Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Brian Shadwick
Contents
Introduction
Verbs to Watch
vi
Dot Points
Moving About
vii
ix
xi
xiii
Questions
Moving About
45
77
113
Answers
Moving About
147
157
167
179
Appendix
Data Sheet
187
Formula Sheet
188
Periodic Table
189
Science Press
iii
Contents
Notes
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Science Press
Contents
iv
Introduction
What the book includes
,QWKLVERRN\RXZLOOQGW\SLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQTXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVIRUHDFKGRWSRLQWLQWKH%RDUGRI6WXGLHV
syllabus for each topic in the Year 11 Physics course:
0RYLQJ$ERXW
(OHFWULFLW\LQWKH+RPH
7KH:RUOG&RPPXQLFDWHV
7KH&RVPLF(QJLQH
Also included are typical experimental results for students to analyse if the third column of the syllabus indicates
WKDWVWXGHQWVVKRXOGFDUU\RXWUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQV
Science Press
Introduction
Verbs to Watch
account/account for
State reasons for, report on, give an account of,
narrate a series of events or transactions.
distinguish
Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or
different from, note difference between things.
analyse
Identify components and the relationships among
them, draw out and relate implications.
evaluate
Make a judgement based on criteria.
examine
,QTXLUHLQWR
apply
Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation.
explain
Relate cause and effect, make the relationship
between things evident, provide why and/or how.
appreciate
Make a judgement about the value of something.
extract
Choose relevant and/or appropriate details.
assess
0DNHDMXGJHPHQWRIYDOXHTXDOLW\RXWFRPHV
results or size.
extrapolate
Infer from what is known.
calculate
'HWHUPLQHIURPJLYHQIDFWVJXUHVRULQIRUPDWLRQ
identify
Recognise and name.
clarify
Make clear or plain.
interpret
Draw meaning from.
classify
Arrange into classes, groups or categories.
investigate
3ODQLQTXLUHLQWRDQGGUDZFRQFOXVLRQVDERXW
compare
Show how things are similar and different.
justify
Support an argument or conclusion.
construct
Make, build, put together items or arguments.
outline
Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features.
contrast
Show how things are different or opposite.
predict
Suggest what may happen based on available data.
critically (analyse/evaluate)
Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge
DQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJORJLFTXHVWLRQLQJUHHFWLRQDQG
TXDOLW\WRDQDQDO\VLVRUHYDOXDWLRQ
propose
Put forward (a point of view, idea, argument,
suggestion etc) for consideration or action.
deduce
Draw conclusions.
recall
Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences.
GHQH
6WDWHWKHPHDQLQJRIDQGLGHQWLI\HVVHQWLDOTXDOLWLHV
recommend
Provide reasons in favour.
demonstrate
Show by example.
recount
Retell a series of events.
describe
Provide characteristics and features.
summarise
Express concisely the relevant details.
discuss
Identify issues and provide points for and against.
synthesise
Put together various elements to make a whole.
Science Press
Verbs to Watch
vi
Moving About
Dot Point
Page
1.
Speed changes
1.1
1.2
1.3
'HQHDYHUDJHYHORFLW\DV
vav rt
Compare instantaneous and
average speed and velocity.
1.5
1.6
'HQHWKHWHUPVPDVVDQGZHLJKW
with reference to effects of gravity.
16
18
19
24
3HUIRUPUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQVWR
show the relationship between force,
mass and acceleration.
26
28
3HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ
to demonstrate vector addition and
subtraction.
29
3.
30
3.1
30
30
31
11
12
2.
13
2.1
13
13
14
14
2.6
16
2.5
,QWHUSUHW1HZWRQV6HFRQG/DZRI
0RWLRQDQGUHODWHLWWRF = ma
2.4
15
17
2.3
'HQHDYHUDJHDFFHOHUDWLRQDV
aav vt = (v u)/t
2.2
Page
3HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWR
measure average speed of an object.
1.9
2.8
1.8
Dot Point
15
15
3.2
3.3
Science Press
vii
Moving About
Dot Point
3.4
Page
32
'HQHWKHODZRIFRQVHUYDWLRQRIHQHUJ\
4.
Momentum
33
'HQHPRPHQWXPDVp = mv
33
'HQHLPSXOVHDVI = Ft
33
4.3
4.4
33
36
37
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Dot Point
4.9
38
5.
Safety devices
40
'HQHWKHLQHUWLDRIDYHKLFOHDVLWV
tendency to remain in uniform
motion or at rest.
40
$QDO\VHUVWRUVHFRQGKDQGGDWD
about the potential danger presented
by loose objects in a vehicle.
40
'LVFXVVUHDVRQVZK\1HZWRQV
)LUVW/DZRI0RWLRQLVQRWDSSDUHQW
in many real world situations.
41
41
42
$VVHVVEHQHWVRIWHFKQRORJLHVIRU
avoiding or reducing the effect of a
collision.
43
5.4
5.5
37
Page
147
38
Science Press
Moving About
viii
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
Page
46
Sound waves
54
2.1
54
54
([SODLQTXDOLWDWLYHO\WKDWSLWFKLV
UHODWHGWRIUHTXHQF\DQGYROXPHWR
amplitude of sound waves.
54
([SODLQDQHFKRDVDUHHFWLRQRID
sound wave.
54
55
55
3HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWR
observe the superposition of two waves
using a CRO or computer.
56
3HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWR
analyse sound waves.
57
3.
58
3.1
58
3.2
3.3
59
3HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWR
PRGHOWKHLQYHUVHVTXDUHODZ
2XWOLQHKRZDPSOLWXGHRUIUHTXHQF\
modulation of visible light, microwaves
and/or radio waves is used to transmit
information.
61
2.2
46
2.5
2.6
47
48
48
49
50
50
3.4
51
53
53
Page
2.
46
'HQHDQGDSSO\WKHWHUPVPHGLXP
displacement, amplitude, period,
compression, rarefaction, crest,
trough, transverse, longitudinal,
ZDYHVIUHTXHQF\ZDYHOHQJWKDQG
velocity to the wave model.
Dot Point
Science Press
ix
Dot Point
Page
Dot Point
'HQHUHIUDFWLYHLQGH[LQWHUPVRI
the changes in velocity of a wave in
passing from one medium to another.
68
'HQH6QHOOV/DZ
62
4.9
62
71
63
5HHFWLRQDQGUHIUDFWLRQRI
electromagnetic waves
64
3HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWR
calculate the refractive index of glass
or perspex.
72
4.1
73
4.2
2XWOLQHKRZWRWDOLQWHUQDOUHHFWLRQ
LVXVHGLQRSWLFDOEUHV
5.
75
64
5.1
75
'HVFULEHRQHDSSOLFDWLRQRIUHHFWLRQ
for various surfaces.
66
76
67
67
3.7
3.8
1.1
3.9
4.
