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GESE-9 Format Candidate-led discussion of a prepared topic(up to 5 min) An interactive task (up to 4 min) Conversation (up to 5 min)

Candidate performance Understand complex and extended speech Communicate with spontanity Initiate maintain and end the discourse with effective turntakin! Use complex expressions

Functions "ive advice #akin! su!!estions

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$iscri%in!

Grammatical items &econd conditional'third conditional (or!ert stop !o on remem%er #ore complex forms of the passive &hould'must'mi!ht'could) present perfect *ish'hope Subject Area 1 Dreams and Nightmares
+oca%ulary ni!htmare ela%orated physical frustration panic !rief confusion proportion a%stract physiolo!ical psycholo!ical paralysis %e associated with la%oratory motivation phenomenon si!nificant self-awareness unscientific speculation denial explosion inte!rity $efinition *hat are dreams, $reams are a form of mental activity that occurs durin! sleep- $reamin! activity can vary from very simple thou!hts or ima!es to ela%orated stories with ivid colour ima!es and intense physical activity *hat is a ni!htmare, Any stron!ly unpleasant dream may %e a ni!htmare- It.s the feelin! not the content that turns a dream into a ni!htmare- (ear shame !uilt frustration pain panic an!er !rief confusion or any other ne!ative emotion may reach ni!htmare proportions- #y mother had a horri%le ni!htmare/ she was in a hu!e white room with hundreds of plants- &ounded lovely to me 0 %ut
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to her it was (unconsciously) the afterworld and she wasn.t ready to die- It was a terrifyin! ni!htmare1 2ype of dreams/ terri%le dreams (ni!htmares) and sweet ones3s related to this aspect/ descri%e your dream( the most impressive or recent dream) and !ive an example since an a%stract su%4ect can usually %e illustrated %y examples (2hink of a dream and descri%e it) 5ecurrin! 2hemes 2here are many common recurrent dream themes in our culture/ earth6uakes tidal waves fires %ein! stalked or attacked tryin! to lock doors a!ainst an intruder teeth crum%lin! lost toilets test takin! no-pants in pu%lic etc*hen do we dream, 2wo different schools of thou!ht exist as to why we dream/ the physiolo!ical school and the psycholo!ical school7oth however a!ree that we dream durin! the 58# or rapid eye movement phase of sleep- $urin! this phase of sleep our closed eyes dart rapidly a%out our %rain activity peaks and our muscles suffer temporary paralysisIn dreams we can recall thin!s happened decades a!o it may %e associated with early memories or state of mind at a certain period$ream recall #any people do not remem%er their dreams- 9owever research in the la%oratory has demonstrated that almost every%ody experiences dreams %ut for a num%er of reasons many people do not recall their dreams upon awakenin!- $ream recall can %e improved %y some simple measures such as chan!in! wake-up times payin! attention to dreams immediately upon awakenin! and writin! them down or tellin! them to a partner- &imple interest in dreams and motivation to remem%er them have also %een found to increase dream recallAre dreams useful, $reams are a natural phenomenon and there is no harm in recallin! themiv

In fact the distorted representation that dreams use can %e useful %ecause sometimes they lead to very creative ima!es and associations- #any artists and writers use dream ima!es and stories to inspire them in their work 9owever since most dreams are unpleasant to the dreamer they can sometimes have a ne!ative impact on mood at wake-up time A num%er of scientists have made si!nificant insi!ht and discoveries followin! dreams- 7ecause dreams can reflect in one form or another our wakin! state of mind or our concerns they are used in psychotherapy 2here are also many techni6ues that have %een developed for the use of dreams in everyday life- :ayin! attention to dreams can help improve selfawareness- 9owever universal dream sym%ols found in popular %ooks are the result of unscientific speculations- 8ach individual has their own manner of dream expression5easons *hat causes ni!htmares, Usually it is your own trapped personal power turned inward- 2his is very common in our society %ecause of childhood trainin! and social conventions that re6uire you to hide or deny some parts of yourself 0 even some positive ones(or instance women in our culture are never supposed to !et an!ry- ;et an!er is a natural emotion that is very useful and appropriate in some circumstances- An!er appears in ni!htmares in many forms (explosions wild animals fires floods to name 4ust a few possi%le ima!es)- *hen you work a ni!htmare %y speakin! as the ima!e you.ll find out very 6uickly what it represents to you- And once you hear the messa!e you are on the road to %reakin! the denial and recoverin! the personal power that was locked away Another cause of ni!htmares is im%alance- If you.ve !otten out of ali!nment with your inner inte!rity in some way perhaps even a way that you.re not consciously aware of your mind may create a ni!htmare to !et your attention- <r if you are developin! a physical condition (or there.s somethin! in your environment that.s not ri!ht) your dreamin! mind may let you know throu!h ni!htmares-

