Name _________________________________ Bentley: Chapter 20 Western Europe During the High Middle Ages

APWH/Katz

Brief Chapter Overview Europeans, during the high middle ages, built a vibrant and prosperous society. Rising from the foundations laid during the early middle ages--lord-retainer relationships, agricultural innovation, and the Roman Catholic Church--Europe emerged from its long period of relative political instability and economic and intellectual stagnation. The hallmarks of high medieval European culture included

The consolidation and expansion of regional states. These powerful states sometimes were organized by local rulers and based on lord-retainer relationships, as in France. Other times they were direct conquests, as with the Norman invasion of England. At other times, they were supported or encouraged by the Roman church, like the Holy Roman Empire. Economic revitalization. With renewed agricultural surplus, the population expanded and Europe began to reurbanize. Cities grew, and with them grew business, industry, trade, and educational institutions. Long-distance trade networks reappeared, especially in the Mediterranean and Baltic and North Sea regions. Continued presence of the Roman Catholic Christianity in virtually all aspects of high medieval life. Through both traditional church institutions and the mass appeal of popular religious practices, the church prospered during this period. The Roman church's influence was felt in education, philosophy, literature, conquest, and travel.

In the high middle ages Europe began to interact with increasing regularity with the other regions of the eastern hemisphere. Its days of relative isolation were over. Comprehensive Chapter Overview The Holy Roman Empire, which would dominate central Europe for about 500 years, began in 962 when Pope John XII proclaimed Otto of Saxony emperor. But struggles continued between the church and the civil government. During this period, there are also the beginnings of regional monarchies in France and England with the founding of the Capetian dynasty (987) in France and the invasion of England by William of Normandy (1066). Central Italy was ruled by the popes. The city!states in the north, including Florence and Venice, eventually became starting points of the Renaissance. For a time, Christians and Muslims both ruled the Iberian Peninsula. In the late thirteenth century, the Christians launched the reconquista, pushing out the Muslims and regaining most of Iberia. By the late tenth century, population growth began to change Europe. More land is cleared for farming and new methods such as crop rotation, new crops, and an increase in domestic animals began to increase food supplies. The population of Europe jumped to 50 million in just 500 years. During this period society also changed. With surpluses to trade, there was a revival of towns and peasants began to move to urban areas for more opportunities. Society saw the advent of the three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the peasants and serfs. This system was the model for most of European society and would endure in some places until the late 1700s. This was also the age of chivalry, a code of ethics and behavior for the nobility. The guild system also began in this period. In a guild, a group of people in the same profession came together for support, to regulate production and sales of goods, to control the quality of goods, and control who could enter the profession. The one constant in the high middle ages was the Catholic Church. It controlled and spread education, created universities, reflected the influence of Aristotle, and began the tradition of scholasticism. It also offered salvation and comfort.

Medieval Europe expanded in many directions in the ninth and tenth centuries. As the Scandinavians moved west to New Foundland, many Christians moved to Scandinavia, most notably during the Crusades. In 1095, Pope Urban II called for knights to reclaim the Holy Land. What followed was a series of Crusades, some successful and some not, between 1095 and 1204. One captured Jerusalem and one Constantinople. In the end, the Crusaders were forced to withdraw. However, the legacy of the Crusades was long!lived. The trade that developed between the Europeans and Muslims changed Europe, as did the exposure to Muslims ideas concerning mathematics, astronomy, the previously lost teachings of Aristotle, and inventions including numerals and paper. Chapter Guiding Questions 1. What do the journeys of the Polos represent about European society during the high middle ages?

2. What was the Holy Roman Empire? What did each one of those words (holy, Roman, and empire) mean to Europeans in this period? How was the Holy Roman Empire none of those?

3. What did the monarchies that emerged in France and England have in common? How were they different?

4. What were the significant innovations in agriculture in Europe during this period? How did each one lead to increased yield?

5. What was the role of the textile industry in the European economy during this period?

6. What were the centers of the trade networks for Europe? Why there?

7. How did the development of chivalry affect the noble classes?

8. During this period, Europe saw the emergence of a new social class in the cities. Who were they? What roles did they play? How did they make a place for themselves in the medieval social order?

