MODULE 5 CHEMISTRY SPM 2013 The most important reason for moving from one place to another is to consider

what's in between, and they took great delight in doing exactly that. Thus, now lets enter into a new journey of learning what is Rate of reaction is all about. Good Luck Brothers & Sisters. Good Luck.

Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction

Mind Map

Factors that influence a Rate of Reaction 1. Rate of reaction is influenced by the following factors: a) Total surface area of the substance of reaction or the size of the solid substance of reaction. b) Concentration of the substance of reaction c) Temperature of the reactant d) Catalyst e) Pressure

Rate of Reaction II
Collision Theory 1. The particles of the reacting need to touch to enable formation or breaking of the bonds for a reaction to happen. 2. Collisions of particles of a reacting substance need to achieve a certain minimum energy (Activation Energy) in order to produce a reaction. 3. Particles that collide also need to have the correct orientation of collision. Activation Energy 1. The activation energy is the minimum energy that the reactants particles must achieve at the time of collision in order for a chemical reaction to take place. 2. The value of the activation energy is different for different reactions. 3. A reaction with a high activation energy occurs slowly whereas a reaction with a low activation energy occurs fast. Effective Collision Effective collision is the collision that produces a reaction achieving minimum energy that is sufficient and with a correct orientation of collision. Important Tip 1. The definition of effective collision needs to have 3 main concepts: Total energy of the particles that collide must be the same or exceeding the activation energy. The particles that collide must have the correct orientation of collision The collision gets to produce a chemical reaction. 2. The definition of activation energy must contain 2 main concepts: Minimum energy that must be possessed by particles of the reacting substance that collide. Energy that must be overcome by the substances of the reaction that collide so that the reaction can occur to give the products of the reaction. A diagram of energy profile 1. The meaning of energy activation can be pictured by a diagram of energy profile. 2. In the diagram of energy profile, the activation energy is shown by the difference in energy between the peak of the graph and the level of the energy of the reacting substance.

The orientation of collision 1. Consider a simple reaction involving a collision between two molecules - ethene, CH2=CH2, and hydrogen chloride, HCl, for example. These react to give chloroethane.
2. As a result of the collision between the two molecules, the double bond between the two carbons is converted into a single bond. A hydrogen atom gets attached to one of the carbons and a chlorine atom to the other. 3. The reaction can only happen if the hydrogen end of the H-Cl bond approaches the carbon-carbon double bond. Any other collision between the two molecules doesn't work. The two simply bounce off each other.

4. Of the collisions shown in the diagram, only collision 1 may possibly lead on to a reaction. Frequency of effective collision with rate of reaction and factors that affect the rate of reaction 1. According to the collision theory, the frequency of effective collision influences the rate of reaction. 2. The frequency of effective collision is the number of effective collisions which occur in 1 second. 3. The rate of reaction depends on the frequency of effective collisions that occur. 4. If the frequency of an effective collision for a reaction is high, then the rate of reaction is also high. On the other hand, if the frequency of an effective collision is low, then the rate of reaction will become low Wrong view 1. The rate of reaction increases when the total number of collisions between particles increases. 2. When the number of effective collisions increases, then the rate of reaction also increases. Actual 1. The rate of reaction increases when the total number of collisions per unit of time between the particles increases. 2. When the number of effective collisions increases, the rate of reaction does not necessarily have to increase. The rate of reaction increases only if effective collisions that occur per second increase, that is when the frequency of effective collisions increases. So, the correct statement is
"When the frequency of effective collisions increase, the rate of the reaction will also increase or when the number of effective collisions per second increases, the rate of reaction increases.

3. The factors that influence the rate of reaction can be explained using the collision theory.

Rate of Reaction Question

Structure Question 1. Magnesium ribbon reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen. A student used an excess of hydrochloric acid in the apparatus below to investigate this reaction.

His results are shown on the graph

a) What volume of gas was in the syringe at the end of the reaction? [1 mark] b) State how the rate of reaction changes during the first four minutes and explain the change.

[2 mark] c) The experiment was repeated using the same quantities of reagents but with the acid at a higher temperature. Draw on the graph the line that should be obtained at this temperature. d) Some power stations burn coal in the production of electricity. The coal is ground to a fine powder before being burned in the furnace. Use your knowledge of rates of reaction to suggest why the coal is ground to a fine powder rather than used in large lumps.

