Petroleum Engineering 324 Reservoir Performance

Material Balance 16 February 2007

Thomas A. Blasingame, Ph.D., P.E.

Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 t-blasingame@tamu.edu
PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance Slide 1

Material Balance Orientation Material Balance: Issues

Oil MBE (must know all data, also cf(p)). Gas MBE (abnormal pressure, water drive).

Material Balance: Topics

"Accounting" Concept of Material Balance:
Require all inflows/outflows/generations. (Average) reservoir pressure profile is REQUIRED. Require rock, fluid, and rock-fluid properties (at some scale). Less common than gas material balance (pressure required). Volumetric dry gas reservoir (p/z versus Gp (straight-line)). Abnormally-pressured gas reservoirs (various techniques). Waterdrive/water influx cases (always problematic)Material
Balance yields RESERVOIR VOLUME!
PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance Slide 2

Oil Material Balance:

Gas Material Balance:

Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Material Balance of a Petroleum Reservoir

General Concept of Material Balance...

a. Initial reservoir conditions.

From: Petroleum Reservoir Engineering

Amyx, Bass, and Whiting (1960).

b. Conditions after producing Np STB of oil, and Gp SCF of gas, and Wp STB of water.

Material Balance: Key Issues

Must have accurate production measurements (oil, water, gas). Estimates of average reservoir pressure (from pressure tests). Suites of PVT data (oil, gas, water). Reservoir properties: saturations, formation compressibility, etc.
Slide 3

PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance

Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Average Reservoir Pressure for Material Balance
Average Reservoir Pressure

From: Engineering Features of the Schuler Field and Unit Operation Kaveler (SPE-AIME, 1944).

Average Reservoir Pressure: Key Issues

Must "average" pressures over volume or area (approximation). Pressure tests must be representative (pavg extrapolation valid). Can average using cumulative production (surrogate for volume).
Slide 4

PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance

Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Oil Material Balance Case (1/2)

From: Application of the Material Balance
to a Partial Waterdrive Reservoir van Everdingen (SPE, 1953).

Black Oil Material Balance Case: (Example)

Note that all fluid functions are given: Np, Wp, and GOR (for Gp). Average reservoir pressure is presumed correct. Authors cite "partial waterdrive" remains a contentious issue.
Slide 5

PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance

Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Oil Material Balance Case (2/2)

Oil Material Balance Relations:
"Black Oil" Material Balance: (p>pb )

1 Bo Np Nct Boi "Solution Gas Drive" (Oil) Material Balance: (all p) p = pi

Np Bo + ( R p Rs ) B g + Wp Bw = N ( Bo Boi ) + ( Rsi Rs ) B g

(Withdrawal (RB)) (Oil Expansion (RB)) (Gas Cap Expansion (RB)) (Water Exp./Pore Vol. Comp. (RB)) (Water Influx (RB)) Slide 6

Bg + mNBoi 1 B gi (cw S wi + c f ) + (1 + m ) NBoi ( pi p ) (1 S wi ) + We Bw

PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance

Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Gas Material Balance Case (1/6)

Gas Material Balance Relations:
General Gas Material Balance:
p [1 ce ( p )( pi p )] = z pi pi 1 1 G G W R 5 . 615 (Wp Winj ) Bw We + + p inj p sw z i zi G B g

"Dry Gas" Material Balance: (no reservoir liquids )

p pi = z zi 1 1 G p G

"Abnormal Pressure" Material Balance: (cf=f(p))

Gp 1 p pi = 1 G z zi [1 ce ( p )( pi p )] VpNNP 1 ce ( p ) = S wi cw + c f + (1 S wi ) VpR
PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance

VpAQ + VpR

(cw + c f

)
Slide 7

Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Gas Material Balance Case (2/6)

Gas Material Balance: Abnormally Pressured Reservoir Example

Normal pressure production sequence (volumetric depletion, Gapp). Abnormal pressure production sequence (OGIP, G).

PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance

Slide 8

Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Gas Material Balance Case (3/6)

a. Gas Material Balance Plot: p/z vs. Gp Illustration of the abnormal pressure trend starting at an inflection point defined by the hydrostatic (normal) pressure.

b. Gas Material Balance Plot: p/z vs. Gp Illustration of the abnormal pressure trend starting at an inflection point defined by the hydrostatic (normal) pressure.

Gas Material Balance: Abnormally Pressured Reservoir Example

Normal pressure production sequence (volumetric depletion, Gapp). Abnormal pressure production sequence (OGIP, G).

PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance

Slide 9

Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Gas Material Balance Case (4/6)

"Dry Gas" Material Balance: Normally Pressured Reservoir Example

Volumetric reservoir no external energy (gas expansion only). p/z versus Gp yields unique straight-line trend. Linear extrapolation yield gas-in-place (G).

PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance

Slide 10

Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Gas Material Balance Case (5/6)

"Dry Gas" Material Balance: Abnormally Pressured Reservoir Example

Volumetric reservoir no water influx or leakage. p/z versus Gp yields unique quadratic trend (from approximated MBE). Quadratic extrapolation yield gas-in-place (G).

PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance

Slide 11

Reservoir Engineering (Material Balance) Gas Material Balance Case (6/6)

a. Gas Material Balance Plot: p/z vs. Gp simulated performance. Note effect of aquifer permeability on field performance.

b. Gas Material Balance Plot: p/z vs. Gp simulated performance. Note effect of displacement efficiency (Ep).

Gas Material Balance: Water Drive Gas Reservoir

Pressure (hence p/z) is maintained during production via communication

with an unsteady-state aquifer (this study). From: Unsteady-State Performance of Water Drive Gas Reservoirs, Agarwal (Texas A&M Ph.D., 1967). PETE 324 (07A) Material Balance Slide 12