Solutions Manual to

FIber 0ptIcs and

0ptoelectronIcs
R.P. Khare
Birla Institute of Technology and Science
Pilani (Rajasthan)

Oxford University Press 2004. All rights reserved. Not for sale or further circulation.
Photocopying prohibited. For restricted use by faculty using Fiber Optics and Optoelectronics
as a text in the classroom.
1
Preface
This solutions manual has been written to aid the instructors in teaching this
course. In the busy schedule it becomes difficult to find time for attempting newer
problems and solving them. The author, therefore, felt that a readymade solutions manual
should be made available to the instructors who are prescribing Fiber Optics and
Optoelectronics as a textbook for their students. In fact a number of solved examples are
already given in the textbook and the key to multiple choice questions is also given at the
end of each set of such questions. However, the numerical review questions need
elaborate solutions. These are presented in this manual. I hope the reader would now
enjoy solving these problems.
The author will welcome suggestions from instructors for improvement in the
textbook or its presentation. They may mail to khare@bits-pilani.ac.in.
R P Khare
2
Chapter 2: Ray Propagation in Optical Fibers
2.3 The parameter that varies with the surrounding medium is acceptance angle
m
of
the fiber.
NA = n
a
sin
m
Since NA is a constant for a SI fiber, change in n
a
will change the value of

m
. In the present case, NA = 0.244 (see Example 2.1), and n
a
= 1.33, we have
n
a
sin
m
= 1.33 Sin
m
= 0.244.
This gives
m
= 10.57
o
.
Other parameters do not depend on n
a
and hence they will not be affected.
2.4 NA = n
a
sin
m
= 1 sin 20
o
0.34
However, NA is also given by: NA = 2 n
1
Therefore, n
1
=
03 . 0 2
34 . 0

= 1.388
Now n
a
sin
m
= n
1
sin
m
= n
1
cos
c
= 0.34
This gives cos
c

388 . 1
34 . 0
= 0.2449
and
c
76
o
2.6 (a) NA = 0.17 = n
a
sin
m
= 1.33 sin
m
Therefore
m
= 7.34
o
(b) Since NA = ( )
2
1
2
2
2
1
n n = 0.17 and n
2
= 1.46
n
1
= ( ) ( ) [ ] 47 . 1 46 . 1 17 . 0
2
1
2 2
+
Now n
a
sin
m
= n
1
cos
c
= 1.47cos
c
=0.17;
which gives
c
= 83.35
o
3
2.7 (a) The r.i. of core = n
1
=
( )
( )
5 . 1
ms 10 2
ms 10 3
v
c
1 8
1 8

and; since sin

c
=
1
2
n
n
,
the r.i. of cladding = n
2
= n
1
sin
c
= 1.5 sin 75
o
1.448
Therefore NA = [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ] 388 . 0 448 . 1 5 . 1 n n
2
1
2 2
2
1
2
2
2
1

(b)
( )
( )
1 10
1 8
2
2 1 1
sm 10 79 . 1
448 . 1 ms 10 3
448 . 1 5 . 1 5 . 1
n
n n
c
n
l
T

,
_

2.9 (a) The power p(t) in the pulse varies as follows:

p(t) = ; t
2
p
0

0 < t < 2
= 0; elsewhere
Therefore,
1
]
1

0
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
p
2
t
2
p
. dt t .
2
p
(b)

3
4
dt t
2
p
p
1
. dt t ). t ( p
1
t
2
2
0
0
0
2
0
(c) [ ]

2
0
2
2 2
t dt ) t ( p t
1

1
]
1

2
0
2
0 2
0
3
4
dt t
2
p
. t
p
1
= 2
2

9
16
2

=
9
2
2

=
3
2
4
2.10 (a) NA = ( ) ( ) [ ] 5272 . 0 40 . 1 496 . 1
2
1
2 2

For air, n
a
= 1,
Therefore NA = n
a
sin
m
= 0.5272
This gives
m
= 31.81
o
(b) For water, n
a
= 1.33,
Therefore n
a
sin
m
= 1.33 sin
m
= 0.5272,
giving us
m
= 23.35
o
5
Chapter 3: Wave propagation in planar waveguides
3.8: (a) V = ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1
2 2
2
1
2
2
2
1
455 . 1 46 . 1
m 30 . 1
m 14
n n
a 2

V 4
Referring to Fig. 3.4 of the textbook, the arc of circle of radius V = 4,
intersects three ua versus wa curves corresponding to m = 0, 1 and 2.
Therefore the guide supports these three modes. (The same information
can also be gathered by calculating

V 2
and recalling that M is an integer
greater than

,
_

V 2
.
(b) The abscissae of the intersecting points of ua versus wa curves (see
Fig. 3.4 of text book) for m = 0, 1 and 2 with the quadrant of circle of radius
V = 4 give the values of u
m
a and the corresponding ordinates give the value of
w
m
a. b
m
and
m
can also be calculated from these parameters. All these
parameters for different values of m are listed in the table below.
m u
m
a (rad) u
m
(m
1
) w
m
a w
m
(m
1
)
2
m
m
V
a w
b
,
_

0 1.25235 1.789010
5
3.79889 5.426910
5
0.90197
1 2.47458 3.535110
5
3.14269 4.489510
5
0.61109
2 3.59531 5.136110
5
1.75322 2.504610
5
0.19211
The phase propagation constants
m
for different modes, m, can be calculated
using the following relation:
( ) { }
2
1
2
2
2
1 m
2
2 m
b +
where
1
= kn
1
=
1 6
6
1
m 10 0565 . 7
10 30 . 1
46 . 1 2

n 2

2
= kn
2
=
1 6
6
2
m 10 0323 . 7
10 30 . 1
455 . 1 2

n 2

6
3.9 The maximum thickness of the guide layer that can support M modes is given by
2a =
( )
2
1
2
2
2
1
n n 2
M

In the present case, M = 10, = 0.90 m, n

1
= 3.6 and n
2
= 3.58.
Therefore, 2a =
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
m 875 . 11
58 . 3 6 . 3 2
m 90 . 0 10
2
1
2 2

max
=
1
= kn
1
=
1 5
6
1
m 10 513 . 2
10 90 . 0
6 . 3 2

n 2

min
=
2
= kn
2
=
1 5
6
2
10 499 . 2
10 90 . 0
58 . 3 2

2

m
n

3.10 (a) V = ( )
( )
( )
( ) 02 . 0 2 5 . 1 .
m 55 . 1
m 10
2 n
a 2
1

V 6.
From Fig. 3.4, it can be easily seen that for V = 6, the guide will
support 4 modes: 2 symmetric modes corresponding to m = 0 and 2; and, 2
antisymmetric modes corresponding to m = 1 and 3.
(b) From Fig. 3.4 of textbook, the intersections of ua versus wa curves for
different values of m with the circle of radius V = 6 gives the values of
u
m
a and a w
m
. The results are listed in the tabular form below.
m u
m
a
(rad)
u
m
(m
1
) w
m
a(rad) w
m
(m
1
)
2
m
m
V
a w
b
,
_

