MATLAB is a programming environment for algorithm development, data analysis, visualization, and numerical computation.

Using MATLAB, we can solve technical computing problems faster than with traditional programming languages.

Numerical Methods:
Working in MATLAB:

Those are the methods by which mathematical problems are formulated so that they can be solved using arithmetic and logical operations. MATLAB provides a very nice tool to implement NUMERICAL METHODS. MATLAB can be employed to compute quantities and illustrate their graphical capabilities.

When we start MATLAB, the desktop appears in its default layout. MATLAB uses three primary windows : 1. Command Window-> Used to enter Commands and Data. 2. Graphics Window-> Used to Display plots and graphs. 3. Edit Window-> Used to create and edit m-files. Desktops default layout contains: Command Window Enter commands at the command line, indicated by the prompt (>>). Workspace The workspace contains variables that we create within or import into MATLAB from data files or other programs. Command History View or rerun commands that you entered at the command line.

Matlab Basics:

Variables and Assignment statements are used. There are many built-in functions in MATLAB Some of built-in functions are: abs( ), cos( ), exp( ), log( ), log10( ), sqrt( ), atan( ), etc. The reserved words or key words or name of built-in functions are NOT to be used. Expressions can be created using values, variables that have already been created, operators, built-in-functions, and parenthesis. Echo printing means to perform operation but not show the results this is done by placing semi colon ; at the end of statement.

M-files and Script files:

M-Files and Script Files are used to execute a set of different commends at a time. If needed, corrections or changes can be made to the commands in the file. The files that are used for this purpose are called script files or scripts for short. A script file is an external file that contains a sequence of MATLAB statements. Script files have a filename extension .m and are often called M-files. M-files can be scripts that simply execute a series of MATLAB statements, or they can be functions that can accept arguments and can produce one or more outputs. Functions are programs (or routines) that accept input arguments and return output arguments. Each M-file function (or function or M-file for short) has its own area of workspace, separated from the MATLAB base workspace.

Basic Commands for working in MATLAB:

Clc: Clears the commend window. Clear: remove all the variables from memory. Format short: Format long: %: used for comments.
2

syms x: declare a symbolic variable x.

Arrays:

A rectangular arrangement of numbers is called an array. 1-by-1 arrays are also called scalars 1-by-N arrays are also called row vectors

b= [1;2;3;4] It is s column vector or an array having four elements.

N-by-1 arrays are also called column vectors

a= [1 2 3 4] It is a row vector or an array having four elements.

Row and Column vectors are also sometimes just called vectors In Matlab, all arrays of numbers are called double arrays. If we say that Array is two or three dimensional it is called Matrix.

c= [1,2; 3,4] It is a 2 x 2 matrix or 2 x 2 array. sum( ) ,mean( ) , length( ) ,max( ) ,min( ) , prod( ) , sign( ) ,fix( ) ,floor( ) ,ceil( ) ,round( ) , sort( ) are some functions that can be used on matrices and arrays. det( ) ,rank( ) ,trace( ) ,inv( ) , x=A\b ,poly( ) ,eig( ) , [v ,x]=eig(A) are the operations that are used on matrices. Matrix Generator:
1. zeros(p,q) Returns a matrix of all zeros of order pxq. 2. ones(p,q) Returns a matrix of all ones of order pxq. 3. eye(p,q) Returns a matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere of order pxq. 4. rand(n) ,rand(m, n) (chooses random entries from interval 0-1), rands(n), rands(m, n) (chooses random entries from interval (-1,+1)), diag(v). Arithmetic operations can carried out on matrices provided that the operands are compatible with the operations.

Working of Commands:
Linspace:

linspace(x1, x2) generates a row vector of 100 linearly equally spaced points between x1 and x2. linspace(x1, x2, n) generates n points between x1 and x2. For n < 2, linspace returns x2.

Example: x=linspace(0 , 10 , 3) 3

x= 0 5 10

Colon operator:

X= x1: increment :x2 generates a row vector between x1 and x2 with increment. Example: x= 9: -2 : 1 x= 9 7 5 3 1

polynomial:

To declare a polynomial we generate vector and assign it to a variable

Polyder: Gives the derivative of polynomial polyder(p). Polyint: Gives the integral of the polynomial polyint(p). Polyval: Evaluates the value of polynomial at any specific value of x Roots: find the roots of the polynomial
Polyval(p , x). f= [ 1 2 3 4] >>f = 1 2 3 >> polyder(f) ans = 3 4 3 >> polyint(f) ans =

0.2500 0.6667 >> polyval( f , 0) ans = 4

1.5000

4.0000

Fprintf:

