( s( f!rm%la .ara 1%( sir/a d( g%4a a la accin ;M(rcad! ,CCG<. L!s .rinci.i!s d( la .lan(acin s!n /(rdad(s f%ndam(ntal(s d( a.licacin g(n(ral 1%( sir/(n c!m! g%4as d( c!nd%cta a !)s(r/ars( (n la accin administrati/a. !acti"ilidad L! 1%( s( .lan(( d()( s(r r(ali3a)l(= (s in!.(rant( (la)!rar .lan(s d(masiad! am)ici!s!s % !.timistas 1%( s(an im.!si)l(s d( l!grars(. La .lan(acin d()( ada.tars( a la r(alidad 2 a las c!ndici!n(s !)'(ti/as 1%( act8an (n (l m(di! am)i(nt(. O"#etividad $ cuanti%icacin C%and! s( .lan(a (s n(c(sari! )asars( (n dat!s r(al(s ra3!nami(nt!s .r(cis!s 2 (9act!s 2 n%nca (n !.ini!n(s s%)'(ti/as (s.(c%laci!n(s ! c0lc%l!s ar)itrari!s. Est( .rinci.i! (sta)l(c( la n(c(sidad d( %tili3ar dat!s !)'(ti/!s c!m! (stad4sticas c%antificada (st%di!s d( m(rcad! (st%di!s din(r! d( facti)ilidad c0lc%l!s .r!)a)il4stic!s (tc. La .lan(acin s(r0 m0s c!nfia)l( (n tant! .%(da s(r (9.r(sada (n ti(m.! cantidad(s 2 (s.(cificaci!n(s ;.!rc(nta'(s %nidad(s /!l%m(n (tc.< !le&i"ilidad Al (la)!rar %n .lan (s c!n/(ni(nt( (sta)l(c(r m0rg(n(s d( 5!lg%ra 1%( .(rmitan afr!ntar sit%aci!n(s im.r(/istas 2 1%( .r!.!rci!n(n n%(/!s c%rs!s d( accin 1%( s( a'%st(n f0cilm(nt( a las c!ndici!n(s. 'nidad >!d!s l!s .lan(s (s.(c4fic!s d( la (m.r(sa d()(n int(grars( a %n .lan g(n(ral 2 dirigirs( al l!gr! d( l!s .r!.sit!s 2 !)'(ti/!s g(n(ral(s d( tal man(ra 1%( s(an c!nsist(nt(s (n c%ant! a s% (nf!1%( 2 armnic! (n c%ant! al (1%ili)ri! ( int(rr(lacin 1%( d()( (9istir (ntr( st!s. (el cam"io de estrate)ias
C%and! %n .lan s( (9ti(nd( c!n r(lacin al ti(m.! s(r0 n(c(sari! r(5ac(rl! c!m.l(tam(nt(. Est! n! 1%i(r( d(cir 1%( s( a)and!n(n l!s .r!.sit!s sin! 1%( la (m.r(sa t(ndr0 1%( m!dificar l!s c%rs!s d( accin ;(strat(gias< 2 c!ns(c%(nt(m(nt( las .!l4ticas .r!gramas .r!c(dimi(nt!s 2 .r(s%.%(st!s
FIJACI)N DE O+JETIVOS
O+JETIVOS GENERALES C!m(rciali3acin 2 s(r/ici!s d( c!nstr%ccin c!n mat(rial(s .r(fa)ricad!s. R(ali3ar !)ras d( )%(na calidad al m4nim! ti(m.! I c!st!.
O+JETIVOS ESPECIFICOS J(nta 2 c!l!cacin d( (l(m(nt!s c!nstr%cti/!s m!d%lar(s ! .r(fa)ricad!s. Ad1%isicin d( mat(rial(s d( )%(na calidad .ara )rindar m('!r s(r/ici!.
I,
ASPECTOS GENERALES&
., Si/uaci0"& m!d(rni3ar 2 m('!rar %na (m.r(sa 2a (9ist(nt(. P%(st! 1%( (n la act%alidad (n la ci%dad d( Ca'amarca s( (nc%(ntran (m.r(sas d( st( ti.! .(r! la n(c(sidad s%rg( (n )as( a la a.aricin d( n%(/as t(cn!l!g4as 2 las (9ig(ncias d( la .!)lacin .!r ad1%irir .r!d%ct!s m!d(rn!s 1%( n!s .(rmitir0n a)ast(c(r d( .r!d%ct!s .r(fa)ricad!s al m(n!r ti(m.! ad(m0s c!ntar c!n .(rs!nal altam(nt( ca.acitad! (n (l man('! d( stas n%(/as t(cn!l!g4as. 1, Visi0"& S(r %na (m.r(sa d( s(r/ici!s L4d(r (n (l N!rt( d(l Pa4s c!n ca.ital 5%man! calificad! 2 ni/(l t(cn!lgic! a/an3ad! al s(r/ici! d( la s!ci(dad .ara la r(ali3acin Pr!2(ct!s d( Ing(ni(r4a.
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL
Pgina
2, Misi0"& N%(stra (m.r(sa d( s(r/ici!s d( .r(fa)ricad!s (s %na (m.r(sa c!n .rinci.i!s tic!s 2 /al!r(s cr(ada .ara satisfac(r las n(c(sidad(s d( la s!ci(dad 2 c!ntri)%ir0 al d(sarr!ll! d( n%(str! .a4s.
3, O45e/i%o Social& ?rindar as(s!rami(nt! tcnic! .ara (l trans.!rt( Ejecucin, Evaluacin comercializacin. d( (l(m(nt!s .r(fa)ricad!s ci/il(s (n la R(gin Ca'amarca.
transporte: R(f(rid! ala ad1%isicin 2 .%(sta (n !)ra d(l .r(fa)ricad! int(r/ini(nd! .ara sta (ta.a ing(ni(r!s ar1%it(ct!s= t!d! (st! .ara (l m!nit!r(! d( las (str%ct%ras. Ejecucin: C!nc(rni(nt( a la r(ali3acin d( la !)ra in sit% %tili3and! .ara (ll! al (1%i.! d( tra)a'! c!nf!rmad! .!r: ca.ata3 !.(rad!r .(n ad(m0s d( l!s dif(r(nt(s (1%i.!s tal(s c!m!: m(3clad!ra a.is!nad!ra Kinc5a (tc. Evaluacin: ?0sicam(nt( r(f(rid! a la s%.(r/isin d( .r!2(ct!s d( ing(ni(r4a d!nd( s( (/al%ar0 las dif(r(nt(s m(t!d!l!g4as %tili3adas .!r l!s c!nstr%ct!r(s c!n la finalidad d( garanti3ar la calidad d( la !)ra. Comercializacin: )asad! (n la /(nta d( l!s .r!d%ct!s a !fr(c(r.
6, Me cado O45e/i%o& N%(str! tra)a'! (sta a/!cad! a Em.r(sas P8)licas Pri/adas ONG 2 .(rs!nas 1%( d(s((n 2 t(ngan la .r(dis.!sicin d( ll(/ar a ca)! %na c!nstr%ccin ci/il m!d(rna 2 a m(n!r ti(m.!. L!s .r!d%ct!s 1%( /(nd(m!s s!n md%l!s .r(fa)ricad! .ara la c!nstr%ccin d( casa 5a)itacin (sc%(las c!l(gi!s md%l!s .ara c(ntr! min(r! (tc.
7, Fac/o es I"co"/ ola4les & 78u"/os
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL
Pgina !
Econmico* D()id! a la inflacin l!s .r!d%ct!s (st0n (n c!nstant( cam)i! d( .r(ci!. Pol+tico , -e)al* R(gid! .!r la administracin .8)lica. El (stad! ti(n( m%c5as 2 dif(r(nt(s .!l4ticas d( accin 2 l(2(s= a las c%al(s d()(m!s ac!ndici!narn!s .ara n! t(n(r .r!)l(mas.
Tri"utario* Pagar l!s im.%(st!s d( l(2.
ocial . Cultural* La r(alidad (s cam)iant( (n l!s dif(r(nt(s l%gar(s d( la s!ci(dad. D()(m!s t(n(r c!ntact! dir(ct! c!n las instit%ci!n(s c!m!: INC M%nici.alidad M>C SEDACAJ Lidrandina 2 !tras 2a 1%( d( (stas d(.(nd(n (l .(rmis! .ara la /ia)ilidad d( n%(stras acti/idad(s.
Competencia* Cada /(3 la c!m.(t(ncia s( /a incr(m(ntand! .%(st! 1%( d4a a d4a (9ist(n m0s .r!f(si!nal(s.
Am"iental* El clima 2 d(m0s f(nm(n!s nat%ral(s a /(c(s n!s '%(ga %n .a.(l c!ntrari! al tra)a'!.
Tecnolo)+a* L!s (1%i.!s (st0n (n c!nstant( cam)i!. In/(rtir c!nstant(m(nt( (n t(cn!l!g4a 2a 1%( l!s (1%i.!s s( d(sarr!llan cada /(3 m0s c!n (l transc%rrir d(l ti(m.!.
9, Fac/o es m:s o me"os co"/ ola4les& Proveedores* Pr!gramar la (ntr(ga d( .r!d%ct!s d( m!d! 1%( (stn (n !)ra (n (l m!m(nt! 1%( s( l! n(c(sit(. Ad(m0s s( l!s .!dr0 c!ntr!lar d( alg%na man(ra si s( l( .aga .%nt%alm(nt( 2 .r!.!rci!n0nd!l(s %n trat! '%st!. Clientes* A n%(str!s cli(nt(s .!dr(m!s c!ntr!larl!s )rind0nd!l(s %n s(r/ici! r0.id! 2 d( calidad 2 a %n .r(ci! (st0ndar d( ac%(rd! a las d(m0s (m.r(sas d( la c!m.(t(ncia
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL Pgina "
ad(m0s satisfac(r las n(c(sidad(s d( l!s cli(nt( 1%( .%(d(n s(r: Em.r(sas P8)licas 2 Pri/adas ONGMs 2 .(rs!nas 1%( d(s((n 2 t(ngan la .r(dis.!sicin d( ll(/ar a ca)! %na c!nstr%ccin ci/il. /i/i(ndas c!l(gi!s c!lis(!s .lataf!rmas d(.!rti/as .!stas mdicas 5!s.ital(s carr(t(ras .%(nt(s r(s(r/!ri!s canal(s sist(mas d( ri(g! r(.r(sas sist(mas d( a)ast(cimi(nt! d( ag%a 2 alcantarillad! (tc. Me#or servicio* Htili3acin d( la t(cn!l!g4a m!d(rna. Competencia (irecta* ?rindar m('!r s(r/ici! 2 calidad (n n%(str! tra)a'!. Alg%nas d( las Em.r(sas d( n%(stra c!m.(t(ncia dir(cta (n Ca'amarca: Em.r(sas (9tran'(ras n!rt(am(ricanas (tc. ocial comunidad inmediata* C!ntar c!n Man! d( O)ra (s.(cialista (n dic5! cam.!. >(n(r di0l!g! .(rman(nt( c!n (l cli(nt( (n las dif(r(nt(s acti/idad(s c!n (l fin d( (/itar m!l(stias !casi!nadas .!r l!s r(s.(cti/!s tra)a'!s.
/ARIA0-E (E MAR1ETIN2
Pla3a: La r(gin d( Ca'amarca ;s( (nti(nd( .!r r(gin a las dif(r(nt(s .r!/incias 2 distrit!s 1%( c!nf!rman (sta< sin d(scartar (l 0m)it! naci!nal ( int(rnaci!nal.
Pr(ci!: L!s .r(ci!s s( dar0n d( c%(rd! a l!s c!st!s %nitari!s d(.(ndi(nd! d( la magnit%d 2 (l ti.! d(l .r!2(ct!. Pr!m!cin: M(diant( .%)licidad (n l!s m(di!s d( c!m%nicacin ;(scrita t(l(/isi/!s 2 radial(s< 5asta l!grar (l .!sici!nami(nt! c!m! (m.r(sa l4d(r (n (l m(rcad!. Pr!d%ct!: El .r!d%ct! final d(l (st%di! ('(c%cin 2 (/al%acin d( .r!2(ct!s )rindan la garant4a d(s(ada a n%(str!s cli(nt(s.
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL Pgina #
FORMAS DE SERVICIO
El s(r/ici! 1%( !f(rtam!s s!n: Est%di! E'(c%cin 2 E/al%acin d( Pr!2(ct!s t!d!s a la misma /(3 d!s al mism! ti(m.! ind(.(ndi(nt(m(nt( cN% d( (ll!s d(.(ndi(nd! d( las s!licitaci!n(s d( n%(str!s cli(nt(s.
AN;LISIS FODA
., FORTALE(AS&
C!ntam!s c!n .(rs!nal 5%man! c!n alta (9.(ri(ncia 2 c!n ca.acidad d( r(s!l/(r l!s .r!)l(mas .r(s(ntad!s (n l!s tra)a'!s s!licitad!s.
E1%i.!s 2 t(cn!l!g4a d( 8ltima g(n(racin.
Infra(str%ct%ra am.lia 2 ad(c%ada .ara garanti3ar (l d(sarr!ll! d( %n )%(n s(r/ici!.
C!ntam!s c!n (l .r(s%.%(st! n(c(sari! .ara r(ali3ar las dif(r(nt(s d(mandas (9ist(nt(s.
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL Pgina $%
1, OPORTUNIDADES &
Alta d(manda (n (st%di! c!m(rciali3acin 2 ('(c%cin d( .r!2(ct!s 1%( r(1%i(ran n%(str!s s(r/ici!s.
Partici.acin C!m.(titi/a (n licitaci!n(s P8)licas.
Acc(s! inm(diat! a la Inf!rmacin Ci(nt4fica 2 t(cn!lgica act%ali3adas.
M(rcad! .ara .r!d%ct!s d( calidad.
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2, DE+ILIDADES&
Falta d( (9.(ri(ncia d( la (m.r(sa (n (l m(rcad! .%(st! 1%( s!m!s %na (m.r(sa n%(/a (n .r!d%ct!s .r(fa)ricad!s.
Falta d( c!n/(ni!s c!n instit%ci!n(s.
3, AMENA(AS&
A.aricin d( n%(/as (m.r(sas 1%( !f(rtan similar s(r/ici!.
El d(sc!nt(nt! s!cial (9ist(nt( ;s!)r(t!d! c!n (l S(ct!r d( C!nstr%ccin Ci/il< .r!/!can di/(rs!s .ar!s m!/ili3aci!n(s 2 )l!1%(!s d( carr(t(ras .r!d%cir4an (l d(sa)ast(cimi(nt! d( alg%n!s mat(rial(s n(c(sari!s .ara la c!nstr%ccin ci/il.
La ma2!r4a d( R(glam(nt!s N!rmas Estat%t!s (st0n 5(c5!s .ara !tras r(alidad(s ;Alg%n!s s!n c!.ias d( !tr!s .a4s(s 2 (n d!nd( la ma2!r .art( d( s% g(!graf4a c!rr(s.!nd( a la c!sta<.
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POLTICAS DE LA EMPRESA INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS
A/e"ci0" al Clie"/e: La (m.r(sa ing(ni(r!s as!ciad!s s( .r!.%s! d(sd( s%s inici!s c(ntrar s% accin (n la .(rs!na d(sarr!lland! 2 ca.acitand! s%s /al!r(s as4 c!m! act%ar c!n trans.ar(ncia 2 r(ctit%d c!n .r!/((d!r(s 2 cli(nt(s int(ntand! !fr(c(r %n trat! 1%( s%.(ras( (l .r!f(si!nal c!n !)'(t! d( )rindar si(m.r( la m('!r at(ncin. Calidad& C!n !)'(t! d( !fr(c(r (l m('!r .r!d%ct! ing(ni(r!s as!ciad!s n! sl! s( .r(!c%.ara d( la calidad d(l (st%di! ig%al(s ni/(l(s d( calidad. ('(c%cin 2 (/al%acin d( las !)ras .r!2(ctadas 1%( ('(c%ta dir(ctam(nt( sin! 1%( (9ig( tam)in a s%s .r!/((d!r(s
Ca8aci/aci0"& Cada a&! m0s d(l O+P d( l!s tra)a'ad!r(s d()(n asistir a c%rs!s d( .(rf(cci!nami(nt! .(rmiti(nd! as4 (l d(sarr!ll! la)!ral d( l!s tra)a'ad!r(s m('!rand! la calificacin d(l .(rs!nal 2 a s% /(3 c!nsig%i(nd! %na m('!r calidad (n las c!nstr%cci!n(s 2 %n a%m(nt! (n las r(m%n(raci!n(s d( l!s tra)a'ad!r(s. As4 mism! s( 5a .%(st! si(m.r( (s.(cial (m.(&! (n mat(ria d( s(g%ridad (n (l tra)a'!. Ca)( d(stacar 1%( las r(laci!n(s la)!ral(s (ntr( la (m.r(sa 2 s%s tra)a'ad!r(s s( 5an d(sarr!llad! si(m.r( (n %n am)i(nt( d( di0l!g! 2 ac%(rd!s d(s(m)!cand! (n la s%scri.cin d( c!n/(ni!s c!l(cti/!s 1%( s( r(n%(/an .(ridicam(nt(.
PROCEDIMIENTOS,
In)enieros asociados (st0 c!m.r!m(tid! c!n c%m.lir las r(c!m(ndaci!n(s d( l!s (st%di!s d( im.act! am)i(ntal d( l!s .r!2(ct!s ( im.l(m(ntar las 6M('!r(s Pr0cticas d( C!nstr%ccin7 .ara as(g%rar %n t!tal c%m.limi(nt! c!n las r(g%laci!n(s am)i(ntal(s d( l!s .r!.i(tari!s 2 d(l g!)i(rn!.
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N%(stra .r(!c%.acin .!r (l m(di! am)i(nt( n! r(s.!nd( sl! a id(al(s r!m0ntic!s (s fr%t! d( la raci!nalidad d(l s(ntid! c!m8n 2 d( la tica. D(sc%idar (l m(di! am)i(nt( r(1%(rir0 (n (l f%t%r! d( in/(rsi!n(s c%anti!sas .ara r(c%.(rarl! 2 r(.r(s(ntar0 %n ma2!r c!st! .ara la 5%manidad 2 .!r (nd( .ara las (m.r(sas. Es a1%4 d!nd( s%rg( la n(c(sidad d( %na /isin int(gral d( n%(str! (nt!rn! 1%( inc!r.!r( la dim(nsin am)i(ntal (n l!s .r!c(s!s 1%( ll(/am!s a ca)!. N! .!d(m!s 5a)lar d( %na )%(na g(stin (n s(g%ridad 2 sal%d si n! s!m!s ca.ac(s d( mant(n(r %na ad(c%ada calidad d( /ida (n n%(str!s tra)a'ad!r(s 2 (st! n! s(r0 .!si)l( (n %n (nt!rn! d(gradad! (n r(c%rs!s. D()(m!s am.lificar n%(stra ca.acidad .ara satisfac(r las n(c(sidad(s 2 sim%lt0n(am(nt( g(n(rar )i(n(star garanti3and! la .(rman(ncia d( las f%(nt(s d( r(c%rs!s nat%ral(s. In)enieros asociados /a a tra)a'ar (n l!caci!n(s r(m!tas mant(ni(nd! r(laci!n(s arm!ni!sas c!n las c!m%nidad(s %)icadas alr(d(d!r d(l .r!2(ct!. In)enieros asociados r(tri)%ir0 a las c!m%nidad(s n! s!l! c!n l!s ingr(s!s (c!nmic!s .r!/(ni(nt(s d( l!s salari!s .!r l!s tra)a'!s d( c!nstr%ccin (n l!s 1%( .artici.an sin! )rindand! a.!2! (n la c!nstr%ccin d( l!s .r!2(ct!s c!m%nidad(s tal(s c!m! a%las (sc!lar(s canal(s d( r(gad4! (tc. MOTIVACI)N& D(ntr! d( l!s Pr(mi!s d( la (m.r(sa ing(ni(r!s as!ciad!s 1%( s( (ntr(gan al final d( cada a&! s( !t!rga (l .r(mi! a la s(g%ridad. Est( s( (ntr(ga al (1%i.! d( %n d(t(rminad! .r!2(ct! 1%( (st%/! m0s in/!l%crad! c!n (l t(ma d( la s(g%ridad. Ot!rgar /ia'(s t%r4stic!s a la .(rs!na 1%( l!gra ma2!r(s /(tas 2 c!ntrat!s a las dif(r(nt(s instit%ci!n(s .!r %na s(mana 2 c!n t!d! .agad!. R(ali3ar '!rnadas d(.!rti/as c!nf(r(ncias )ail( d( gala .!r m!ti/! d( ani/(rsari! d( la (m.r(sa 1%( .(rmita l!grar la c!nfrat(rnidad (n la (m.r(sa. d( las
?!nificacin al (m.l(ad! d( m('!r trat! c!n l!s cli(nt(s (l c%al /a a .(rmitir a la

