International Journal of Computational Engineering Research||Vol, 03||Issue, 11||

|| Issn 2250-3005 || || November || 2013 || Page 8

Polynomials having no Zero in a Given Region
1
M. H. Gulzar
1
Department of Mathematics University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006






I. INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF RESULTS
In the literature we find a large number of published research papers concerning the number of zeros
of a polynomial in a given circle. For the class of polynomials with real coefficients, Q. G. Mohammad [5]
proved the following result:
Theorem A: Let

=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
z a z P be a polynomial o f degree n such that
0 ......
0 1 1
> > > > >

a a a a
n n
.
Then the number of zeros of P(z) in
2
1
s z does not exceed

0
log
2 log
1
1
a
a
n
+
.
Bidkham an d Dewan [1] generalized Theorem A in the following way:
Theorem B: Let

=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
z a z P be a polynomial o f degree n such that
0 ...... ......
0 1 1 1 1
> > > > > s s s s
+
a a a a a a a
k k k n n
,
for some n k k s s 0 , .Then the number of zeros of P(z) in
2
1
s z does not exceed

+ +
0
0 0
2
log
2 log
1
a
a a a a a
k n n .
Ebadian et al [2] generalized the above results by proving the following
results:
Theorem C: Let

=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
z a z P be a polynomial o f degree n such that

0 1 1 1
...... ...... a a a a a a
k k k n n
> > > s s s s
+

for some k, n k s s 0 .Then the number of zeros of P(z) in
2
R
z s ,R>0, does not exceed

+ + +
+
0
0 0
1
) ( ) (
log
2 log
1
a
a a R a a R a R a
n k
n
k
k n
n
for 1 > R

ABSTRACT:
In this paper we consider some polynomials having no zeros in a given region. Our results when
combined with some known results give ring shaped regions containing a specific number of zeros of
the polynomial.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 30C10, 30C15
Keywords and phrases: Coefficient, Polynomial, Zero.
Polynomials having no Zero in a Given Region
|| Issn 2250-3005 || || November || 2013 || Page 9
And

+ + +
+
0
0 0
1
) ( ) (
log
2 log
1
a
a a R a a R a R a
n k
n
k
n
n
for 1 s R .
M.H.Gulzar [3] generalized the above result by proving the following result:
Theorem D: Let

=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
z a z P be a polynomial o f degree n with
j j
a o = ) Re( ,
j j
a | = ) Im( such that
for some , 1 0 , 1 0 , , , s < s < t t k k n s s 0 ,

0 1 1 1
...... ...... to o o o o o

> > > s s s s
+ n n
k .
Then the number of zeros of P(z) in ) 1 , 0 ( > > s c R
c
R
z does not exceed

+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +

+ =

=
+
0
1
1
1
1
0 0 0 0 0
1
] 2 ) ( [
] 2 ) ( [
log
log
1
a
k R
R a R a
c
n
j
j n n n n
n
j
j
n
n

| | | o o o o
| | | o o o t o

for 1 > R
and

+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +

+ =

=
+
0
1
1
1
1
0 0 0 0 0
1
] 2 ) ( [
] 2 ) ( [
log
log
1
a
k R
R a R a
c
n
j
j n n n n
n
j
j
n
n

| | | o o o o
| | | o o o t o

In this paper we prove the following result:
Theorem 1: Let

=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
z a z P be a polynomial o f degree n with
j j
a o = ) Re( ,
j j
a | = ) Im( such that
for some , 1 0 , 1 0 , , , s < s < t t k k n s s 0 ,

0 1 1 1
...... ...... to o o o o o

> > > s s s s
+ n n
k .
Then P(z) has no zero in
1
0
M
a
z < for 1 > R and no zero in
2
0
M
a
z < for 1 s R
where
=
1
M ] ) ( [
1

o o o o + + +
+
n n n
n n
n
k R R a ] 2
1

+ =
+ + +
n
j
j n

| | |

] 2 ) ( [
1
1
0 0 0 0

=
+ + + + + +

| | | o o o t o
j
j
R

and
=
2
M ] ) ( [
1

o o o o + + +
+
n n n
n n
n
k R R a ] 2
1

+ =
+ + +
n
j
j n

| | |

] 2 ) ( [
1
1
0 0 0 0

=
+ + + + + +


| | | o o o t o
j
j
R
.

