Lecture 1 The visual cortex receiving input from the visual peripheral systems is located in a) the parietal lobe

b) the frontal lobe c) the occipital lobe d) the temporal lobe The identification of a complex arrangement of stimuli is known as a) sensation b) recognition by components c) object recognition d) connectionism You have no difficulty distinguishing between the letters O and W, but it takes longer to distinguish between O and Q. Which theory of object recognition does this support? a) template-matching theory b) the bottleneck approach c) feature-analysis models d) recognition-by-components models You can identify a letter more accurately when it appears in a word than when it does not. This phenomenon is called the a) letter superiority effect b) bottom-up effect c) word superiority effect d) change blindness effect

Lecture 2 Which of the following statements best summarises the research of Tanaka and Farah on recognising faces and houses? a) people have more difficulty recognising faces than houses b) people judge faces in a much more bottom-up fashion than houses c) people judge faces in parallel, whereas they judge houses in a serial fashion d) people are better at recognising facial features in context, rather than in isolation; for the houses, context does not improve accuracy Two fundamental problems can lead to the inability to recognise faces: a) a deficit in the perceptual processing of facial information or a deficit in the retrieval of information about the person from their facial information b) a deficit in the perceptual processing of facial information or a loss of memory information about people c) a head injury and drug abuse d) a lack of social contacts and a deficit of visual attention

Imagine you are a neuropsychologist and that you meet a new patient who reports to have lost his ability to recognise faces. What should you first do to ascertain the patient's claim? a) ask a relative whether the patient is able or unable to recognise faces b) test the patient's memory for faces using pictures of unfamiliar faces and testing the patient's memory for these pictures c) test the patient's memory for faces as well as the patient's visual acuity and ability to recognise objects other than faces d) refer the patient to a neurologist to obtain information regarding the potential locations of a brain lesion Which of the following students provides the best summary of the research about using a video security system to recognize faces? a. Alex: Humans are skilled at face recognition; with these video systems, face recognition is even more accurate. b. Magali: With these video systems, people are accurate in recognizing familiar faces, but not unfamiliar faces. c. Emmanuel: With these video systems, people are accurate in recognizing unfamiliar faces, but not familiar faces. d. Rose: Unfortunately, the videos are so blurry that people have difficulty recognizing both familiar and unfamiliar faces.

Lecture 3 2. An analog code means that a) a representation closely resembles the physical object b) we store information in terms of abstract descriptions c) a representation is constructed from a verbal description d) the image is permanently stored in working memory 6. Paivio conducted a study on mental imagery for the faces of clocks. His study demonstrated that a) people are remarkably uniform in their response latency on clock-imagery tasks b) the larger the difference between two angles that were being compared, the longer the decision speed c) people showed little evidence of taking longer to perform tasks that required large rotations d) high-imagery people have faster reaction times than low-imagery people 9. Which of the following statements is not true: a) the time to mentally rotate an object increases with the angle of the rotation b) Kosslyn et al. (1990) found that most mental images are visual c) mental imagery is the mental representation of stimuli that are not physically present d) blurry pictures are faster to rotate than clear picture because they contain fewer details 11. Those who argue that we store mental-imagery information in terms of propositions would claim that a) storage is visual. b) storage is spatial. c) storage is verbal. d) representation closely resembles the physical object. Lecture 4-5 Imagine that you are listening to a friend complaining about a course assignment, but you are simultaneously trying to read the newspaper. This is an example of a. top-down processing. b. divided attention. c. selective attention d. recognition-by-components. Research on divided-attention tasks shows that when people divide their attention between two stimuli, a. they usually perform very accurately. b. they report that their performance accuracy suffers, but in reality, they simply perform the tasks more slowly. c. they can perform some divided-attention tasks accurately, but they will make errors on other divided-attention tasks. d. performance shifts from serial processing to parallel processing. Suppose that your friend George wants to buy a hands-free cell phone to use when driving across the country. Based on the information about attention and driving, you should tell George that, according to the current research, hands-free cell phones a. do not influence attention. b. influence attention only for items outside the center of the visual field. c. are especially likely to influence attention when the traffic is heavy. d. influence attention in elderly individuals, but not in students who are young adults. When experienced drivers tune the radio while driving, a. their attention briefly shifts away from the road. b. their attention is no different than with inexperienced drivers. c. contrary to expectations, their attention shifts away from the road for 5 to 8 seconds. d. they manage to divide their attention equally between the radio dial and the road.