0 1.34475 2.689510
5
5.84736 1.16947210
6
0.94976
1 2.67878 5.3575610
5
5.36881 1.07376210
6
0.80067
2 3.98583 7.9716610
5
4.48477 8.9695410
5
0.558698
3 5.22596 1.04519210
6
2.94776 5.8955210
5
0.241369
( ) { }
2
1
2
2
2
1 m
2
2 m
b +
7
where
1
= kn
1
=
1 6
6
1
m 10 08 . 6
10 55 . 1
5 . 1 2

n 2

2
= kn
2
=
1 6
6
2
m 10 9588 . 5
10 55 . 1
47 . 1 2

n 2

This gives,

m
= [1.459 b
m
+ 35.507]

10
6
m
1
3.11 For antisymmetric modes,
E
y
(x) = B sin ux; | x | < a
= ( ) a | x | ; | x | w exp D
| x |
x
>
Power inside the guide layer,
( )

a
a
2
0
in
dx ux sin B
2
1
P
= ( )

a
0
2
0
dx ux 2 cos 1 B
2
=
a
0
2
0
ux 2 sin
u 2
1
x B
2
1
]
1

=
1
]
1

ua 2 sin
u 2
1
a B
2
2
0
(1)
Power outside the guide layer,
( ) ( )
1
]
1

a
a
2
y
2
y
0
out
dx x E dx x E
2
1
P
=

a
2
y
0
dx ) x ( E 2
2
1
8
= ( )dx wx 2 exp D
a
2
0

1
]
1

a
wx 2 2
0
e
w 2
1
D
=
1
]
1

wa 2 2
0
e
w 2
1
D (2)
The confinement factor
G =
out in
in
P P
P
+
(3)
Substituting the values of P
in
and P
out
from (1) and (2) in (3), we get
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

1
]
1

wa 2 2
0
2
0
2
0
e .
w
1
D .
2
1
ua 2 sin .
u 2
1
a B .
2
1
ua 2 sin .
u 2
1
a B .
2
1
G
=
2
wa 2
B
D
e .
w
1
ua 2 sin
u 2
1
a
ua 2 sin .
2
1
a

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

(4)
At x = a, B sin ua = D e
wa
Therefore, ua sin . e
B
D
wa
(5)
Substituting for
B
D
from (5) in (4) and manipulating, we get,
G =

,
_

,
_

,
_

ua sin .
w
1
ua 2 sin
u 2
1
a
ua 2 sin .
u 2
1
a
2
9
This result can also be expressed in the following form:
G =
( )
1
2
ua
ua cos . ua sin
1 wa
ua sin
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

'

+ (6)
(b) Given that 2a = 6.523 m, n
1
= 1.50, n
2
= 1.48 and = 1.0m
Therefore, V = ( )
2
1
2
2
2
1
n n
a 2

= ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1
2 2
48 . 1 5 . 1
1
523 . 6

5
So the guide supports 4 modes corresponding to m = 0, 1, 2 and 3.
m = 0, 2 are symmetric modes
m = 1, 3 are antisymmetric modes.
From Fig. 3.4, the values of ua and wa may be written as follows.
m ua(rad) wa(rad)
0 1.30644 4.8263
1 2.59574 4.27342
2 3.83747 3.20529
3 4.9063 0.963466
To calculate G-factors for symmetric modes, use formula (3.81) of text
book; and for antisymmetric modes use formula (6) derived in part (a) of this
question.
The respective calculations are given as follows:
10
G
m = 0
=
1
2
30644 . 1
) 30644 . 1 sin( ). 30644 . 1 cos(
1 8263 . 4
) 30644 . 1 ( cos
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

'

+
+
= 0.98828
G
m = 1
=
1
2
5974 . 2
) 5974 . 2 sin( ). 5974 . 2 cos(
1 27342 . 4
) 5974 . 2 ( sin
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

'

+
= 0.94889
G
m = 2
=
1
2
83747 . 3
) 83747 . 3 sin( ). 83747 . 3 cos(
1 20529 . 3
) 83747 . 3 ( cos
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

'

+
+
= 0.85992
G
m = 3
=
1
2
9063 . 4
) 9063 . 4 sin( ). 9063 . 4 cos(
1 963466 . 0
) 9063 . 4 ( sin
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

'

+
= 0.50960
11
Chapter 4: Wave Propagation in Cylindrical Waveguides
4.2 (b) (i)
2
1
2
2
2
1
n 2
n n

Therefore n
2
= n
1
(1 2A)

= 1.46 (1 2 0.01)

= 1.445
(ii) 25 ) 01 . 0 2 ( 46 . 1
) m ( 3 . 1
) m ( 50
2 n
a 2
V
1

(iii) M
s
=
( )
312
2
25
2
V
2 2

4.3 (b)
1 6
6
1 1 max
m 10 93 . 10
) m ( 10 85 . 0
48 . 1 2
n
2
kn

1 6
6
2 2 min
m 10 82 . 10
) m ( 10 85 . 0
465 . 1 2
n
2
kn

4.4 The cut off frequency for single mode operation is given by
V
c
= 2.405
2
1
2
1
,
_

+
This should be equal to V given by
V =

2 n
a 2
0
Therefore, for this case the following equality should be satisfied

2 n
a 2
0
= 2.405
2
1
2
1
,
_

+
or 2a =

,
_

+
2 n
2
1 405 . 2
0
2
1
In the present problem, = 1, n
0
= 1.5 and A 0.013.
12
Hence (i) for = 1.3 m,
( )( )
( )
m 1 . 7
013 . 0 2 5 . 1
2 1 m 3 . 1 405 . 2
a 2
2
1


+

and (ii) for = 1.55 m,

( )( )
( )
m 5 . 8
013 . 0 2 5 . 1
2 1 m 55 . 1 405 . 2
a 2
2
1


+

4.6
( )
1
1
1
]
1

'

,
_

+

+

3
2
c g
eff g
kR n 2
3
R
a 2
2
2
1
2
1
M
) M (
(1)
In the present problem = 2, A 0.01, a 50 m,
n
c
= 1.48 and k =
1
) m ( 39 . 7
) m ( 85 . 0
2 2

.
Substituting the valves of different parameters in eq. (1),
we get
1
1
1
]
1

'

,
_

+
3
2
R
1371 . 0
R
100
100 1
2
1
;
where R is measured in m.
Solving this equation, we get
R 1.66 10
4
m
or R 1.66 cm
4.7 The complete transverse electric field will be given by
E
z
= A J
l
,
_

a
ur
.e
il
.e
i(tz)
; r < a (1)
13
and E
z
= B K
l
,
_

a
wr
.e
il
.e
i(tz)
; r > a (2)
where A and B are arbitrary constants.
The solutions for the transverse magnetic field are similar but the constants will
be different. Thus
H
z
= C J
l
,
_

a
ur
.e
il
.e
i(tz)
; r < a (3)
and H
z
= D K
l
,
_

a
wr
.e
il
.e
i(tz)
; r > a (4)
Let us derive the expression for E
r
first inside the core and then in the cladding. It
is given that
1
]
1

z z
2
r
r
H
.
r
1
r
E
k
i
E (5)
Substituting the values of E
z
and H
z
from (1) and (3) in (5), we get
1
]
1

,
_

'

'

,
_

) z t ( i
l
il ) z t ( i il
l
2
r
r
e .
a
ur
CJ . e .
r
1
e e .
a
ur
J
r
AB
k
i
E
=
1
]
1

,
_

+
,
_

) z t ( i il
l
) z t ( i il
l
2
r
e . e
a
ur
J .
r
i
C e e .
a
ur
J .
a
u
A
k
i
or
) z t ( i il
l l
2
r
r
e e
a
ur
J
r
i C
a
ur
J A
a
u
k
i
E

1
]
1

,
_

+
,
_

(6)
where ( ) [ ]
2
r 0 r 0
2 2 2 2
r
. . k
Inside the dielectric medium, such as glass fiber,

r
= 1,
r
= n
2
and

0
=
2
C
1
.
14
Therefore
[ ]
2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2
r
n k
c
n
k
1
]
1

(7)
where k =

2
c
= free space propagation constant.
Note that for a SI fiber inside the core, n = n
1
and in the cladding n = n
2
.
Similarly, inside the cladding, (r > a).
) z t ( i il
l l
2
r
r
e . e
a
wr
K
r
i D
a
wr
K
a
w B
k
i
E

1
]
1

,
_

+
,
_

(8)
Expressions for E

, H
r
and H

can be derived in a similar manner.