4.3
4.5
4.6
Page
61
5.2
157
Science Press
Page
1.
History of electricity
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Dot Point
78
78
78
79
79
Page
88
89
90
91
92
'HQHUHVLVWDQFHDVWKHUDWLRRIYROWDJH
to current for a particular conductor.
92
92
81
2.
82
2.1
82
'HVFULEHTXDOLWDWLYHO\KRZYDULRXV
factors affect the movement of
electricity through a conductor.
93
3.
95
3.1
95
96
97
3HUIRUPUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQVWR
compare measurements of current
and voltage in parallel circuits.
97
3.5
98
3.6
98
99
100
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.7
83
84
'HQHWKHXQLWRIHOHFWULFFKDUJHDV
the coulomb.
84
3.2
'HQHHOHFWULFHOGDVDHOGRIIRUFH
ZLWKVWUHQJWKHTXDOWRWKHIRUFHSHU
unit charge at that point, i.e. E = F/Q
85
85
'HQHHOHFWULFFXUUHQWDVWKHUDWHDW
ZKLFKFKDUJHRZVXQGHUWKHLQXHQFH
RIDQHOHFWULFHOG
2.9
87
3.3
3.7
3.8
87
Science Press
xi
Dot Point
Page
4.
Electrical power
4.1
101
101
4.2
4.4
4.5
4.6
3HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWR
demonstrate the relationship between
current, voltage and power.
Explain why the kWh is used to
measure electrical energy consumption
rather than the joule.
Identify that the total amount of energy
used depends on the length of time
FXUUHQWLVRZLQJDQGFDQEH
calculated using: Energy = VIt
Dot Point
101
'HVFULEHWKHPDJQHWLFHOGDURXQG
pairs of magnetic poles.
106
3HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWR
build an electromagnet.
107
108
108
5.9
110
5.5
101
5.7
103
5.8
104
Page
104
6.
Safety devices
5.
0DJQHWLFHOGV
106
6.1
5.1
106
6.2
5.3
'HQHWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHPDJQHWLF
HOGDWDSRLQWDVWKHGLUHFWLRQRI
force on a small north magnetic pole
when placed at that point.
106
110
167
Science Press
xii
Page
1.
114
1.1
114
1.2
115
2.
118
2.1
118
122
123
2.4
2.5
124
3.
127
'HQHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKH
temperature of a body and the
dominant wavelength of the radiation
emitted from that body.
3.2
3.3
3.4
8VHWKH+HUW]VSUXQJ5XVVHOOGLDJUDP
to examine the variety of star groups
LQFOXGLQJ0DLQ6HTXHQFHUHGJLDQWV
and white dwarfs.
134
4.
The Sun
138
4.1
138
3HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWR
compare the penetrating power of
alpha, beta and gamma radiation.
139
140
141
141
142
143
3.7
4.2
4.5
4.6
4.7
127
127
128
133
4.4
Page
'HVFULEHD+HUW]VSUXQJ5XVVHOO
GLDJUDPDVWKHJUDSKRIDVWDUV
luminosity against its colour or
surface temperature.
2.3
2.2
Dot Point
4.8
179
131
Science Press
xiii
Notes
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Science Press
xiv
DOT POINT
Moving About
Science Press
Moving About
Describe two speed changes which occur during typical journeys in a car and state one reason
for each change.
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1.2
Distinguish between the average and instantaneous speed of vehicles and other bodies.
1.2.1
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1.3
&RPSDUHVFDODUDQGYHFWRUTXDQWLWLHV
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1.3.2
&RPSOHWHWKHWDEOHE\LGHQWLI\LQJYHH[DPSOHVHDFKRIVFDODUDQGYHFWRUTXDQWLWLHV
Scalar quantities
1.3.3
Vector quantities
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Science Press
Moving About
1.3.4
Three objects travel from X to Y by three different roads as shown in the diagram. Y is due
east of X.
Road 1 = 75 km
Road 2 = 50 km
Road 3 = 150 km
Displacement (km)
Road 1
Road 2
Road 3
1.3.5
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.3.6
The diagram shows the paths taken by four wombats as they came out of their burrow to
search for food. The diagram is drawn to scale where 1 cm = 10 m.
N
Wombat 1
Wombat 2
Wombat 3
Wombat 4
Displacement (m)
(directions as bearing)
1
2
3
4
Science Press
Moving About
'HQHDYHUDJHYHORFLW\DV
1.4.1
av
,GHQWLI\WKHTXDQWLW\UHSUHVHQWHGE\rLQWKHDERYHHTXDWLRQ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.4.2
'HQHWKLVTXDQWLW\
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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1.5
Compare instantaneous and average speed with instantaneous and average velocity.
1.5.1
:ULWHDQHTXDWLRQ\RXFRXOGXVHWRQGWKHDYHUDJHVSHHGRIDQREMHFW
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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1.5.2
([SODLQKRZWKLVHTXDWLRQGLIIHUVIURPWKHRQHJLYHQLQDERYH
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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1.5.3
Identify the essential difference between instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity.
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1.5.4
Identify the essential difference between average speed and average velocity.
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1.5.5
A car takes 2.5 hours to travel along the 150 km road from X and Y as shown in the diagram
at a constant speed of 60 kph. X and Y are 120 km apart.
Y
Science Press
Moving About
D
&RPSDUHWKHFDUVLQVWDQWDQHRXVVSHHGDWSRLQWV3DQG4
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E
&RPSDUHWKHFDUVLQVWDQWDQHRXVYHORFLW\DWSRLQWV3DQG4
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F
&DOFXODWHWKHFDUVDYHUDJHVSHHGIRUWKHMRXUQH\
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G
&DOFXODWHWKHFDUVDYHUDJHYHORFLW\IRUWKHMRXUQH\
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6ROYHSUREOHPVDQGDQDO\VHLQIRUPDWLRQXVLQJ
av
1.6.1
A swimmer dives from the blocks into the pool and races 50 m to the other end of the pool.
This takes her 32.6 s.
(a)
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(b)
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1.6.2
/DWHULQWKHPHHWWKHVDPHVZLPPHUVZLPVLQWKHPHYHQW7KLVWDNHVKHUV
(a)
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(b)
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Science Press
Moving About
1.6.3
Consider three cars travelling from X to Y along three roads shown. Y is due east of X.
Road 1 = 120 km
Road 2 = 90 km
Road 3 = 200 km
Distance
travelled (km)
Displacement
(km)
Road 1
3.0
Road 2
2.0
Road 3
5.0
Average speed
of cars (kph)
Average velocity
of cars (kph)
3HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRPHDVXUHWKHDYHUDJHVSHHGRIDQREMHFW
1.7.1
In an experiment, a ball was rolled down a ramp from rest, from various starting positions as
shown in the diagram. The results of the experiment are shown in the table.