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Suppose that students at your college are participating in a dichotic listening task. Which of the following groups of students would be most likely to notice their names in the irrelevant message? a. students with high working-memory capacity b. students with low working-memory capacity c. students who hear both messages presented quickly d. students who perform highly accurately on the Stroop task

12. What can we conclude about whether people notice the characteristics of the unattended messages in a selective attention task? a. People typically notice the same characteristics in the unattended message as in the attended message. b. The only time people can notice the unattended message is when their own name is mentioned. c. People can sometimes notice the meaning of the unattended message, depending on the characteristics of the task. d. If people are conscientious about listening to the relevant message, they will not notice any characteristics about the irrelevant message. 13. The Stroop task is a test of a. inhibitive selection b. selective attention c. selective inhibition d. attentive selection 15. The brain region responsible for shifting attention around various spatial locations in visual search tasks is known as the a) posterior attention network b) anterior attention network c) superior attention network d) inferior attention network Lecture 6 2. a) b) c) d) 7. A patient suffering from spatial hemineglect often shows lesions of part of the retina on the neglected side is not aware of stimuli on the side contralateral to the brain damage is not aware of stimuli on the side ipsilateral to the brain damage none of the above The finding, in a bilateral visual search task (Eglin et al., 1989) that the detection of a target in the neglected field was affected by the number of distractors in the intact field while the detection of a target in the intact field was not affected by the number of distractors in the neglected field indicates that: distractors are easier to process in the absence of targets targets are more difficult to detect in the presence of distractors neglect may be the result of spatial attention failing to disengage from stimuli in the intact field neglect may be the result of spatial attention failing to disengage from stimuli in the neglected field

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11. Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of the neuroscience research on attention? a. Lucy: "Attention requires the activity of brain structures in the front and back of the cortex, as well as structures located below the cortex." b. Nipon: "The posterior attention network is activated when people work on the Stroop task." c. Daniel: "The anterior attention network is activated when people search for a specific target." d. Elena: "At present, the neuroscience research reports contradictory findings, so that it is too early to drawn any conclusions about this topic." 12. According to your textbook's introduction to attention, attention a. relies exclusively on bottom-up processing. b. uses both top-down and bottom-up processing. c. is a time-consuming but highly accurate cognitive process. d. is a quick but highly inaccurate cognitive process. Lecture 7 According to your textbooks the introduction on language comprehension, a. as in previous chapters, background knowledge related to language allows us to go beyond the information in the stimulus. b. as in previous chapters, language can be described in terms of a relatively small number of specific tasks. c. unlike in previous chapters, language is not closely related to other cognitive tasks. d. unlike in previous chapters, language requires very little active processing of information. Why is a sentence with a nested structure more difficult to understand than a sentence without a nested structure? a. Nested structures require the passive voice; people need to switch around the subject and the object of the sentence. b. A sentence with multiple negative words (such as not and deny) requires you to translate the sentence into a linguistically positive sentence. c. A sentence with nesting requires you to store the first part of the sentence until you have processed later parts of the sentence. d. The deep structure and the surface structure are fairly similar to one another, creating an ambiguity that is difficult