Subject area I- Crime types

Crime and punishment

%ur!lary dama!e to a vehicle fraud and for!ery check and credit card fraud dru! traffickin! vehicle'driver document fraud sexual offences homicide #urder :remeditated and unlawful killin! of another person manslau!hter Infanticide harassment child a%duction 7lackmail kidnappin! II- *hat are the main reasons of committin! a crime, (9ow do some people decide to commit a crime,) 2he desire for material !ain (money or expensive %elon!in!s) leads to property crimes such as ro%%eries %ur!laries white-collar crimes and auto thefts 2he desire for control reven!e or power leads to violent crimes such as murders assaults and rapes- 2hese violent crimes usually occur on impulse or the spur of the moment when emotions run hi!h- :roperty crimes are usually planned in advance :arental relations Children who are ne!lected or a%used are more likely to commit crimes later in life than others- 2he cycle of a%use crime and sociopathy keeps repeatin! itselfChildren who are ne!lected or a%used commit su%stantially more crimes later in life than others- 2he cycle of violence concept %ased on the 6uality of early life relationships has its positive counterpart- &upportive and lovin! parents who respond to the %asic needs of their child instill selfconfidence and an interest in social environments- 2hese children are !enerally well-ad4usted in relatin! to others and are far less likely to commit crimes 9eredity and %rain activity &earchin! for the ori!ins of antisocial personality disorders and their influence over crime led to studies of twins and adopted children in the =>?@s- Identical twins have the exact same !enetic makeup- 5esearchers found that identical twins were twice as likely to have similar criminal
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%ehavior than fraternal twins who have similar %ut not identical !enes 4ust like any two si%lin!s2he death penalty It.s taken for !ranted that a person who is convicted of murder should pay with his or her life- 9owever there exists a world-wide movement for the a%olition of the death penalty- 2he a%olitionists ar!ue that the death penalty is not only inhuman %ut also unscientific 2hose in favour of capital punishment are motivated only %y desire for reven!e and retaliation Capital punishment does not deter 2here.re numerous miscarria!es of 4ustice especially in capital cases A civilised state should uphold not violate the sanctity of human life8ducation Conformin! to #ertonAs earlier sociolo!ical theories a survey of inmates in state prisons in the late =>>@s showed very low education levels- #any could not read or write a%ove elementary school levels if at all- 2he most common crimes committed %y these inmates were ro%%ery %ur!lary automo%ile theft dru! traffickin! and shopliftin!- 7ecause of their poor educational %ack!rounds their employment histories consisted of mostly low wa!e 4o%s with fre6uent periods of unemployment8mployment at minimum wa!e or %elow livin! wa!e does not help deter criminal activity- 8ven with !overnment social services such as pu%lic housin! food stamps and medical care the income of a minimum wa!e household still falls short of providin! %asic needs- :eople must make a choice %etween continued lon!-term low income and the prospect of profita%le crime- "ainin! further education of course is another option %ut classes can %e expensive and time consumin!- *hile education can provide the chance to !et a %etter 4o% it does not always overcome the effects of a%use poverty or other limitin! factors :eer influence A personAs peer !roup stron!ly influences a decision to commit crime- (or example youn! %oys and !irls who do not fit into expected standards of academic achievement or participate in sports or social pro!rams can sometimes %ecome Crack cocaine pipe displayed %y police- $ru!s and
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alcohol impair 4ud!ment and reduce inhi%itions !ivin! a person !reater coura!e to commit a crime- Children of families who cannot afford ade6uate clothin! or school supplies can also fall into the same trap5esearchers %elieve these youth may a%andon schoolmates in favor of criminal !an!s since mem%ership in a !an! earns respect and status in a different manner- In !an!s antisocial %ehavior and criminal activity earns respect and street credi%ility $ru!s and alcohol &ome social factors pose an especially stron! influence over a personAs a%ility to make choices- $ru! and alcohol a%use is one such factor- 2he ur!e to commit crime to support a dru! ha%it definitely influences the decision process- 7oth dru!s and alcohol impair 4ud!ment and reduce inhi%itions (socially defined rules of %ehavior) !ivin! a person !reater coura!e to commit a crime- $eterrents such as lon! prison sentences have little meanin! when a person is hi!h or drunk2he idea that dru! and alcohol a%use can %e a ma4or factor in a personAs life is why there are numerous treatment pro!rams for youn! people addicted to these su%stances- 2reatment focuses on positive support to influence a personAs future decision makin! and to reduce the tendency for antisocial and criminal %ehavior 8asy access Another factor many criminolo!ists consider key to makin! a life of crime easier is the availa%ility of hand!uns in U-&- society- (irearms provide a simple means of committin! a crime while allowin! offenders some distance or detachment from their victims-