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(m.r(sa mant(n(rs( (n (l m(rcad! d( man(ra .tima. El .r!c(s! d( ca.acitacin d(l .(rs!nal (n t(mas d( s(g%ridad (s (n t!d!s l!s ni/(l(s d( la (m.r(sa 2 (s l! 1%( s!sti(n( n%(str! sist(ma= r(c!n!c(m!s 1%( n! 5a2 m('!r .r0ctica 1%( t(n(r l!s c!n!cimi(nt!s .r(cis!s (n S(g%ridad .ara c%m.lir c!n n%(str!s !)'(ti/!s. La .tima .r!d%cti/idad r(s%lta d( tra)a'! d(sarr!llad! (n f!rma ad(c%ada. C!nfiam!s (n alcan3ar (st( l!gr! gracias a l!s c!n!cimi(nt!s 1%( im.artim!s. VALORES DE LA EMPRESA INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS&
Ing(ni(r!s
As!ciad!s SRL (s %na (m.r(sa 1%( s( (sf%(r3a d4a c!n d4a .ara
!fr(c(r %n m('!r .r!d%ct! 2 s(r/ici! a n%(str!s cli(nt(s d( alta calidad 2 c!nfia)l( (st! a tra/s d(l ti(m.! d( 1%( ll(/a la (m.r(sa la)!rand! 5a f!rmad! l!s /al!r(s 1%( a c!ntin%acin s( .r(s(ntan:
1., CA-I(A(* En t!d!s l!s 0m)it!s d( cada %n! d( l!s .r!2(ct!s 1%( r(ali3am!s. 2., 3' TICIA* Lacia n%(str! .(rs!nal tant! (n (l trat! c!m! (n la asignacin d( acti/idad(s a r(ali3ar d(.(ndi(nd! stas d( la ca.acidad d( cada %n! d( (ll!s. 3., INNO/ACI4N* C!ntin%a d( n%(stras (strat(gias 2 d( n%(str!s mt!d!s d( tra)a'!. 5., P'NT'A-I(A(* En la (ntr(ga d( l!s tra)a'!s s!licitad!s .!r n%(str!s cli(nt(s. 6., CO7ERENCIA* Entr( l! 1%( n!s c!m.r!m(t(m!s c!n n%(str! cli(nt( 2 l! 1%( (f(ct%am!s c!m! tra)a'!. 8., COM'NICACI4N* C!nstant( 2 (f(cti/a (ntr( t!d!s l!s mi(m)r!s 1%( f!rmam!s .art( d( la (m.r(sa as4 c!m! c!n n%(str!s .r!/((d!r(s 2 cli(nt(s. 9., CON!IAN:A* En 1%( r(ali3ar(m!s n%(stras la)!r(s d( la m('!r man(ra c!n la finalidad d( satisfac(r a cada %n! d( n%(str!s cli(nt(s. ;., COMPROMI O* C!n n%(str! cli(nt(s al )rindarl(s %n s(r/ici!s d( calidad= c!n la s!ci(dad al )rindar (sta)ilidad a las familias d( n%(str! .(rs!nal 2 c!n (l m(di! am)i(nt( al r(s.(tar 2 c%m.lir t!das las n!rmas (sta)l(cidas .ara (l c%idad! d( st(.
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REGLAS DE LA EMPRESA
La sal%d d( l!s !)r(r!s s(a .r!t(gida m4nimam(nt( c!n la instalacin d( %n s(r/ici! mdic! 1%( ll(/( %n c!ntr!l d(l .(rs!nal. Am)i(nt(s la)!ral(s ad(c%ad!s ;0r(as d( circ%lacin tra)a'! almac(n(s d( mat(rial(s 2 s(r/ici!s<. M(didas .ara la .r(/(ncin 2 .r!t(ccin d( inc(ndi!s c!m! (sca.(s 2 sist(mas d( alarma. Esta)l(c(r l!s .%nt!s d( c!ntr!l las acti/idad(s la R(laci!n(s 2 las
(stimaci!n(s d( ti(m.!. Dirigir a las .(rs!nas indi/id%alm(nt( 2 c!m! (1%i.! d( .r!2(ct!. R(f!r3ar (l s(ntid! d( r(s.!nsa)ilidad 2 m!ral d(l gr%.! d(l .r!2(ct!.
PROGRAMAS DE LA EMPRESA
P o# ama Es/ a/#ico de Desa ollo ?%sca c!ntri)%ir a la m('!ra d( l!s ni/(l(s d( g(n(racin d( r(nta 2 calidad d( /ida d( las .!)laci!n(s d( (scas!s r(c%rs!s a tra/s d( la im.l(m(ntacin d( .r!2(ct!s 2 a.!2! a .!l4ticas .8)licas d( d(sarr!ll!. P o# ama de co"%i%e"cia S% !)'(ti/! (s mant(n(r 2 r(f!r3ar r(laci!n(s amist!sas 2 s(g%ras c!n las c!m%nidad(s %)icadas (n (l 0r(a d( infl%(ncia d(l P(r8. P o# ama de solida idad Ati(nd( sit%aci!n(s d( crisis 5%manitaria alta /%ln(ra)ilidad 2 marginalidad s!cial. P o# ama de a8o<o a la educaci0" A.!2a .r!gramas .r!2(ct!s ! acci!n(s !ri(ntadas a m('!rar la calidad d( la (d%cacin .rimaria a ni/(l naci!nal.
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ORGANIGRAMA
CLASES DE PLANES
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., PLANEACI)N ESTRAT=GICA
a, O+JETIVOS Il%strar cm! d(t(rminan l!s !)'(ti/!s .rinci.al(s las (m.r(sas. E9.licar cm! las (m.r(sas (la)!ran an0lisis am)i(ntal(s 2 an0lisis !rgani3aci!nal(s .ara c!n!c(r m('!r s% .!t(ncialidad 2 s% /%ln(ra)ilidad. E9.licar cm! las (m.r(sas f!rm%lan s%s alt(rnati/as (stratgicas 2 cm! las im.l(m(ntan m(diant( .lan(s t0ctic!s 2 !.(raci!nal(s. La .lan(acin r(ali3ada (n (l ni/(l instit%ci!nal d( %na (m.r(sa r(ci)( (l n!m)r( d( .lan(acin (stratgica. L!s dirig(nt(s (n (l ni/(l instit%ci!nal d( la (m.r(sa c%m.l(n la tar(a .rim!rdial d( (nfr(ntar la inc(rtid%m)r( g(n(rada .!r l!s (l(m(nt!s inc!ntr!la)l(s ( im.r(/isi)l(s d(sd( (l am)i(nt( d( tar(a 2 (l am)i(nt( g(n(ral. Al (star al tant! d( las am(na3as am)i(ntal(s 2 las !.!rt%nidad(s dis.!ni)l(s .ara la (m.r(sa 2 d(sarr!llar (strat(gias .ara (nfr(ntar (st!s (l(m(nt!s am)i(ntal(s. L!s dirig(nt(s d(l. ni/(l instit%ci!nal r(1%i(r(n %n 5!ri3!nt( t(m.!ral .r!2(ctad! a larg! .la3! %n (nf!1%( gl!)al 1%( incl%2( la (m.r(sa c!m! t!talidad int(grada .!r r(c%rs!s ca.acidad 2 .!t(ncialidad 2 (n (s.(cial r(1%i(r(n t!mar d(cisi!n(s )asadas (n'%icias 2 n! sl! (n l!s dat!s.
4, CARACTERISTICAS DE LA PLANEACI)N ESTRAT=GICA La .lan(acin (stratgica .r(s(nta las sig%i(nt(s caract(r4sticas: ,. Est0 .r!2(ctada a larg! .la3! .!r l! m(n!s (n trmin!s d( s%s : (f(ct!s 2 c!ns(c%(ncias. *. Est0 !ri(ntada 5acia las r(laci!n(s (ntr( la (m.r(sa 2 s% am)i(nt( d( tar(a 2 (n c!ns(c%(ncia (st0 s%'(ta a la inc(rtid%m)r( d( l!s ac!nt(cimi(nt!s am)i(ntal(s. Para (nfr(ntar la inc(rtid%m)r( la .lan(acin (stratgica )asa s%s d(cisi!n(s (n l!s '%ici!s 2 n! (n l!s dat!s. -. Incl%2( la (m.r(sa c!m! t!talidad 2 a)arca t!d!s s%s r(c%rs!s .ara !)t(n(r (l (f(ct! sinrgic! d( t!da la ca.acidad 2 .!t(ncialidad d( la (m.r(sa. La r(s.%(sta (stratgica d( la (m.r(sa incl%2( %n c!m.!rtami(nt! gl!)al 2
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sistmic!. La .lan(acin (stratgica (s la t!ma d(li)(rada 2 sist(m0tica d( d(cisi!n(s 1%( incl%2(n .r!.sit!s 1%( af(ctan ! d()(r4an af(ctar t!da la (m.r(sa d%rant( larg!s .(ri!d!s. Es %na .lan(acin 1%( incl%2( .la3!s m0s larg!s (s m0s am.lia 2 s( d(sarr!lla (n l!s ni/(l(s '(r0r1%ic!s m0s (l(/ad!s d( la (m.r(sa (s d(cir (n (l ni/(l instit%ci!nal. Es %n .r!c(s! c!ntin%! d( t!ma d( d(cisi!n(s (stratgicas 1%( n! s( .r(!c%.a .!r antici.ar d(cisi!n(s 1%( d()an t!mars( (n (l f%t%r! sin! .!r c!nsid(rar las im.licaci!n(s f%t%ras d( las d(cisi!n(s 1%( d()an t!mars( (n (l .r(s(nt(. Mi(ntras la (strat(gia (m.r(sarial s( !ri(nta 5acia l! 1%( la (m.r(sa d()( 5ac(r .ara c!ns(g%ir l!s !)'(ti/!s (m.r(sarial(s la .lan(acin (stratgica trata d( (s.(cificar cm! l!grar (s!s !)'(ti/!s. S( trata d( (sta)l(c(r l! 1%( la (m.r(sa d()( 5ac(r ant(s d( (m.r(nd(r la accin (m.r(sarial n(c(saria. Est! significa 1%( la (m.r(sa (n c!n'%nt! d()( in/!l%crars( (n la .lan(acin (stratgica: t!d!s s%s ni/(l(s r(c%rs!s .!t(ncialidad 2 5a)ilidad .ara l!grar (l (f(ct! sinrgic! d( int(raccin d( t!d!s (st!s as.(ct!s. Dad! 1%( la .lan(acin (stratgica (s g(nrica 2 am.lia r(1%i(r( s%)di/idirs( (n .lan(s t0ctic!s d(sarr!llad!s (n (l ni/(l int(rm(di! d( la (m.r(sa cada %n! d( l!s c%al(s (st0 !ri(ntad! a s% d(.artam(nt!. Ad(m0s cada .lan t0ctic! d()( s%)di/idirs( (n .lan(s !.(raci!nal(s d(sarr!llad!s (n (l ni/(l !.(raci!nal d( la (m.r(sa 1%( d(tall(n c!n min%ci!sidad cada tar(a ! acti/idad 1%( d()a ('(c%tars(.
CLASES DE NIVELES DE PLANEACI)N EMPRESARIAL
Ni%el de
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Ti8os de 8la"eaci0"
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em8 esa I"s/i/ucio"al T:c/ico O8e acio"al