9. What is scholasticism and what broader intellectual movements did it reflect? How did it contrast with popular religion?

10. Where and how did Europe expand during the high middle ages?

Chapter Outline: Western Europe During the High Middle Ages I. The establishment of regional states A. The Holy Roman Empire 1. Otto I a. b. 2. a. b. c. 3. a. b. B. Otto of Saxony rose in northern Germany by the mid-tenth century Pope John XII proclaimed him emperor in 962: birth of Holy Roman Empire Formerly, important church officials were appointed by imperial authorities Pope Gregory VII ordered an end to the practice Emperor Henry IV was excommunicated because of his disobedience Sought to absorb Lombardy in north Italy Papal coalition forced Barbarossa to relinquish his rights in Lombardy

Investiture contest

Frederick Barbarossa

Regional monarchies in France and England 1. 2. Capetian France: Hugh Capet founded dynasty from 987, lasted three centuries The Normans were descendents of Vikings in Normandy, France a. b. Duke William of Normandy invaded England in 1066 Introduced Norman style of political administration to England

C.

Regional states in Italy and Iberia 1. 2. 3. 4. Popes ruled a good-sized territory in central Italy Prosperous northern Italian city-states: Florence, Bologna, Genoa, Milan, Venice Normans conquered southern Italy, brought Roman Catholic Christianity Christian and Muslim states in Iberia a. b. Muslim conquerors ruled most of the peninsula, eighth to the eleventh centuries Christian kingdoms took the peninsula (except Granada) by late thirteenth century

II.

Economic growth and social development A. Growth of the agricultural economy 1. Expansion of arable land a. b. c. 2. a. b. c. d. 3. a. b. 4. a. b. c. 5. B. Population pressure by the late tenth century Serfs and monks began to clear forests and swamps Lords encouraged such efforts for high taxes Crop rotation methods Cultivation of beans increased and enriched the land More domestic animals also enriched the land Books and treatises on household economy and agricultural methods Extensive use of watermills and heavy plows Use of horseshoe and horse collar increased land under cultivation Before 1000, European diet was mostly grains After 1000, more meat, dairy products, fish, vegetables, legumes Spain, Italy, Mediterranean got new foods through Islamic world

Improved agricultural techniques

New tools and technology

New food supplies

Population growth: from 29 million to 79 million between 800 C.E. and 1300 C.E.

The revival of towns and trade 1. 2. 3. 4. Urbanization: peasants and serfs flocked to cities and towns Textile production, especially in north Italy and Flanders Mediterranean trade: Italian merchants dominated and established colonies The Hanseatic League--an association of trading cities a. b. 5. a. b. Hansa dominated trade of northern Europe Major European rivers linked Hansa to the Mediterranean Bankers issued letters of credit to merchants Commercial partnerships for limiting risks of commercial investment

Improved business techniques

C.

Social changes 1. The three estates a. b. c. 2. a. b. 3. a. b. 4. a. b. 5. 6. Guilds a. b. c. d. 7. Regulated production and sale of goods Established standards of quality for manufactured goods Determined prices and regulated entry of new workers Social significance: friendship, mutual support, built halls "Those who pray"--clergy of Roman Catholic church, the spiritual estate "Those who fight"--feudal nobles, the military estate "Those who work"--mostly peasants and serfs Widely recognized code of ethics and behavior for feudal nobles Church officials directed chivalry toward Christian faith and piety Aristocratic women promoted chivalric values by patronizing troubadours Troubadours drew inspiration from the love poetry of Muslim Spain Supported troubadours, promoted good manners, refinement, and romantic love Code of chivalry and romantic poetry softened manners of rough warriors

Chivalry

Troubadours

Eleanor of Aquitaine was most celebrated woman of her day

Independent cities: urban populations increasingly resisted demands of feudal nobles

Urban women: most guilds admitted women, and women also had own guilds

III.