4.8 n(r) = n
0
a r ;
a
r
2 1
2
1

'

,
_

Substituting A
2
0
2
c
2
0
n 2
n n
in the above equation and taking the square on both
sides, we get
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

a
r
.
n 2
n n
2 1 n ) r ( n
2
0
2
c
2
0 2
0
2
.
= ( )
1
1
]
1

,
_

a
r
n n n
2
c
2
0
2
0
Therefore the local numerical aperture, NA(r) would be given by
NA(r) = { }
2
1
2
c
2
n ) r ( n
= ( )
2
1
2
c
2
c
2
0
2
0
n
a
r
n n n
1
1
]
1

,
_

15
= ( )
2
1
2
c
2
0
a
r
1 n n
1
1
]
1

'

,
_

The mean square value of the numerical aperture taken over the core area may be
given by the following relation:
Mean square value of NA =

a
0
a
0
2
rdr 2
rdr 2 ). r ( NA
=
( )
2
a
0
2
c
2
0
a
rdr 2
a
r
1 n n

1
1
]
1

,
_

=
( )
a
0
2 2
2
2
c
2
0
) 2 (
r
.
a
2
2
r 2
a
n n
1
]
1

=
( )
1
]
1

2
a 2
a
a
n n
2
2
2
2
c
2
0
= ( )

,
_

2
n n
2
c
2
0
.
Therefore, root mean square value of numerical aperture for an -profile would
be given by
(NA)
rms
= ( )
2
1
2
c
2
0
n n .
2
1
]
1

,
_

4.9 (a) (NA)

rms
= ( )
2
1
2
c
2
0
n n .
2
1
]
1

,
_

Given that = 2, n
0
= 1.460 and n
c
= 1.445
Therefore (NA)
rms
= ( ) ( ) { }
2
1
2 2
445 . 1 46 . 1
2 2
2
1
]
1

,
_

+
16
= 0.1476
(b)
0
= kn
0
=
( )
1
3
0
mm 7056 46 . 1
mm 10 3 . 1
2
n
2

A
( ) ( )
( )
0102 . 0
46 . 1 2
445 . 1 46 . 1
n 2
n n
2
2 2
2
0
2
c
2
0

V = ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 23 . 25 445 . 1 46 . 1
3 . 1
50
n n
a 2
2
1
2 2
2
1
2
c
2
0

(c) M
g
=
( )
159
2
23 . 25
2 2
2
2
V
2
2 2

,
_

,
_

4.10 (a) Given that = 1, M

g
= 500, n
0
= 1.46, 2a = 75 m and = 1.3 m.
Therefore M
g
=
6
V
2
V
.
2 1
1
2
V
.
2
2 2 2

,
_

or V = 77 . 54 500 6 M 6
g

As V can also be expressed as
V

2 n
a 2
0
, we have
A 021 . 0
46 . 1 75
77 . 54 3 . 1
2
1
n ) a 2 (
V
2
1
2
2
0

1
]
1

1
]
1

(b) V
c
= 2.405 165 . 4
1
2
1 405 . 2
2
1
2
1
2
1

,
_

+
,
_

+
If we assume that the core diameter for single mode operation is a 2 , V
can be written as
V = 165 . 4 2 n
a 2
0

or
( )
m 76 . 5
021 . 0 2 46 . 1
m 3 . 1 165 . 4
a 2



17
4.11 (a) Given that = 2, 2a = 70m n
0
= 1.47, n
c
= 1.45 and = 1.3m. Then

0
= kn
0
=
1 6
6
0
m 10 1048 . 7
) m ( 10 3 . 1
47 . 1 2
n
2

c
= kn
c
=
1 6
6
c
m 10 1008 . 7
) m ( 10 3 . 1
45 . 1 2
n
2

( ) ( )
( )
01351 . 0
47 . 1 2
45 . 1 47 . 1
n 2
n n
2
2 2
2
0
2
c
2
0

(b) V = 88 . 40 01351 . 0 2 47 . 1
3 . 1
70
2 n
a 2
0

M
g
=
( )
418
4
88 . 40
4
V
2 2
.
18
Chapter 5: Single Mode Fibers
5.2 (b) Given that
n
1
= 1.46, 2a = 8m, A 0.0052
In general,
V =

2 n
a 2
1
For single mode operation, in a SI fiber
V = V
c
= 2.405,
Therefore,
( )
405 . 2
0052 . 0 2 46 . 1 m 8
2 n
V
a 2
1
c
c

or
c
= 1.556m
5.4 V =

2 n
a 2
1
At
1
= 1.31m, V
1
= 449 . 2 0036 . 0 2 4677 . 1
31 . 1
1 . 4 2


Therefore, using eq. (5.3) of the text book we get,
w =
( )
( ) 1
1
]
1

+ +
6
2
3
449 . 2
879 . 2
449 . 2
619 . 1
65 . 0 1 . 4
= 4.1 [0.65 + 0.4224 + 0.01334]
or w = 4.452 m
Employing eq. (5.5), we get
w
p
= 4.452 4.1
( )
1
]
1

+
7
449 . 2
567 . 1
016 . 0
19
or w
p
= 4.374m
At
2
= 1.55m, V
2
= 0705 . 2 0036 . 0 2 4682 . 1
55 . 1
1 . 4 2


w = 4.1
( )
( ) 1
1
]
1

+ +
6
2
3
0705 . 2
879 . 2
0705 . 2
619 . 1
65 . 0
= 4.1 [0.65 + 0.5434 + 0.0365]
or w = 5.0427 m
w
p
= 5.0427 4.1
( )
1
]
1

+
7
0705 . 2
567 . 1
016 . 0
or w
p
= 4.9377m
5.5 (a)
1
=
1 6
6
1
m 833 . 4 10
) m ( 10 3 . 1
2
n .
2

and
2
=
1 5
6
2
m 33 . 48 10
) m ( 10 3 . 1
2
n .
2

Range of = 4.833 48.33 m

1
(b) L
p1
= m 30 . 1 ) m (
833 . 4
2 2
1

L
p2
= m 13 . 0 ) m (
33 . 48
2 2
2

L
p
varies from 13 cm to 1.3 m
5.7 Given that n
1
= 1.48, A 0.0027, = 1.32 and a = 4.4 m
n
2
n
1
(1 A) 1.476
V = 2778 . 2 0027 . 0 2 48 . 1
32 . 1
4 . 4 2