T
S
R
Q
P
Starting
position
Distance up
the slope
(m)
1.0
0.64
0.65
0.63
1.5
0.76
0.79
0.79
2.0
0.92
0.91
0.87
2.5
1.03
0.99
1.01
3.0
1.14
1.09
1.10
Average time
to roll down
slope (s)
Average
speed down
slope (m s1)
Average
speed
squared
(m2 s2)
(a)
Complete the table by calculating values for the missing data (to 2 decimal places).
(b)
If you were to draw a graph to show the relationship between the distance the object started
up the slope and its average speed as it rolled down the slope, identify the:
independent variable ..............................................................................................................................................................
dependent variable
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Science Press
Moving About
(c)
(d)
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(e)
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(f)
(g)
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(h)
Use your graph to predict the average speed of the ball if it was rolled down the slope from a
1.25 m starting position.
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Science Press
Moving About
Present information graphically of displacement vs. time for objects with uniform linear
velocity.
1.8.1
(a)
.......................................................................................................
(b)
Displacement (m north)
1.8
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
15
20
Time (s)
.......................................................................................................
(c)
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(d)
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(e)
1.8.2
(a)
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(b)
......................................................................................................
(c)
Displacement (m north)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
15
20
Time (s)
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(d)
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(e)
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Science Press
Moving About
D
20
Displacement (m north)
1.8.3
+RZIDUGLGWKHFDUWUDYHOLQWKHUVW
10 s?
..................................................................................................
(b)
10
0
5
10
15
20
-10
-20
Time (s)
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(c)
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(d)
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(e)
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UHVHQWLQIRUPDWLRQJUDSKLFDOO\RIGLVSODFHPHQWYVWLPHIRUREMHFWVZLWKQRQXQLIRUPOLQHDU
3
velocity.
1.9.1
D
..................................................................................................
(b)
Displacement (m north)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
..................................................................................................
(c)
10
15
20
Time (s)
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(d)
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(e)
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Science Press
Moving About
D
40
+RZIDUGLGWKHFDUWUDYHOLQWKHUVWV"
..................................................................................................
(b)
Displacement (m north)
1.9.2
20
10
0
-10
10
15
20
-20
-30
-40
..................................................................................................
(c)
30
Time (s)
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(d)
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(e)
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1.9.3
D
RZIDUGLGWKHFDUWUDYHOLQWKHUVW
+
12 s?
(b)
..................................................................................................
(c)
Displacement (m north)
..................................................................................................
80
60
40
20
0
-20
10
15
20
-40
-60
Time (s)
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(d)
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(e)
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Science Press
Moving About
10
1.10 Present information graphically of velocity vs. time for objects with uniform linear velocity.
1.10.1 Consider the following graph
representing the motion of a car.
Velocity (m/s east)
(a)
18
........................................................................................
(b)
12
6
0
5
-6
10
15
20
-12
-18
........................................................................................
Time (s)
(c)
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(d)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.10.2 Consider the following graphs representing the motion of four cars.
20
15
10
B
C
5
0
5
10
-5
15
20
D
-10
-15
-20
Time (s)
Average speed
(m s1)
Average velocity
(m s1)
Acceleration
(m s2)
Displacement after
10 s
A
B
C
D
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3UHVHQWLQIRUPDWLRQJUDSKLFDOO\RIYHORFLW\YVWLPHIRUREMHFWVZLWKQRQXQLIRUPOLQHDUYHORFLW\
1.11.1 Consider the following graph representing the motion of a car.
(a)
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
(c)
(b)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
.....................................................................................................
10
15
20
Time (s)
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
(d)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
......................................................................................................
(c)
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
10
5
0
-5
10
15
20
-10
......................................................................................................
(d)
Time (s)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(e)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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12
X relative to Y
...........................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
X relative to Z
...........................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
Y relative to X
...........................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
Y relative to Z ............................................................................................................................................................................
(e)
Z relative to X
(f)
Z relative to Y ............................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2
From your answers above, identify the relationship between the velocity of object A relative
to object B and the velocity of object B relative to object A.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.3
D
ZLWKWKHRZ...............................................................................................................................................................................
E
DJDLQVWWKHRZ .........................................................................................................................................................................
2.2
F
ZLWKWKHRZ...............................................................................................................................................................................
G
DJDLQVWWKHRZ .........................................................................................................................................................................
Object X is moving east at 24 m s1. Object Y is moving north at 18 m s1. With the aid of an
appropriate vector diagram, calculate the velocity of:
(a)
X relative to Y
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
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(b)
Y relative to X
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
2.3
Explain the need for a net external force to act in order to change the velocity of an object.
2.3.1
5HFDOO1HZWRQV)LUVW/DZRI0RWLRQ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.3.2
*LYHDQH[DPSOHRI1HZWRQV)LUVW/DZRI0RWLRQ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.3.3
Describe a situation where an object is travelling with constant speed and yet its velocity is
constantly changing.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.3.4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.4
Describe the actions that must be taken for a vehicle to change direction, speed up and slow
down.
2.4.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.4.2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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2.4.3
&ODULI\WKHWHUPVSRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHIRUFHDVWKH\DUHXVHGLQ3K\VLFV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.5
2.5.2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.5.3
What is the net force on the car? Explain how you determine this.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.6
Identify three changes a force acting on a vehicle can cause to its motion.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
'HQHDYHUDJHDFFHOHUDWLRQDV
2.7.1
'HQHDFFHOHUDWLRQ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.7.2
A force acts on a car for 4.0 s to increase its velocity from 5 m s1 to 25 m s1. Calculate the
acceleration of the car.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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15
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2.7.3
(a)
if its initial velocity was 2.0 m s1 in the same direction as the force
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
if its initial velocity was 3.5 m s1 in the opposite direction to the force
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
*DWKHUUVWKDQGLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWGLIIHUHQWVLWXDWLRQVZKHUHDFFHOHUDWLRQLVSRVLWLYHDQG
negative.
2.8.1
&ODULI\WKHFRQFHSWVRISRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHDFFHOHUDWLRQV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.8.2
Identify three different situations where the acceleration of a car would be considered to be
positive.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.8.3
Identify three different situations where the acceleration of a car would be considered to be
negative.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
'HQHWKHWHUPVPDVVDQGZHLJKWZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRWKHHIIHFWVRIJUDYLW\
2.9.1
'HQHPDVV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.9.2
'HQHZHLJKW
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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2.9.3
Weight
2XWOLQHWKHIRUFHVLQYROYHGLQFDXVLQJDFKDQJHLQWKHYHORFLW\RIDYHKLFOHZKHQ
2.10.1 It is coasting on a horizontal surface with no pressure on the accelerator.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.10.2 The car is moving on a horizontal surface with the driver pressing on the accelerator.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.10.3 The car is moving on a horizontal surface with the driver pressing on the brakes.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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,QWHUSUHW1HZWRQV6HFRQG/DZRI0RWLRQDQGUHODWHLWWR
F = ma
2.11.1 5HFDOO1HZWRQV6HFRQG/DZRI0RWLRQ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.11.2 A car is accelerating uniformly along a road. Sketch graphs on the axes below to show the
relationships indicated.