European Christianity during the high middle ages A. Schools, universities, and scholastic theology 1. Cathedral schools a. b. c. 2. a. b. 3. a. b. B. 1. 2. 3. C. 1. Bishops and archbishops in France and northern Italy organized schools Cathedral schools had formal curricula, concentrated on liberal arts Some offered advance instruction in law, medicine, and theology Student guilds and faculty guilds Large cathedral schools developed into universities Obtained Aristotle's works from Byzantine and Muslim philosophers Scholasticism: St. Thomas Aquinas harmonized reason with Christianity

Universities

The influence of Aristotle

Popular religion Sacraments; the most popular was the Eucharist Devotion to saints for help; Virgin Mary most popular (cathedrals) Saints' relics were esteemed; pilgrimages (Rome, Compostela, Jerusalem) Dominicans and Franciscans were urban-based mendicant orders a. b. 2. Organized movements to champion spiritual over materialistic values Zealously combated heterodox movements

Reform movements and popular heresies

Popular heresy: the movements of Waldensians and Cathars (Albigensians)

IV.

The Medieval Expansion of Europe A. Atlantic and Baltic Colonization 1. Vinland a. b. c. 2. 3. Scandinavian seafarers turned to North Atlantic Ocean, ninth and tenth centuries Colonized Iceland and Greenland Leif Ericsson traveled to modern Newfoundland, called Vinland

Christianity in Scandinavia: Denmark and Norway (tenth century), then spread Crusading orders and Baltic expansion a. b. Teutonic Knights most active in the Baltic region Baltic region was absorbed into Christian Europe from the late thirteenth century

B.

The reconquest (for Christianity) of Sicily and Spain 1. 2. 3. Reconquest of south Italy by Norman Roger Guiscard, 1090 Roger (also Norman) conquers Sicily The reconquista of Spain began in 1060s a. b. By 1150, took over half the peninsula By the thirteenth century, took almost all the peninsula except Granada

C.

The crusades 1. Pope Urban II called Christian knights to take up arms and seize the holy land, 1095 a. b. 2. a. b. 3. a. b. c. 4. a. b. c. Peter the Hermit traveled in Europe and organized a ragtag army Campaign was a disaster for the crusaders French and Norman nobles organized military expedition, 1096 Jerusalem fell to the crusaders, 1099; Muslims recaptured, 1187 By the mid-thirteenth century, five major crusades had been launched The fourth crusade (1202-1204) conquered Constantinople The crusades failed to take over Palestine from the Muslims Crusaders established some states in Palestine and Syria Encouraged trade with Muslims; demands for luxury goods increased Muslim ideas filter to Europe: Aristotle, science, astronomy, numerals, paper

The first crusade

Later crusades

Consequences of the crusades

Name _________________________________ History/Katz/E-block

AP World

QUIZ Bentley: Chapter 20 Western Europe During the High Middle Ages Matching: Put the letter of the name that corresponds with each fact in the space provided. A. Frederick Barbarossa C. Eleanor of Aquitaine B. St. Thomas Aquinas D. The Virgin Mary _____1. I am the most famous scholastic theologian. _____2. During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Europeans dedicated hundreds of churches and cathedrals to me, among them, the splendid cathedral of Notre Dame. _____3. I encouraged the cultivation of good manners, refinement, and romantic love. _____4. I sought to integrate the wealthy and increasingly urban region of Lombardy with my German holdings. _____5. I rewarded troubadours for singing songs and reciting verses that celebrated passionate love between a man and a woman. _____6. I was professor of the university of Paris. _____7. A papal coalition defeated my efforts and forced me to relinquish my rights in Lombardy. _____8. According to a widely circulated story, I once spared a criminal from hanging when he called upon my name. _____9. I was the most popular saint of the high middle ages. _____10. _____11. I believed it is possible to prove rationally that God exists. My name means the red beard.

_____12. _____13. _____14.

I was among the most vigorous of the medieval emperors. I personified the Christian ideal of womanhood, love and sympathy. My teachings combined Aristotles rational power with the teachings of Christianity.