M(rcad!lgica Plan d( /(ntas Plan d( .r!m!cin Plan d( .%)licidad Plan d( in/(stigacin d( m(rcad! Plan d( r(laci!n(s .%)licas
es/ a/#ica
Financi(ra Plan d( %tilidad(s Plan d( in/(rsin Plan d( fl%'! d( ca'a Plan .r(s%.%(stal d( gast!s Plan d( ingr(s!s D( .r!d%ccin Plan d( .r!d%ccin Plan d( mant(nimi(nt! Plan d( n%(/!s (1%i.!s Plan d( s%ministr! Plan d( raci!nali3acin D( r(c%rs!s 5%man!s Plan d( carr(ras Plan d( salari!s 2 r(m%n(racin Plan d( (ntr(nami(nt! Plan d( r(cl%tami(nt! 2 s(l(ccin Plan d( )(n(fici!s 2 s(r/ici!s s!cial(s
c, ETAPAS DE LA PLANEACI)N ESTRAT=GICA La .lan(acin (stratgica ;/as( (l c%adr! ant(ri!r< c%m.l( s(is (ta.as: ,. D(t(rminacin d( l!s !)'(ti/!s (m.r(sarial(s. *. An0lisis am)i(ntal (9t(rn!. -. An0lisis !rgani3aci!nal int(rn!. Q. f!rm%lacin d( las alt(rnati/as (stratgicas 2 (l(ccin d( la (strat(gia (m.r(sarial. G. Ela)!racin d( la .lan(acin (stratgica. D. Im.l(m(ntacin m(diant( .lan(s t0ctic!s 2 !.(raci!nal(s. c.1. (eterminacin de los o"#etivos empresariales L!s !)'(ti/!s (m.r(sarial(s s( (sta)l(c(n (n f%ncin d( la misin 2 d( la /isin !rgani3aci!nal. O)'(ti/!s s!n l!s .r!.sit!s d( la (m.r(sa 1%( t!mad!s (n c!n'%nt! d(fin(n s% .r!.ia ra3n d( s(r ! d( (9istir. P%(d(n f!rm%lars( inicialm(nt( (n trmin!s am.li!s 2 a)stract!s c!m! a%m(ntar la fran'a d( .artici.acin d(l m(rcad! c!ns%mid!r a%m(ntar la .r!d%ccin c!n l!s mism!s r(c%rs!s dis.!ni)l(s dismin%ir c!st!s !.(raci!nal (s mant(n(r c!st!s financi(r!s 2 (l(/ar (l 4ndic( d( li1%id(3 d( la (m.r(sa. N! !)stant( l!s !)'(ti/!s (st0n casi si(m.r( s(.arad!s d( la r(alidad c!tidiana d( la (m.r(sa .ara .(rmitir la f!rm%lacin d( .r!gramas 1%( d()(n .!n(rs( (n marc5a. Para
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d(tallars( (n trmin!s !.(raci!nal (s l!s !)'(ti/!s (m.r(sarial(s r(1%i(r(n s%)di/idirs( (n !)'(ti/!s d(.artam(ntal(s.
,. D(t(rminacin d( l!s !)'(ti/!s (m.r(sarial(s ;RC%0l (s (l camin!S< O.!rt%nidad(s 2 am(na3as D. An0lisis am)i(ntal (9t(rn! ;R$% 5a2 (n (l am)i(nt(S< P!t(ncialidad 2 /%ln(ra)ilidad G. An0lisis !rgani3aci!nal int(rn! ;R$% t(n(m!s (n la (m.r(saS<
F!rtal(3as 2 d()ilidad(s
Q. F!rm%lacin d( las alt(rnati/as 2 (l(ccin d( la (strat(gia (m.r(sarial ;R$% 5ac(rS<
P%nt!s f%(rt(s 2 .%nt!s d)il(s
-. Ela)!racin d( la .lan(acin (stratgica ;RCm! 5ac(rS<
*. Im.l(m(ntacin d( la .lan(acin (stratgica m(diant( .lan(s t0ctic!s 2 !.(raci!nal(s R(tr!alim(ntacin
-as seis etapas de la planeacin estrat<)ica L!s !)'(ti/!s (m.r(sarial(s .%(d(n agr%.ars( (n c%atr! cat(g!r4as: ,. La %tilidad c!nsid(rada d(ntr! d( d!s .%nt!s d( /ista: r(t!rn! d( l!s .r!.i(tari!s 2 d( la (c!n!m4a d( la (m.r(sa. *. La (9.ansin s(a c!n r(lacin a (lla misma ! c!n r(lacin al m(rcad! (n 1%( .artici.a. -. La s(g%ridad 1%( c!rr(s.!nd( al d(s(! d( la (m.r(sa d( as(g%rar s% f%t%r! 2 c!ntin%idad. Q. La a%t!n!m4a ! ind(.(nd(ncia !)'(ti/! .!r (l c%al la (m.r(sa .r(t(nd(
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL Pgina 2$
d(cidir s% d(stin! c!n li)(rtad. En c!ns(c%(ncia %tilidad (9.ansin. S(g%ridad 2 a%t!n!m4a s!n l!s !)'(ti/!s g(nric!s .rinci.al(s 1%( las (m.r(sas d()(n alcan3ar= Lasta ci(rt! .%nt! la %tilidad as(g%ra l!s !tr!s tr(s !)'(ti/!s. La %tilidad la s(g%ridad 2 la a%t!n!m4a s!n. ?0sicam(nt( !)'(ti/!s d( s%.(r/i/(ncia d( la (m.r(sa mi(ntras 1%( la (9.ansin (s %n !)'(ti/! d( cr(cimi(nt! (m.r(sarial. La !)ligacin f%ndam(ntal d( %na (m.r(sa (n %n sist(ma d( li)r( iniciati/a (s g(n(rar %tilidad(s .ara c%m.lir s%s !)ligaci!n(s c!n l!s acci!nistas 2 .r!.!rci!nar %n fl%'! d( (f(cti/! ad(c%ad! .ara saldar s%s c!m.r!mis!s financi(r!s. Hna (m.r(sa 1%( n! .r!d%3ca %tilidad(s (st0 c!nd(nada a d(sa.ar(c(r 2 la ra.id(3 d( s% m%(rt( d(.(nd(r0 d( la .aci(ncia d( l!s acr((d!r(s d(l tama&! d( s%s r(c%rs!s l41%id!s 2 d( las d(mandas d( s%s acci!nistas. La %tilidad 1%( .r(s(nta d!s dim(nsi!n(s cantidad 2 (fici(ncia tam)in .%(d( c%antificars( (n din(r! ! (/al%ars( (n trmin!s d( (fici(ncia fr(nt( a la in/(rsin (m.r(sarial ;c!m! (n (l cas! d(l r(t!rn! s!)r( (l ca.ital in/(rtid!<. 3erar=u+a de o"#etivos En t!da (m.r(sa (9ist( %na '(rar1%4a d( !)'(ti/!s: cada !)'(ti/! s( fi'a t(ni(nd! (n c%(nta %na !ri(ntacin m0s am.lia ! t!mand! c!m! r(f(r(ncia !)'(ti/!s m0s am.li!s d( la !rgani3acin .ara (/itar la dis.(rsin d( (sf%(r3!s ! .rdida d( la %nidad !rgani3aci!nal d( la (m.r(sa. Cada d(.artam(nt! d( la (m.r(sa .r(s(nta %na t(nd(ncia m%2 f%(rt( a ma9imi3ar s%s !)'(ti/!s 2 r(s%ltad!s d( m!d! 1%( s% (sf%(r3! .%(d( an%lar ! c!m.r!m(t(r (l d( !tr!s d(.artam(nt!s d()id! a la s%) !)'(ti/acin. D( (st( m!d! cada s%) !)'(ti/! ma94rni3ad! c!nd%c( a la (m.r(sa a transf!rmars( (n %n sist(ma c(ntr4f%g! d( acti/idad(s (n 1%( l!s (sf%(r3!s s( s(.aran (n l%gar d( c!n'%gars( t(ndi(nd! a d(sint(grar (l sist(ma 2 (l(/ar la (ntr!.4a. L! id(al s(r4a 1%( l!s (sf%(r3!s n! s( s%maran sin! 1%( s( m%lti.licaran (s d(cir 1%( s( l!grara la sin(rgia trmin! 1%( significa (f(ct! m%lti.licad!r d( c!m)inar l!s r(c%rs!s 1%(. C%and! s( %tili3an (n c!n'%nt! .r!d%c(n %n (f(ct! r(s%ltant( ma2!r 1%( c%and! s( s%man. D( a54 s( d(ri/a la n(c(sidad d( t(n(r %n sist(ma d( !)'(ti/!s 2 r(s%ltad!s gl!)al(s d(finid!s 2 s%)di/idid!s m(diant( .lan(s
t0ctic!s d(.artam(ntal(s 1%( c!n/(rg(n (n !)'(ti/!s 1%( marc5an (n %na dir(ccin 8nica. Si l!s !)'(ti/!s c5!can (ntr( s4 ;la %tilidad c5!ca c!n la .r!d%cti/idad la inn!/acin c!n las !.(raci!n(s r(.(titi/as< n! act8an %nid!s (ntr( s4. El tra)a'! d( la administracin c!nsist( (n c!m.ati)ili3ar l!s !)'(ti/!s (n c!nflict!. >!da (m.r(sa (n (l f!nd! (s %n c!n'%nt! d( c!nflict!s 1%( manti(n(n %n (1%ili)ri! fr0gil.
Ma2!r r(t!rn! s!)r( la in/(rsin (m.r(sarial
O?JE>IJOS EMPRESARIALES
A%m(nt! d(l r(t!rn!
R(d%ccin d( la in/(rsin
A%m(nt! d( la fact%racin
R(d%ccin d( c!st!s
O?JE>IJOS DEPAR>AMEN>ALES
Htili3acin int(nsi/a d(l r(c%rs! (9ist(nt(
Ad1%isicin d( r(c%rs!s adici!nal(s
M('!rami(nt! d( l!s .r!gramas d( %tili3acin d( (1%i.!s A.licacin (fici(nt( d( l!s r(c%rs!s financi(r!s Entr(nami(nt! (m.l(ad!s d(
Ad1%isicin n%(/!s (1%i.!s
d(
Ca.tacin d( r(c%rs!s financi(r!s R(cl%tami(nt! 2 s(l(ccin d( n%(/!s (m.l(ad!s
Administracin por o"#etivos Al im.l(m(ntars( la administracin .!r !)'(ti/!s ;APO< (l nfasis 1%( ant(s s( 5ac4a (n las Tacti/idad(s:m(di!sT s( d(s.la3 5acia l!s !)'(ti/!s ! finalidad(s d( la (m.r(sa: (l (nf!1%( )asad! (n l!s mt!d!s 2 .r!c(s!s f%( s%stit%id! .!r %n (nf!1%( )asad! (n l!s r(s%ltad!s 2 !)'(ti/!s 1%( d()4an alcan3ars(. Al a.licars( (sta clas( d( administracin l!s g(r(nt(s s%.(ri!r(s 2 s%)!rdinad!s d( %na (m.r(sa d(fin(n (n c!n'%nt! las m(tas c!m%n(s (s.(cifican las 0r(as d(
r(s.!nsa)ilidad d( cada .!sicin fr(nt( a l!s r(s%ltad!s (s.(rad!s d( cada %n! 2 %tili3an (sas m(didas c!m! g%4as .ara m('!rar la !.(racin 2 la /(rificacin d( la c!ntri)%cin d( cada %n! d( s%s mi(m)r!s. E9ist(n /ari!s sist(mas d( APO. L!s (l(m(nt!s c!m%n(s (nc!ntrad!s (n (st!s di/(rs!s sist(mas s!n l!s sig%i(nt(s: ,. Esta)l(cimi(nt! c!n'%nt! d( l!s !)'(ti/!s (ntr( l!s ('(c%ti/!s 2 (l s%.(ri!r. *. Esta)l(cimi(nt! d( !)'(ti/!s .ara cada d(.artam(nt!. -. Int(rr(lacin d( l!s di/(rs!s !)'(ti/!s .ara l!grar (f(ct!s sinrgic!s. Q. R(/isin .(ridica 2 r(tr!alim(ntacin .ara as(g%rar la c!ns(c%cin d( l!s r(s%ltad!s. G. Unfasis (n la m(dicin ;c%antificacin d( r(s%ltad!s< 2 (n (l c!ntr!l d( l!s r(s%ltad!s. D(s.%s d( (sta)l(c(r l!s !)'(ti/!s d( cada d(.artam(nt! 2 las int(rr(laci!n(s (ntr( st!s s( (la)!ran l!s .lan(s adici!nal(s ;.lan(s t0ctic!s 2 .lan(s !.(raci!nal(s< (n l!s ni/(l(s inf(ri!r(s d( la !rgani3acin r(s.(ct! d( l!s m(di!s 2 tar(as n(c(sari!s .ara c!ns(g%ir l!s !)'(ti/!s. Est!s .lan(s c!nstit%2(n la )as( .ara m(dir 2 (/al%ar la (ficacia d( l!s ('(c%ti/!s 2 d( s%s d(.artam(nt!s. D( (sta (/al%acin s( d(ri/an d!s alt(rnati/as: ,. Acci!n(s c!rr(cti/as .ara r(/isar ! m!dificar l!s m(di!s %tili3ad!s (n la c!ns(c%cin d( l!s !)'(ti/!s. *. N%(/! an0lisis d( l!s .r!.i!s !)'(ti/!s 1%( .%(d(n m!dificars(.
TRANSICI)N DE LOS ESTILOS ADMINISTRATIVOS A PARTIR DE LA APO
A"/es de la APO Administracin d4a a d4a. C!nc(.cin !ri(ntada 5acia (l int(ri!r d( la (m.r(sa. Ori(ntacin 5acia l!s .r!d%ct!s.
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL
Des8us de la APO F!cali3acin (n (l f%t%r!. C!nc(.cin 5acia (l (9t(ri!r d( la (m.r(sa. Ori(ntacin 5acia las .(rs!nas.
Pgina 24
Ori(ntacin 5acia la !rgani3acin. Ori(ntacin 5acia las acti/idad(s. Administracin d( la r%tina. Unfasis (n (l 6c!m!7. Unfasis (n (l din(r! las ma1%inas 2 l!s mat(rial(s. C!ntr!l c(ntrali3ad!
Ori(ntacin 5acia (l cli(nt(. Ori(ntacin 5acia l!s r(s%ltad!s. Cr(acin d( inn!/aci!n(s. Unfasis (n (l 6.ara 1%(7. Unfasis (n las .(rs!nas las
m(ntalidad(s 2 (l ti(m.!. Iniciati/a d(sc(ntrali3ada (n l!s s%)!rdinad!s. Estil! .artici.ati/!. D(l(gacin 2 r(s.!nsa)ilidad. >ra)a'! (n (1%i.!.
t(cn!cr0tic! f%nci!nal. Estil! a%t!ritari!. Dir(ctric(s 2 s%.(r/isin. Indi/id%alism!.
La APO (s %na tcnica 1%( (9ig( g(r(nt(s amiga)l(s 2 c!la)!rad!r(s .!r %na .art(= 2 s%)!rdinad!s 5!n(st!s 2 mad%r!s .!r la !tra .ara as(g%rar %n clima d( c!nfian3a m%t%a. Ad(m0s la APO s( a.lica m('!r (n (m.r(sas 1%( act8an (n am)i(nt(s cam)iant(s 2 din0mic!s. Las c!ndici!n(s 1%( cam)ian c!n ra.id(3 2 l!s .a.(l(s 1%( incl%2(n c!nflict! 2 am)igV(dad c!nstit%2(n m(di!s fa/!ra)l(s .ara la a.licacin d( la APO. c.2. An>lisis de las condiciones am"ientales M(diant( (l an0lisis am)i(ntal la (m.r(sa .r!c%ra c!n!c(r s% am)i(nt( (9t(rn! 2 diagn!sticar 1% !c%rr( (n l. Para 1%( la (m.r(sa .%(da !.(rar c!n (fici(ncia 2 (ficacia (s n(c(sari! 1%( c!n!3ca (l am)i(nt( (9t(rn! 1%( la r!d(a: s%s n(c(sidad(s !.!rt%nidad(s r(c%rs!s dis.!ni)l(s. Dific%ltad(s 2 r(stricci!n(s am(na3as c!acci!n(s 2 c!nting(ncias d( las 1%( n! .%(d( 5%ir ni (sca.ar. Dad! 1%( (l am)i(nt( cam)ia c!ntin%am(nt( (l ni/(l instit%ci!nal d( la (m.r(sa d()( anali3ar sist(m0ticam(nt( 2 diagn!sticar las c!ndici!n(s am)i(ntal(s 1%( r!d(an la (m.r(sa. El an0lisis am)i(ntal Wd()( a)arcar (l am)i(nt( g(n(ral 2 (l am)i(nt( d( tar(a 2 .%(d( in/!l%crar as.(ct!s d(l
am)i(nt( g(n(ral ;rnacr!am)4(nt(<. C!m!: An>lisis del am"iente )eneral ., Fac/o es /ec"ol0#icos& incl%2(n c!st!s 2 dis.!ni)ilidad(s d( t!d!s l!s fact!r(s .r!d%cti/!s %tili3ad!s (n las (m.r(sas 2 l!s cam)i!s t(cn!lgic!s 1%( im.lican 2 af(ctan (s!s fact!r(s d( .r!d%ccin as4 c!m! n%(/!s .r!d%ct!s ! s(r/ici!s 1%( .!dr4an s%stit%ir l!s .r!d%ct!s ! s(r/ici!s act%al(s !fr(cid!s. 1, Fac/o es 8ol$/icos: incl%2(n d(cisi!n(s g%)(rnam(ntal(s ca.ac(s d( af(ctar las acti/idad(s 2 !.(raci!n(s d( la (m.r(sa. L!s g!)i(rn!s .%(d(n s(r grand(s c!m.rad!r(s d( )i(n(s 2 s(r/ici!s s%)sidiar (m.r(sas ! ind%strias 1%( l!s a2%d(n a s!)r(/i/ir 2 .r!s.(rar .r!t(g(r las (m.r(sas l!cal(s d( la c!m.(t(ncia (9tran'(ra 2 (n (s.(cial /(r (n las (m.r(sas las !.!rt%nidad(s d( (m.l(! indis.(nsa)l(s .ara la s%.(r/i/(ncia 2 (l )i(n(star d( l!s ci%dadan!s. 2, Fac/o es eco"0micos: (stad! d( la (c!n!m4a ;d(.r(sin r(c(sin
r(c%.(racin D .r!s.(ridad< t(nd(ncia d( l!s .r(ci!s d( l!s )i(n(s ! s(r/ici!s ;inflacin ! d(flacin< .!l4ticas m!n(tarias .!l4ticas fiscal(s )alan3a d( .ag!s (tc. Cada %na d( (stas fac(tas d( la (c!n!m4a .%(d( facilitar ! dific%ltar (l alcanc( d( l!s !)'(ti/!s d( la (m.r(sa 2 (l 9it! ! (l fracas! d( s% (strat(gia. 3, Fac/o es le#ales& la l(gislacin af(cta cada /(3 m0s !.(raci!n(s 2 acti/idad(s d( las (m.r(sas. La l(gislacin s!)r( as%nt!s c!m! salari!s 2 c!ntr!l d( .r(ci!s 5igi(n( 2 s(g%ridad (n (l tra)a'! c!nc(sin d( crdit! dir(ct! al c!ns%mid!r c!nstr%ccin d( (difici!s c!ndici!n(s d( tra)a'! fact%racin in/(ntari! 2 d(.sit! d( mat(rias .rimas 2 .r!d%ct!s aca)ad!s 2 %na infinidad d( !tr!s as.(ct!s c5!ca c!n ci(rt!s im.(dim(nt!s l(gal(s. 6, Fac/o es sociales: l!s /al!r(s s!cial(s 2 las actit%d(s d( las .(rs!nas c!m! cli(nt(s ! (m.l(ad!s .%(d(n af(ctar la (strat(gia (m.r(sarial. La calidad
s%'(ta la acti/idad (m.r(sarial a
limitaci!n(s 2 r(stricci!n(s l(gal(s. En !casi!n(s la (strat(gia (m.r(sarial
d(s(ada d( /ida l!s .atr!n(s d( c!m!didad las .r(f(r(ncias d( r(cr(acin las c!st%m)r(s r(f(r(nt(s a /(st%ari!s (9c%rsi!n(s int(r(s(s (tc. Infl%2(n (n l!s .r!d%ct!s 2 s(r/ici!s d(s(ad!s .!r la s!ci(dad as4 c!m! (n la calidad .r(ci! im.!rtancia (tc.
7, Fac/o es demo# :!icos: (st!s fact!r(s 1%( c!m.r(nd(n la d(nsidad d( .!)lacin 2 distri)%cin g(!gr0fica la distri)%cin .!r (dad s(9! ra3a (tc. X d(fin(n la man(ra c!m! s( distri)%2(n l!s cli(nt(s (n (l m(rcad!.
9, Fac/o es ecol0#icos: incl%2(n as.(ct!s d(l am)i(nt( f4sic! 2 nat%ral as4 c!m! .!l4ticas g%)(rnam(ntal(s al r(s.(ct!.
>!d!s (st!s fact!r(s ;t(cn!lgic!s .!l4tic!s (c!nmic!s l(gal(s s!cial(s 2 d(m!gr0fic!s< c!nstit%2(n (l am)i(nt( g(n(ral ;! macr! am)i(nt(<. An>lisis del am"iente de tarea El an0lisis am)i(ntal d()( f!cali3ar (s.(c4ficam(nt( as.(ct!s d(l am)i(nt( d( tar(a d( la (m.r(sa c!m!: ,. C!ns%mid!r(s ! %s%ari!s d( l!s .r!d%ct!s ! s(r/ici!s d( la (m.r(sa (s d(cir l!s cli(nt(s d( la (m.r(sa. Es (l d(n!minad! m(rcad! ;d( c!ns%mid!r(s %s%ari!s ! cli(nt(s< 1%( .%(d( a)s!r)(r t!d!s l!s r(s%ltad!s ! salidas d( la acti/idad (m.r(sarial. >ant! (l m(rcad! r(al c!m! (l .!t(ncial d()(n (st%diars( .ara /(rificar las !.!rt%nidad(s 2 las am(na3as 1%( ac(c5an a c!rt! m(dian! 2 larg! .la3!s. La (m.r(sa n! .%(d( ign!rar as.(ct!s c!m! n(c(sidad(s 2 .r(f(r(ncias d( l!s c!ns%mid!r(s. Las .r(g%ntas f%ndam(ntal(s 1%( d()(n f!rm%lars( s!n RC%0l(s s!n l!s c!ns%mid!r(s r(al(s 2 .!t(ncial(s d( l!s .r!d%ct!s ! s(r/ici!s d( la (m.r(saS RC%0l(s s!n s%s n(c(sidad(s 2 .r(f(r(nciasS R$% alt(rnati/as .%(d(n im.l(m(ntars( .ara at(nd(rl!s m('!rS *. Pr!/((d!r(s d( r(c%rs!s. Es d(cir las (m.r(sas 1%( s%ministran las (ntradas 2 l!s r(c%rs!s n(c(sari!s .ara ll(/ar a ca)! las !.(raci!n(s 2 acti/idad(s d( la (m.r(sa. En !tras .ala)ras las !tras (m.r(sas c!n las 1%( la (m.r(sa
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL Pgina 2!
manti(n( r(laci!n(s d( d(.(nd(ncia. E9ist(n .r!/((d!r(s d( ca.ital 2 d( din(r! ;m(rcad! d( ca.ital(s 1%( incl%2( acci!nistas in/(rsi!nistas 2 .artic%lar(s )anc!s (ntidad(s financi(ras (tc.<. d( mat(rial(s 2 mat(rias .rimas ;m(rcad! d( .r!/((d!r(s 1%( s%ministran l!s ins%m!s mat(rial(s )0sic!s .ara la (m.r(sa< d( (1%i.!s d( t(cn!l!g4a d( f%(r3a la)!ral d( (s.aci! 1%( d()( al1%ilars( ;.%)licidad c!m.rars( ! arr(ndars( d( s(r/ici!s asist(ncia mdic!:5!s.italaria r(cl%tami(nt! 2 s(l(ccin
lim.i(3a 2 as(! s(g%ridad 2 /igilancia )ancaria ( ind%strial (tc.<. M%c5as (m.r(sas )%scan la int(gracin /(rtical fa)ricand! t!d!s l!s s%).r!d%ct!s 2 c!m.!n(nt(s n(c(sari!s .ara g(n(rar s%s .r!d%ct!s ! s(r/ici!s 2 dismin%ir s% d(.(nd(ncia (9t(rna d( .r!/((d!r(s r(d%cir c!st!s 2 a.r!/(c5ar m('!r l!s r(c%rs!s dis.!ni)l(s mi(ntras 1%( alg%nas tratan d( d(l(gar (n !tras (m.r(sas .r!/((d!ras %na .art( d( s%s acti/idad(s ;!%ts!%rcing< .ara c!nc(ntrars( 2 (s.(ciali3ars( (n las !.(raci!n(s (s(ncial(s 2 a%m(ntar s% (fici(ncia. S!n d!s:(strat(gias !.%(stas: la .rim(ra r(d%c( la d(.(nd(ncia (9t(rna .(r! .r!/!ca .r!)l(mas d( c!m.l('idad d(ntr! d( la (m.r(sa 1%( d()( at(nd(r int(rnam(nt( /ari(dad d( as%nt!s mi(ntras 1%( la s(g%nda a%m(nta la d(.(nd(ncia (9t(rna fr(nt( a las d(m0s (m.r(sas .r!/((d!ras .(r! ali/ia int(rnam(nt( la (m.r(sa d( gran /ari(dad d( .r!)l(mas 2 l( .(rmit( c!nc(ntrars( (n !tr!s 1%( n! .%(d( d(l(gar ni .!n(r (n man!s d( t(rc(r!s. En (l .rim(r cas! (9ist( %na r(s.%(sta (m.r(sarial a las am(na3as (9t(rnas= (n (l s(g%nd! a !.!rt%nidad(s (9t(rnas. -. C!m.(tid!r(s ;(n c%ant! a salidas ! (ntradas d( la (m.r(sa<. P%(d(n dis.%tar cli(nt(s c!ns%mid!r(s ! %s%ari!s c!m! (n (l cas! d( (m.r(sas 1%( g(n(ran l!s mism!s .r!d%ct!s ! s(r/ici!s 2 l!s c!l!can (n (l mism! m(rcad! c!ns%mid!r. >am)in .%(d(n dis.%tar l!s r(c%rs!s n(c(sari!s c!m! (n (l cas! d( las (m.r(sas 1%( r(1%i(r(n las mismas (ntradas: din(r! mat(rial(s 2 mat(rias .rimas m01%inas 2 (1%i.!s t(cn!l!g4a r(c%rs!s 5%man!s s(r/ici!s (tc. En c%ant! a salidas ! (ntradas la c!m.(t(ncia .r!/!ca m!dificaci!n(s (n (l m(canism! d( !f(rta 2 d(manda d(l m(rcad! al int(rf(rir la dis.!ni)ilidad l!s .r(ci!s la calidad 2 la r(lati/a facilidad ! dific%ltad (n la !)t(ncin d( l!s r(c%rs!s indis.(nsa)l(s .ara las
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL Pgina 2"
!.(raci!n(s d( la (m.r(sa. La c!m.(t(ncia af(cta la din0mica d(l am)i(nt( 2 .r!/!ca t%r)%l(ncia 2 r(accin am)i(ntal. Q. Ag(ncias r(g%lad!ras c!m! (ntidad(s g%)(rnam(ntal(s sindicat!s
as!ciaci!n(s d( clas( !.inin .8)lica (tc. 1%( int(rfi(r(n las acti/idad(s 2 !.(raci!n(s d( la (m.r(sa casi si(m.r( .ara /igilarlas c!ntr!larlas 2 .r!/!car r(stricci!n(s 2 limitaci!n(s 1%( r(d%c(n (l grad! d( li)(rtad (n (l .r!c(s! d( t!ma d( d(cisi!n(s d( la (m.r(sa. En cas! d( W.r(s(ntars( 5!stilidad (n (s( s(ct!r d(l am)i(nt( d( tar(a la (m.r(sa d()( ad!.tar (strat(gias )i(n .lan(adas ( im.l(m(ntadas .ara r(d%cir ! n(%trali3ar las c!acci!n(s ! am(na3as (9t(rnas. C%al1%i(r cam)i! r(laci!nad! c!n l!s .r!d%ct!s 2 s(r/ici!s !fr(cid!s .!r la (m.r(sa m!dificar0 d( alg%na f!rma s% am)i(nt( d( tar(a 2 s%s r(laci!n(s d( int(rd(.(nd(ncia (s d(cir (l intrincad! '%(g! d( .!d(r 2 d(.(nd(ncia d(finid!s (n f%ncin d(l d!mini!. El an0lisis am)i(ntal .%(d( ll(/ars( a ca)! c!n )as( (n inf!rmacin /(r)al ! (scrita in/(stigacin 2 an0lisis (s.i!na'( (st%di!s d( .r(/isin 2 sist(mas d( inf!rmacin g(r(ncial. $%( /ar4an d( ac%(rd! c!n la (m.r(sa.
c.3. An>lisis or)ani?acional S( r(fi(r( al an0lisis d( las c!ndici!n(s int(rnas d( la (m.r(sa 2a s% diagnstic! c!rr(s.!ndi(nt(: .r!c(s! 1%( .(rmit( (9aminar (n c!n'%nt! l!s r(c%rs!s financi(r!s 2 c!nta)l(s m(rcad!lgic!s .r!d%cti/!s 2 5%man!s d( la (m.r(sa .ara /(rificar c%0l(s s!n s%s f!rtal(3as 2 d()ilidad(s 2 cm! .%(d( (9.l!rar las !.!rt%nidad(s 2 (nfr(ntar las am(na3as 2 c!acci!n(s 1%( (l am)i(nt( l( .r(s(nta. El an0lisis !rgani3aci!nal d()( t(n(r (n c%(nta l!s sig%i(nt(s as.(ct!s int(rn!s d( la (m.r(sa: a. La misin 2 la /isin !rgani3aci!nal l!s !)'(ti/!s (m.r(sarial(s 2 s% '(rar1%4a d( im.!rtancia.
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL Pgina 2#
). L!s r(c%rs!s (m.r(sarial(s dis.!ni)l(s ;financi(r!s. f4sic!s ! mat(rial(s 5%man!s m(rcad!lgic!s 2 administrati/!s<. c. La (str%ct%ra !rgani3aci!nal 2 s%s caract(r4sticas 1%( incl%2(n l!s sist(mas int(rn!s. d. La t(cn!l!g4a ! t(cn!l!g4as (m.l(adas .!r la (m.r(sa )i(n s(a .ara g(n(rar s%s .r!d%ct!s ! s(r/ici!s ! .ara s% .r!.i! f%nci!nami(nt! int(rn!. (. Las .(rs!nas s%s 5a)ilidad(s tal(nt!s ca.acidad(s 2 a.tit%d(s. f. El (stil! d( administracin 1%( incl%2( la c%lt%ra !rgani3aci!nal (l clima !rgani3aci!nal (l (stil! d( lid(ra3g! 2 l!s as.(ct!s m!ti/aci!nal(s int(rn!s. Ning%na (m.r(sa .r(s(nta la misma f!rtal(3a (n t!das s%s 0r(as d( act%acin. Cada 0r(a ti(n( f!rtal(3as 2 d()ilidad(s 2 cada (m.r(sa :c!m! t!talidad: tam)in ti(n( /(nta'as 2 d(s/(nta'as (stratgicas r(al(s 2 .!t(ncial(s.
PERFIL DE UN AN;LISIS ORGANI(ACIONAL
Recu sos
P oducci0"
; eas de la em8 esa

