INDUSTRIAL TRANING REPORT

TOPIC-NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION

[1] What is CCNA:- CCNA is a popular certification in computer networking developed
Cisco Systems. Cisco created the CCNA to recognize basic competency in installation and support of medium to large sized networks. Topics covered on the CCNA exam include. LAN and WAN design(including the OSI model) IP addressing routers and routing protocols(including OSPF,EIGRP and RIP) VLAN (Virtual LAN) and WLAN(wireless LAN) network security and management (including ACLs).

[2] What is computer network?

Network is a collection of computers and devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate communications and allow information among interconnected devices.

[3] Network elements:Communication Devices- pc, laptop, printer, scanner, mobile. Communication media- there are two types of communication media. Wired coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, fiber optic cable. Wireless infrared, Bluetooth, radio waves, microwaves. Connectivity device hub, switch.route. Common language TCP/IP protocol suite. Device identification:A. Physical address [mac (media access control) address]. B. Logical address 9ip address). C. Service address (port no.).

[4] Types of Cable:- A type of wire that consist of a center wire surrounded by insultion and
then a grounded shield of braided wire. The shield minimize electrical and radio frequency interference. Types of coaxial cables.

Cable type Ethernet network Speed Signal type Segment Length Standard Connector Terminator

Thinnet coaxial cabel 10 base 2 10 mbps Baseband 185 meter RG 58 BNC (British naval connector). 50 ohm

Thicknet Coaxial Cable 10 base 5 10 mbps Baseband 500 meter RG 8 AUI (attachment user interface). 50 ohm

Twisted pair cable:- Twisted-pair cable eight wires that are twisted together in pairs.
There are two types of Twisted pair cable:A. UTP (unshielded twisted pair cable). B. STP (shielded twisted pair cable). A metallic shield is placed around the twisted pairs. Hence the name without outer shielding; its called unshielded twisted-pair cable (UTP).

Fiber-Optic Cable:- Fiber-optic cable transmits digital signals using light impulse rather than
electricity, it is immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and Radio frequency interference (RFI). The cable itself comes in two different styles:-single mode fiber (SMF). -multimode fiber (MMF). Multimode fiber is used for shorter-distance applications and single mode fiber for longer distances.

[5] Common Network Connectivity Devices:-

(1). NIC (Network interface card):- It is the expansion card you install in your computer
to connect, or interface, your computer to the network.

(2).HUB:-It is LAN or Same Network Connectivity Device. -Hub operates layer 1 (physical) of OSI Model. -It works in half duplex mode. means only two device can communicates at a time. -one can send the data and another can receive the data. -It divides the transmission speed. Because it uses broadcast to make communication. -It is also called Multiport Repeater.

(3).Switch:-It is also LAN or Same network connectivity Device. -Switch operates layer 2 (Data link layer) of OSI model. It understands the Mac address. And Forward the frame according to Mac address. -It works in full duplex mode. Means device can send and receive data simultaneously. -It provides wired speed. -It uses Hardware Chip ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) to create Mac Address table. -It is also called multiport Bridge.

(4). Router:- It is different network connectivity device. It operates layer 3 of OSI model, it
understands the IP address and creates Routing Table. Function of router:A. Packet switching. B. Packet filtering. C. Path selection. D. Internetwork communication.

(5). Ethernet Cabling:- Three types of Ethernet cables are available:

> Straight through cable. > Crossover cable. > Rolled cable.

(i). Straight through cable:- The straight-through cable is used to connect dissimilar.
Example:- Host to switch or hub. - Router to switch or hub. - Host to modem. - Modem to switch.

(ii). Crossover cable:- The crossover cable is used to connect similar device;
Pc to pc. Switch to Switch or Hub. PC to Router or Hub. PC to Router fast Ethernet port.

Color code for straight through cable:First End Orange white Orange Green white Blue Blue white Green Brown white Brown Second End Orange white Orange Green white Blue Blue white Green Brown white Brown

Color code for cross over cable:First end Orange white Orange Green white Blue Blue white Green Brown white Brown Second end Green white Green Orange white Blue Blue white Orange Brown white Brown

(6).Addressing in computer network:- There are three types of address in computer

network. 1. Physical address (hardware address /MAC address). 2. Logical address ( IP address ). 3. Service address (Software port no.).