Multiple Choice _____1. In the investiture contest, the winner was A) Otto I B) Henry IV C) Gregory VII D) Frederick Barbarossa E) Hugh Capet _____2. The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire because A) the emperors were not crowned by the popes B) the Byzantine emperors did not acknowledge the Holy Roman Empire C) the people who lived there did not practice Christianity D) it did not restore imperial unity to western Europe E) all of the above _____3. During the high middle ages, the Normans A) conquered England in 1066 B) built a tightly centralized state C) commissioned a tapestry D) took southern Italy and Sicily back from the Muslims E) all of the above _____4. Which of the following did not contribute to the expansion of arable land in Europe during the high middle ages? A) population pressure B) use of the horseshoe and horse collar C) increased cultivation of beans D) the shift from horses to oxen E) clearing of forests and draining of swamps _____5. According to Pegolotti, A) European long-distance trade with China was perfectly safe B) local lords always robbed traveling merchants C) by using paper money in China, Europeans paid higher prices for their goods D) traders should try to bargain for the cheapest price E) none of the above _____6. The Hanseatic League was A) known for its determination to reconquer Spain and wrest it from Muslim control B) responsible for curbing the expansion of the Holy Roman Empire C) an association of trading cities of northern Europe D) a military religious order

E) none of the above _____7. In medieval Europe, the three estates meant A) England, Scotland, and Ireland B) the three royal estates of the Capetian kings C) the three social classes D) the big three city-states in north Italy E) none of the above _____8. During the high middles ages, the European nobility A) had their manners softened B) practiced the code of chivalry C) drew their literary inspiration from Muslim Spain D) was one of the three estates E) all of the above _____9. During the high middle ages, the development of towns and cities fit awkwardly in the framework of a medieval political order because A) their citizens demanded autonomy from local lords B) unlike feudal manors, cities were egalitarian societies C) unlike the organization of the workforce on feudal manors, women became part of the working class in cities D) townspeople included all three estates E) none of the above _____10. A) B) C) D) E) _____11. A) B) C) D) E) _____12. A) B) C) D) E) _____13. A) B) C) D) E) _____14. Guilds of European cities and towns could do all of the following except set standards of quality for manufactured goods administer justice on behalf of the city government determine the prices at which members had to sell their products build large halls in the cities regulate the entry of new workers into their groups Curricula of cathedral schools concentrated on liberal arts theology law and medicine the writings of Aquinas all of the above During the high middle ages, European scholars rediscovery of Aristotles work led to the growing dynamism of popular heresies the development of scholasticism the rise of the Dominicans and Franciscans a rejection of the Latin classics a decline in Christian belief The most famous scholastic theologian was Eucharist St. Francis St. Thomas Aquinas Saladin St. Dominic

Christians devotion to saints was very much like A) the Bantu peoples devotion to the creator god B) Buddhists devotion to Bodhisattvas C) Muslims devotion to Mecca

D) the Jews devotion to the Torah E) all of the above _____15. A) B) C) D) E) _____16. A) B) C) D) E) _____17. A) B) C) D) E) _____18. A) B) C) D) E) _____19. A) B) C) D) E) _____20. A) B) C) D) E) Which of the following did not belong to the popular heresies of medieval Europe? Waldensians Cathars Albigensians mendicants All of the above were heresies. The Albigensian crusade was a military campaign against the Muslims a military expedition against the Cathars a military venture against the pagan Slavic peoples of the Baltic region a military coup in Sicily none of the above Vinland was conquered by the Teutonic Knights reconquered by European crusaders colonized by Scandinavian seafarers continuously occupied until the present day none of the above The term reconquista specifically referred to the reconquest of Spain the reconquest of Sicily the recapture of Palestine the colonies in Greenland the Albigensian crusade The reconquest of Sicily from the Muslims was accomplished by Eric the Red Roger Guiscard Robert Guiscard William the Conqueror None of the above Which one of the following statements does not describe the crusades? The campaigns showed European military superiority to Muslim armies. One of the crusades conquered Constantinople instead of recapturing Palestine. The crusaders traded eagerly with Muslim merchants in the eastern Mediterranean. The crusaders brought many Muslim ideas back to Europe with them. The crusaders introduced to Europe new agricultural products they learned about from the Muslims.