$iscoura!in! the choice of crime &olution 2here are several ways to prevent the youth from committin! crimes (irstly school education plays an important role to teach traditional %eliefs &econdly the present situation also calls for a control and supervision on the mass media- 7ooks and pro!rams should %e in !ood 6ualityviii

2here should %e more educational %ooks and pro!rams for youn! children in to tell them how to distin!uish the ri!ht from the wron! 2hirdly mutual understandin! %etween parents and children is also very important- :arental supervision and !uidance are a key factor of self-cultivation in lifetime- 2he two !enerations need to smooth away disa!reement- :arents can spend much time stayin! with their children and patiently carry out the duty of family education-

Subject area ! "abits and obsessions $efinition of ha%it 9a%it/ a %ehavior pattern ac6uired %y fre6uent repetition or physiolo!ic exposure that shows itself in re!ularity or increased facility of performance %/ an ac6uired mode of %ehavior that has %ecome nearly or completely involuntary2ypes of ha%its/ ;ou have two ma4or types of ha%its- ;ou have ha%its that revolve around your desires and you have ha%its that revolve around your fears2he ha%its that revolve around your desires for health happiness financial independence and success are life-enhancin!- 2hey are the ha%its that have %rou!ht you the success you en4oy today2he ha%its that revolve around your fears on the other hand act as %rakes on your potential- 2hey hold you %ack- 2hey interfere with your success2hey trip you up on a re!ular %asis- 2hey cause you to sell yourself short and settle for far less than your potential$efinition of <%session <%session/ a persistent distur%in! preoccupation with an often unreasona%le idea or feelin!B A recurrent and persistent idea thou!ht or impulse to carry out an act that is e!o dystonic that is experienced as senseless or repu!nant and that the person cannot voluntarily suppressix