F
2.11.3 Forces act on several cars of different masses to produce identical accelerations. Sketch
graphs on the axes below to show the relationships indicated.
v
2.11.4 Forces act on several cars of different masses to produce identical velocity changes. Sketch
graphs on the axes below to show the relationships indicated.
F
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18
6ROYHSUREOHPVDQGDQDO\VHLQIRUPDWLRQXVLQJ
F = ma
2.12.1 Calculate the force acting on a 5.0 kg mass which accelerates for 3.0 s. During this time its
velocity changes from 2.5 m s1 east to 17.5 m s1 west.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.12.2 A 12 N force acts on a body and accelerates it from rest to 4.5 m s1 south. This takes 15 s.
Calculate the mass of the body.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.12.3 An 80 g object is initially at rest. A 0.16 N force to the north acts on it for 5 s. Calculate:
(a)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
WKHQDOYHORFLW\RIWKHREMHFW
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.13 Identify the net force in a wide variety of situations involving modes of transport and explain
the consequences of that net force in terms of Newtons Second law of Motion.
Note that the syllabus says a wide variety of situations. If you have not studied the examples given
here in class, then you dont have to do them.
2.13.1 Consider the two blocks shown in the diagram. They are resting on a surface which provides
a frictional force of 0.25 N kg1.
Y
X
18 N
2.5 kg
5.5 kg
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(a)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.13.2 Consider the two blocks shown in the diagram. They are resting on a smooth surface.
Y
X
36 N
(a)
3.0 kg
string
6.0 kg
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15 N
6N
26 N
4 kg
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(a)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.13.4 Consider the two blocks shown in the diagram. They are connected by a light string over a
frictionless pulley.
D
/DEHODOOWKHIRUFHVDFWLQJLQWKLVSXOOH\V\VWHP
(b)
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
X
....................................................................................................................................................................
2 kg
....................................................................................................................................................................
4 kg
(c)
....................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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2 kg
X
D
DEHODOOWKHIRUFHVDFWLQJLQ
/
this pulley system.
(b)
5 kg
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.13.6 A 3 kg mass is resting on a Newton balance in an elevator. Complete the table to show the
reading on the balance in each of the following situations.
Movement of elevator
(a) Stationary
(b) Moving up at 2.0 m s1
(c) Moving down at 2.0 m s1
(d) Moving up at 2.0 m s2
(e) Moving down at 2.0 m s2
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22
2.13.7
Movement of elevator
Tension in
String 1 (N)
Tension in
String 2 (N)
String 1
4 kg
(a) Stationary
String 2
6 kg
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
/DEHOWKHIRUFHVDFWLQJRQWKHEDOO
(b)
.....................................................................................................................................................................
10
.....................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
3 kg ball
.....................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
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(d) At what angle would the ball and string hang if the bus was
braking at 2.5 m s2?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
6
ROYHSUREOHPVDQGDQDO\VHLQIRUPDWLRQLQYROYLQJ
around curves.
F = mv2/r
2.14.1 Two 60 kg boys on 20 kg bikes are riding at 15 m s1 directly towards a wall which is 30 m
from them. X continues towards the wall, but slams on his brakes applying a 400 N force.
Y does not put on his brakes, but turns his bike with the same force in a circular path in the
hope of not hitting the wall.
Analyse this information to determine whether or not the boys hit the wall.
For X
For Y
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
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24
2.14.2 A toy racing car of mass 150 g is racing around a circular track of diameter 80 cm. It takes
8.4 s to do one lap of the track. Calculate:
(a)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(a)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.14.3 A 1500 kg racing car goes around a circular track of radius 200 m at a constant speed of 270 kph.
(a)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
What force holds the car to the road as it speeds around this corner.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(e)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(f)
Predict the value of this force if the speed of the car was to halve.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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3HUIRUPUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQVWRVKRZWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQIRUFHPDVVDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQ
2.15.1 Experiment 1
Trolley
Accelerating
Force (N)
Time to travel
1.0 m (s)
1F
0.89
2F
0.63
3F
0.52
4F
0.45
5F
0.40
Pulley
Mass
Initial speed of
trolley (m s1)
Average speed
of trolley
(m s1)
Final speed of
trolley (m s1)
Acceleration
of trolley
(m s2)
(a)
(b)
Draw a graph to show the relationship between the force and acceleration produced. (Place
force on the yD[LV
(c)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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26
2.15.2 Experiment 2
The students did another experiment using the same apparatus. This time they kept the
accelerating force constant, and changed the mass of the trolley. They measured how long it
took the trolley to move 1.0 m across the benchtop.
Run
Trolley
mass (kg)
Time to
travel
1.0 m (s)
1.0
1.83
2.0
2.58
3.0
3.16
4.0
3.65
5.0
4.08
Average
speed of
trolley
(m s1)
Initial speed
of trolley
(m s1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Final speed
of trolley
(m s1)
Acceleration
of trolley
(m s2)
(Acceleration)1
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8VHWKHFRQFOXVLRQV\RXKDYHZULWWHQWRZULWHDPDWKHPDWLFDOHTXDWLRQZKLFKVKRZVWKH
relationship between the mass of an object, the force acting on it, and the acceleration the
force produces.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
H
8VHWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHH[SHULPHQWVWRQGWKHYDOXHRIWKHDFFHOHUDWLQJIRUFHVLQWKHWZR
experiments above.
Experiment 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Experiment 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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2.16 Solve problems using vector diagrams to determine resultant velocity, acceleration and force.
2.16.1 A 2.5 kg object moving at 5.0 m s1 east is acted upon by a force which changes its velocity to
12 m s1 south over a period of 4 s. By drawing an appropriate vector diagram, calculate:
(a)
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(b)
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(c)
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
2.16.2 The velocity of an object changes from 6.0 m s1 west to 8.0 m s1 north when a force of 12 N
acts on it for 1.25 s. By drawing an appropriate vector diagram, calculate:
(a)
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(b)
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(c)
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(d)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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28
3HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRGHPRQVWUDWHYHFWRUDGGLWLRQDQGVXEWUDFWLRQ
2.17.1 A group of students set up the following apparatus to investigate the addition of vectors. They
hung masses on mass carriers to produce forces F1 and F2 on the ends of a long string, then
placed a third mass carrier and masses, F3 on the string between the pulleys. They adjusted
WKHPDVVHVRQHDFKFDUULHUXQWLOWKHV\VWHPZDVLQHTXLOLEULXPWKHQPHDVXUHGDQJOH. Their
results for three sets of forces are shown in the table.