20
Using eq. (5.24) of the text book, we have
( )
2
2
2
V 834 . 2 549 . 0 080 . 0 ) bV (
dV
Vd
+
= 0.2498
From eq. (5.23), we get
( ) ( )
2498 . 0
m 32 . 1 ms 10 3
0027 . 0 476 . 1
D
1 8
w

= 2.5138 10
12
s(m
1
) (km
1
)
= 2.5138 ps (nm
1
) (km
1
)
5.9 D = D
m
+ D
w
= 0
Since D
m
= 7 ps nm
1
km
1
, D
w
= 7 ps nm
1
km
1
From eq. (5.23) and (5.24), we get
D
w
= ( ) [ ]
2
2
V 834 . 2 549 . 0 080 . 0
c
n
+

n
1
= 1.48, A 1, n
2
= n
1
(1 A) 1.48 (1 0.01)
or n
2
= 1.4652
D
w
=
( ) ( )
( ) [ ]
2
1 8
V 834 . 2 549 . 0 080 . 0
m 55 . 1 ms 10 3
01 . 0 4652 . 1
+

= 31.509 (ps nm
1
km
1
) [0.080 + 0.549 (2.834 V)
2
]
Thus, in order to get D = 0, we should have
7 = 31.509 [0.080 + 0.549 (2.834 V)
2
]
This gives V = 2.325
Since V =

2 n
a 2
1
, we get
21
Core radius, a =
( )
01 . 0 2 48 . 1 2
m 55 . 1 325 . 2
2 n 2
V
1

= 2.74 m
5.11
Fig. Q 5.11
Given that,
n
1
= 1.46, 2a = 8.2 m, A 0.003, 2a
1
= 25m
P(r) = P
0
exp

,
_

2
2
w
r 2
At
1
= 1.30 m,
V
1
= 241 . 2 003 . 0 2 46 . 1
3 . 1
2 . 8
2 n
a 2
1
1

and at
2
= 1.55 m
8.2 m
25 m
22
V
2
= 879 . 1 003 . 0 2 46 . 1
55 . 1
2 . 8
2 n
a 2
1
2

Therefore at
1
= 1.3 m, (using eq. 5.3),
w 4.1
( ) ( )
1
]
1

+ +
6 5 . 1
241 . 2
879 . 2
241 . 2
619 . 1
65 . 0
= 4.1 [0.65 + 0.48259 + 0.0227]
w = 4.7368 m
and at
2
= 1.55 m,
w = 4.1
( ) ( )
1
]
1

+ +
6 5 . 1
879 . 1
879 . 2
879 . 1
619 . 1
65 . 0
= 4.1 [6.65 + 0.6285 + 0.0654] = 5.51 m
At
1
= 1.30 m, the fractional power at r = a
1
= 12.5 m
1
1
]
1

,
_

1
1
]
1

,
_

2
2
0
m 7368 . 4
m 5 . 12
2 exp
w
r
2 exp
P
) r ( P
7
0
10 9387 . 8
) (


P
r P
(1)
and at
2
= 1.55m, the fractional power at r = a
1
= 12.5m
5
2
0
10 3869 . 3
m 51 . 5
m 5 . 12
2 exp
P
) r ( P


1
1
]
1

,
_

(2)
Eq. (1) & (2) give the fraction of optical power reaching the inner-outer cladding
interface and that may be lost by transmission into the outer parts of the cladding. In
practice a fraction of this power may be reflected and some may be refracted.
23
Chapter 6: Optical fiber cables and connections
6.4 L
F
= log
10
(
F
) = 0.36 dB
This gives
F
= 0.92 =
4
2
) 1 k (
k 16
+
(from eq. 6.3 of text book)
For air, n = 1, therefore k =
1
1
n
n
n

Thus k
2
2.17 k + 1 = 0
or 0 1 n 17 . 2 n
1
2
1
+
Solving this we get n
1
= 1.5. The second root of this equation is less than 1, which
is not possible.
6.6 Using eq. (6.11) of the text book,
L
ang
= 10 log
10

ang
= 0.6 dB (1)
This is due to 4
o
angular misalignment.
From eq. (1),
ang
= 0.87
But from eq. (6.8),
87 . 0
NA
n
1
ang

1
]
1

In this problem, n = 1.46 and A = 4
o
= 0.0698 rad and hence
NA = 25 . 0
13 . 0
0698 . 0 46 . 1

6.8 Given that 12 . 0 % 12

a 2
y

n
1
= 1.5 and n = 1.47
24
Therefore, k = 02 . 1
47 . 1
5 . 1
n
n
1


F
= 99957 . 0
663 . 16
041 . 1 16
) 1 02 . 1 (
) 02 . 1 ( 16
) 1 k (
k 16
4
2
4
2

+
And,
1
1
1
]
1

'

,
_

,
_

,
_

2
1
2
1
lat
a 2
y
1
a 2
y
a 2
y
cos
2
or { }
1
]
1

2
1
2
lat
) 12 . 0 ( 1 ) 12 . 0 ( 4505 . 1
2
= 0.8475
Hence the total coupling efficiency,
T
would be

T
=
F

lat
= 0.99957 0.84757 = 0.8472
This gives a total loss at the joint,
L
T
= 10 log
10

T
0.72 dB.
6.10 The Fresnel reflection coefficient, R is given by
R =
2
1
1
n n
n n

,
_

Its first derivative w.r.t. n

1
would be
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
1
]
1

'

+
+ +

,
_

,
_

n n
dn
d
n n
1
n n n n
dn
d
n n
1
n n
n n
2
dn
dR
1
1
2
1
1 1
1 1 1
1
1
or
( )
( )
( )
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

1
2
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
dn
dn
1
n n
n n
dn
dn
1
n n
1
n n
n n
2
dn
dR
In this expression n is a constant as it is the refractive index of the
surrounding medium.
25
Hence 0
dn
dn
1
. This gives us
( )
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
( )
3
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
n n
n n n 4
n n n n
n n
n n
2
dn
dR
+

+
+

For small variation in n

1
, An
1
, will, therefore, produce a small variation AR in R
given by:
AR
( )
( )
1
3
1
1
n .
n n
n n n 4

26
Chapter 7: Optoelectronic Sources
7.3 The net rate of recombination per unit volume of excess minority electrons in the
p-side
=
( )
p
n
dt
t n d

(1)
Solving (1) gives us
An(t) = An(0). exp (t/
p
) (2)
where An(0) is the excess carrier concentration at t 0. The mean life time of the
excess minority holes will then be given by
( )
( )

,
_

,
_

,
_

0 p
0 p
t
exp . 0 n
dt
t
exp 0 n . t
t
or
p
t (3)
7.4 Given that N
a
= 10
21
m
3
and N
d
= 10
23
m
3
. It means that n-side is doped more
heavily as compared with the p-side. Hence, in this case, (see eq. 7.49 of text
book)
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

+

d
a
h
e
e
h
inj
N
N

L
L

D
D
1
1
Now D
e
=
( ) ( ) ( )
C 10 6 . 1
K 300 JK 10 38 . 1 s V m 85 . 0
e
kT
19
1 23 1 1 2
e