An o%session is an unwelcome uncontrolla%le and persistent idea thou!ht ima!e or emotion that a person cannot help thinkin! even thou!h it creates si!nificant distress or anxiety&ymptoms 2ypical o%sessions include fear of contamination as from doorkno%s or handshakes worry a%out leavin! thin!s in their proper order persistent dou%ts a%out oneAs responsi%le %ehavior scary ima!es involvin! violent acts and ima!es of sexual acts- :eople with o%sessions may find themselves actin! in compulsive ways in lar!ely futile attempts to relieve the anxiety associated with their persistent unpleasant thou!hts- <thers sufferin! from o%sessions may try very hard to control or i!nore them- It is important to note that le!itimate worries a%out daily concernsCpayin! %ills studyin! for exams keepin! a 4o% interpersonal relationshipsCare not o%sessions- Althou!h they can occasionally %e carried to o%sessive len!ths these concerns can chan!e with circumstances and in most cases %e controlled with plannin! effort and action- <%sessions relate to pro%lems that most people would consider far removed from normal daily events and concernssmokin! 2here.re millions of people who still smoke today- 2here.re no advertisements for ci!arettes on television or in the newspapers in China8very ci!arette packet carries a "overnment health warnin!- It says D&mokin! can dama!e your healthE- :eople die every year from the effects of smokin!- 7ut many people continue to smoke- 2he main reason is that their %ody is addicted to nicotine and that they lack the willpower to stop smokin!- *hat worries us most is that the num%er of schoolchildren who smoke seems to %e increasin!- 2hey smoke %ecause they like the ima!e of %ein! a smoker- &ome diseases are linked to smokin! such as lun! cancer asthma %ronchitis emphysema and so on- It.s hi!h time we took some measures to discoura!e people from smokin! &mokin! should %e %anned in pu%lic places 2he anti-smokin! campain should %e stren!theneddrinkin! A person who is una%le to stop the ha%it of drinkin! too much is an alcoholic- $octors say that moderate drinkin! of !ood ale !ood cider or
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!ood natural wine does not in4ure the health of most people who are leadin! reasona%ly active lives- 7ut there.re people who drink too much2hey think they can temporarily !et rid of their worries %y !ettin! themselves drunk- As we all know the continued and ha%itual drinkin! of too much alcohol dama!es mind and nerve *e must prohi%it the sale of alcohol to people who are already drunk- If such people are served at a %ar the %artender should %e held responsi%le- 2he %ar.s licence should %e withdrawn :u%s should not %e allowed to offer parkin! space for their customers. cars and motor%ikes since this encoura!es drunken drivin!5easons 2hose who have a particular deadline e-!- a new 4o% weddin! %irth of %a%y holiday or educational course- &ome wish to make a swift chan!e due to personal eatment plan "ain !reater self-awareness

Subject area # $echnolog% Cell :hones/ Few $evelopments

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In the world mo%ility is not 4ust a luxury it is a way of life- And many people have come to rely on usin! cell phones to mana!e their lives sometimes even cancelin! their land-lines in favor of their mo%ile2hus poor reception 6uality and lack of cell phone covera!e is not merely an inconvenience it is also a matter of pu%lic safety- Increasin!ly >== phone calls are %ein! placed on cell phones"# food *hat do you know a%out "# food, &hould it %e further developed or should it %e suspended,G *hat is the potential impact of "# food, 2he lack of data is due to a num%er of reasons includin!/ ItAs more difficult to evaluate the safety of crop-derived foods than individual chemical dru! or food additives- Crop foods are more complex and their composition varies accordin! to differences in !rowth and a!ronomic conditions :u%lications on "# food toxicity are scarce- An article in &cience ma!aHine said it all/ I9ealth 5isks of "enetically #odified (oods/ #any <pinions %ut (ew $ataI-= In fact no peer-reviewed pu%lications of clinical studies on the human health effects of "# food exist- 8ven animal studies are few and far %etween <ur present data %ase is woefully inade6uate- #oreover the scientific 6uality of what has %een pu%lished is in most instances not up to expected standards- If as claimed our future is dependent on the success of the promise of !enetic modification deliverin! wholesome plentiful more nutritious and safe "# foods the inescapa%le conclusion of this review is that the present crude method of !enetic modification has so far not delivered these %enefits and the promise of a superior second !eneration is still in the future- Althou!h it is ar!ued %y some that small differences %etween "# and non-"# crops have little %iolo!ical meanin! it is clear that most "# and parental line crops fall short of the definition of Isu%stantial e6uivalence-I In any case this crude poorly defined and unscientific concept outlived its possi%le previous usefulness and we need novel methods and concepts to pro%e into the compositional nutritional'toxicolo!ical and meta%olic differences %etween "# and conventional crops and into the safety of the !enetic techni6ues used in developin! "# crops if we want to put this technolo!y on a proper scientific foundation and allay the fears of the !eneral pu%lic- *e need more science not less
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Clonin! Clonin! like any other science is hindered %y the !eneral pu%licAs fear of the unknown- *hether it is a sin!le cell to a full human clonin! research is a ma4or next step in scientific development- It is easy to understand why people fear the unknown %ut it is hard to fi!ure out why they canAt take a step %ack and realiHe that clonin! is %asically an extension of current and accepted practices2echnolo!y in !eneral 2echnolo!y a%ove all else has chan!ed the nature of the state not least in terms of makin! %oundaries permea%le-

