CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3.

1 Introduction This chapter describes the various methods and techniques used by the researcher to carry out the study. It begun with a profile of the Krachi East District, the research design, population, sample size, sampling technique, instruments, sources of data, method of data collection, and analysis of ethical review.

3.2 Profile of Kr c!i E "t Di"trict The Krachi East District KED! is located at the "orth #estern comer of the $olta %egion of &hana and lies between latitudes '( )*+" and ,( -.+" and longitudes *( /+E and *(0*+E. It is bounded on the 1outh #est by Krachi #est District, 2asi3an District to the 1outh East, Kad4ebi District to the East and "3wanta District to the "orth. It has a total surface area of 0.0, sq. 3m with water covering about -.5. This location places the district at a strategic position 6 the central point between the "orthern part and 1outhern part of the Eastern corridor of &hana.

Krachi East District has a population of ).7-) in -7,). The 0*** 8opulation and 9ousing :ensus put the population figure at '.,*.,. The current pro4ected population based on -7,) and 0*** 8opulation and 9ousing :ensus put the population figure for 0**/, 0**', 0**, and 0**7 at ,,,',7; 7-,<-*; 7<,7*< and 7/,./7 respectively. This indicates that the district population had grown at an increasing rate of 0.,5 over a -/ year period -7,)60***!. The se= structure of the population shows that .-.75 are males and ),.-5 females. The youth between the ages of -.6)7 years constitute .7.,,5. Those within the .* years and above aged! constituted only 0.'75 of
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the population. The population li3e most other populations is unevenly distributed. The 0**. District >ase ?ine survey revealed a pattern of population concentration in the District capital and other larger settlements. The concentration of people in these ma4or towns put significant stress on e=isting social services such as schools, health and water facilities and on land for agriculture and residential activities.

The ma4or ethnic groups are Ewe who constitutes about 0..75 of the total population, followed by the Ko3ombas 0..< 5, @3an -*.) 5, "chumburu 7.)5 and Krachi '.)5. >assares constitute 0..5 of the total population, Koto3oli *.<5 and other groups such as Aambarima, Kabres, @nufor, 9ausa and others forming -,.,5. Twi is the most spo3en language in the district. Ewe is spo3en widely in the fishing communities which are dotted along the ma4or rivers. Ko3omba and >assere are also spo3en in farming settlements in the district. :hristianity is the ma4or religion in the district consisting of about ').)05 of the population, followed by Traditional @frican religion 0-.-)5!, Islam ).)*5!. Bther affiliations constitute *..5.

The District is drained by the Bti %iver and the $olta ?a3e which form the boundary between the District and the Krachi #est District. The @su3aw3aw %iver is another ma4or river that drains the District and also mar3s the end of the District to 2asi3an District. Bther water bodies found in the District include numerous intermittent streams located in most parts of the District. These water bodies constitute important resources for the people as most of them depend on them for household use, fishing and transportation.

3.3 T!e #et!odolo$% Cethodology is about anything that has to do with procedures or techniques of investigation, that is, the set of techniques used in one piece of research. It is all about the methods used in the study of the research. Cethodology is essential in gathering relevant information thereby giving effective and reliable representation. It is possible to categorize different research method approaches into two main categories depending on how they are conducted, quantitative research methods and qualitative research methods. Cerriam -77)! stated that, information brought by words is qualitative while information brought by figures is quantitative. @ccording to 8atel and Davidson -77-!, quantitative research methods are methods for analysing numeric information in the form of statistical methods. #hile qualitative research methods, on the other hand, are methods used for analysing other information, such as interpretations of te=t.

Though the two methods can be used to analyse data and information gotten from the research, they both have their differences. The main difference between the two research methods is that quantitative research methods transform the information into numbers and amounts, whereas qualitative research methods use the researcher+s interpretation of information which cannot or should not be translated into numbers or amounts. The difference between quantitative and qualitative research lies in the procedure involved in investigation. The quantitative technique is an approach which see3s to inquire into an identified problem, based on testing the theory measure with numbers and analysing the data using statistical techniques. The main ob4ective of the quantitative technique is to find out if a theory can be generalised.