me cadol0#ica Y P!r /(ntas .!r .r!m!cin .!r s(r/ici!s .!r in/(stigacin d( m(rcad!. N%m(r! l!cali3acin las !ficinas /(ntas d( ti(ndas s(r/ici! cli(nt(. d( d( las 2 al Fi"a">as Y P!r in/(rsin a larg! .la3! .!r a.licacin d( r(c%rs!s. N%m(r! d( acci!nistas ! acr((d!r(s .rinci.al(s Admi"is/ aci0" Y P!r sist(ma d( .lan(acin 2 c!ntr!l .!r d(sarr!ll! g(r(ncial. L!cali3acin d( las !ficinas c(ntral(s.
Financi(r!s
Y .!r fa)rica .!r (1%i.! .!r .r!d%ct!
F4sic!s
N%m(r! l!cali3acin d( las f0)ricas. Grad! d( a%t!mati3acin ( int(gracin. Caract(r4sticas d(l .(rs!nal tcnic! 2 d( s%.(r/isin
L%man!s
Caract(r4sticas d(l .(rs!nal d( /(ntas
Caract(r4sticas d(l .(rs!nal d( finan3as 2 c!nta)ilidad
Caract(r4sticas d( l!s g(r(nt(s 2 .(rs!nal d( staff
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL
Pgina 3%
Sist(mas !rgani3aci!nal(s
Sist(mas d( .r!gramacin d( .r!d%ccin c!m.ras 2 c!ntr!l d( calidad
Sist(mas d( distri)%cin d( s(r/ici!s d( crdit! d( .%)licidad
Sist(mas d( fl%'! d( (f(cti/! d( .lan(acin 2 c!ntr!l .r(s%.%(stari! d( c!nta)ilidad
Sist(mas d( /al!r(s s!cial(s d( .lan(acin 2 c!ntr!l d( r(c!m.(nsas d( a%t!ridad
El an0lisis !rgani3aci!nal /(rifica la .!t(ncialidad 2 /%ln(ra)ilidad d( la (m.r(sa .ara m!strar s%s .!si)ilidad(s r(al(s (n trmin!s m(rcad!lgic!s financi(r!s t(cn!lgic!s 5%man!s 2 !rgani3aci!nal(s. c.5. !ormulacin de alternativas estrat<)icas Parti(nd! d( l!s !)'(ti/!s (m.r(sarial(s 2 anali3and! las !.!rt%nidad(s 2 am(na3as am)i(ntal(s .!r %n lad! 2 la .!t(ncialidad 2 /%ln(ra)ilidad int(rnas .!r (l !tr! la administracin ti(n( (n las man!s %na 5(rrami(nta 1%( l( a2%dar0 a d(finir ! r(.lant(ar las alt(rnati/as (stratgicas r(laci!nadas c!n la accin f%t%ra d( la (m.r(sa.
D(t(rminaci n d( l!s !)'(ti/!s (m.r(sarial(s
An0lisis am)i(ntal ;!.!rt%nidad(s 2 am(na3as d(l am)i(nt(< Ad(c%acin (ntr( l!s r(1%(rimi(nt!s .ara a.r!/(c5ar las !.!rt%nidad(s am)i(ntal(s 2 las f!rtal(3as 2 n(%trali3ar las am(na3as am)i(ntal(s 2 las d()ilidad(s int(rnas d( la (m.r(sa.
An0lisis !rgani3aci!nal ;f!rtal(3as 2 d()ilidad(s d( la (m.r(sa<
Proceso de %ormulacin estrat<)ica
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL
Pgina 3$
La f!rm%lacin d( las alt(rnati/as (stratgicas .%(d( ll(/ars( a ca)! d(ntr! d( (st0ndar(s r%tinari!s ! )astant( cr(ati/!s. D(.(ndi(nd! d( la sit%acin (9t(rna 2 la int(rna .%(d( dars( .r(f(r(ncia a (strat(gias acti/as ! .asi/as. Las grand(s (m.r(sas d!minant(s d(sarr!llan (strat(gias !f(nsi/as (n s%s .rinci.al(s s(gm(nt!s d( m(rcad! mi(ntras 1%( las .(1%(&as .r(fi(r(n s!)r(/i/ir m(diant( (strat(gias d(f(nsi/as c%and! act8an (n m(rcad!s c!.ad!s .!r las grand(s (m.r(sas ! m(diant( (strat(gias !f(nsi/as (n s(gm(nt!s d( m(rcad! ign!rad!s .!r las (m.r(sas d!minant(s. Las (m.r(sas .%(d(n c!m)inar (strat(gias !f(nsi/as ;acti/as< 2 (strat(gias d(f(nsi/as ;.asi/as< (n di/(rsas 0r(as d(l am)i(nt( d( tar(a. La .!sicin (stratgica d(ntr! d( la dim(nsin acti/a ! .asi/a .%(d( s(r d( c%atr! clas(s c!nf!rm( s( (st%di (n (l ca.4t%l! s!)r( (strat(gia (m.r(sarial: ,. Estrate)ia de%ensiva* caract(r4stica d( las (m.r(sas 1%( c!n1%istan %n d!mini! d( .r!d%ct! ! m(rcad! 2 tratan d( mant(n(rl! 2 d(f(nd(rl! d( l!s c!m.(tid!r(s sin .r(!c%.ars( .!r l!s cam)i!s d( d!mini!. S!n (m.r(sas 1%( .lan(an d( man(ra int(nsi/a ti(n(n c!ntr!l c(ntrali3ad! %tili3an an0lisis am)i(ntal limitad! 2 s!n (fici(nt(s (n s%s !.(raci!n(s 2 (n mat(ria d( c!st!s. *. Estrate)ia o%ensiva @o pro$ectivaA* caract(r4stica d( (m.r(sas 1%( )%scan c!nstant(m(nt( n%(/!s s(gm(nt!s d( .r!d%ct!s ! m(rcad!s cam)ian s%s d!mini!s .ara a.r!/(c5ar m('!r las !.!rt%nidad(s am)i(ntal(s 2 .!r tant! s%)%tili3an l!s r(c%rs!s .%(s n! l!s a.r!/(c5an (n !.(raci!n(s (sta)l(s. Estas (m.r(sas .r(fi(r(n sacrificar la (fici(ncia (n s%s !.(raci!n(s .ara a.r!/(c5ar n%(/as !.!rt%nidad(s 1%( s%rg(n (n (l am)i(nt(. S!n (m.r(sas 1%( %tili3an am.li!s (nf!1%(s d( .lan(acin c!ntr!l(s d(sc(ntrali3ad!s 2 am.li!s an0lisis am)i(ntal(s. -. Estrate)ia anal+tica* S( sit8a (ntr( l!s d!s (9tr(m!s= .r(s(nta caract(r4sticas d(f(nsi/as (n ci(rtas !casi!n(s 2 !f(nsi/as (n !tras. Q. Estrate)ia reactiva @o retardadaA* (s %na alt(rnati/a aislada 2 am!rfa: En am)i(nt(s /aria)l(s alg%nas (m.r(sas n! (f(ct8an l!s r(alin(ami(nt!s n(c(sari!s (n s%s (strat(gias .ara ad(c%arlas a las n%(/as c!ndici!n(s am)i(ntal(s. S!n (m.r(sas 1%( r(acci!nan tard4am(nt( a l!s cam)i!s am)i(ntal(s s(a .!r falta d( .(rc(.cin ! s(nsi)ilidad ! .!r la a%s(ncia c!m.l(ta d( an0lisis am)i(ntal. Usta (s %na .!sicin (stratgica in(fica3.
.%(st! 1%( las (m.r(sas r(acti/as (sc!g(n %na d( las tr(s alt(rnati/as ant(ri!r(s ! m%(r(n. Estrat(gias anal4ticas
Estrat(gias d(f(nsi/as
C!ntin8! (stratgic!
Estrat(gias !f(nsi/as
P!sicin .asi/a
P!sicin acti/a ( inn!/ad!ra Alternativas estrat<)icas
c.6. Ela"oracin de la planeacin estrat<)ica La .lan(acin (stratgica (s la man(ra d( .!n(r (n .r0ctica la (strat(gia (m.r(sarial. Mi(ntras la (strat(gia (m.r(sarial s( .r(!c%.a .!r TR1% 5ac(rST .ara c!ns(g%ir l!s !)'(ti/!s (m.r(sarial(s .r!.%(st!s la .lan(acin (stratgica s( !ri(nta 5acia (l TRcm! 5ac(rST 2 ti(n( (n c%(nta (l diagnstic! s!)r( Tl! 1%( 5a2 (n (l am)i(nt(T 2 Tl! 1%( t(n(m!s (n la (m.r(saT. a. El 5!ri3!nt( t(m.!ral d( la .lan(acin (stratgica d()( !ri(ntars( a larg! .la3!. En %n am)i(nt( (sta)l( larg! .la3! .%(d( r(f(rirs( a cinc! ! m0s a&!s= (n %n am)i(nt( in(sta)l( 2 t%r)%l(nt! larg! .la3! .%(d( r(f(rirs( m09im! a d!c( m(s(s ( incl%s! (star s%'(t! a act%ali3aci!n(s c!nstant(s. El a%m(nt! d(l ni/(l d( inc(rtid%m)r( !)liga a 1%( la .lan(acin (stratgica s( t!rn( m0s im.!rtant(. Si 5%)i(s( c(rt(3a (n t!d! n! 5a)r4a n(c(sidad d( .lan(acin. Usta (9ist( .ara dar %n .!c! d( c!5(r(ncia 2 c!nsist(ncia a l!s ac!nt(cimi(nt!s inci(rt!s. ). El diagnstic! d( la sit%acin act%al d( la (m.r(sa fr(nt( al am)i(nt( (9t(rn! 2 la id(ntificacin d( las am(na3as 2 !.!rt%nidad(s c!nstit%2( (l
.%nt! d( .artida .ara fi'ar l!s !)'(ti/!s (m.r(sarial(s incl%s! l!s d( c!rt! .la3! 2 (n c!ns(c%(ncia f!rm%lar las alt(rnati/as (stratgicas. El (str(c5! marg(n d( mani!)ra d( las (m.r(sas (n %n am)i(nt( inci(rt! !)liga a 1%( c%al1%i(r r(c(tari! d()a s(r fl(9i)l(. Las s(is (ta.as d( la .lan(acin (stratgica .%(d(n int(rcam)iars( 2 m!dificar s% s(c%(ncia. El !rd(n d( l!s fact!r(s n! alt(ra (l .r!d%ct! .%(st! 1%( (9ist( %na (str(c5a r(lacin d( int(rd(.(nd(ncia (ntr( las (ta.as d(l .r!c(s!. c. El .r!c(s! d( (la)!racin d( la .lan(acin (stratgica d()( caract(ri3ars( .!r canal(s d( c!m%nicacin a)i(rt!s (n t!d!s l!s ni/(l(s d( la (m.r(sa. A%n1%( la (strat(gia (m.r(sarial s(a %na r(s.!nsa)ilidad d(l ni/(l instit%ci!nal (st! n! significa 1%( la .lan(acin (stratgica (st c(ntrali3ada (n la c8.%la d( la !rgani3acin sin! 1%( .!r (l c!ntrari! d()( (star d(sc(ntrali3ada .%(st! 1%( 1%i(n m('!r (la)!ra la .lan(acin (s (l .r!.i! g(r(nt( d( l4n(a 1%( c!n!c( .r!f%ndam(nt( s% 0r(a d( act%acin. Las m(tas n! d()(n (star sl! (n la m(nt( d(l .r(sid(nt( sin! tam)in (n la m(nt( d( t!d!s l!s mi(m)r!s. El .r!c(s! d( (la)!racin d( la .lan(acin d()( c!ntar c!n am.lia ( irr(stricta .artici.acin d( t!d!s l!s ni/(l(s d( la !rgani3acin. La (m.r(sa d()( r(s.!nd(r a las am(na3as 2 !.!rt%nidad(s am)i(ntal(s d( man(ra s!lidaria 2 %n0nim( a.(land! a %n f%(rt( (f(ct! sinrgic!. La )8s1%(da 2 (l mant(nimi(nt! d(l c!ns(ns! (ntr( l!s ni/(l(s 2 las dif(r(nt(s 0r(as d( la (m.r(sa d()(n s(r c!nstant(s ( int(nsi/!s 2a 1%( n! 5a)r0 t!l(rancia am)i(ntal .ara l!s d(s.(rdici!s 2 .rdidas in8til(s r(s%ltant(s d( l!s c!nflict!s int(r !rgani3aci!nal(s ! intra !rgani3aci!nal 1%( caract(ri3an la (m.r(sa sin r%m)! d(finid!. d. El .r!c(s! d( (la)!racin d( la .lan(acin d()( iniciars( 2 d(sarr!llars( d( man(ra inf!rmal 2 (s.!ntan(a: la .lan(acin n%nca d()( s(r %n fact!r d(s(ncad(nant( d(l tra)a'! (n (1%i.! d( la !rgani3acin sin! la r(s%ltant( d( (st(. (. La .lan(acin (stratgica d()( t(n(r (n c%(nta t!d!s l!s fact!r(s 1%( d( man(ra int(grada d()(n c!nstit%ir (l c!m.!rtami(nt! d( la (m.r(sa. Est( c!n'%nt! d( fact!r(s s( c!n!c( c!m! las si(t( (s(s a sa)(r: Staff ;.(rs!nas< St2l( ;Estil!<
SZills ;La)ilidad(s< S2st(ms ;Sist(mas< Str%ct%r( ;Estr%ct%ra< S5ar(d /al%(s ;C%lt%ra !rgani3aci!nal< S%.(r!rdinat( g!als ;O)'(ti/!s (m.r(sarial(s< 1, PLANEACI)N T;CTICA
a, O+JETIVOS Il%strar cm! .lan(an las (m.r(sas s% ni/(l int(rm(di!. E9.licar 1% (s la .lan(acin t0ctica. E9.licar (l .r!c(s! d(cis!ri!. Il%strar cm! s( im.l(m(ntan l!s .lan(s t0ctic!s. La .lan(acin c!nstit%2( la .rim(ra f%ncin d( la administracin. Ant(s d( ('(c%tar c%al1%i(r f%ncin administrati/a la administracin d()( fi'ar l!s !)'(ti/!s 2 l!s m(di!s n(c(sari!s .ara alcan3arl!s. La accin (m.r(sarial .art( d( %na .lan(acin (stratgica 1%( a)arca la (m.r(sa c!m! t!talidad 2 la af(cta a larg! .la3! d()id! a s%s c!ns(c%(ncias. Esta .lan(acin s( d(cid( (n (l ni/(l '(r0r1%ic! m0s (l(/ad! d( la !rgani3acin: (l ni/(l instit%ci!nal. Para .!n(r (n marc5a la .lan(acin (stratgica (s n(c(sari! im.l(m(ntarla (n l!s ni/(l(s '(r0r1%ic!s inf(ri!r(s d( la (m.r(sa d!nd( s( ('(c%tan las tar(as. N! !)stant( (ntr( (l ni/(l instit%ci!nal 2 (l ni/(l !.(raci!nal (9ist( %na (n!rm( dif(r(ncia d( l(ng%a'( 2 d( .!sicin. El ni/(l (stratgic! !.(ra c!n inc(rtid%m)r( d()id! a la (9.!sicin d( f%(r3as 2 /aria)l(s am)i(ntal(s mi(ntras 1%( (l ni/(l !.(raci!nal r(1%i(r( !.(rar c!n )as( (n la c(rt(3a 2 la .r!gramacin d( s%s acti/idad(s.
La inc(rtid%m)r( .r!/!cada .!r las .r(si!n(s ( infl%(ncias am)i(ntal(s d()( s(r asimilada .!r (l ni/(l int(rm(di!. En !tras .ala)ras (n (l ni/(l int(rm(di! la .lan(acin (stratgica r(1%i(r( s%)di/idirs( (n .lan(s t0ctic!s .ara 1%( las d(cisi!n(s (stratgicas all4 c!nt(nidas s(an m!ld(adas 2 c!n/(rtidas (n .lan(s 1%(
s( .%(dan (m.r(nd(r 2 a s% /(3 s%)di/idir 2 d(tallar (n .lan(s !.(raci!nal(s 1%( .!st(ri!rm(nt( ('(c%tan (n (l ni/(l !.(raci!nal d( la (m.r(sa. 4, CONCEPTO DE PLANEACI)N T;CTICA La .lan(acin. F%ncin administrati/a 1%( d(t(rmina c!n antici.acin 1% s( d()( 5ac(r 2 c%0l(s !)'(ti/!s s( d()(n alcan3ar )%sca )rindar c!ndici!n(s raci!nal(s .ara 1%( la (m.r(sa s%s d(.artam(nt!s ! dl/4si!n(s.s( !rganic(n a .artir d( ci(rtas 5i.t(sis r(s.(ct! d( la r(alidad act%al 2 f%t%ra. La .lan(acin .art( d(l r(c!n!cimi(nt! d( 1%( T.%(st! 1%( las acci!n(s .r(s(nt(s r(fl('an n(c(sariam(nt( .r(/isi!n(s im.l4citas 2 .r(s%.!sici!n(s s!)r( (l f%t%r! (stas .r(/isi!n(s 2 .r(s%.!sici!n(s d()(n s(r (9.l4citas 2 !)'(ti/as (n c%al1%i(r ti.! d( an0lisis r(ali3ad! .ara 1%( ci(rt!s as%nt!s inm(diat!s s( /%(l/an m(n!s c!nf%s!s 2 (n c!ns(c%(ncia m(n!s im.!rtant(sWT. Si (l f%t%r! /a a ll(gar 2 si(m.r( ll(ga (n c%al1%i(r m!m(nt! R.!r 1% d('ar 1%( a.ar(3ca sin (star d()idam(nt( .r(.arad!s .ara (nfr(ntarl! ( im.r!/isar s!l%ci!n(s 1%( n! si(m.r( s(r0n las m('!r(sS E9ist( la m(ntalidad sim.lista d( s!l%ci!nar l!s .r!)l(mas a m(dida 1%( s%rg(n (n las (m.r(sas l! c%al las t!rna m0s r( acti/as 1%( .r! acti/as ant( l!s ac!nt(cimi(nt!s r(s.(ct! d( l!s (/(nt!s 1%( !c%rr(n (n %n m%nd! r(.l(t! d( cam)i!s. En (l f!nd! la .lan(acin (s %na tcnica %tili3ada .ara asimilar la inc(rtid%m)r( 2 dar m0s c!nsist(ncia al d(s(m.(&! d( las (m.r(sasT.
Ela)!racin d(l ma.a am)i(ntal (/al%acin d( las f!rtal(3as 2 limitaci!n(s d( la (m.r(sa inc(rtid%m)r(
Ni/(l instit%ci!nal
PLANEACION ES>RA>EGICA
Ni/(l int(rm(di!
C!n/(rsin ( int(r.r(tacin d( las d(cisi!n(s (stratgicas (n .lan(s c!ncr(t!s (n (l ni/(l d(.artam(ntal
Ni/(l !.(raci!nal
S%)di/isin d( l!s .lan(s t0ctic!s d( cada d(.artam(nt! (n .lan(s !.(raci!nal(s .ara cada tar(a
c, CARACTERSTICAS DE LA PLANEACI)N T;CTICA La .lan(acin t0ctica .r(s(nta las sig%i(nt(s caract(r4sticas:

1. La .lan(acin (s %n .r!c(s! .(rman(nt( 2 c!ntin%! r(ali3ad! (n la (m.r(sa 2 n! t(rmina (n (l sim.l( m!nta'( d( %n .lan d( accin. 2. La .lan(acin si(m.r( s( !ri(nta 5acia (l f%t%r! 2 (st0 (str(c5am(nt( ligada a la .r(/isin a%n1%( n! d()( c!nf%ndirs( c!n (lla. El c!nc(.t! d( .lan(acin incl%2( (l as.(ct! d( t(m.!ralidad 2 f%t%r!: la .lan(acin (s %na r(lacin (ntr( tar(as .!r 5ac(r 2 (l ti(m.! dis.!ni)l( .ara 5ac(rlas. C!m! (l .asad! 2a s( f%(. 2 (l .r(s(nt( /a (n camin! la .lan(acin d()( .r(!c%.ars( .!r (l f%t%r!. 3. La .lan(acin s( .r(!c%.a .!r la raci!nalidad (n la t!ma d( d(cisi!n(s .%(s al (sta)l(c(r (s1%(mas .ara (l f%t%r! f%nci!na c!m! m(di! d( !ri(ntacin d(l .r!c(s! d(cis!ri! al darl( ma2!r raci!nalidad 2 s%stra(rl! d( la inc(rtid%m)r( s%)2ac(nt( (n c%al1%i(r t!ma d( d(cisi!n(s. 5. La .lan(acin s(l(cci!na d(t(rminad! c%rs! d( accin (ntr( /arias alt(rnati/as t(ni(nd! (n c%(nta s%s c!ns(c%(ncias f%t%ras 2 las .!si)ilidad(s d( r(ali3acin. 6. La .lan(acin (s sistmica .%(s c!nsid(ra 1%( la (m.r(sa ! (l rgan! ;s(a d(.artam(nt! di/isin (tc.< (s %na t!talidad c!nf!rmada .!r (l sist(ma 2 l!s s%)sist(mas as4 c!m! .!r las r(laci!n(s int(rnas 2 (9t(rnas. 8. La .lan(acin (s it(rati/a. Dad! 1%( la .lan(acin s( .r!2(cta 5acia (l f%t%r! d()( s(r fl(9i)l( .ara ac(.tar a'%st(s 2 c!rr(cci!n(s. La .lan(acin d()( s(r it(rati/a .!r1%( .r(s%.!n( a/anc(s 2 r(tr!c(s!s 2 m!dificaci!n(s (n f%ncin d( (/(nt!s n%(/!s 2 dif(r(nt(s 1%( !c%rr(n tant! (n (l am)i(nt( c!m! (n la (m.r(sa. 9. La .lan(acin (s %na tcnica d( asignacin d( r(c%rs!s (st%diada 2 d(cidida c!n antici.acin. La .lan(acin d()( r(fl('ar la !.timi3acin (n la asignacin 2 (l dim(nsi!nami(nt! d( l!s r(c%rs!s d( 1%( dis.!ndr0 la (m.r(sa ! (l rgan! r(s.(cti/! .ara s%s !.(raci!n(s f%t%ras. ;. La .lan(acin (s %na tcnica c4clica 1%( .(rmit( m(dici!n(s 2 (/al%aci!n(s a m(dida 1%( s( ('(c%ta .ara (f(ct%ar %na n%(/a .lan(acin c!n inf!rmacin 2 .(rs.(cti/as m0s s(g%ras 2 c!rr(ctas. B. La .lan(acin (s %na f%ncin administrati/a 1%( int(ract8a din0micam(nt( c!n las d(m0s. La .lan(acin s( r(laci!na c!n las d(m0s f%nci!n(s administrati/as ;!rgani3acin dir(ccin 2 c!ntr!l< 2 ('(rc( 2 r(ci)( infl%(ncia d( t!das (llas (n t!d! m!m(nt! 2 (n t!d!s l!s ni/(l(s d( la (m.r(sa.
1C.
La .lan(acin (s %na tcnica d( c!!rdinacin. La .lan(acin .(rmit( la
c!!rdinacin d( /arias acti/idad(s .ara c!ns(g%ir c!n (ficacia l!s !)'(ti/!s d(s(ad!s. Dad! 1%( sta c!nsist( (n !)t(n(r l!s !)'(ti/!s d(s(ad!s (s n(c(sari! 1%( las acti/idad(s d( l!s di/(rs!s rgan!s ! ni/(l(s d( la (m.r(sa s( int(gr(n 2 sincr!nic(n .ara l!grar l!s !)'(ti/!s final(s. La .lan(acin .(rmit( (sa int(gracin 2 sincr!ni3acin. 11. La .lan(aci!n(s %na tcnica d( cam)i! ( inn!/acin. La .lan(acin (s
%na d( la m('!r man(ra d( intr!d%cir d(li)(radam(nt( cam)i! ( inn!/acin (n la (m.r(sa d(finid!s 2 .r!gramad!s c!n antici.acin.
La .lan(acin t0ctica (s (l c!n'%nt! d( la t!ma d(li)(rada 2 sist(m0tica d( d(cisi!n(s 1%( incl%2(n .r!.sit!s m0s limitad!s .la3!s m0s c!rt!s 0r(as m(n!s am.lias 2 ni/(l(s inf(ri!r(s d( la '(rar1%4a d( la !rgani3acin. La .lan(acin t0ctica (st0 c!nt(nida (n la .lan(acin (stratgica 2 n! r(.r(s(nta %n c!nc(.t! a)s!l%t! sin! r(lati/!: la .lan(acin t0ctica d( %n d(.artam(nt! d( la (m.r(sa :(n r(lacin c!n la .lan(acin (stratgica g(n(ral d( la !rgani3acin: (s (stratgica (n r(lacin c!n cada %na d( las s(cci!n(s 1%( c!m.!n(n a1%(l d(.artam(nt!. La distincin (ntr( la .lan(acin (stratgica 2 t0ctica d()( 5ac(rs( si(m.r( (n trmin!s r(lati/!s .!r1%( (n trmin!s a)s!l%t!s am)!s !c%.an l!s d!s (9tr(m!s d( %n c!ntin%! d(. P!si)ilidad(s. Las dif(r(ncias m0s im.!rtant(s (n la .lan(acin t0ctica s!n:
,. Nivel de decisiones* la .lan(acin t0ctica s( d(cid( 2 d(sarr!lla (n l!s (scal!n(s m(di!s d( la (m.r(sa (s d(cir (n (l ni/(l int(rm(di!. *. (imensin temporal* la .lan(acin t0ctica (st0 dim(nsi!nada a m(dian! .la3!. -. Amplitud de e%ectos* las d(cisi!n(s im.licadas (n la .lan(acin t0ctica a)arcan .art(s d( la (m.r(sa (s d(cir s% am.lit%d (s d(.artam(ntal. La .lan(acin .r!d%c( %n r(s%ltad! inm(diat!: (l .lan. >!d!s l!s .lan(s ti(n(n %n .r!.sit! c!m8n: .r(/isin .r!gramacin 2 c!!rdinacin d( %na s(c%(ncia lgica d( (/(nt!s 1%( d()(r0n c!nd%cir al c%m.limi(nt! d(l !)'(ti/! 1%( l!s dirig(. Hn .lan (s %n c%rs! d( accin .r(d(t(rminad! (n %n .(ri!d! (s.(c4fic! 2 r(.r(s(nta
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL Pgina 3"
%na r(s.%(sta .r!2(ctada a %n am)i(nt( antici.ad! .ara Ic!ns(g%ir %n c!n'%nt! (s.(c4fic! d( !)'(ti/!s ada.tati/!s. P%(st! 1%( %n .lan d(scri)( %n c%rs! d( accin r(1%i(r( dar r(s.%(stas a las .r(g%ntas 1% cm! c%0nd! dnd( 2 1%in. La .lan(acin c!m! 2a s( (st%di c!nsist( (n la t!ma antici.ada d( d(cisi!n(s s!)r( 1% 5ac(r ant(s d( (m.r(nd(r la accin n(c(saria. D(sd( (l as.(ct! f!rmal .lan(ar c!nsist( (n sim%lar (l f%t%r! d(s(ad! 2 (sta)l(c(r c!n antici.acin l!s c%rs!s d( accin n(c(sari!s 2 l!s m(di!s ad(c%ad!s .ara d(sarr!llarl!s. Para c!m.r(nd(r m('!r la .lan(acin (s n(c(sari! (st%diar (l .r!c(s! d(cis!ri!. d, PROCESO DECISORIO La t!ma d( d(cisi!n(s (s (l n8cl(! d( la r(s.!nsa)ilidad administrati/a. El administrad!r d()( d(cidir c!nstant(m(nt( 1% 5ac(r 1%in d()( 5ac(rla c%0nd! 2 dnd( 5ac(rl!. S(a[ al (sta)l(c(r !)'(ti/!s asignar r(c%rs!s ! r(s!l/(r .r!)l(mas 1%( s%rg(n s!)r( la marc5a (l administrad!r d()( s!.(sar l!s (f(ct!s d( la d(cisin d( 5!2 (n las !.!rt%nidad(s d( ma&ana. D(cidir (s !.tar ! s(l(cci!nar (ntr( /arias alt(rnati/as d( c%rs!s d( accin a1%(l 1%( .ar(3ca m0s ad(c%ad!.
Elementos del proceso decisorio
En t!da d(cisin (9ist(n c!m! m4nim! s(is (l(m(nt!s: ,. Quien toma la decisin: indi/id%! ! gr%.! d( indi/id%!s. 1%( (sc!g(n (ntr( /ari!s c%rs!s d( accin .!si)l(s. *. Objetivos: .r!.sit!s 1%( .r(t(nd( alcan3ar m(diant( acci!n(s T1%i(n t!ma la d(cisin.T -. Sistema de valores: crit(ri!s d( .r(f(r(ncia (m.l(ad!s .ara (l(gir .!r 1%i(n t!ma la d(cisin. Q. Cursos de accin: dif(r(nt(s s(c%(ncias d( accin 1%( .%(d( (sc!g(r 1%i(n t!ma la d(cisin. G. Estados de la naturaleza: as.(ct!s d(l am)i(nt( 1%( in/!l%cran a 1%i(n t!ma la d(cisin 2 1%( af(ctan la (l(ccin d( c%rs!s d( accin. S!n fact!r(s am)i(ntal(s f%(ra d(l c!ntr!l d( 1%i(n t!ma las d(cisi!n(s c!m! inc(rtid%m)r( ri(sg! ! c(rt(3a 1%( (st%diar(m!s m0s ad(lant(. W D. Consecuencias: r(.r(s(ntan l!s (f(ct!s r(s%ltant(s d( %n d(t(rminad! c%rs! d( accin 2 %n d(t(rminad! (stad! d( la nat%ral(3a.
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Niveles de decisin
E9ist(n tr(s 0r(as d( d(cisin (n la (m.r(sa: ,. (ecisiones estrat<)icas* s( r(fi(r(n a las r(laci!n(s (ntr( la (m.r(sa 2 (l m(di! am)i(nt(= g%4an 2 dirig(n (l c!m.!rtami(nt! d( la (m.r(sa (n (s.(cial c%and! sta s( (9.and( 2 m!difica s% .!sicin .r!d%ct! 2 m(rcad!. S( t!man (n (l ni/(l instit%ci!nal.
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Es=uema tipico de planes se)DnE 7um"le
*. (ecisiones administrativas* s( r(laci!nan c!n la (str%ct%ra 2 c!nfig%racin !rgani3aci!nal d( la (m.r(sa 2 la asignacin 2 distri)%cin d( r(c%rs!s. S( t!man (n (l ni/(l int(rm(di!. -. (ecisiones operacionales* r(laci!nadas c!n la s(l(ccin 2 !ri(ntacin d(l ni/(l !.(raci!nal (ncargad! d( r(ali3ar la tar(a tcnica. Es n(c(sari! (st%diar cada ni/(l d( d(cisi!n(s sin .(rd(r d( /ista la int(rr(lacin 2 la Int(rd(.(nd(ncia.
LOS TRE NIVELES DE DECISION EN LAS EMPRESAS
DECICIONES
ESTRATEGICAS
ADMINISTRATIVAS
OPERACIONALES
P o4lema
S(l(ccin d(l mi9 d( .r!d%ct! m(rcad! ca.a3 d( m('!rar (l .!t(ncial d(l r(t!rn! d( la in/(rsin d( la (m.r(sa Asignacin d( l!s r(c%rs!s t!tal(s d( la (m.r(sa (ntr( las !.!rt%nidad(s d( .r!d%ct!s m(rcad!s. O)'(ti/!s 2 m(tas. Estrat(gias d( di/(rsificacin 2 (9.ansin administrati/a 2 financi(ra. Mt!d!s d( cr(cimi(nt! .lan(s d(
Estr%ct%racin d( l!s r(c%rs!s d( la (m.r(sa .ara l!grar m('!r d(s(m.(&!
M('!rami(nt! d(l .!t(ncial d( r(t!rn! s!)r( la in/(rsin m(diant( (l d(s(m.(&! d( las tar(as
Na/u ale>a del P o4lema
Organi3acin ad1%isicin 2 d(sarr!ll! d( r(c%rs!s
Distri)%cin d( l!s r(c%rs!s (ntr( las 0r(as f%nci!nal(s. Pr!gramacin d( la a.licacin 2 c!n/(rsin d( l!s r(c%rs!s
Decisio"es cla%e
Organi3acin: (str%ct%ra d(l fl%'! d( inf!rmacin a%t!ridad 2 r(s.!nsa)ilidad. Estr%ct%ra d( c!n/(rsin d( r(c%rs!s financi(r!s 5%man!s mat(rial(s
O)'(ti/!s 2 m(tas !.(raci!nal(s ni/(l(s d( .r(ci!s 2 salidas .r!gramacin d( .r!d%ccin ni/(l(s d( in/(ntari! .!l4ticas 2 (strat(gias d( marZ(ting 2 d( Pgina 4$
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cr(cimi(nt!.
in/(stigacin 2 d(sarr!ll! c!ntr!l(s
Ca ac/e $s/icas cla%e
D(cisi!n(s c(ntrali3adas n! r(.(titi/as 2 n! .r!gramadas.
C!nflict! (ntr( (strat(gia 2 !.(raci!n(s= (ntr( !)'(ti/!s indi/id%al(s 2 !rgani3aci!nal(s.
D(cisi!n(s d(sc(ntrali3adas r(.(titi/as 2 .r!gramadas.
e,
FASES DEL PROCESO DECISORIO
Las d(cisi!n(s s( t!man .ara r(s.!nd(r a %n .r!)l(ma 1%( d()( r(s!l/(rs( alg%na n(c(sidad 1%( d()( satisfac(rs( ! alg8n !)'(ti/! 1%( d()( c!ns(g%irs(. La d(cisin incl%2( %n .r!c(s! (s d(cir %na s(c%(ncia d( .as!s ! fas(s. D( a54 (l n!m)r( d( .r!c(s! d(cis!ri! 1%( d(scri)( (sa s(c%(ncia d( fas(s. El .r!c(s! d(cis!ri! .%(d( d(scri)irs( (n c%atr! fas(s (s(ncial(s: ,. (e%inicin $ dia)nstico del pro"lema* (sta fas( incl%2( la r(c!l(ccin d( dat!s 2 5(c5!s r(laci!nad!s c!n (l .r!)l(ma s%s r(laci!n(s c!n (l c!nt(9t!. M0s am.li! s%s ca%sas s% d(finicin 2 s% diagnstic!. *. 0Ds=ueda de soluciones alternativas m>s promisorias* (sta fas( incl%2( la )8s1%(da d( l!s .!si)l(s c%rs!s alt(rnati/!s d( accin m0s ad(c%ad!s .ara s!l%ci!nar (l .r!)l(ma satisfac(r la n(c(sidad ! c!ns(g%ir (l !)'(ti/!. -. An>lisis $ comparacin de estas alternativas de solucin* fas( (n 1%( las di/(rsas alt(rnati/as d( c%rs!s d( accin s( anali3an .!nd(ran 2 c!m.aran .ara /(rificar l!s c!st!s ;d( ti(m.! d( (sf%(r3!s r(c%rs!s (tc.< 2 l!s )(n(fici!s 1%( .%(dan Q. tra(r as4 c!m! las c!ns(c%(ncias f%t%ras 2 .r!)a)l(s 1%( d(s(ncad(nar0 s% ad!.cin. eleccin $ eleccin de la me#or alternativa como plan de accin* la (l(ccin d( %na alt(rnati/a d( c%rs! d( accin im.lica (l a)and!n! d( l!s d(m0s c%rs!s alt(rnati/!s. E9ist( si(m.r( %n .r!c(s! d( s(l(ccin 2 (l(ccin (ntr( /ar4as d(
las alt(rnati/as .r(s(ntadas. La raci!nalidad (st0 im.l4cita (n (sta acti/idad d( (l(ccin.