F1
F1
F2
F3
60 g
90 g
132 g
59
40 g
70 g
95 g
68
45 g
55 g
70 g
93
F2
F3
By drawing appropriate vector diagrams, show that these results are consistent with F3 being the
resultant of F1 and F2.
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3. Moving vehicles have kinetic energy and energy transformations are an important aspect
in understanding motion.
3.1
Identify that a moving object possesses kinetic energy and that work done on that object can
increase that energy.
3.1.1
Explain, in terms of the law of conservation of energy, the relationship between the work
done on a falling object and its kinetic energy.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.2
Solve problems and analyse information to determine the kinetic energy of vehicles and the
ZRUNGRQHXVLQJ
Ek = mv2
and
W = Fs
3.2.1
A 12 kg car, at rest, is acted upon by a force acting towards the north, for 5 s. This changes its
kinetic energy by 2400 J.
(a)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
&DOFXODWHWKHQDOYHORFLW\RIWKHREMHFW
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
Calculate how far the object moves while the force is acting on it.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(e)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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30
3.2.2
If the car in Question 3.2.1 had been moving at 10 m s1 south initially, and the same force
acted on it for the same time, calculate:
(a)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
WKHQDOYHORFLW\RIWKHFDU
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
F
WKHQDONLQHWLFHQHUJ\RIWKHFDU
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
H
LYHQWKDWWKHZRUNGRQHLVHTXDOWRWKHFKDQJHLQHQHUJ\RIWKHFDUFDOFXODWHWKHZRUNGRQH
*
on the car by the force.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(f)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.3
A car of mass 1000 kg is moving at 15 m s1 when the driver loses control and it runs off the
road, slamming into a tree and stopping.
(a)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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31
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(b)
Calculate the kinetic energy of the car after it has hit the tree.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.4
Analyse information to trace the energy transfers and transformations in collisions leading to
irreversible distortions.
3.4.1
Explain the role of each of the following forms of energy in collisions between moving
objects.
(a)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
Sound energy
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
Thermal energy
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
'HQHWKHODZRIFRQVHUYDWLRQRIHQHUJ\
3.5.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.5.2
A car has kinetic energy before collision and this is changed to the energy forms above during
collision. Identify where all this energy ends up.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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32
4. Change of momentum relates to the forces acting on the vehicle or the driver.
'HQHPRPHQWXPDV
4.1.1
p = mv
'HQHPRPHQWXP
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
'HQHLPSXOVHDV
4.2.1
I = Ft
'HQHLPSXOVH
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4.2.2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4.3
VLQJDSSURSULDWHHTXDWLRQVVKRZKRZ1HZWRQV7KLUG/DZFDQEHXVHGWRH[SODLQWKH
8
conservation of momentum during a collision.
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6ROYHSUREOHPVDQGDQDO\VHGDWDXVLQJ
p = mv
and
I = Ft
4.4.1
A model of a 60.0 kg man and one of a 25 kg child were placed in an 1000 kg car and secured
with seatbelts. The car was moving at 70.0 kph as it crashed into a brick wall.
(a)
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(b)
Identify the law of Physics you are using in your answer to (a).
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(c)
Explain how and why the effect on the models would differ if the front section of the car was
specially designed to concertina on impact.
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(d)
If the collision took 0.2 s, calculate the average force exerted on each model by its seatbelt.
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H
&DOFXODWHWKHVSHHGDWZKLFKHDFKPRGHOZRXOGEHWKURZQIRUZDUGV
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I
7KHXVHRIWKHSKUDVHWKURZQIRUZDUGVLQHLVLQFRUUHFW([SODLQZK\
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J
5HZULWHTXHVWLRQHPRUHFRUUHFWO\DVIDUDVWKHSK\VLFVLVFRQFHUQHG
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(h)
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(a)
10
Force (N east)
4.4.2
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8
6
4
2
0
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Time (s)
(b)
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F
&DOFXODWHWKHREMHFWVFKDQJHLQVSHHGGXULQJWKHV
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(d)
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4.4.3
A 150 g toy car collides with a padded lounge chair at 0.20 m s1. The collision takes 0.3 s.
The toy car stops after the collision.
(a)
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(b)
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(c)
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(d)
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(e)
What law are you using to answer Questions (b) and (d)?
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4.4.4
$NJSDVVHQJHULQDFDULVKHOGUPO\E\KHUVHDWEHOWGXULQJDFROOLVLRQ7KHVHDWEHOWLQ
stopping her, puts an average force of 12 000 N on her for 1.0 x 102 s. Calculate:
(a)
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(b)
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(c)
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3HUIRUPUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQVWRDQDO\VHGDWDIRUWKHFKDQJHLQPRPHQWXPGXULQJFROOLVLRQV
4.5.1
The diagrams show the results of a experiment where trolley X, mass 200 g, collided with
trolley Y, 300 g. The results were produced using 10 Hz stroboscopic photography. Analyse
the results to determine if momentum was conserved.
Before collision
X
After collision
X
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4.6
Solve problems that apply the principle of conservation of momentum to qualitatively and
quantitatively describe the collision of a moving vehicle with a stationary vehicle.
4.6.1
A 3.0 kg block, at rest, is hit by a 4.0 kg block moving at 1.5 m s1. After collision, the 4 kg
block stops. Calculate the velocity of the 3 kg block after the collision.
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4.6.2
A 6.0 103 kg train engine, moving at 2.5 m s1 collides, and couples with a stationary
carriage. They move at 1.2 m s1&DOFXODWHWKHFDUULDJHVPDVV
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4.6.3
A 1200 kg car moving at 60 kph collides with an 800 kg parked car. As a result of this collision,
the parked car is pushed forwards at 40 kph. Determine what happens to the other car.
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4.7
Solve problems that apply the principle of conservation of momentum to qualitatively and
quantitatively describe the collision of a moving vehicle with an immovable object.
4.7.1
A two tonne truck moving at 15.0 m s1 collides with a concrete retaining wall. The wall does not
EUHDN$WUVWDSSHDUDQFHVWKLVZRXOGVHHPWRFRQWUDYHQHWKHODZRIFRQVHUYDWLRQRIPRPHQWXP
(a)
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(b)
Explain how this collision does not contravene the law of conservation of momentum.
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4.7.2
A 12 kg ball moving at 2.5 m s1 collides with a brick wall and rebounds at 1.75 m s1.
(a)
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(b)
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(c)
If the collision lasts 0.15 s, calculate the force the wall places on the ball.
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4.8
Solve problems that apply the principle of conservation of momentum to describe the collision
of a moving vehicle with another vehicle moving in the opposite direction.
4.8.1
A 900 kg car, moving at 6.0 m s1 east collides with a 150 kg motorbike moving west at
8.0 m s1. The car slows to 4.0 m s1. Calculate what happens to the motorbike.
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4.8.2
NJJRFDUWFUDVKHVLQWRDNJJRFDUWPRYLQJLQWKHRSSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQDWPV1.
