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Properties of Fluid | Capillarity, Bubbles and Liquid Jets

The force due to surface tension is generally negligible in comparison with the pressure and gravitational forces but the same assumes predominance for narrow liquid columns such as those in capillary tubes, in bubble mechanics and liquid-jet studies for ow through porous substances. Capillary implies the rise or depression of the level of a liquid in a capillary tube when it is held vertically or inclined in the liquid. The phenomenon is explained with reference to the angle of contact between the liquid and the capillary material and the balance of force on the column of the liquid in them. The angle of contact is dened as the angle between the tangent and to a drop at the solid boundary with the surface of the solid boundary on which it is placed.

Capillarity: Capillary implies the rise or depression of the level of a liquid in a capillary tube when it is held vertically or inclined in the liquid. The phenomenon is explained with reference to the angle of contact between the liquid and the capillary material and the balance of

force on the column of the liquid in them. The angle of contact is dened as the angle between the tangent and to a drop at the solid boundary with the surface of the solid boundary on which it is placed. If the liquid wets a surface and spreads out, the angle of contact between them is small, but if a liquid does not do so, the angle is large. The extent to which a liquid may wet solid surface depends upon properties of adhesion and cohesion. If the adhesion is more than the cohesion, the wetting tendency is more and the angle of contact is smaller. Whether a liquid would rise or drop in a capillary tube depends upon the angle of contact between the liquid and the capillary material. Acute angle of contact corresponds with capillary rise and obtuse angle of contact with capillary depression. Capillary action is negligible for water and mercury for tube diameters of 1cm or more.

Capillary rise of water, The upward surface tension force = weight of the column in tube. i.e.

where; h = capillary rise, = surface tension force per unit length, = density of the liquid, d = diameter of the glass tube and =angle of contact between the liquid and the tube material. For Water and Glass 0

Hence the capillary rise of water in a glass tube is:

It may be noted that if a liquid surface supports another uid of density b above the meniscus, then a balance of forces would result in

Referring to capillary depression, the depression is given by the balance of downward force, of surface tension and the upward hydrostatic force on the meniscus due to head h of the uid outside the tube. Surface tension on a Liquid drop: Consider a small spherical droplet of a liquid. On the entire surface of the droplet, the tensile force due to surface tension will be acting Let; = the surface tension of the liquid p = pressure intensity inside the droplet (in excess of the outside pressure intensity) d = Diameter of the droplet

Let the droplet cut into two halves. The forces acting on one half ( say on left half) will be 1. Tensile force due to surface tension acting around the circumference of the cut portion as shown in the below gure and this equal to: x circumference = .d N 2. Pressure force on the area = p.d /4 N
2

These two forces will be equal and opposite and under equilibrium,

For general curved surface with radii of curvature r1 and r2 at a point of interest

Hollow bubbles such as soap bubbles have two surfaces on which surface tension can act. In such cases:

Interestingly, soap solution has a high value of which makes it possible for the soap bubble to be large in diameter for small pressure of

blowing. Surface tension on Liquid jet: Consider a liquid jet of diameter d and length L as shown in the gure:

Let p = Pressure intensity inside the jet above the outside pressure = Surface tension of the liquid L = length of the jet Consider the equilibrium of the semi jet, we have Force due to pressure = p x area = p.L.d Force due to surface tension = . 2L Equating the two forces, we have:

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2 Responses to Properties of Fluid | Capillarity, Bubbles and Liquid Jets

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Questions & Answers II State Bernoullis equation Bernoullis equation may be stated as the sum of the kinetic energy (velocity head) and pressure energy (static head) and potential energy (elevation head) of an ideal, incompressible uid is

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