Racionalidad del proceso decisorio
$%i(n t!ma las d(cisi!n(s (lig( %na alt(rnati/a (ntr( /ar4as. Si (sc!g( l!s m(di!s a.r!.iad!s .ara alcan3ar d(t(rminad! !)'(ti/! la d(cisin s( c!nsid(ra raci!nal. Las (m.r(sas tratan d( .r!.!rci!nar a las .(rs!nas 1%( t!man d(cisi!n(s t!da la inf!rmacin 1%( n(c(sit(n (n (l ti(m.! dis.%(st! .ara 1%( t(ngan 9it! (n la (l(ccin. Ad(m0s las (m.r(sas tratan d( g(n(rar %n am)i(nt( .sic!lgic! ca.a3 d( c!ndici!nar las d(cisi!n(s d( l!s indi/id%!s a l!s !)'(ti/!s !rgani3aci!nal(s. En c!ns(c%(ncia= (9ist( raci!nalidad (n (l c!m.!rtami(nt! administrati/! .%(st! 1%( (l c!m.!rtami(nt! d( l!s indi/id%!s (n las (m.r(sas s( .lan(a 2 !ri(nta 5acia m(tas 2 !)'(ti/!s. >al int(nci!nalidad .r!.icia la int(gracin d( l!s sist(mas d( c!m.!rtami(nt!= s% a%s(ncia 1%itar4a s(ntid! a la administracin. N! (9ist(n d(cisi!n(s .(rf(ctas .%(s 1%i(n t!ma las d(cisi!n(s r(1%i(r( ;.ara .r!c(d(r d( man(ra raci!nal< (sc!g(r (ntr( di/(rsas alt(rnati/as 1%( s( dif(r(ncian .!r s%s c!ns(c%(ncias f%t%ras c!m.arar camin!s distint!s m(diant( la (/al%acin .r(/ia d( las c!ns(c%(ncias 1%( s!)r(/i(n(n 2 c!nfr!ntar tal(s c!ns(c%(ncias c!n l!s !)'(ti/!s 1%( s( .r(t(nd( alcan3ar.
(ecisiones pro)rama"les $ no pro)rama"les
R(s.(ct! d( s% f!rma (9ist(n d!s ti.!s d( d(cisi!n(s: las .r!grama)l(s 2 las n! .r!grama)l(sT. Las .rim(ras s!n a1%(llas t!madas d( ac%(rd! c!n r(glas 2 .r!c(dimi(nt!s (sta)l(cid!s mi(ntras 1%( las s(g%ndas c!nstit%2(n n!/(dad(s 2 ti(nd(n a S(r t!madas d(ntr! d( '%ici!s im.r!/isad!s 1%( (9ig(n (sf%(r3!s d( d(finicin 2 diagnstic! d(l .r!)l(ma ! la sit%acin a .artir d( la r(c!l(ccin d( l!s 5(c5!s 2 dat!s )8s1%(da d( s!l%ci!n(s alt(rnati/as an0lisis 2 c!m.aracin d( (stas alt(rnati/as 2 s(l(ccin 2 (l(ccin d( la m('!r alt(rnati/a c!m! .lan d( accin.
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CARACTERSTICAS DE LASDECISIONES PROGRAMADAS * NO PROGRAMADAS Decisio"es 8 o# amadas S!n calc%ladas 2 r%tinarias Dat!s ad(c%ad! Dat!s r(.(titi/! C!ndici!n(s (st0tica C(rt(3a S( )asan (n r(glas 2 mt!d!s (sta)l(cid!s
Condiciones de decisin
Decisio"es "o 8 o# amadas ?asadas (n '%ici! Dat!s inad(c%ad!s Dat!s n%(/! C!ndici!n(s din0mica Inc(rtid%m)r( ?asadas (n '%ici!s .(rs!nal(s
,. Incertidum"re. En las sit%aci!n(s d( d(cisin )a'! inc(rtid%m)r( 1%i(n t!ma la d(cisin ti(n( .!c! ! ning8n c!n!cimi(nt! ( inf!rmacin 1%( .%(da %tili3ar c!m! )as( .ara atri)%ir .r!)a)ilidad(s a cada (stad! d( la nat%ral(3a ! a cada ac!nt(cimi(nt! f%t%r!. En cas!s (9tr(m!s d( inc(rtid%m)r( n! (s .!si)l( (stimar (l grad! d( .r!)a)ilidad d(l (/(nt!. Es la sit%acin t4.ica 1%( (nfr(nta (l ni/(l instit%ci!nal d( las (m.r(sas 2 1%( (9ig( %na .lan(acin sit%aci!nal 1%( .(rmita alt(rnati/as /ariadas 2 fl(9i)l(s. *. Ries)o* (n las sit%aci!n(s d( d(cisin )a'! ri(sg! 1%i(n t!ma la d(cisin .!s(( inf!rmacin s%fici(nt( .ara .r(d(cir l!s dif(r(nt(s (stad!s d( la nat%ral(3a. N! !)stant( la calidad d( (sta inf!rmacin 2 la int(r.r(tacin 1%( d( (lla 5agan l!s di/(rs!s administrad!r(s .%(d(n /ariar )astant(. Cada administrad!r .%(d( atri)%ir di/(rsas .r!)a)ilidad(s s(g8n s% cr((ncia ! int%icin (9.(ri(ncia ant(ri!r !.inin (tc. -. Certe?a* (n las sit%aci!n(s d( c(rt(3a (l administrad!r ti(n( c!m.l(t! c!n!cimi(nt! d( las c!ns(c%(ncias ! l!s r(s%ltad!s d( las di/(rsas alt(rnati/as d( c%rs!s d( accin .ara r(s!l/(r (l .r!)l(ma. Es la d(cisin m0s f0cil d( t!mar .%(s cada alt(rnati/a .%(d( as!ciars( a l!s r(s%ltad!s 1%( .%(d( .r!d%cir. Incl%s! si (l administrad!r n! (st0 (n c!ndici!n(s d( in/(stigar t!das las alt(rnati/as .!si)l(s .%(d( (l(gir la m('!r (ntr( las alt(rnati/as c!nsid(radas. Esta (s %na sit%acin (9c(.ci!nal 2 n! (s la r(gla.
2, PLANEACI)N OPERACIONAL
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL
Pgina 44
a, O+JETIVOS Pr(s(ntar %n c!nc(.t! d( .lan(acin !.(raci!nal. E9.licar cm! .lan(an las (m.r(sas (n s% ni/(l !.(raci!nal. E9.licar l!s di/(rs!s ti.!s d( .lan(s !.(raci!nal(s. Mi(ntras (l ni/(l instit%ci!nal !.(ra c!n la inc(rtid%m)r( .r!/(ni(nt( d(l am)i(nt( 1%( r!d(a la (m.r(sa (l ni/(l int(rm(di! )%sca am!rtig%arla n(%trali3arla 2 m!d(rarla .ara (ncaminar (l ni/(l !.(raci!nal 5acia l!s (s1%(mas d( tar(as 2 !.(raci!n(s raci!nali3ad!s 2 s!m(tid!s a %n .r!c(s! r(d%cci!nista t4.ic! d(l (nf!1%( d( sist(ma c(rrad!. En c!ns(c%(ncia (l ni/(l !.(raci!nal f%nci!na d(ntr! d( la lgica d(l sist(ma c(rrad!. 4, CONCEPTO DE LA PLANEACI)N OPERACIONAL La .lan(acin !.(raci!nal s( .r(!c%.a )0sicam(nt( .!r (l T1% 5ac(rT 2 .!r (l Tcm! 5ac(rT. S( r(fi(r( d( man(ra (s.(c4fica a las tar(as 2 !.(raci!n(s r(ali3adas (n (l ni/(l !.(raci!nal. Al (star f%ndada (n la lgica d(l sist(ma c(rrad! la .lan(acin !.(raci!nal s( !ri(nta 5acia la !.timi3acin 2 ma9imi3acin d( l!s r(s%ltad!s mi(ntras 1%( la .lan(acin t0ctica s( !ri(nta 5acia r(s%ltad!s satisfact!ri!s. M(diant( la .lan(acin !.(raci!nal l!s administrad!r(s c!nci)(n 2 d(t(rminan acci!n(s f%t%ras (n (l ni/(l !.(raci!nal 1%( c!nd%3can C!n 9it! al alcanc( d( l!s !)'(ti/!s d( la (m.r(sa. Dad! 1%( (l grad! d( li)(rtad (n la ('(c%cin d( tar(as 2 !.(raci!n(s (n l ni/(l !.(raci!nal (s .(1%(&! 2 limitad! la .lan(acin !.(raci!nal s( caract(ri3a .!r la f!rma d(tallada (n 1%( (sta)l(c( las tar(as 2 !.(raci!n(s .!r (l car0ct(r inm(diatista c(ntr0nd!s( sl! a c!rt! .la3!: 2 .!r la am.lit%d t!tal 1%( a)!rda %na s!la tar(a % !.(racin. La .lan(acin !.(raci!nal s( .%(d( c!nc()ir c!m! %n sist(ma: c!mi(n3a .!r l!s !)'(ti/!s (sta)l(cid!s .!r la .lan(acin t0ctica d(sarr!lla .lan(s 2 .r!c(dimi(nt!s d(tallad!s 2 .r!.!rci!na inf!rmacin d( r(tr!alim(ntacin .ara .r!.!rci!nar m(di!s 2 c!ndici!n(s 1%( !.timic(n 2 ma9imic(n l!s r(s%ltad!s. La .lan(acin !.(raci!nal (st0 c!nstit%ida .!r n%m(r!s!s .lan(s !.(raci!nal(s 1%( .r!lif(ran (n
las di/(rsas 0r(as 2 f%nci!n(s d( la (m.r(sa: .r!d%ccin % !.(raci!n(s finan3as m(rcad!l!g4a r(c%rs!s 5%man!s (tc. En (l f!nd! l!s .lan(s !.(raci!nal(s .r(s(r/an la administracin m(diant( la r%tina al as(g%rar 1%( t!d!s ('(c%t(n las tar(as 2 !.(raci!n(s d( ac%(rd! c!n l!s .r!c(dimi(nt!s (sta)l(cid!s .!r la (m.r(sa .ara alcan3ar s%s !)'(ti/!s. L!s .lan(s !.(raci!nal(s s( !ri(ntan 5ac4a la (fici(ncia ;nfasis (n l!s m(di!s< .%(st! 1%( la (ficacia ;nfasis (n l!s fin(s< c!rr(s.!nd( a l!s ni/(l(s instit%ci!nal ( int(rm(di! d( la (m.r(sa. c, CLASES DE PLANES OPERACIONALES, A%n1%( l!s .lan(s !.(raci!nal(s s(an 5(t(r!gn(!s 2 di/(rsificad!s s( .%(d(n clasificar (n c%atr! clas(s: ,. Plan(s r(laci!nad!s c!n mt!d!s d(n!minad!s .r!c(dimi(nt!s. *. Plan(s r(laci!nad!s c!n din(r! d(n!minad!s .r(s%.%(st!s. -. Plan(s r(laci!nad!s c!n ti(m.! d(n!minad!s .r!gramas ! .r!gramacin. Q. Plan(s r(laci!nad!s c!n c!m.!rtami(nt! d(n!minad!s r(glam(nt!s. L! im.!rtant( (s d(stacar 1%( cada .lan .%(d( c!nstar d( m%c5!s s%) .lan(s c%2! grad! d( d(tall( /ar4a. A c!ntin%acin s( (st%diar0n m0s a f!nd! cada %na d( (stas clas(s d( .lan(s !.(raci!nal(s.
Procedimientos
C!nstit%2(n la s(c%(ncia d( .as!s ! W(ta.as 1%( s( d()(n s(g%ir c!n rig%r!sidad .ara ('(c%tar l!s .lan(s. S!n %na s(ri( d( .as!s d(tallad!s 1%( indican cm! c%m.lir %na tar(a ! alcan3ar %n !)'(ti/! .r((sta)l(cid!. En c!ns(c%(ncia l!s .r!c(dimi(nt!s s!n s%) .lan(s d( !tr!s .lan(s ma2!r(s. D()id! a s% nat%ral(3a d(tallada g(n(ralm(nt( (st0n (scrit!s 2 a dis.!sicin d( 1%i(n(s d()(n %sarl!s. L!s .r!c(dimi(nt!s c!nstit%2(n g%4as d( accin 2 s!n m0s (s.(c4fic!s 1%( las .!l4ticas. En c!n'%nt! c!n !tras f!rmas d( .lan(acin tratan d( (/itar la c!nf%sin .!r m(di! d( la dir(ccin c!!rdinacin 2 artic%lacin d( las !.(raci!n(s d( %na (m.r(sa. A2%dan a dirigir t!das las acti/idad(s d( la (m.r(sa 5acia !)'(ti/!s c!m%n(s a im.!n(r c!5(r(ncia (n la !rgani3acin a tra/s d(l ti(m.! 2 g(n(ran a5!rr!s al ca.acitar la administracin .ara (/itar l!s c!st!s d( /(rificaci!n(s r(c%rr(nt(s 2 al d(l(gar a%t!ridad a l!s s%)!rdinad!s .ara t!mar d(cisi!n(s d(ntr!
d( l4mit(s im.%(st!s .!r la administracin. Mi(ntras 1%( las .!l4ticas c!nstit%2(n g%4as .ara .(nsar 2 d(cidir (l .r!c(dimi(nt! (s %na g%4a .ara act%ar. El trmin! .r!c(dimi(nt! s( r(fi(r( a l!s mt!d!s .ara ('(c%tar las acti/idad(s. Hn mt!d! d(scri)( (l .r!c(s! d( ('(c%tar %n .as! ! %na (ta.a d(l .r!c(dimi(nt! 2 .%(d( c!nsid(rars( %n .lan d( accin a%n1%( (n g(n(ral (s %n s%) .lan d( %n .r!c(dimi(nt!.
Clases de Procedimientos
L!s .r!c(dimi(nt!s s( transf!rman (n r%tinas d(scritas m(diant( fl%'!gramas ;gr0ficas 1%( r(.r(s(ntan la s(c%(ncia d( .r!c(dimi(nt!s<.Sl! s!n .r!c(dimi(nt!s d()idam(nt( (standari3ad!s 2 f!rmali3ad!s. L!s fl%'! gramas .%(d(n s(r d( /ari!s ti.!s.
!lu#o)rama vertical
El fl%'!grama /(rtical r(fl('a la s(c%(ncia d( %na r%tina m(diant( filas 1%( r(.r(s(ntan las di/(rsas tar(as ! acti/idad(s n(c(sarias .ara ('(c%tar la r%tina 2 c!l%mnas 1%( r(.r(s(ntan r(s.(cti/am(nt( l!s s4m)!l!s d( las tar(as % !.(raci!n(s l!s (m.l(ad!s in/!l%crad!s (n la r%tina las tar(as % !.(raci!n(s ('(c%tadas (l (s.aci! r(1%(rid! .ara la ('(c%cin % !.(racin 2 (l ti(m.! (m.l(ad!. . El fl%'!gr0ma /(rtical tam)in d(n!minad! gr0fica d( an0lisis d( .r!c(s! s( %tili3a .ara d(scri)ir sim)licam(nt( %n .r!c(dimi(nt! ('(c%tad! .!r /ari!s (m.l(ad!s cada %n! d( l!s c%al(s d(s(m.(&a %na tar(a dif(r(nt( ! .ara d(scri)ir %na r%tina ('(c%tada .!r %na s!la .(rs!na. En (l fl%'!grama /(rtical ant(ri!r las r%tinas r(.r(s(ntadas (st0n c!nstit%idas .!r ,+ (ta.as 1%( in/!l%cran tr(s (m.l(ad!s 2 r(1%i(r(n %n ti(m.! m(di! d( ,DQ min%t!s 2 %n r(c!rrid! d( *+E m. L!s ,+ .as!s ! (ta.as (st0n c!nstit%id!s .!r %na !.(racin G trans.!rt(s * .aradas 2 * /(rificaci!n(s ! l(ct%ras. La l4n(a 1%( %n( l!s di/(rs!s s4m)!l!s d( las !.(raci!n(s 4ndica la s(c%(ncia /(rtical d(l fl%'!grama. El fl%'!grama /(rtical 5ac( nfasis (n la s(c%(ncia d( la r%tina ! d(l .r!c(s!. La %tilidad d(l fl%'!grarna /(rtical (s grand( (n (s.(cial (n (l 0r(a d( .lan(acin d( mt!d!s 2 .r!c(s!s d( tra)a'! .ara m!ntar %n .r!c(dimi(nt! ! r%tina a2%dar (n (l (ntr(nami(nt! d(l .(rs!nal fi'ar la s(c%(ncia d( las !.(raci!n(s raci!nali3ar %na tar(a (tc.
!lu#o)rama Fori?ontal
El fI%'!grama 5!ri3!ntal %tili3a l!s mism!s s4m)!l!s d(l fI%'!grama /(rtical 2 5ac( nfasis (n l!s rgan!s ! las .(rs!nas in/!l%cradas (n d(t(rminad! .r!c(dimi(nt! ! r%tina. En .r!c(dimi(nt!s ! r%tinas 1%( in/!l%cran m%c5!s rgan!s ! .(rs!nas (l fl%'!grama 5!ri3!ntal .(rmit( /is%ali3ar la .art( 1%( c!rr(s.!nd( a cada %n! 2 c!m.arar la distri)%cin d( las tar(as (ntr( t!d!s l!s in/!l%crad!s .ara l!grar %na .!si)l( raci!nali3acin ! r(distri)%cin ! .ara t(n(r %na id(a d( la .artici.acin (9ist(nt( 2 facilitar l!s tra)a'!s d( c!!rdinacin ( int(gracin.
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL
Pgina 4"
!lu#o)rama de "lo=ues
El fl%'!grama d( )l!1%(s s( )asa (n %na s(c%(ncia d( )l!1%(s (ncad(nad!s (ntr( s4 cada %n! d( l!s c%al(s ti(n( %n significad!. Est( fl%'!grama .r(s(nta d!s /(nta'as: %tili3a %na sim)!l!g4a m0s am.lia 2 /ariada 2 n! s( r(string( a filas 2 c!l%mnas .r((sta)l(cidas (n la gr0fica. L! %tili3an l!s analistas d( sist(mas .ara r(.r(s(ntar gr0ficam(nt( las (ntradas !.(raci!n(s 2 .r!c(s!s salidas c!n(9i!n(s d(cisi!n(s arc5i/!. (tc. 1%( c!nstit%2(n (l fl%'! ! s(c%(ncia d( las acti/idad(s d( %n sist(ma c%al1%i(ra.
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL
Pgina 4#
2o
,!
Emisin D( la s!licit%d d( .(rs!nal
Arc5i/! solicita nte
Firma d(l '(f( D(l rgan! 1%( (mit( La s!licit%d
1 Presupuestos o de
Aument efectiv o
Principales sim"olos del %lu#o)rama de "lo=ues J(f( d( RL