$
The 30 kg cart rebounds at 4.0 m s1 while the 45 kg cart rebounds at 2.0 m s1. Calculate the
LQLWLDOVSHHGRIWKHNJJRFDUW
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4.9
Solve problems that apply the principle of conservation of momentum to describe the collision
of a moving vehicle with another vehicle moving in the same direction.
4.9.1
A 350 g toy train engine is moving at 12 cm s1 when it collides, and couples with a 200 g
carriage moving at 5 cm s1 in the same direction. Calculate their combined speed.
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4.9.2
A 400 g toy engine pulls four 150 g carriages. They move at 0.3 m s1 when they run into, and
couple with, two identical carriages moving at 0.15 m s1 in the same direction. Calculate the
speed of the combination.
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39
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'HQHWKHLQHUWLDRIDYHKLFOHDVLWVWHQGHQF\WRUHPDLQLQXQLIRUPPRWLRQRUDWUHVW
5.1.1
5HFDOO1HZWRQV)LUVW/DZRI0RWLRQ
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5.1.2
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vehicle.
5.2.1
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5.2.2
Explain, in terms of the principles of Physics involved why it is dangerous to drive a car
without wearing a seatbelt.
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5.3
Discuss reasons why Newtons First law of Motion is not apparent in many real world
situations.
5.3.1
, GHQWLI\WZRUHDOOLIHVLWXDWLRQVZKHUH1HZWRQV)LUVW/DZRI0RWLRQLVDSSDUHQWDQGH[SODLQ
how this affects the person involved.
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5.3.2
, GHQWLI\WZRUHDOOLIHVLWXDWLRQVZKHUH1HZWRQV)LUVW/DZRI0RWLRQLVQRWDSSDUHQWDQG
explain why it is not apparent.
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$
airbags and crumple zones to vehicles with respect to the concepts of impulse and momentum.
5.4.1
With reference to the concepts of impulse and momentum, assess the reasons for the
introduction of:
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ORZVSHHG]RQHVLQEXLOWXSDUHDV
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(b)
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(c)
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5.5
Evaluate the relative safety of the seatbelt harness worn by racing car drivers and the lap/sash
EHOWZRUQE\GULYHUVLQQRUPDOFDUV
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5.5.2
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0
LIDLUEDJVDUHWWHG3UHGLFWZK\WKLVFRXOGEHXQVDIHIRUVPDOOFKLOGUHQEXWVDIHIRUDGXOWV
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5.3.3
A passenger in a car that has a synthetic plastic bumper bar will usually sustain less injury than
a passenger in a car with a solid, chromed metal bumper bar. Explain how this is possible.
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42
VHDYDLODEOHHYLGHQFHWRDVVHVVEHQHWVRIWHFKQRORJLHVIRUDYRLGLQJRUUHGXFLQJWKHHIIHFWRID
8
collision.
5.6.1
5HFDOOYHWHFKQRORJLHVXVHGWRUHGXFHWKHHIIHFWVRIDFROOLVLRQ
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5.6.2
$VVHVVWKHEHQHWVRIWKHVHWHFKQRORJLHV
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Notes
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DOT POINT
Answers
Science Press
145
Answers
Notes
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146
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General comment: Given that we measure things slightly differently from each other and that our measuring instruments might not be
totally accurate, consider all numerical answers derived through measurement as correct if they lie within +1 or 1 of the given answers.
For example, if the given answer is 58, then accept 57, 58 and 59 as correct.
1.1.1
Car may slow down (reaches a corner, up a hill, speed bump, pedestrian crossing etc) or speed up (down hill, moving away
from stop lights, as it starts etc). In each case the change is caused by the force on the car changing due to some factor like
increased friction during braking, gravitational force etc.
1.2.1
$YHUDJHVSHHGLVDFDOFXODWHGYDOXHHTXDOWRWKHWRWDOGLVWDQFHWUDYHOOHGGLYLGHGE\WKHWRWDOWLPHWDNHQZKLOHLQVWDQWDQHRXV
speed is the actual speed of a vehicle at a particular instant of time.
1.3.1
Scalars have magnitude only while vectors have both magnitude and direction. Vectors can be represented by scale diagrams.
Scalars are not represented in this way.
1.3.2
Examples include:
Scalar quantities
1.3.3
Vector quantities
Mass
Displacement
Time
Velocity
Speed
Acceleration
Distance
Force
Length
Momentum
Distance travelled is a measure of the total length of the path an object has travelled. Displacement indicates how far, in a
VWUDLJKWOLQHDQREMHFWLVIURPLWVVWDUWLQJSRLQWDQGWKHGLUHFWLRQRILWVQLVKSRVLWLRQIURPLWVVWDUWLQJSRVLWLRQ
1.3.4
1.3.5
Object travelling by
Displacement (km)
Road 1
75
50 east
Road 2
50
50 east
Road 3
150
50 east
$
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1.3.6
Wombat
Displacement (m)
(directions as compass readings)
Displacement (m)
(directions as bearing)
58
58 N 62 W
55 b298
63
63 N 65 E
58 b065
32
32 S 46 E
30 b134
33
33 S 22 W
32 b202
1.4.1
1.4.2
Displacement indicates how far, in a straight line, an object is from its starting point, and we must also state the direction it
ZRXOGKDYHWUDYHOOHGLILWKDGPRYHGGLUHFWO\VWUDLJKWOLQHIURPLWVVWDUWLQJSRLQWWRLWVQLVKLQJSRLQW
1.5.1
1.5.2
Difference is in the use of distance travelled and displacement, hence average speed instead of average velocity.
1.5.3
Instantaneous speed measures the speed of on object at a particular instant of time while instantaneous velocity measures the
YHORFLW\DWWKDWLQVWDQWDQGWKHUHIRUHUHTXLUHVWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWUDYHODWWKDWLQVWDQWWREHVWDWHGDOVR
1.5.4
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object while average speed uses total distance travelled.
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1.5.5
1.6.1
1.6.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
72 kph
(d)
48 kph b083
(a)
1.53 m s1
(b)
(a)
1.47 m s1
(b)
1.6.3
1.7.1
Car travelling by
Distance travelled
(km)
Displacement (km)
Average speed of
cars (kph)
Average velocity of
cars (kph)
Road 1
120
90 east
3.0
40
30 east
Road 2
90
90 east
2.0
45
45 east
Road 3
200
90 east
5.0
40
18 east
(a)
(b)
Starting
position
Distance up the
slope (m)
Average time
to roll down
slope (s)
Average speed
down slope
(m s1)
Average speed
squared
(m2 s2)
1.0
0.64
0.65
0.63
0.64
1.56
2.43
1.5
0.76
0.79
0.79
0.78
1.92
3.69
2.0
0.92
0.91
0.87
0.90
2.22
4.93
2.5
1.03
0.99
1.01
1.01
2.48
6.15
3.0
1.14
1.09
1.10
1.11
2.70
7.29
(c)
Average speed (m/s)
(d)
H
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Distance up slope (m)
2.5
Average speed down slope increases as distance up slope increases but at a progressively slower rate.