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to resolve. 4. What is one likely reason that people with good working memories are likely to make good use of contextual cues in reading? a. With good working memory, a reader is likely to have a greater number of templates to aid word recognition. b. People with good working memory are likely to consider all possible interpretations of an ambiguous word. c. Working memory facilitates the recognition of boundaries between words. d. People with good working memory often have attention "left over" to remember contextual information. Sondra and Keisha are close friends. In fact, they are such close friends that they have created their own private vocabulary that others do not understand. This pattern of speaking is known as a. discourse. b. lexical entrainment. c. failure to establish common ground. d. a directive. Lecture 8 2. Anne has spoken English all her life, but she has taken Spanish courses in both high school and college. She enrolls in a studyabroad program in Buenos Aires and becomes fluent in Spanish, before returning to the United States. Anne's situation is an example of a. sequential bilingualism. b. simultaneous bilingualism. c. metalinguistics. d. multilingualism. 3. Jake is an infant whose parents speak English in the home; when his parents are at work, Jake stays in a family day care home where all the employees speak only Spanish. Jake is experiencing a. multilingualism. b. lexical entrainment. c. sequential bilingualism. d. simultaneous bilingualism. 8. The study by Bialystok, Craik, Klein & Viswanathan (2004) presented in the lecture shows that a. bilinguals are better able than monolinguals to inhibit a potent spatial response in a Simon task. b. monolinguals are better able than bilinguals to inhibit a potent spatial response in a Simon task. c. the performance of both monolinguals and bilinguals decreases when work load increases and that the effect of workload is of similar amplitude for both groups. d. that the detrimental effect of ageing on selective attention is smaller in monolinguals. 12. On which of the following tasks is a bilingual child likely to have difficulties, compared with a monolingual child? a. understanding the structure of his or her native language b. awareness that names are arbitrarily assigned to concepts c. sensitivity to the pragmatics of language conversation d. deciding whether a passage is written in the first language or the second lang

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Lecture 9 Studies on infants recognition of their mothers show that Infants who are younger than one week of age show similar sucking patterns to videos of their mothers face and a strangers face Infants recognise their mothers face for the first time when they are about 5 months old Infants cannot recognise their mothers voice until they are about 6 months old Infants can recognise their mothers voice as early as the first week of life Chapter 13 (6th edition) discussed, in some detail, Rovee-Collier's conjugate reinforcement technique, and its usefulness in testing infant memory. The basic logic behind this technique is that infants prefer to look at complex objects, rather than simple objects. infants will respond to their parents by gazing at them more than they gaze at strangers. if infants have memory, they will recall how to kick a leg in order to produce movement in a mobile. infants can be classically conditioned to show a startle reflex to an unfamiliar sound.

7. a) b) c) d) 10. a) b) c) d)

Studies examining the importance of context in infant memory demonstrate that context does not seem to have an important influence on infants' memory. context has an important influence on infants' memory only for infants under six months of age. context has an important influence on infants' memory only for infants over six months of age. context effects are even stronger for infants than for adults. Suppose that your elderly uncle is coming to visit. You are concerned, because you will be discussing some important issues and do not want to overload his working memory. Based on the information in Chapter 13, you would suspect that you do not need to worry, because no age-related differences have been reported for working memory. you do not need to worry, as long as you use normal syntax and speak at a normal rate. you need to worry, because elderly people show deficits in the functioning of the phonological loop. you need to worry, because young adults and older adults have similar working memory only when speech rate is significantly slower than normal. Lecture 10

1. The term semantic memory refers to a. events that happened in ones own life b. information that can be associated with a certain date in the past c. knowledge in ones own area of expertise d. both lexical and encyclopaedic knowledge 5. According to the prototype approach, a. Every item that meets the specified requirements of a category belongs to that category b. A prototype is an example of the category that is neither the best example, nor the worst example c. We judge whether an item is similar to the prototype in order to decide whether it belongs to a category d. Nonprototypes cannot belong to any categories 6. The category animal has a graded structure, which means that a. some of the features of that category are characteristics features, whereas others are defining structures b. the members of that category are not all equally representative of that category c. procedural knowledge is more important than declarative knowledge d. there is a family resemblance among the members of this category 8. The exemplar approach to concepts suggests that our categories are based on a. the most typical items b. less typical items, as well as highly typical items c. graded structures d. the pattern of connections between the members of a category