= 0.02199 m
2
s
1
Similarly, D
h
=
1 2 3
h
s m 10 1.035
e
kT

27
Therefore
inj
=
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

23
21 3
10
10
1
1
02199 . 0
10 035 . 1
1
1
= 0.9995
7.5 (a) The power radiated by the p-n diode as a function of photon energy,
P(E
ph
), may be written as
( ) ( ) ( )

2 1 2 ph
dE E p . E n E P
with the constraint that E
2
E
1
= E
ph
or P(E
ph
) =
( ) ( )
2
1 v
E E
E E
c 2
dE
kT
E E
exp .
kT
E E
exp
ph v
c 2
1
]
1

1
]
1

where is a constant.
or P(E
ph
) =
( ) ( )
2
1 2
E E
E E
v c
dE
kT
E E
exp .
kT
E E
exp
ph v
c 2
1
]
1

1
]
1

= exp

+
1
1
]
1

,
_

ph v
c
E E
E
2
g ph
dE
kT
E E
= ( )
1
1
]
1

,
_

kT
E E
exp E E
g ph
g ph
28
Electron
Energy
E
2

E
v
+E
ph
E
c
n (E
2
)

E
g

E
v
p(E
1
)

E
c
-E
ph

E
1
Fig. Q 7.5
Fig. Q.7.5
(b)
( ) ( ) ( )
0
kT
E E
- 1
kT
E E
exp
dE
E dP
g ph g ph
ph
ph

1
]
1

1
]
1

, for maximum P.
Therefore (E
ph
)
peak
= E
g
+ kT;
and P (at peak E
ph
) = .
e
kT
7.7 (a) Using eq. (7.61) of text book
( )
( )
0821 . 0
7 . 3 2
50 . 1
n 2
n
F
2
2
2
s
2
a

E
ph
Free Electron
Density
Hole Density
29
(b) Given that a
s
= 10% = 0.1 t = 1 and
inj
= 0.40

ext
=
inj
(1 a
s
) (1) F.
= 0.40 (1 0.1) (1) 0.0821
= 0.0295
(c) The fraction of incident radiation collected and propagated by the fiber is
given by (see eq. 7.113)
( ) ( )
( )
01137 . 0
50 . 1
16 . 0
n
NA
2
2
2
a
2
m

(d)
T
=
ext

m

= 0.0295 0.01137 = 3.35 10

4
(e) If the LED is emitting in air,
( ) ( )
( )
0256 . 0
1
16 . 0
n
NA
2
2
2
a
2
m

7.8 (a) 4545 . 0

100
120
1
1
1
1
nr
rr
int

+

+

(b)
ph int int
E
e
I
.

,
_

= 0.4545 ( ) ( ) [ ] J e 1.42 A
e
10 100
3

1
]
1

= 0.0645 W = 64.5 mW
Power supplied to LED = VI = 1.5 100 10
3
= 150 10
3
W
= 150 mW.
Therefore internal power efficiency = . 43 . 0
150
5 . 64

30
(c) If the diode is emitting in air, the external quantum efficiency would be
given by
( )
( )
2
s s
s int ext
1 n n
2
a 1
+

=
( )
( )
2
1 7 . 3 7 . 3
2 1 . 0 1 4545 . 0
+

= 0.010
( ) e 42 . 1
e
10 100
010 . 0 E
e
I
3
ph ext ext

,
_

,
_

or
ext
= 1.42 10
3
W = 1.42 mW
Therefore, external power efficiency = 0095 . 0
150
42 . 1

(d)
T
=
ext
.
( ) ( )
2
a
2
1
ext
2
a
2
n
2 n
n
NA

Given that n
a
= 1.5, NA = 2 n
1
= 1.46 02 . 0 2 =0.292
Using eq. (7.65), we can calculate
ext
for this part as follows

ext
=
int
(1 a
s
)
( )
2
s a s
3
a
n n n
n 2
+
=
2
3
) 7 . 3 5 . 1 ( 7 . 3
) 5 . 1 ( 2 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 4545 . 0
+

= 0.0275
Therefore,
T
= 0.0275
( )
( )
3
2
2
10 042 . 1
5 . 1
292 . 0


and
T
=
T
( ) e 42 . 1
e
10 100
10 042 . 1 E
e
I
3
3
ph

,
_

,
_

or
T
= 1.4796 10
4
W = 0.14796 mW.
31
Thus overall source-fiber power coupling efficiency
=
4
10 86 . 9
mW 150
mW 14796 . 0


and optical loss = 10 log
10
(9.86 10
4
) = 30 dB.
7.9 In the presence of back enrission, the fraction, F, of the total optical power that
can be collected at the semiconductor-air surface is given by
F =
2
s
2
a
n 2
n
(see eq. 7.61 of the text book)
In the absence of back enrission, this factor will be doubled and the new value of
F will be
2
s
2
a
n
n
F
Further, R and t remain the same but a
s
= 0 and hence T = 1.
Therefore
ext
=
int
tT F
=
( )
2
s a
s a
2
s
2
a
int
n n
n n 4
n
n
+
1
=
( )
2
s a s
3
a
int
n n n
n 4
+

Given that n
a
= 1, n
s
= 3.7,
int
= 0.60

( )
029 . 0
7 . 3 1 7 . 3
1 4 60 . 0
2
ext

+


(a) Optical power emitted within the LED
=
int
=
int

ph
E .
e
I

,
_

= 0.60 ( ) e eV 43 . 1
e
A 10 120
3

,
_

= 102.96 10
3
W
32
= 102.96 mW
The total power consumed by the device
= 120 10
3
(A) 1.5 (V)
= 180 10
3
W
= 180 mW.
Therefore internal power efficiency = 572 . 0
180
96 . 102

(b) Optical power emitted in air by the LED

=
ext
=
ext
ph
E .
e
I

,
_

= 0.029 ( ) e eV 43 . 1
e
A 10 120
3

,
_

= 4.976 10
3
W
= 4.976 mW
Therefore external power efficiency = 0276 . 0
180
976 . 4

7.11 Using eq. (7.91) of text book, we can calculate the cavity length, L as follows
L =
( )
( )
m 10 62 . 1
Hz 10 250 7 . 3 2
ms 10 3
n 2
c
4
9
1 8

or L = 162 m
The number of longitudinal modes can be calculated using eq. (7.90) as follows:
( )
( ) m 85 . 0
m 162 7 . 3 2
nL 2
1
nL 2 .
c
m

,
_

,
_

33
or m = 1410
7.12 In terms of wavelength m can be expressed as follows:
( )
( ) m 85 . 0
m 500 7 . 3 2 nL 2
m

= 4353
m =

nL 2 .
1
2
Therefore mode separation in terms of wavelength will be given by (putting
m = 1),
( )
m 10 95 . 1
500 7 . 3 2
85 . 0
nL 2
m
4
2 2

or = 0.195 nm
In terms of frequency, m is given by eq. (7.90), i.e.
m =

,
_

c
2nL; and m =

,
_

c
nL 2
. Therefore the mode separation in terms of
frequency will be given by (with m = 1)
10
6
1 8
10 1 . 8
) m ( 10 500 7 . 3 2
ms 10 3
nL 2
c
m

Hz = 81 GHz.
7.13 The threshold gain coefficient for an ILD is given by (see eq. 7.92 of text book).
g
th
=
1
]
1