/LQHLVFXUYHGVRUHODWLRQVKLSFDQQRWEHVWDWHGPRUHSUHFLVHO\WKDQLQFUHDVHV,IWKHJUDSKLVDVWUDLJKWOLQHWKHQZH
can conclude that the plotted variables are directly proportional to each other.
(f)
J
(h)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Distance up slope (m)
2.5
$YHUDJHVSHHGGRZQVORSHVTXDUHGLVGLUHFWO\SURSRUWLRQDOWRWKHGLVWDQFHXSWKHVORSH
2.6 m s1
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1.8.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
8m
15 m north
0.75 m s1 north
0.75 m s1 north
0.75 m s1 north
1.8.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
7m
20 m south
1.0 m s1 south
1.33 m s1 south
Car is stationary at displacement 20 m north for 5 seconds then moves at 1.33 m s1 south for 15 s at which time it is
at displacement zero.
1.8.3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
15 m
1.5 m s1
1.5 m s1 south
9 m south
1.5 m s1 south
1.9.1
D
E
F
(d)
(e)
DERXWP
DERXWPQRUWK
DERXWPV1 north
about 3.5 m s1 north
Car starts at displacement zero and travels for 20 s with increasing velocity (accelerating) until it reaches displacement
56 m north.
1.9.2
D
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
P
70 m south
3.5 m s1
3.5 m s1 south
about 2.2 m s1 south
1.9.3
D
E
(c)
(d)
H
DERXWP
DERXWPQRUWK
5.5 m s1
5.5 m s1 north
DERXWPV1 north
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
150 m
75 m west
0
1.5 m s2 east
1.10.1
1.10.2
Average speed
(m s1)
Car
Average velocity
(m s1)
Acceleration (m s2)
Displacement after 10 s
12
12 north
120 m north
about 5.1
1.25 north
1.0 north
38 m south
about 7.5
0.5 north
about 70 m south
5 south
0.5 south
25 m south
1.11.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
about 390 m
about 19.5 m s1 north
about 3.3 m s2 north
2.75 m s2 north
1.11.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
about 152 m
about 60 m
about 70.8 m s1
about 2.0 m s1 south
at time 3, a = 0
at time 7, a = 4 m s2 north
at time 16, a = 2.5 m s2 south
Science Press
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55 m s1 east
15 m s1 east
55 m s1 west
40 m s1 west
15 m s1 west
40 m s1 east
2.1.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
2.1.2
2.1.3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
2.2 m s1 downstream
1.3 m s1 upstream
1.75 m s1 downstream
1.75 m s1 upstream
2.2.1
(a)
(b)
30 m s1 E 37 S (or b127)
30 m s1 W 37 N (or b307)
2.3.1
An object at rest or moving with constant velocity will remain ar rest or moving with constant velocity while no net
(unbalanced) force acts on it.
2.3.2
A car on an icy road will continue with the same speed in the same direction until the wheels stop sliding allowing the road to
exert a frictional force on the car through the tyres.
2.3.3
Any object moving with constant speed and turning a corner, for example a geostationary satellite in orbit above Earth.
2.3.4
Force acts towards the centre of curvature of the corner. It is also called a centripetal force.
2.4.1
2.4.2
Accelerating.
2.4.3
This idea depends on the convention we choose to make for each situation we deal with. One viewpoint of this is that a
positive force acts in the direction of motion of an object causing it to go faster while a negative force acts against the
direction of the motion of the object causing it to go more slowly. A positive force could also be considered to be an attractive
force (between oppositely charged objects) and a negative force a repulsive force between like charges.
2.5.1
Your diagram should show air resistance acting against the motion, and friction between the tyres and the road acting forwards
in the direction of the motion, gravity vertically down and reaction force to gravity perpendicularly up from surface. (Note
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2.5.2
Air resistance and friction act against the driving force to reduce its effect. The driving force causes the forward movement.
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2.5.3
Zero car is moving with constant speed i.e. no acceleration therefore no net force.
2.6.1
2.7.1
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2.7.2
2.7.3
(a)
(b)
2.8.1
A positive acceleration is in the direction of motion of an object causing it to go faster while a negative acceleration is
opposite the direction of the motion of the object causing it to go more slowly.
2.8.2
2.8.3
Braking as it approaches a corner or stop sign, coasting uphill (i.e. foot not on accelerator).
2.9.1
0DVVLVWKHDPRXQWRIPDWWHULQDQREMHFW,WLVDVFDODUTXDQWLW\PHDVXUHGLQNJ
2.9.2
Weight is a measure of the gravitational force acting on an object. Weight is given by W = mg, is measured in newtons and is
DYHFWRUTXDQWLW\DFWLQJYHUWLFDOO\GRZQZDUGV
Science Press
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150
2.9.3
Mass
Weight
Measured in kg
Measure in newtons
Cannot be zero
Is a scalar quantity
Is a vector quantity
2.10.1
2.10.2
2.10.3
2.10.4
2.10.5
2.10.6
Forward force = friction between the tyres and the road, component of gravity down the slope
Retarding forces = air resistance
2.10.7
2.11.1
The acceleration caused by a net force acting on an object is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the
PDVVRIWKHREMHFW25ZLWKLQDSDUWLFXODUIUDPHRIUHIHUHQFHWKHUDWHRIFKDQJHLQWKHPRPHQWXPRIDERG\LVHTXDOWRWKHQHW
force acting on it (see Year 12 work).
2.11.2
2.11.3
2.11.4
2.12.1
2.12.2
40 kg
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151
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2.12.3
(a)
(b)
(c)
2 m s2 north
10 m s1 north
25 m north
2.13.1
(a)
(b)
2 m s2 right
Force on X = 5 N right
Force on Y = 11 N right
11 N right
11 N left
(c)
(d)
(c)
4 m s2 left
Force on X = 12 N left
Force on Y = 24 N left
24 N both directions
2.13.3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
6.25 m s2 b307
6.25 m s2 b307
About 31 m s1 b307
About 78 m b307
2.13.4
(a)
(b)
(c)
Show gravity down on each mass, and tension in each side of the string acting both ways.
3.27 m s2 Y moving down
Force on X = about 6.5 N up
Force on Y = about 13 N down
About 26.1 N acting both ways in string
2.13.2
(a)
(b)
(d)
2.13.5
(a)
(d)
Show gravity down on each mass, reaction force up on mass X and tension in both bits of the string acting in both
directions.