@ qualitative research on the other hand is aimed at understanding a social or human problem from multiple perspectives and it is mostly conducted in a natural setting. Due to the different characteristics of the different research methods, different methods are suited for different research purposes, 3ind of data involved and other circumstances. >oth research methods often can be combined, supporting one another in research. The methodology of this research is bro3en down into the following framewor36 D %esearch design D Cethod of data collection D 8opulation and sample D Cethod of data analysis

3.3.1 Re"e rc! de"i$n Eran3fort6"achmias and "achmias -77/! describe research design as a logical model of proof that allows the researcher to draw inferences concerning causal relations among the variables under investigation. @ccording to 1e3aran 0**<! the various issues involved in the research design concern the purpose of the study, the type of investigation, the type of the sample, which will be used, the methods by which the required data will be collected, as well as the process that will be followed for the analysis. Induction and deduction are two ways in drawing conclusion to a research. @ccording to 1e3aran 0**<! deduction is the process by which we arrive at a reasoned conclusion by logical generalization of a 3nown fact, while induction on the other hand, is a process where we observe a phenomenon and on the basis arrive at a conclusion.

These two forms may differ in the data gathered through observation, may lead to formulation of hypothesis and theory while those gathered via logical reasoning lead to the acceptance or re4ection of hypotheses. This research adopted both qualitative and descriptive research designs and specifically adopts an interpretive orientation, which see3s to understand the phenomena under study ?eedy and Brmrod, 0**.!. Eor this reason, the research problem was not stated in the form of null hypotheses which the research would aim to re4ect using statistical techniques, but was framed as a broad research ob4ective and questions.

3.3.2 & #'lin$ 'rocedure 1e3aran 0**<! describes sampling as the process of selecting a sufficient number and the right type of elements for study from a certain population. @s population is defined, the entire group of elements that the researcher is interested to investigate. @n element on the other hand, is a single member of the population 2an3owicz, -77-!. 1ample is defined as a portion or subset of the population, the size of which is determined by the type and ob4ective of the study, as well as time and financial constraints Ein3, -77.!. 1ampling therefore is the method of drawing the sample and it is a vital part of a research as it allows to the researcher to generalize findings, as it is impossible to e=amine the whole population Eran3fort6"achmias and "achmias, -77/!. 1amples were drawn from the entire population of study in this research due to time, financial and human resource constraints, thus it is believed that the sample will provide the researchers with more reliable results 1e3aran, 0**<; >lumberg et al 0**.!.

3.3.3 & #'le de"i$n 1ampling is divided into two main categoriesF probability and non6probability and these are used in this research. In probability sampling, the elements of the population have a definite chance, but not necessarily equal, of being included to the sample. Bn the contrary, in non6probability sampling, the odds that a particular element will be included in the sample are un3nown. The non6probability sampling technique was adopted using the quota sampling. This is due to the fact that the leaders of KED that deal with water issues directly are in the best position in providing the information required for this research 1e3eran, 0**<!. 9owever, the use of this method is deficient in that the result cannot be generalised totally but it is believed to give the researchers the required information for the research and also offers the advantage of saving the researcher some costs and time.

3.3.( Po'ul tion nd " #'le "i)e The target population for the research comprised the 3ey decision ma3ers of Krachi East District, District :ommunity #ater and 1anitation @gency and District #ater and 1anitation :ommittee. @s 3ey leaders in the district, they are in the better position to provide important insights into the water situation and the way out of the situation. The population for this study is made up five respondents, two officers from the District :ommunity #ater and 1anitation @gency, two from the District #ater and 1anitation :ommittee and one from the District 8lanning :oordinating Gnit. These officers are considered because they are considered as the leaders in the forefront of water provision in the district and therefore their information was important in enriching the study. In other words, 3ey informant interviews were adopted. :onsidering the time and financial

constraints, the researcher thin3s the sample size was fair representative of the 3ey officers who are suppose to be the forefront of providing water at the Krachi East District.

3.( &ource" of D t Data collection is simply the ways information is gathered. 1econdary Data and primary data collection are two ways of collecting information.

3.(.1 &econd r% d t 1econdary data is information collected by others for purposes, which can be different than those of the researcher. It is a synthesis of published and unpublished documents related to the research and it is of highly importance, as it comprises the logical framewor3 of the research 1e3aran, 0**<; Ein3, -77.!. The collection of secondary data has both advantages and disadvantages, one of the foremost advantages of using secondary data is that it helps the researcher formulate and understand better the research problem, broadening at the same time the base for scientific conclusions to be drawn. "evertheless, it should be ta3en under consideration that other researchers, organization or government departments for studies with different ob4ectives and purposes collected the data; therefore, it might not be suitable for the current research. Eor the purpose of this study, the collected secondary data includedF te=tboo3s, academic articles and 4ournals related to the challenges of achieving water sustainability. @lso, a number of data for this research also came from the KED which was used to analyse whether the CD& -* 0*! can be achieved at the KED by 0*-..