1. Physical address:- A media access control address is a unique identifier assigned to

network interfaces for communications on the physical network segment. It is 48 bit (12 digit), hexa decimal number which is used to identify any host in LAN or Same network. It divides in 2 parts. First 24 bit for vendor id and last 24 bit for the device serial no. Switch understands the MAC address and creates Mac table. Example:- 1A-2B-34-54-2A-CD.

2. Logical address (IP ADDRESS):- It is 32 bit Binary Number is used to identify any host
in network. We represents this address in to decimal format. It has two portions. First portion is called network id and another is called host id. Router understands the ip address and creates Routing table. Its tables holds best path to reach destinations. IP address is divided into four octets separated by dots (.). And every octet has value between 0255.

Registry AfriNIC APNIC ARIN LACNIC RIPE NCC

Area Covered Africa Region. Asia/Pacific Region. North America Region. Latin America and so Carbbean Islands. Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia.

(7) OSI MODEL:-Open system interconnection. - It is developed by ISO (INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION) in 1977. - First network developed by IBM and it operates only IBM devices. - OSI model provides Common platform for different vendor to developed their devices. - It divides network communication process into seven layers and every layer has distinct function. Application Presentation Session

Transport Network

Data link Physical

Application:- File, print, message, database, and application services. Presentation:- Data encryption , compression, and translation services. Session:- Dialog control. Transport:- End to end connection.

Network:- Routing. Data link:- framing. Physical:- Physical topology. (1). Physical layer :It layer 7 of OSI Model. Data unit is Bits. - Devices:- Hub, repeater, NIC, Cable, Connector. - It takes data from Data link layer in form of frame. Then dived frame into byte and byte into bits. - Transmission media:- there are two types of transmission media. Wired:- Coaxial cable, Twisted pair cable, Fiber optic cable. Wireless:- Infrared, Bluetooth, Radio waves, Microwaves.

(2). Data link Layer :It is layer 2 of OSI model. Data unit is frames, Devices are Switch, Bridge. - Protocol- PPP, HDLC, Frame Relay, ATM, VTP,STP. - Working of data link layer:- It receives data from network layer in form of packet. Then attach header and trailer on this packet. Now packet becomes Frame. And its header has information about preamble, destination MAC address, source MAC address and length, and its Trailer has FCS( frame check sequence).

(3).Network Layer :It is layer 3 of OSI MODEL. Data unit packets, devices works Router, layer 3 switch. - Protocol:- There are two types of protocol on network layer. Routed protocol- It defines the method of packet transmissions. Ex:- IP, IPV6, IPX, Apple Talk. Routing Protocol:- It selects the best path for packet transmission. Ex:- RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF.

- It receives data from transport layer in form of segment. Then attach header on this segment, now segment becomes packet. Its header has information about IP version, TTL( time to live), Protocol, Source ip address and destination IP address.

(4). Transport Layer :It is layer of 4 OSI model. It provides end to end data transport services and can establish a logical connection between the sending host and destination host on an internetwork. - The transport layer can be connectionless or connection- oriented. -Data unit is Segment. Protocols :- There are two protocols work on transport layer. 1. TCP ( TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL) :- connection oriented. 2. UDP ( USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL) :- connection less protocol. - it receives data from upper layers( application, presentation, session), then divides this data into smaller unit called segment. And attaches header on every segment. Its header has source port no, destination port no , and sequence no information.

(5). Session layer :it is layer 5 of OSI model. Data unit is data. The session layer is responsible for setting up, managing, and then tearing down sessions between Presentation layers entities. The session layer basically keeps different applications data separate from other applications data. This layer also provides dialog control between devices, or nodes.

(6). Presentation layer :it is layer 6 of OSI model. Data unit is data .It presents data of the application layer and is responsible for data translation and code formatting. By providing translation services, the presentation layer ensure that data transferred from the application layer of one system can be read by the application layer of another one. - Data compression, decompression, encryption, and decryption are associated with this layer.

(7). Application layer :It is layer 7 of OSI MODEL. Data unit is data. The application layer of the OSI model marks the spot where users actually communicate the other computer. - The Application layer is acting as an interface between the actual application programs. This means that Microsoft word does not reside at the application laye but instead interfaces with the application layer protocols.