8ffect of technolo!ies/ *hy $o :eople (eel Isolated from 8ach <ther and &olutions #odern people have a feelin! that they are %ecomin! more and more isolated from each other thou!h it is %elieved that the development of information technolo!y has made the world smaller- 2here are three reasons for this (irstly modern people have !reater tensions so that they have less time to communicate with each other- #ore and more people are livin! in ur%an areas where life is in a 6uick rhythm- $ue to fierce competition city dwellers have to %e hardworkin! in order to keep up with the steps of city life- 8very%ody is %usy all the time- *ork pressures deprive them of a casual way of life- #oreover livin! in apartments in different %locks people are isolated from each other- It is not convenient for them to meet each other freely &econdly the wide use of telephone and overwhelmin! emer!ence of the Internet prevent modern people from seein! each other 6uite oftenFowadays people can simply send an email or make a phone call to send !ood wishes in a few minutes- 9owever sittin! %efore the computer screen is not the same thin! as meetin! talkin! and writin!:eople are loosin! the pleasure of writin! and talkin! and hospitality towards each other- In some sense people are %ecomin! mechanic 2hirdly modern peopleAs spare time are occupied %y various kinds of entertainments and activities- In the past meetin! and talkin! to others is a fundamental way to !et information- 9owever today 2+ pro!rams
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are very attractive- :eople can 4ust stay at home and knows clearly what is happenin! in the world- 2herefore people have few chances to meet each other and thus a feein! of isolation arises&olutions 2here are some solutions to the present situation- (irst of all people need to %e fully aware of the fact that the modern ways of communication cannot take the place of the traditional ones- &endin! emails cannot have the same effect as writin! or face-to-face talk- 2raditional ways should %e encoura!ed and people can write letters as much as possi%le- &econdly activities held in one nei!h%orhood can create a warm atmosphere amon! people- 2hirdly the people need to know how to en4oy life which is a new and popular idea in modern society*hat do you think is the !reatest invention in the J@th century, 2he Internet a very complex and revolutionary invention of =>K5 has chan!ed our world2he Internet can %e explained as a network of networks linkin! numerous !overnment university and private computers to one another while providin! many services such as 8-mail hypertext documents instant messa!es and data exchan!es- 2he Internet is the lar!est network of networks worldwide- 2he Internet uses many different protocols the most important %ein! 2C:'I:Internet 2here is a %i! influence of techni6ue on our daily life- 8lectronic devices multimedia and computers are thin!s we have to deal with everyday8specially the Internet is %ecomin! more and more important for nearly every%ody as it is one of the newest and most forward-lookin! media and surely DtheE medium of the future2herefore we thou!ht that it would %e necessary to think a%out some !ood and %ad aspects of how this medium influences us what impacts it has on our social %ehaviour and what the future will look like2he Internet chan!ed our life enormously there is no dou%t a%out that2here are many advanta!es of the Internet that show you the importance of this new medium- *hat I want to say is that Internet chan!ed our life in a positive wayxiv