Writes formatted data to file

avg = 8 >> fprintf ('the average is %f/n', avg) the average is 8.000000/n>>

String Functions: Sprintf: Writes formatted data to a string

sprintf( 'my name is %s \n' , s1) ans = my name is javaria

Strcmp: compares two strings and returns 1 or 0 . Strmatch: matches two strings returns 1 or []. Findstr : finds one string in other and returns 1 or 0.
s2 = 'javaria roll# 116' s2 = javaria roll# 116 >> s1 = 'javaria' s1 =javaria >> strmatch (s1 , s2) ans = 1 >> findstr( s1 , s2) ans = 1 >> strcmp ( s1 , s2) ans = 0

Disp: simple commend used to display something. Plot: To create two-dimensional line plots, use the plot function. For example, plot
the value of the sine function from 0 to 2: x = 0:pi/100:2*pi; y = sin(x); plot(x,y) xlabel('x') ylabel('sin(x)') title('Plot of the Sine Function')

Subplot: we can display multiple plots in different sub regions of the same window
using the subplot function. Example:

Plots the following functions in interval 0x2 using 100 points .use the subplot command to display these functions on four windows on same graph Sin(x) Cos(x) Sin(x)*cos(x) Sin(x)/cos(x)
x= linspace ( 0 , 2*pi , 100); y=sin (x); subplot (2, 2, 1) plot ( x , y) z= cos (x); subplot ( 2, 2 , 2) plot ( x , z) w = sin (x).* cos(x); subplot ( 2 , 2 , 3) plot ( x , w) v = sin (x)./ cos(x); subplot ( 2, 2, 4) plot (x , v)

If statement: Conditional statements enable us to select at run time which

block of code to execute. The simplest conditional statement is an if statement.

Example:

Program which inputs marks and tells what grade is yours x=input('Enter the marks') if (x>=90) disp (' your grade is A') else if (x>90) disp ('your grade is B') else if (x>80) disp('your grade is C') else if (x>70) disp ('your grade is D') else if (x>60) disp('your grade is F you are fail ') else disp ('') end end end end 7

end

ans:
Enter the marks77 x= 77 your grade is D

Switch:

Switch statement Switchs among several cases based on expression.

Loop control:
For loop:

MATLAB functions that provide control over program loops. The for loop repeats a group of statements a fixed, predetermined number of times. A matching end delineates the statements. Example: Program which gives the average of numbers using for loop:

While loop:
The while loop repeats a group of statements an indefinite number of times under control of a logical condition. A matching end delineates the statements.

Continue: As it executes rest of commands in that loop are skipped

and loop starts from begining.

Break:

it breaks the loop as it executes

Dsolve:
We use dsolve to find solution of ordinary differential equations Its syntax is: r = dsolve('eq1,eq2,...', 'cond1,cond2,...', 'v')

Who and whos:

Who: it lists all the current variables in use during a session. Whos: it also lists all current variables (long display) in use during a session

Backslash: The Matlab backslash operator solve linear systems of equations.

Example: We are going to compute the roots of the system of linear equations: X+2y+3z=1 4x+5y+6z=1 7x+8y=1 >> a=[ 1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ; 7 8 0 ] a= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 >> b= [1; 1 ; 1] b= 1 1 1 >> x=a\b x= -1.0000 1.0000 -0.0000 In this way backslash operator can be used.

Fzero: fzero can be used to solve a single variable nonlinear equation of the form f(x)
= 0. The equation must first be programmed as a function (either inline or m-file). Example: x = fzero(fun,x0) fun is the function whose zero is to be computed. >>x = fzero('sin',3) x= 3.1416

10

Realmax and realmin:

Realmax is largest positive floating-point number Realmin is smallest positive floating-point number >> realmax ans = 1.7977e+308 >> realmin ans = 2.2251e-308

Eps: eps is also known as Machine epsilon in MATLAB is the distance from 1 to the next
valid floating point number..This value is used in determining the numerical rank of the matrix and in determining the pseudo inverse of a matrix. On an intel based machine

>> eps ans = 2.2204e-016

Tic & Toc:

Used to calculate time duration of the process. Place tic before the code and toc after the code

Interpolation:

For one dimensional interpolation interp1 commend is used there are basic five methods for linear interpolation. yi = interp1(x,Y,xi,method) is the basic syntax of the command 1. 'nearest'Nearest neighbor interpolation 2. 'linear'Linear interpolation (default) 3. Sunday, June 24, 2012'spline'Cubic spline interpolation 4. 'pchip'Piecewise cubic Hermite interpolation 5. 'cubic'(Same as 'pchip')'v5cubic'Cubic interpolation used in MATLAB 5 are the five methods used for linear interpolation.

11

Newton Raphson Method:

12

Secent Method:

13

Bisection Method:

Vectorization:

Vectorization means converting for and while loops to equivalent vector or matrix operations

14