Anali3a la N(c(sidad r(al
Ll(na la Fic5a
S!n l!s .lan(s !.(raci!nal(s r(laci!nad!s c!n (l din(r! man('ad! (n d(t(rminad! .(ri!d!. L!s .r(s%.%(st!s g(n(ralm(nt( a)arcan %n a&! c!rr(s.!ndi(nt( al ('(rcici! fiscal d( la (m.r(sa. C%and! r(alm(nt(l!s /al!r(s financi(r!s 2 l!s .(ri!d!s s( am.l4an s( .r(s(nta la .lan(acin financi(ra d(finida 2 (la)!rada (n (l ni/(l
Firma d( la int(rm(di! Dir(ccin d( la (m.r(sa
n(c(sari! Es
c!n dim(nsi!n(s 2 (f(ct!s m0s am.li!s 1%( l!s Entr(/ista
.r(s%.%(st!s c%2a dim(nsin (s sl! l!cal 2 c%2a t(m.!ralidad (s limitada. El fl%'! d( ca'a l!s .r(s%.%(st!s d(.artam(ntal(s d( gast!s l!s )(n(fici!s s!cial(s
Entr(/ista c!n (l S!licitant(
Aplicacin d( l!s (m.l(ad!s las r(.araci!n(s 2 (l mant(nimi(nt! d( m01%inas 2 (1%i.!s l!s de
c!st!s dir(ct!s d( .r!d%ccin