Polynomials having no Zero in a Given Region
|| Issn 2250-3005 || || November || 2013 || Page 10
Combining Theorem 1 with Theorem D, we get the following result:
Theorem 2: Let

=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
z a z P be a polynomial o f degree n with
j j
a o = ) Re( ,
j j
a | = ) Im( such that
for some , 1 0 , 1 0 , , , s < s < t t k k n s s 0 ,

0 1 1 1
...... ...... to o o o o o

> > > s s s s
+ n n
k .
Then the number of zeros of P(z) in ) 1 , 0 (
1
0
> > s s c R
c
R
z
M
a
does not exceed

+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +

+ =

=
+
0
1
1
1
1
0 0 0 0 0
1
] 2 ) ( [
] 2 ) ( [
log
log
1
a
k R
R a R a
c
n
j
j n n n n
n
j
j
n
n

| | | o o o o
| | | o o o t o

for 1 > R
and the number of zeros of P(z) in ) 1 , 0 (
2
0
> > s s c R
c
R
z
M
a
does not exceed

+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +

+ =

=
+
0
1
1
1
1
0 0 0 0 0
1
] 2 ) ( [
] 2 ) ( [
log
log
1
a
k R
R a R a
c
n
j
j n n n n
n
j
j
n
n

| | | o o o o
| | | o o o t o

for 1 s R ,
where
1
M and
2
M are as given in Theorem 1.
For different values of the parameters, we get many interesting results including some already known
results.
2. Proofs of Theorems
Proof of Theorem 1: Consider the polynomial
F(z) =(1-z)P(z)
) ...... )( 1 (
0 1
1
1
a z a z a z a z
n
n
n
n
+ + + + =

0 0 1 1
1
) ( ...... ) ( a z a a z a a z a
n
n n
n
n
+ + + + =

+

+ =

+
+ + + =
1
1
1 1 0
1
) ( ] ) 1 ( ) [(
n
j
j
j j
n
n n n
n
n
z z k k a z a

o o o o o


} ) (
) ( { ] ) 1 ( ) [( ) (
1
1
1
1 0 0 1
2
1

=

+ =

=

+
+ + + +

| |
| | o t to o o o
j
j
j j
n
j
j
j j
j
j
j j
z
z i z z


) (
0
z G a + = , where
Polynomials having no Zero in a Given Region
|| Issn 2250-3005 || || November || 2013 || Page 11

+ =

+
+ + + =
1
1
1 1 0
1
) ( ] ) 1 ( ) [( ) (
n
j
j
j j
n
n n n
n
n
z z k k a z a z G

o o o o o



=

=

+ + + +

| | o t to o o o
1
1 0 0 1
2
1
) ( ] ) 1 ( ) [( ) (
j
j
j j
j
j
j j
z i z z

For R z s , we have, by using the hypothesis

+ =

+
+ + + s
1
1
1 1
1
) ( ] ) 1 ( ) [( ) (
n
j
j
j j
n
n n n
n
n
R R k k R a z G

o o o o o



=

=

+ + + + +
n
j
j
j j
j
j
j j
R R R
1
1 0 0 1
1
1
) ( ] ) 1 ( ) [( ) ( | | o t to o o o

which gives
] ) ( [ ) (
1

o o o o + + + s
+
n n n
n n
n
k R R a z G ] 2
1

+ =
+ + +
n
j
j n

| | |

] 2 ) ( [
1
1
0 0 0 0

=
+ + + + + +

| | | o o o t o
j
j
R


1
M = for 1 > R
and
] ) ( [ ) (
1

o o o o + + + s
+
n n n
n n
n
k R R a z G ] 2
1

+ =
+ + +
n
j
j n

| | |

] 2 ) ( [
1
1
0 0 0 0

=
+ + + + + +


| | | o o o t o
j
j
R


2
M = for 1 s R .
Since G(z) is analytic in R z s and G(0)=0, it follows by Schwarz Lemma that
z M z G
1
) ( s for 1 > R and z M z G
2
) ( s for 1 s R .
Hence, for 1 > R ,
) ( ) (
0
z G a z F + =

0
) (
1 0
0
>
>
>
z M a
z G a

if

1
0
M
a
z <
.
And for 1 s R ,
) ( ) (
0
z G a z F + =

0
) (
2 0
0
>
>
>
z M a
z G a

if

2
0
M
a
z <
.
This shows that F(z) has no zero in
1
0
M
a
z < for 1 > R and no zero in
2
0
M
a
z < for 1 s R . But the zeros of
P(z) are also the zeros of F(z). Therefore, the result follows.

Polynomials having no Zero in a Given Region
|| Issn 2250-3005 || || November || 2013 || Page 12
REFERENCES
[1] M.Bidkham and K.K. Dewan, On the zeros of a polynomial, Numerical Methods and Approximation Theory,III , Nis (1987), 121-
128.
[2] A.Ebadian, M.Bidkham and M.Eshaghi Gordji, Number of zeros of a polynomial in a given domain,Tamkang Journal of
Mathematics, Vol.42, No.4,531-536, Winter 2011.
[3] M.H.Gulzar, On the Number of Zeros of a Polynomial in a Given Domain, International Journal of Scientific and Research
Publications, Vol.3, Issue 10, October 2013.
[4] M.Marden , Geometry of Polynomials , Mathematical surveys, Amer. Math. Soc. , Rhode Island , 3 (1966).
[5] Q.G.Mohammad, Location of the zeros of polynomials, Amer. Math. Monthly , 74 (1967), 290-292.