7 m s2 Y moving down
Force on X = 14 N right
Force on Y = 35 N down
14 N acting in both directions
2.13.6
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
29.4 N
29.4 N
29.4 N
35.4 N
23.4 N
2.13.7
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
98 N, 58.8 N
98 N, 58.8 N
98 N, 58.8 N
127.4 N, 88.2 N
68.6 N, 29.4 N
2.13.8
(a)
(b)
(c)
2.13.9
(a)
Weight force vertically down, tension in string (acting both ways) and a third force (= ma) horizontally to the left
(pulling the ball aside).
29.85 N
1.73 m s2
14.3 towards the front of the bus
(b)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(d)
2.14.1
2.14.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
0.3 m s1
0.225 m s2
0.034 N towards centre of curve
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152
2.14.3
75 m s1
28.125 m s2
Friction between the tyres and the road the inertia of the car tries to keep it going straight and the friction opposes
this, pulling the car around in the curve.
4.21 104 N
Towards the centre of the curve.
Will be four times smaller = 1.05 104 N.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
2.15.1
(a)
Accelerating force
(N)
Time to travel
1.0 m (s)
Initial speed of
trolley (m s1)
Average speed of
trolley (m s1)
Final speed of
trolley (m s1)
Acceleration of
trolley
(m s2)
0.89
1.12
2.25
2.53
2F
0.63
1.59
3.17
5.03
3F
0.52
1.92
3.85
7.40
4F
0.45
2.22
4.44
9.87
5F
0.40
2.50
5.00
12.5
Run
(b)
6
Force (F units)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
(c)
2.15.2
5
10
Acceleration (m s2)
15
The acceleration produced by forces applied to a constant mass is directly proportional to the force applied.
(a)
Run
Trolley mass
(kg)
Time to
travel
1.0 m (s)
Initial speed
of trolley
(m s1)
Average
speed of
trolley
(m s1)
Final speed
of trolley
(m s1)
Acceleration of
trolley
(m s2)
(Acceleration)1
1.0
1.83
0.55
1.09
0.60
1.67
2.0
2.58
0.39
0.78
0.30
3.33
3.0
3.16
0.32
0.63
0.20
5.00
4.0
3.65
0.27
0.55
0.15
6.67
5.0
4.08
0.25
0.49
0.12
8.33
(b)
Mass (kg)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
4
6
1/Acceleration (s2 m1)
10
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153
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(c)
(d)
(e)
The acceleration produced by a constant force acting on various masses is indirectly proportional to the mass.
F = ma
Experiment 1, force = 3.75 N (use gradient of graph).
Experiment 2, force = 0.6 N.
2.16.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
13 m s1 b203
3.25 m s2 b203
8.125 N b203
2.16.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
10 m s1 b037
8 m s1 b037
b037
1.5 kg
2.17.1
You need to draw vectors to add F1 and F2DQGVKRZWKDWWKHWKLUGYHFWRULVHTXDOWR)3. If all angles are drawn correctly, F3
will be vertical. If you get lost, ask your teacher for help.
3.1.1
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potential energy the objects loses).
3.2.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
2400 J
20 m s1 north
50 m
4 m s2
48 N
3.2.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
600 J
10 m s1
600 J
0
0
I
3.3.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
1.125 105 J
0
Kinetic energy has been changed into other forms sound during the collision, deformation of the car, heat involved
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of air particles.
3.4.1
(a)
The bending of car panels and other metal parts, the breaking of glass and plastic absorbs most of the kinetic energy
of the car.
The sound associated with collisions as parts break and bend and move into and across each other absorbs some of the
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(b)
F
3.5.1
In the absence of any external forces, the total energy of a system remains constant.
3.5.2
The energy eventually dissipates as molecular motion of the molecules in the air.
4.1.1
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impulse on object B, i.e. (Ft)A = (FT)B or IA = IB
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Science Press
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154
4.4.1
(a)
E
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
They would continue to move forwards at 70 kph because of their inertia until the force of their seatbelts stopped
them.
1HZWRQV)LUVW/DZ
Crumple sections increase the time of the collision and therefore reduce the forces involved in the collision (I = FT),
so, while the models would still continue to move forwards until their seatbelts stopped them, the decelerating force
of the belts would be less (acting over a longer time) so any detrimental effect on the models would be reduced.
Man = 5833.3 N opposing the motion.
Child = 2430.6 N opposing the motion.
19.44 m s1 (70 kph)
There is no forward force acting on them, they simply continue forwards because they are moving forwards until a
backward force stops them.
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would be strong enough, so for most mums impossible to hold the child.
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4.4.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
16.6 m s2 east
25 Ns east
41.67 m s1 east
19.67 m s1 east
4.4.3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
H
4.4.4
(a)
(b)
(c)
1.2 Ns backwards
12 Ns backwards
2.4 m s1
4.5.1
Momentum is conserved. If you have problems with this analysis, see your teacher for assistance.
4.6.1
2.0 m s1 north
4.6.2
6500 kg
4.6.3
4.7.1
(a)
(b)
In the absence of external forces, the total momentum of a system remains the same.
When the truck hits the wall it puts an impulse on the wall. This, while not collapsing the wall, will cause it to move
(vibrate, shake) a little. Hence the momentum of the truck transfers to the wall and then into molecular motion of air
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4.7.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
4.8.1
4.8.2
2.67 m s1
4.9.1
9.45 cm s1
4.9.2
0.26 m s1
5.1.1
An object will stay at rest or moving with constant velocity until an unbalanced force acts on it.
5.1.2
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5.2.1
5.2.2
Science Press
155
Moving About
5.3.1
When you walk along and then step off a moving walkway at normal walking speed, the inertia you have due to the motion of
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5.3.2
5.4.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
If you are travelling more slowly, then your momentum is less, so in the event of a collision, the impulse on you due
to the collision will be less, both because you do not have as much momentum to lose and also because the time of the
collision will probably be shorter.
During a collision, as your inertia causes you to continue to move forwards, the airbag ensures that you lose
your momentum slowly, by making the time of collision with the bag much longer than it would be if you hit the
windscreen. Therefore, while the impulse will be the same, the force involved will be less.
Crumple zones in vehicles are designed to increase the time of the collision and so while the momentum lost (the
impulse imparted to the car and you) is the same, the forces involved will be smaller.
5.5.1
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7
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5.5.2
One reason is that the impulse of the airbag on the child, whose bones are softer can cause more injury than a similar impulse
on an adult.
5.5.3
The plastic bumper bar crumples more easily than a steel bar and so momentum of the collision is absorbed in the crumpling,
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possibility.
5.6.1
Crumple bars, airbags, plastic components instead of all steel, seatbelts, engines that move downwards under the driver
instead of straight back into the driver.
5.6.2
7KHVHDUHDOOEHQHFLDODVWKH\DUHDOOGHVLJQHGWRUHGXFHWKHIRUFHVLPSDFWLQJRQSDVVHQJHUVLQYHKLFOHVHLWKHUE\H[WHQGLQJ
the time of the collision or, in the case of the engine movement, totally avoiding an impact.
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156