A.licacin d( las >cnicas d( r(ndimi(nt!
P ue!as l!s gast!s d( .r!m!cin 2 .%)licidad
(tc.
c!nstit%2(n ('(m.l!s d( .r(s%.%(st!s d(l ni/(l !.(raci!nal.
Co espo nde "
Rec#a$a do
Pr%()a Inicial
C!ntrat! c!n (l D(.artam(nt! S!licitant(

C!rr(s.!nd (
R(c5a3ad!
UNC INGENIERA 1 CIVIL
E9am(n m(dic! \
Pgina 5%
%lu#o)rama de "lo=ues* solicitud de un nuevo empleado Pr(s%.%(st! d( la .r!d%ccin Pr(s%.%(st! d( /(ntas Pr(s%.%(st! d( /(ntas Pr(s%.%(st! administrati/! Pr(s%.%(st! d( /(ntas
Al)unos componentes del presupuesto )lo"al de la empresa.
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL
Pgina 5$
Entr(/ista D( .r%()a
J(rificacin d( r(1%isit!s m4nim!s an0lisis d( tar'(ta Pr!f(si!nal ll(nad! d( la fic5a.
E/al%acin D( s(l(ccin
E9.(ri(ncia .r!f(si!nal sit%acin s!ci!(c!nmica as.iracin .r!f(si!nal.
E/al%acin Psic!lgica
Pr%()as int(l(ct%al(s a.tit%d(s (s.(c4ficas 2 .(rs!nalidad Pr%()a d( m(can!graf4a.
Inf!rmacin S!)r(
>i.! d( tra)a'! 1%( r(ali3ar0 .!l4tica salarial (/al%acin d( D(s(m.(&! )(n(fici!s 2 d(sc%(nt!s d!c%m(nt!s n(c(sari!s Para la admisin
Inf!rmacin d( >(rc(r!s
R(f(r(ncias s!)r( la id!n(idad m!ral d(l candidat!
S(l(ccin M(dica
E9am(n mdic! 2 !d!nt!lgic! (9am(n d( /isin 2 a%dicin E9am(n d( la)!rat!ri!
-ista de veri%icacin en la admisin de un empleado.
-istas de veri%icacin
Las listas d( /(rificacin ;c5(cZ list< c!nstit%2(n !tr!s d( l!s .r!c(dimi(nt!s r%tinari!s d(l ni/(l !.(raci!nal. En s(g%ida s( m%(stra %na lista d( /(rificacin 1%( c!nti(n( la clas( d( inf!rmacin 1%( d()( !)t(n(rs( d( candidat!s a l!s carg!s d( %na (m.r(sa.
Pro)ramas
Las .r!gramaci!n(s c!nstit%2(n .lan(s !.(raci!nal(s r(laci!nad!s c!n (l ti(m.!. C!nstan )0sicam(nt( d( .lan(s 1%( c!rr(laci!nan d!s /aria)l(s: ti(m.! 2 acti/idad(s 1%( d()(n ('(c%tars(. L!s mt!d!s d( .r!gramacin .%(d(n /ariar 2(nd! d(sd( .r!gramas s(ncill!s ;d!nd( s( .%(d( %tili3ar %n sim.l( cal(ndari!
.ara .r!gramar acti/idad(s< 5asta .r!gramas c!m.l('!s ;1%( (9ig(n tcnicas mat(m0ticas a/an3adas ! .r!c(sami(nt! d( dat!s .!r c!m.%tad!r .ara anali3ar 2 d(finir intrincadas int(rd(.(nd(ncias (ntr( /aria)l(s 1%( s( c!m.!rtan d( man(ra dif(r(nt(<. La .r!gramacin s(a s(ncilla ! c!m.l('a c!nstit%2( %na 5(rrami(nta im.!rtant( d( .lan(acin (n (l ni/(l !.(raci!nal d( las (m.r(sas.
Crono)rama
El .r!grama m0s s(ncill! (s .(l cr!n!grama: %na gr0fica d( d!)l( (ntrada (n 1%( las filas c!nfig%ran las tar(as ! acti/idad(s 2 las c!l%mnas d(fin(n l!s .(ri!d!s g(n(ralm(nt( d4as ! m(s(s.l!s tra3!s 5!ri3!ntal(s indican la d%racin d( las tar(as ! acti/idad(s c!n f(c5as d( inici! 2 t(rminacin )i(n d(finidas c!nf!rm( a s% l!cali3acin (n las c!l%mnas. : : Diagrama Gantt PER>
UNC INGENIERA CIVIL
Pgina 53

Planeación de La Acción Empresarial

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INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERA

TEMA& EMPRESA: INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL.

'COMERCIALI(ACI)N * SERVICIO DE CONSTRUCCI)N CON LOS MATERIALES PREFA+RICADOS,-

& Lic. Adm. PAJARES ARANA Marc! A.

" cicl! # $%int! A&!

Ca'amarca s(ti(m)r( d(l *+,-.

INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL

ORGANIZACIN Y ADMINISTRACIN DE EMPRESAS

INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL

ORGANIZACIN Y ADMINISTRACIN DE EMPRESAS

5a)lars( (n (strict! s(ntid! 6!rgani3aci!nal7 d( %na .lanificacin.

Macr!!ri(ntad!. Enf!ca la (m.r(sa c!m! t!talidad

M(n!s g(nric! 2 m0s d(tallad!

Enf!ca cada %nidad d( la (m.r(sa ! cada c!n'%nt! d( r(c%rs!s .!r s(.arad!

Micr!!ri(ntad!. Enf!ca cada tar(a % !.(racin .!r s(.arad!

INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL

ORGANIZACIN Y ADMINISTRACIN DE EMPRESAS

INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL

ORGANIZACIN Y ADMINISTRACIN DE EMPRESAS

INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL

ORGANIZACIN Y ADMINISTRACIN DE EMPRESAS

UNC INGENIERA CIVIL

INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL

ORGANIZACIN Y ADMINISTRACIN DE EMPRESAS

7, Fac/o es I"co"/ ola4les & 78u"/os

UNC INGENIERA CIVIL

INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL

ORGANIZACIN Y ADMINISTRACIN DE EMPRESAS

Tri"utario* Pagar l!s im.%(st!s d( l(2.

INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL

ORGANIZACIN Y ADMINISTRACIN DE EMPRESAS

INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL

ORGANIZACIN Y ADMINISTRACIN DE EMPRESAS

E1%i.!s 2 t(cn!l!g4a d( 8ltima g(n(racin.

Infra(str%ct%ra am.lia 2 ad(c%ada .ara garanti3ar (l d(sarr!ll! d( %n )%(n s(r/ici!.

INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL

ORGANIZACIN Y ADMINISTRACIN DE EMPRESAS

Partici.acin C!m.(titi/a (n licitaci!n(s P8)licas.

Acc(s! inm(diat! a la Inf!rmacin Ci(nt4fica 2 t(cn!lgica act%ali3adas.

M(rcad! .ara .r!d%ct!s d( calidad.

UNC INGENIERA CIVIL

INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL

ORGANIZACIN Y ADMINISTRACIN DE EMPRESAS

Falta d( c!n/(ni!s c!n instit%ci!n(s.

A.aricin d( n%(/as (m.r(sas 1%( !f(rtan similar s(r/ici!.

UNC INGENIERA CIVIL

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POLTICAS DE LA EMPRESA INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS

UNC INGENIERA CIVIL

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?!nificacin al (m.l(ad! d( m('!r trat! c!n l!s cli(nt(s (l c%al /a a .(rmitir a la

INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL

ORGANIZACIN Y ADMINISTRACIN DE EMPRESAS

UNC INGENIERA CIVIL

INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL

ORGANIZACIN Y ADMINISTRACIN DE EMPRESAS

UNC INGENIERA CIVIL

INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL

ORGANIZACIN Y ADMINISTRACIN DE EMPRESAS

INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS SRL