(irst we have to make a differentiation concernin! the usa!e- ;ou can use the Internet at home for personal or you at work for professional usa!eLet.s come to the first- 2o spend a part of our day on the Internet is for many people 6uite normal- 2hey use this kind of medium to !et information a%out all kinds topics- #ay%e some of them are interested in chattin! pro%a%ly they are mem%ers of a community- *hatever you are lookin! for you will find it- 8ven if you want to have very specific information you will find it in a short time- Formally you often have to send a letter than you have to wait for the reception of the reply or you have to make some telephone calls and so on- In any case the traditional way is the lon!er one- 2o put your own information on the Internet is also possi%le- Create your own homepa!e tell other users a%out your interests what you want that.s no pro%lem at allAdvanced I$isruptiveI 2echnolo!ies 2here are several opportunities for true %reakthrou!hs to occur in technolo!ies that would directly %enefit mo%ile and wireless systems- <ne of these is happenin! ri!ht now with the introduction of U*7 (ultra-wide %and) which will ena%le wireless :AFs to !o from MJ@N%ps to more than =@@#%ps in a few short years of development- A num%er of companies are developin! U*7 technolo!ies that should result in consumer products on the market %y J@@5 or J@@K- ;ou can see the effect that a disruptive technolo!y like U*7 has on the forecast process in (i!ure J- &ome of the areas ripe for experiencin! disruptive technolo!ies are/ Fanotechnolo!y C #akin! really small computer systems &oftware defined radio C "enerates the radio si!nal in real time +oice processin! C $ialo!in! with a handheld computer via voice Location-%ased services C :rovidin! services %ased on your location Intelli!ent systems C &oftware ro%ots that are intelli!ent and serve our needs Autonomic computin! C Auto-detect and repair of hardware and software systems If weAre lucky in J@5@ our lives will %e more productive more interactive and more %alanced than today-

Subject area & Global En'ironment


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2here are many issues relatin! to !lo%al environment for example !reen house !as climate chan!e %iodiversity clean ener!y and so on"reen house !as *ater vapor is the most a%undant !reenhouse !as followed %y car%on dioxide and other trace !ases*hat is the concern of !reen house effect, &o the concern is not with the fact that we have a !reenhouse effect %ut whether human activities are leadin! to an enhancement of the !reenhouse effectIt is very likely (over >@O) that human activities are causin! !lo%al warmin! :ro%a%le temperature rise %y the end of the century will %e %etween =-?C and 4C :ossi%le temperature rise %y the end of the century ran!es %etween =-= and 4-5 de! C &ea levels are likely to rise %y J?-4Pcm Arctic summer sea ice is likely to disappear in second half of century It is very likely that parts of the world will see an increase in the num%er of heatwaves Climate chan!e is likely to lead to increased intensity of tropical storms Are !reenhouse !ases increasin!, 9uman activity has %een increasin! the concentration of !reenhouse !ases in the atmosphere (mostly car%on dioxide from com%ustion of coal oil and !asB plus a few other trace !ases)- 2here is no scientific de%ate on this point- :re-industrial levels of car%on dioxide (prior to the start of the Industrial 5evolution) were a%out J?@ parts per million %y volume (ppmv) and current levels are a%out PM@ ppmv- 2he concentration of C<J in our atmosphere today has not %een exceeded in the last 4J@ @@@ years and likely not in the last J@ million years- Accordin! to the I:CC &pecial 5eport on 8mission &cenarios (&58&) %y the end of the J=st century we could expect to see car%on dioxide concentrations of anywhere from 4>@ to =JK@ ppm (M5-P5@O a%ove the pre-industrial concentration)-