,
_

2 1
eff
R R
1
ln
L 2
1 1
Given that g
th
J
th
. Therefore
J
th
=
1
]
1

,
_

+

2 1
eff
R R
1
ln
L 2
1 1
(1)
34
In the present problem, = 0.02 cm A
1
,
eff
= 12 cm
1
, L = 300 m = 0.03 cm,
width = W = 100 m = 0.01 cm
n = 3.7 and hence R
1
= 33 . 0
1 7 . 3
1 7 . 3
1 n
1 n
2 2

,
_

,
_

and R
2
= 1.
Substituting the values of given parameters in (1), for a strong carrier confinement
( ) 1 , we get
1
]
1

,
_

33 . 0
1
ln
03 . 0 2
1
12
1 02 . 0
1
J
th
1524 A cm
2
The threshold current, I
th
will be given by
I
th
= J
th
LW = 1524 (A cm
2
) (0.03 cm) (0.01 cm)
= 0.4572 A
7.14 m 185 . 0
5 . 3 2
) m ( 3 . 1 1
2n
m
L or .
nL 2
m

Chapter 8: Optoelectronic Detectors

8.3 Given that = 50% = 0.5 at = 0.90 m.
(a)
) ms ( 10 3 ) Js ( 10 626 . 6
) m ( 10 90 . 0 ) C ( 10 6 . 1 5 . 0
hc
e
1 8 34
6 19

= 0.362 AW
1
(b) I
p
= 10
6
A
Using eq. (8.4) of the text book, we get
35
P
in
=
( )

1
6
p
AW 362 . 0
A 10
I
2.76 10
6
W = 2.76 W
(c) The rate of photons received will be given by
r
p
=
( )
1 8 34
6 6
in in
ms 10 3 ) Js ( 10 626 . 6
) m ( 10 90 . 0 ) W ( 10 76 . 2
hc
P
h
P

= 1.25 10
13
s
1
8.4 Given that = 0.50 at = 1.3 m. Its responsivity would be
523 . 0
10 3 10 626 . 6
10 3 . 1 10 6 . 1 50 . 0
hc
e
8 34
6 19

Therefore I
p
= . P
in
= 0.523 0.4 10
6
= 0.2092 10
6
A
or I
p
= 0.2092 A
The output photocurrent after avalanche gain is
I = 8 A.
Thus the multiplication factor M = 38
2092 . 0
8
I
I
p
.
8.5 For an ideal p-n photodiode, = 1.
(a) At = 0.85 m
1
8 34
6 19
AW 684 . 0
10 3 10 626 . 6
10 85 . 0 10 6 . 1 1

(b) At = 1.30 m,
1
8 34
6 19
AW 046 . 1
10 3 10 626 . 6
10 3 . 1 10 6 . 1 1

(c) At = 1.55 m,
36
1
8 34
6 19
AW 248 . 1
10 3 10 626 . 6
10 55 . 1 10 6 . 1 1

8.6 I
p
= P
in
= 0.40 (AW
1
) 100 10
6
( )
2
2
mm 2
mm
W

,
_

or I
p
= 80 10
6
A = 80 A.
37
Chapter 9: Optoelectronic Modulators
9.2
( ) ( )
m 10 856 . 0
486 . 1 658 . 1 4
) m ( 10 3 . 589
n n 4
x
6
9
e 0

= 0.856 m
9.3
( ) ( )
m 10 88 . 32738
544 . 1 553 . 1 2
) m ( 10 3 . 589
n n 2
x
9
9
0 e

= 0.0327 mm
9.5 From Table 9.1 of the text book, for lithium niobate (LiNbO
3
),
n
0
= 2.29, n
e
= 2.20, and r
33
= 30.8 10
12
m/V.
It is given that
l = 5 mm, = 550 nm, and V = 100 volts
(a) E
z
= m / V 10 2
10 5
100
l
V
4
3

4 12 3
z 33
3
0
10 2 10 8 . 30 ) 29 . 2 (
2
1
E . r n
2
1
n

or An 3.698 10
6
A =
3 6
9
10 5 10 698 . 3
10 550
2
l n
2

= 0.067
Therefore
= 2A = 0.1344
(b) V

=
12 3
9
33
3
0
10 8 . 30 ) 29 . 2 ( 2
10 550
r n 2

or V

= 743.5 V
38
9.6 (a) A (due to intrinsic birefringence) = ( )
e 0
n n
l 2

Substituting the values of constants, we get

). 20 . 2 29 . 2 (
m 10 550
l 2
2
9

Therefore, . m 528 . 1 m 10 5277 . 1

) 09 . 0 ( 4
m 10 550
l
6
9

(b) A (due to external field) = . V .

d
l
n r
3
0 33

,
_

( ) 20
d
10 528 . 1
29 . 2 10 8 . 30
m 10 550 2
6
3 12
9

,
_

d = . m 041 . 0 m 10 1 . 41 20 ) 528 . 1 ( ) 29 . 2 (
550
m 10 8 . 30 2
9 3
9

(c) V

= V
528 . 1
041 . 0
10 8 . 30 ) 29 . 2 (
10 550
l
d
r n 2
12 3
9
63
3
0

,
_

,
_

= 40 V
9.8 Sin
m
= m

,
_

,
_

m 10 375 33 . 1
m 10 633
1
n
6
9
0
= 1.269 10
3
( )

,
_

m 10 375
s 10 4
ms 1500
Hz frequency
wave accoustic of Velocity
6
1 6
1
m = 1

m
= 0.0727
o
39
Chapter 10 : Optical Amplifiers
10.3 (a) P
sat
=

c g c g
hcA A h
From the given parameters, the cross-sectional area of the active region,
A = 5 10
6
(m) 0.5 10
6
(m) = 2.5 10
12
m
2
= 0.4,
g
= 3 10
20
m
2
,
c
= 1 ns = 1 10
9
s and
= 1.3 m = 1.3 10
6
m.
Therefore, P
sat
=
) m ( 10 3 . 1 ) s ( 10 1 ) m ( 10 3 4 . 0
m 10 5 . 2 ) ms ( 10 3 ) Js ( 10 626 . 6
6 9 2 20
2 12 1 8 34




= 3.185 10
2
W
= 31.85 mW.
(b) Zero (or small) signal gain coefficient,
g
0
=
g

1
]
1

tr
c
N
eV
I
= 0.4 3 10
20
(m
2
)
1
]
1

) m ( 10 0 . 1
) m ( 10 5 ) C ( 10 6 . 1
) s ( 10 1 ) A ( 1 . 0
3 24
3 16 19
19
where the volume of the active region has been calculated as follows:
V = 5 10
6
(m) 0.5 10
6
(m) 200 10
6
(m) = 5 10
16
(m
3
)
Thus g
0
= 3000m
1
.
(c) Zero (or small) signal net gain over the length L of the active region will
be given by
G
0
= exp (g
0
L) = exp (3000 2 10
4
) = 1.82.
40
10.4 (i) Using eq. (10.15) of the text book, for R
1
= R
2
= 0.01%, we get
AG
2
4 4
4 4
2
2 1 s
2 1 s
10 10 10 1
10 10 10 1
R R G 1
R R G 1
1
1
]
1

1
1
]
1

+


= 004 . 1
10 1
10 1
2
3
3

,
_

(ii) For R
1
= R
2
= 1%
AG
2
2
9 . 0
1 . 1
01 . 0 01 . 0 10 1
01 . 0 01 . 0 10 1
1
]
1