[8].TCP/IP Model:- The transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) suite was created by the Department Of Defense (DOD) to ensure and preserve data integrity. Its composed of four instead of seven, layers:1. Process/application layer. 2. Host to host layer. 3. Internet layer. 4. Network Access layer.

THE PROCESS/APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS

The following protocols and applications are covered in this section. 1. Telnet. 2. FTP. 3. NFS. 4. SMTP. 5. DNS.

(1). TELNET:Its port no 23. It uses TCP protocol to establish connection. It specialty is terminal emulation. It allows a user on a remote client machine, called to access the resources of another machine, the Telnet Server.

(2). File transfer protocol (FTP) :Its port no 21(control), 20 (data). It uses TCP Protocol to establish connection. File transfer protocol (FTP) is the protocol that actually lets us transfer files, and it can accomplish this between any two machines using it. FTP isnt just a protocol; its is also a program. As a program, ftp allows access to both directories and files and can accomplish certain types of directories operations, such as relocating into different ones.

(3). NFS (Network file system):Its port no is 2049. It uses UDP (User datagram protocol) protocol to establish connections. Network file system is a jewel of a protocol specializing in file sharing. It allows two different types of file systems to interoperate. It works like this suppose the NFS server is running on an NT server and the NFS client software is running on the UNIX host.

(4). Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) :Its port no is 25. It uses TCP protocol to establish connection. SMTP answering our ubiquitous call to email uses a spooled or queued, method of mail delivery. SMTP is used to send mail; POP3 is used to receive mail.

(5). Domain Name Service (DNS):Its port no is 53. It uses TCP and UDP both to establish connection. To resolve client query it uses UDP, and to synchronize Data between two DNS Server, it uses TCP. Domain name service resolves hostnames into IP address and IP address resolves into Hostname.

(6). Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)/ Bootstrap Protocol (BootP) :Its port no is 68 (DHCP client), 67 (DHCP Server). It uses UDP protocol to establish connection. DHCP assigns IP address to host automatically. DHCP differs from BootP assigns an IP address to a hosts hardware address must be entered manually in a BootP table. That BootP is also used to send an operating system that a host can boot from. DHCP cant do that. [10]. list of the information a DHCP server can provide: 1. IP address. 2. Subnet mask. 3. Domain name. 4. Default gateway (routers). 5. DNS Server IP. 6. WINS information.

[11]. The host to host Layer Protocol:- This layer says to the upper layer, Just give me your data stream ,with any instructions, and Ill begin the process data getting your information ready to send. The following sections describes the two protocols at this layer. 1. Transmission control protocol. 2. User data gram protocol.

[12]. The Internet Layer Protocols :There are two main reasons for the internet layers existence: routing and providing a single network interface to the upper layers. The following sections describe the protocols at the internet layers:1. Internet Protocol (IP). 2. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). 3. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). 4. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). 5. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP).

(1). Internet Protocol (IP):Internet protocol essentially is the internet layer. The other protocols found here merely exist to support it. IP looks at each packets address. Then using a routing table, it decides where packet it to be send next, choosing the best path.

(2). Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP):ICMP is a management protocol and messaging service provider for ip. ICMP can provide hosts with information about network problems.

(3). Address Resolution Protocol:Address resolution protocol finds address of a host from a known IP address.

(4). Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP):RARP resolves Ethernet (MAC) address to IP address. A designated machine, called a RARP server, responds with the answer and the identify crisis is over.

IP terminology:Bit- A bit is one digit, either a 1 or a 0. Byte- A byte is 7 or 8 bits, depending on whether parity is used we always assume a byte is 8
bits.

Octet:- A n octet made up of 8 bits is just an ordinary 8 bit binary number. Network address:- This is the designation used in routing to send packets to a remote network
for example. 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0.

Broadcast address:- The address used by applications and host to send information to all
node on a network is called the broadcast address. Examples includes 255.255.255.255, which is all networks, all nodes; 172.16.255.255.

The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme:An IP address consists of 32 bits of information. These bits are divided into four sections, referred to as octets or byte each containing 1 byte (8 bits). Every IP Address has two portion: Network id + host id = 32 bit.