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Climate Chan!e 2he climate is chan!in!- 2he earth is warmin! up and there is now overwhelmin! scientific consensus that it is happenin! and humaninduced- *ith !lo%al warmin! on the increase and species and their ha%itats on the decrease chances for ecosystems to adapt naturally are diminishin!- #any are a!reed that climate chan!e may %e one of the !reatest threats facin! the planet- 5ecent years show increasin! temperatures in various re!ions and'or increasin! extremities in weather patterns"lo%al $immin! 5esearch has shown that air pollutants from fossil fuel use make clouds reflect more of the sun.s rays %ack into space- 2his leads to an effect known as !lo%al dimmin! where%y less heat and ener!y reaches the earthAt first it sounds like an ironic savior to climate chan!e pro%lems9owever it is %elieved that !lo%al dimmin! caused the drou!hts in 8thiopia in the =>M@s and ?@s where millions died %ecause the northern hemisphere oceans were not warm enou!h to allow rain formation- "lo%al dimmin! is also hidin! the true power of !lo%al warmin!- 7y cleanin! up !lo%al dimmin!-causin! pollutants without tacklin! !reenhouse !as emissions rapid warmin! has %een o%served and various human health and ecolo!ical disasters have resulted as witnessed durin! the 8uropean heat wave in J@@P which saw thousands of people die&ustaina%le development &ustaina%le development means different thin!s to different people %ut the most fre6uently 6uoted definition is from the report <ur Common (uture (also known as the 7rundtland 5eport)/ "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." &ustaina%le development focuses on improvin! the 6uality of life for all of the 8arthAs citiHens without increasin! the use of natural resources %eyond the capacity of the environment to supply them indefinitely- It re6uires an understandin! that inaction has conse6uences and that we must find innovative ways to chan!e institutional structures and influence individual %ehavior- It is a%out takin! action chan!in! policy and practice at all levels from the individual to the international-

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7iodiversity 7iodiversity %oosts ecosystem productivity where every species C no matter how small C all have an important role to play2he variety of life on 8arth its %iolo!ical diversity is commonly referred to as %iodiversity- 2he num%er of species of plants animals and microor!anisms the enormous diversity of !enes in these species the different ecosystems on the planet such as deserts rainforests and coral reefs are all part of a %iolo!ically diverse 8arth- Appropriate conservation and sustaina%le development strate!ies attempt to reco!niHe this as %ein! inte!ral to any approach- Almost all cultures have in some way or form reco!niHed the importance that nature and its %iolo!ical diversity has had upon them and the need to maintain it- ;et power !reed and politics have affected the precarious %alance*hy Is 7iodiversity Important, *ho Cares, 7ut why is 7iodiversity important, $oes it really matter if there arenAt so many species, 7iodiversity actually %oosts ecosystem productivity where each species no matter how small all have an important role to play and that it is this com%ination that ena%les the ecosystem to possess the a%ility to prevent and recover from a variety of disasters- 2his is o%viously useful for mankind as a lar!er num%er of species of plants means more variety of crops and a lar!er num%er of species of animals ensure that the ecosystem is naturally sustainedClean 8ner!y Clean ener!y/ Clean ener!y can %e !enerally defined as ener!y from renewa%le sources such as %iomass wind or solar power- 2he !oal of clean ener!y is to have a low environmental impact with low or Hero emissions and a minimal impact on the physical surroundin!s- 9ydropower can %e defined as clean ener!y due to Hero emissions %ut todayAs hydropower still often has su%stantial impacts on a6uatic ecosystems- *aste-%urnin! and wood-%urnin! plants that capture emissions can %e clean ener!y !enerators(ossil fuels do not provide clean ener!y %ecause of their emissions and environmental impacts2oday more than ever consumers have the a%ility C and the interest C to invest in clean ener!y- Clean ener!y includes ener!y efficiency and clean ener!y supply options like hi!hly efficient com%ined heat and power and renewa%le ener!yxviii

Subject area ( Design 9ouse desi!n car cloth architecture city school lo!o fashion furniture 9ow do we view desi!n of the city as tourist centers, 7ird nest and 7ei4in! #usical 9all in 2iananmen &6uare $esi!n of <lympic !yms (ashion desi!ner/ who is your favorite or are you familiar with this field, *hat kind of car desi!n you appreciate, (urniture style 9ow do we view desi!n of the city as tourists, *hat factors do you want to incorporate into your desi!n, P$ $esi!n Advertisin! $esi!n Animation Architecture Audio +isual Copywriters $esi!n (ashion ' Apparel desi!n (urniture $esi!n "raphic $esi!n Illustration Industrial $esi!n Architecture Landscape $esi!n Interior $esi!n :acka!in! $esi!n

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