3.(.2 Pri# r% d t 8rimary data is the information gathered directly from the researcher, when secondary data is not available or is unable to contribute meeting research ob4ectives 1e3aran, 0**<!. The collection of primary data involves the use of research instruments, such as questionnaires and interview schedules that have been constructed e=clusively for the purposes of a specific study. Eor the purposes of this research, primary data were collected through the use of an interview guide. The interview guide was administered to the leaders at the forefront of water provision at KED. The interview guide was designed with the focus of the study in mind. The main concern of a researcher is to ensure that the results of the research are accurate and applicable. Therefore, once the instrument used for the conduction of the research is ready, then the reliability and validity of the measures are established 1e3aran, 0**<!.

3.* Reli +ilit% of 'ri# r% re"e rc! %eliability to regards the consistency of the results obtained from the instrument used in the research. %eliability is achieved when the same research process is repeated and reproduces results within stated confidence limits. >ells -77<! cited in Eri3sson, 0**0! states that the reliability of an investigation is satisfying if another researcher can conduct the same research and draw the same conclusions. This has to do with the ability of a research finding to replicate itself if a parallel study is conducted. Thus in order to ensure the finding of this research the :ronbach @lpha was used to test the reliability of questions as3ed for this research. The result from the validity test shows :ronbach @lpha to be between the range of *.')< and *.,0. This is an acceptable level according to 1e3eran, 0**<!.

3., - lidit% of 'ri# r% re"e rc! $alidity represents the e=tent to which an instrument measures what it intended to measured. There is a distinction made among Hinternal+ and He=ternal+ validity. Internal validity refers to whether the hypothesised cause produces the given effect in the research, while e=ternal regards the e=tent to which the results of the research can be generalised. $alidity in this research was established through published measures for the concept of water sustainability 1e3eran, 0**<!.

3.. Pilot "tud% The pilot test is a useful tool for researchers, as it helps them to chec3 the data collection methods and uncover any mista3es or miscomprehension of the questionnaire or interview guide. The sample e=amined in the pilot study must be a part of the sample used for the conduction of the research; thus, the researcher may reveal une=pected findings, based on which any necessary ad4ustment is made &erson and 9orowitz, 0**0!. @ pilot study was conducted before the administration of the interview guide in order to detect potential problems that may arise as a result of difficulty in the interpretation of questions by respondents. @ccording to >lumberg et al 0**.!, respondents in a pilot study could range between five and hundred, thus five interview guides were distributed among 3ey leaders in the affairs of water provision in KED. The feedbac3 given from the respondents was considered in remodelling the questions to suite the research ob4ectives.

3./ Inter0ie1 $uide de0elo'#ent Interviews were carried out to source for information. @ccording to 8atton -77*!, interviews could be base on; informal conversational interviews 6 where the questions emerge from the
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immediate conte=t and are as3ed in the natural conte=t; interview guide approach 6 where topics and issues are specified in advance but where the sequence is decided by the interviewer, closed fi=ed response interview 6 where questions and response categories are fi=ed and determined in advance and standard open ended interviews 6 where the wordings and sequence of questions are determined in advance. The interview guide concentrated on the water situation in the district, and plans and pro4ects put in place for water availability and sustainability. It further loo3s at the challenges and proposed solutions from those in the helms of affairs see appendi= @!. The interview was carried out to remove bias on the part of the respondents who might present false information in order to put KED in better light 4ust to earn some credibility. In all this process ethical issues were ta3en into considering and participants were informed of the purpose of the study and assured that, individual responses were not going to be identified and all the responses will be analysed together.

3.2 D t

n l%"i"

:ompleted interview guide from the field were edited before analysis. The second data constituted the most source of data for analyzing the capacity and potential of KED to meet the CD& -* 0*! and this data was obtained from KED@. %eports and institutional documents were also analysed to assess the capacity of the KED to attain the goal -* 0*!.

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