1
]
1

+
= 1.4938
10.6 If P
s, in
and P
s, out
are signal powers at the input and output ends of an EDFA at the
signal wavelength,
s
; and P
p, in
is the input pump power at a wavelength of
p
;
using the principle of conservation of energy, the following inequality should hold
true:
P
s, out
P
s, in
+
s
p

P
p, in
Therefore PCE
s in , p
in , s out , s
p
P
P P

As
p
<
s
, PCE < 1.
The maximum value that PCE can take is
s
p

.
Therefore ( ) ( ) . 1 . PCE . QCE
s
p
p
s
max
p
s
max

41
10.7 (a) The rate of absorption per unit volume from Er
3+
level E
1
to pump level E
3
due to the pump at
p
(assuming N
2
= 0)
t
p
p p pa
1
p p
p pa
N
hc a
P
N
h a
P

; [N
1
N
t
as N
2
0]
) ms ( 10 3 ) Js ( 10 626 . 6 ) m ( 10 5 . 8
) m ( 10 5 ) m ( 10 98 . 0 ) Js ( 10 30 ) m ( 10 17 . 2
1 8 34 2 12
3 24 6 1 3 2 25

= 1.8879 10
28
m
3
s
1
(b) The rate of absorption per unit volume from Er
3+
level E
1
to the metastable
level E
2
due to the signal at
s
(assuming N
2
N
1

2
N
t
)
2
N
hc a
P
N
h a
P
t
s
s s sa
1
s s
s sa

) m ( 10 3 ) Js ( 10 626 . 6 ) m ( 10 5 . 8
) m ( 10 5 . 2 ) m ( 10 55 . 1 ) Js ( 10 200 ) m ( 10 57 . 2
1 8 34 2 12
3 24 6 1 6 2 25

= 1.1788 10
26
m
3
s
1
The rate of stimulated emission per unit volume from level E
2
to level E
1
due to the signal at
s
(assuming again N
2
N
1
N
t
/2)
2
N
hc a
P
N
h a
P
t
s
s s se
2
s s
s se

) m ( 10 3 ) Js ( 10 626 . 6 ) m ( 10 5 . 8
) m ( 10 5 . 2 ) m ( 10 55 . 1 ) Js ( 10 200 ) m ( 10 41 . 3
1 8 34 2 12
3 24 6 1 6 2 25

= 1.564 10
26
m
3
s
1
10.8 (a) In the present problem
p
= 0.98 m,
s
= 1.55 m
P
s, in
= 0 dBm = 1 mW
P
s, out
= 20 dBm = 100 mW
Therefore, the gain of the amplifier, G = 100
mW 1
mW 100

42
G(dB) = 10 log
10
100 = 20 dB.
(b) Assuming there is no spontaneous emission
G
in , s s
in , p p
in , s
out , s
P
P
1
P
P

+
In order to achieve a specific maximum gain, G, the input pump power
should be
( )
in , s
p
s
in , p
P . 1 G P

,
_

The limiting value of
P
p, in
= ( ) W 10 58 . 156 10 1
98 . 0
55 . 1
1 100
3 3

,
_

or P
p, in
156.6 mW.
43
Chapter 11: Wavelength Division Multiplexing
11.2 (b) Using eq (11.2) and (11.3) of the text book
P
1
= P
0
cos
2
(z)
and P
2
= P
0
sin
2
(z)
If the splitting ratio is 10 : 90,the required interaction length L will be
given by
2
2
1
cot
9
1
P
P
(L)
or tan (L) = 3
which gives L 1.25/
11.5 (b) For demultiplexer with 32 channels spaced at 50 GHz, the FSR should
be at least 32 50 = 1600 GHz.
Since the centre wavelength is 1.55 m, corresponding frequency is
Hz 10 935 . 1
10 55 . 1
10 3 C
14
6
8
c
c

Using eq. (11.15), we get

m =
( )
121
10 1600
10 935 . 1
9
14
FSR
c

44
Chapter 12: Fiber Optic Communication Systems
12.2 Given that P
tx
= 13 dBm, P
rx
= 40 dBm,
f
= 0.5 dB/km,
splice
= 0.1
dB/splice,
con
= 0.5 dB/connector, M
s
= 7 dB and the continuous length of a
single piece of fiber = 5 km.
Assuming the repeaterless distance to be L, the number of splices would be
5
L
1
5
L

,
_

; and the related splice loss would be ( ) dB 1 . 0

5
L
.
The attenuation within the fiber would be
f
.L = 0.5L (dB)
Using eq. (12.1) and (12.2) of the text book, we have
P
tx
= P
rx
+
f
L +
con
+
splice
+ M
s
or 13 dBm = 40 dBm + 0.5 L (dB) + 0.5 (dB) 1 + 0.1 (dB)
5
L
+ 7 dB
Solving this, we get L 37.5 km.
12.3 Link Power Budget
Power supplied by transmitter, P
tx
= 0 dBm
Channel loss, C
L
= (0.5 dB/km) L + 1 dB 2 (connectors)
where L is link length
or C
L
= 0.5L + 2 (dB)
Safety margin, M
s
= 6 dB
Receiver sensitivity = P
rx
= 35 dBm
Therefore we should have P
tx
= P
rx
+ C
L
+ M
s
or 0 = 35 dBm + (0.5 L + 2) + 6.
This gives L = 54 km.
45
12.4 Given that L = 12 km, B = 100 Mb/s
t
tx
= 10 ns, t
rx
= 12 ns
The source (LED) has = 30 nm, mean wavelength = 0.85m = 850 nm.
Fiber has core index n
1
= 1.46, = 0.01 and
D
m
= 80 ps km
1
nm
1
.
Therefore the pulse broadening due to material dispersion would be given by
t
mat
= D
m
L = (80 ps km
1
nm
1
) (12 km) (30 nm).
= 28.8 ns.
t
intermodal
=
( )
; L
c
n n
n
n
2 1
2
1

( ) 98 . 0 46 . 1 2 1 n n
1 2
= 1.445
Thus, t
intermodal
= ) m ( 10 12
ms 10 3
445 . 1 46 . 1
445 . 1
46 . 1
3
1 8

,
_

.
= 6.06 10
7
s
= 606 ns
Using eq. (12.8) of the text book, we get
t
sys
= [ ]
2
1
2
rx
2
f
2
tx
t t t + +
= ( ) ( ) ( ) { } ( ) [ ]
2
1
2 2 2 2
ns 12 ns 8 . 28 ns 606 ns 10 + + +
= 607 ns = 0.607 s
For NRZ format, t
sys
ns 7 s 10 0 . 7
10 100
70 . 0
B
70 . 0
9
6