2. Two experiments are conducted to compare the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide under the same condition as follows: Experiment I 3 5 cm 3-volume hydrogen peroxide solution is poured into a conical cone containing 2.0 g manganese(IV) oxide. Experiment II 3 5 cm 6-volume hydrogen peroxide solution is poured into a conical cone containing 2.0 g manganese(IV) oxide. a. Write down the equation to represent the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. [1 mark] b. Give one method to collect the gas released so that the volume of gas can be read easily every 30 seconds. [1 mark] c. In the space given below, sketch a graph of the volume of gas collected against time forecast for Experiment I and II, on the same axis.

d. i) Which experiment gives the highest rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide? [1 mark] ii) State the reason for your answer in (d)(i). [1 mark] e. i) State one other substance that can replace manganese(IV) oxide in the experiment. [1 mark] ii) What is the role of manganese(VI) oxide in the in-crease in rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide? Explain this role in terms of the theory of collision of particles.

[2 marks] f. In addition to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and catalyst, state one other factor that can cause the change in the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

[1 mark]

3. Diagram 1 shows a graph for the quantity of product of reaction against time in two experiments. a. From the above graph (i), calculate the average rate of reaction for the whole reaction.

b. Calculate the average rate of reaction in graph (i) during the first 3 hours.

[3 marks] c. The graphs in Diagram 1 are obtained from reactions that take place at 25C. Redraw the above graph s to show changes in the quantity of the product of reaction if the reactions take place at 35C.

[2 marks] d. How can changes in temperature influence the rates of reaction?

[2 marks]

Application of Rate of Reaction

Mind Map

Storing Food Keeping food in a refrigerator 1. Decay and decomposition of food by micro organisms is a chemical reaction which occurs in food causing the food to get spoilt. 2. If food is kept in the fridge, the food will keep longer because the low temperature will slow down the rate of the chemical reaction which destroys food. 3. Micro organisms like bacteria and fungus which are active at a temperature of between 10C until 60C. The room temperature is the optimum temperature for bacterial action. So, food easily gets spoilt at room temperature. Cooking Cooking food in a pressure cooker 1. In a pressure cooker, the high pressure causes the water in the cooker to boil at a temperature of more than 100C. 2. At a higher temperature, the time for the food to get cooked is decreased. 3. Cooking in a pressure cooker saves time and energy. Cooking Food in Small Pieces 1. Food in the shape of big pieces has a surface area per volume which is small, so the heat takes a longer time to reach the inside of the food. So, to cook faster, the food needs to be cut into smaller pieces. Industry The knowledge about factors which influence the rate of reaction are also used to find the optimum state for the industrial process so that energy, time and cost can be saved. The knowledge can be applied in the industrial process

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Haber Process 1. The Haber process is the process of preparing ammonia in industry. 2. In the Haber process, powdered iron is used as the catalyst to raise the rate of reaction. 3. A mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen in the ratio 1:3 is conducted through the powdered iron as catalyst at a temperature of 450C to 550C and a pressure of 2 00 to 300 atmospheres with molybdenum as a promoter. N2(g) + 3H2(g)
450 550 C ,Iron
o

200300atm

2NH3(g)

4. However, the production of ammonia in the process is about 10% only. 5. Ammonia that is produced is cooled and is taken out in liquid form. Hydrogen and nitrogen that does not react is recycled once again. Contact Process 1. Sulphuric acid is prepared in industry using Contact process. 2. In the first stage, sulphur is burnt in air to produce sulphur dioxide. S (s) + O2 (g) SO2 (g) 3. In the second stage, sulphur dioxide that is formed is mixed with excess oxygen and is conducted through the catalyst vanadium (V) oxide to raise the rate of reaction. A temperature of 500C and a pressure of l to 2 atmospheres is used. VO 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 5 2SO3(g)
500 C
o

4. In the third stage, sulphur trioxide that is formed is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form oleum at stage two. SO3 (g) + H2SO4 (aq) H2S207 (l) 5. Sulphur trioxide does not dissolve directly in the water because this reaction releases too much heat and could even produce an explosion. Then,,, water is mixed with the oleum to produce concentrated sulphuric acid. H2S207 (1) + H2O (1) 2 H2SO4(aq) Ostwald Process 1. Nitric acid is prepared in industry through the Ostwald process. 2. At the first stage, ammonia is oxidized in excess in the presence of platinum as catalyst to produce nitrogen monoxide. The high temperature of 850C an d pressure of 5 atmospheres is used 5atm 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(1)
850
o

3. Nitrogen monoxide that is formed reacts with oxygen to produce nitrogen dioxide at stage two. 2NO (g) + O2 (g) , 2NO2 (g) 4. At the final stage, nitrogen dioxide together with excess air is dissolved in hot water at a temperature of 80C to produce concentrated nitric acid. 4NO2(g) + O2(g) + 2H2O(1) 4HNO3(g)

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