The total rise time of the system is much greater than 0.70/B, and hence the
system can not operate with NRZ format.
What bit rate is possible?
46
B =
6
6
10 15 . 1
s 10 607 . 0
70 . 0

bits/s = 1.15 Mb/s.
12.6 With reference to Fig. 12.6 (b) of the text book; if the optical loss within the Bus
(the optical fiber) is not neglected, the power available at the Nth tap will be given
by
P
N
= P
T
C [(1 C) (1 ) (1 )]
N1
(1)
where P
T
is the transmitted power, C is the fraction of optical power coupled out
at each tap, is the fractional loss (assumed to be same) at each tap, is the
average fractional loss within the fiber between two taps (assumed to be same at
equal distances of 50 m) and N is the number of subscribers.
In the present case, P
T
= 1 mW, P
N
= 40 dBm = 10
4
mW, and C = 0.05.
The insertion loss at each tap = L
tap
= 0.3 dB.
Now L
tap
= 10 log
10
(1 ) = 0.3 dB
This gives = 0.06.
The minimum distance between two taps is 50 m and the optical fiber is
exhibiting a loss of 0.01 dB/m. Therefore the optical loss, L
f
, within the fiber
between two taps is 0.50 dB.
Since, L
f
= 10 log
10
(1 ) = 0.50 dB
where is the fractional loss; we have
= 0.10
Substituting the values of relevant parameters in eq. (1) above, we get
10
4
= 1 0.05 [(1 0.05) (1 0.06) (1 0.10)]
N1
This gives N = 29
12.7 (a) Fiber attenuation between A and B = (0.1 dB/km) ((25 km) = 2.5 dB
Attenuation between B and C = (0.12 dB/km) (40 km) = 4.8 dB
Attenuation between C and D = (0.1 dB/km) (35 km) = 3.5 dB.
47
Total fiber attenuation between A and D = 10.8 dB.
Losses at 2 couplers (one each at A & D) = 0.5 dB 2 = 1 dB.
In the forward direction (when the signal is traversing from A to D). There will be
loss at the joint B due to mismatch of NA and profile parameter .
This loss can be calculated as follows:
The total coupling efficiency at B when the signal is traversing in the forward
direction.

T
=
NA

=
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
+

,
_

2
1
2
1
2
/ 2 1
/ 2 1
NA
NA
=

,
_

+
+

,
_

9 . 1
2
1
0 . 2
2
1
20 . 0
17 . 0
2
= (0.7225) (0.9743)
= 0.70
Therefore loss at joint B = 10 log
10

T
= 1.52 dB
There will be no loss at joint C in the forward direction.
Similarly, in the backward direction (when the signal is transversing from D to
A), there will be 1.52 dB loss at joint C and no loss at B. Therefore, in either
direction the total channel loss C
L
= 13.32 dB.
The desired safety margin, M
s
= 7 dB.
The receiver sensitivity P
rx
= 0.5 w = 33 dBm.
Therefore,
P
tx
= P
ry
+ C
L
+ M
s
= 33 dBm + 13.32 dB + 7 dB
= 12.68 dBm
48
or P
tx
= 54 W (Both sides)
(b) The pulse broadening due to material dispersion would be given by
t
mat
= [D
m1
(Length of segments AB + CD) + D
m2
(Length of
segment BC))
or, t
mat
= [(70 ps km
1
(nm
1
) (25 + 35) (km)
+ (80 ps km
1
(nm
1
) (40 km)] (20 nm)
or t
mat
= 0.148 s
It is given that intermodal dispersion is negligible. Therefore total rise
time of the system,
t
sys
= [ ] s 1488 . 0 t t t
2
1
2
rm
2
mat
2
tx
+ +
Maximum bit rate for NRZ format = s / bits 10 7 . 4
10 1488 . 0
70 . 0
6
6

= 4.7 Mb/s
49
Chapter 13 : Fiber Optic Sensors
13.3 (a) S
ang
(normalized) =
1
]
1

NA
n
1
=
( )
1
]
1

) 17 . 0 (
180 / 10 0 . 1
1
= 0.673
NA = ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1
2 2
45 . 1 46 . 1 = 0.17
Range of S
ang
= (1 to 0.673)
(b)
ang
=
( )
1
]
1

+ ) 17 . 0 (
180 / 10 0 . 1
1
) 46 . 1 1 (
) 46 . 1 ( 16
4
2
= 0.627
L
ang
= 10 log
10

ang
= 2.027 dB
Range of loss = 0 to 2.027 dB
(c) P
T
= Loss + P
R
P
T
(dBm) = (L
ang
) dB 30 dBm = 27.973 dBm
P
T
= 0.0016 mw = 1.6 w
13.7 We know that
A =

C
LD 2
It is given that
L = 400m, D = 0.12 m, = 5 10
4
rad/s
= 0.633 10
6
m, C = 3 10
8
ms
1
Therefore
A = rad
10 633 . 0 10 3
10 5 12 . 0 400 2
6 8
4

= 0.066 rad
50
Chapter 14 : Laser Based Systems
14.2 The pump energy that must fall on each cm
2
of Ruby crystal surface to achieve
threshold inversion is (see example 14.1 of the text book) equal to
) ( ). (
h N
2

Given that = 5.1 10

14
Hz, () = 2 cm
1
, ) ( = 0.95 and N
0
= 1.5 10
19
atoms of Cr
3+
per cm
3
.
Taking N
2

2
N
0
= 7.5 10
18
, we get
the required pump energy =
95 . 0 2
10 1 . 5 10 626 . 6 10 5 . 7
14 34 18

= 1.328 J cm
2
14.3
If we assume that the loss per unit length within the cavity is , length of the
cavity is L, R
1
and R
2
are the reflectivities of the two end mirrors and P
0
is the
incident power, then in one round trip the wave will return with power P
2L
given
by
P
2L
= P
0
R
1
R
2
exp (2 L).
R
1
P
L
R
1
R
2
P
2L
L
P
0
R
2
R
1
Fig. Q. 14.3
51
Therefore fractional loss in power per round trip is
0
2 1 0 0
0
L 2 0
P
) L 2 exp( R R P P
P
P P

= 1 R
1
R
2
exp (2 L).
If n is the refractive index of the active medium and C speed of light in free space,
the time duration of this fractional loss is .
C
Ln 2
This time corresponds to an
exponential decay time constant t
c
(of the power) approximately given by (Yariv
1997)
*
t
c

( ) ) R 1 C
nL

, assuming = 0 and R
1
R
2
R 1.
and the population inversion density at threshold
N
th
= (N
2
N
1
)
th
=
c
3
spont
2 3
t c
t n 8
Given that R
1
= 1, R
2
= R = 0.99, L = 10 cm = 0.1 m, n = 1, A = 10
9
Hz, = c/
= 4.74 10
14
Hz and t
spont

= 0.1 s. Substituting values of relevant parameters, we
get
( )( )
s 10 33 . 3
99 . 0 1 ms 10 3
) m ( 1 . 0 1
) R 1 ( c
nl
t
8
1 8
c

and
( )
) s ( 10
) s ( 10 33 . 3 ms 10 3
) s ( 10 ) s 10 74 . 4 ( ) 1 ( 8
) N N ( N
1 9
8
3
1 8
7 2 1 14 3
th 1 2 th

= 6.28 10
14
m
3
= 6.28 10
8
cm
3
14.8 The time difference between the two pulses is given by
At = ,
c
dn 2
where the d is the depth of the object.
Given that At 0.53 s and n = 1.33. Therefore,

*
A. Yariv : Optical Electronics in Modern Communications, (5
th
Ed. ), Oxford University Press, N.Y.,
p. 188 (1997)
52
d =
33 . 1 2
) s )( 10 53 . 0 ( ) ms ( 10 3
n 2
t c
6 1 8

= 60 m