1

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Preface
Most students usually find it very difficult & highly incumbersome to study & understand , the
concept of photon emission during electronic transitions. Here, the key concepts are addressed
in such an easy & coincise manner that there will be hardly any problemin this section which
student will not be able to answer.
This book consists of theoritical & practical explanations of all the concepts involved in the
chapter. Each article followed by a ladder of illustration. At the end of the theory part, there are
miscellaneous solved examples which involve the application of multiple concepts of this
chapter.
Students are advised to go through all these solved examples in order to develope bettter
understanding of the chapter and to have better grasping level in the class.
Total number of Questions In this chapter are :
(i) In chapter Examples .......................... 10
(ii) Solved Examples ......................... 12
Total no. of questions ................ .......... 22
2
1. INTRODUCTION
Write from the beginning of civilisation, people
were very curious to know that what from the
substances are made up of but, first significant
attempt in this direction was made by Dalton
& from where Daltons atomic model starts.
Before we go into detail of any model, here
first we must understand the difference between
a model & a theory.
2. MODEL
A model is simply a set of hypothesis based
on logical & scientific facts.
Theory : When any model satisfies majority
of scientific queries by experimental verification
then it is termed as theory otherwise, model is
simply not accepted.
In Nutshell we can say that every theory is
a model but every model is not a theory. So,
after more & more clarity about the substances,
various new models like Dalton, Thomson,
Rutherford, Bohr etc came into the pictures.
2.1 Daltons atomi c model -
(i) Every element is made up of tiny ndivisible
particles called atoms.
(ii) Atoms of same element are identical both in
physical & chemical properties while atoms
of different elements are different in their
properties
(iii) All elements are made up of hydrogen atom.
The mass of heaviest atom is about 250
times the mass of hydrogen atom while
radius of heaviest atom is about 10 times the
radius of hydrogen atom
(iv) Atom is stable & electrically neutral.
Reason of Fail ure of model -
After the discovery of electron by J .J .Thomson
(1897), it was established that atom can also
be divide. Hence the model was not accepted.
2.2 Thomson s atomic model (or Pl um-puddi ng
model )
(i) Atom is a positively charged solid sphere of
radius of the order of 10
10
m in which
electrons are embedded as seeds in a
watermelon
(ii) Total charge in a atom is zero & so, atom is
electrically neutral
Achi evements of model -
Explained successfully the phenomenon of
thermionic emission, photoelectric emission &
ionization
Fail ure of the model -
(i) It could not explain the line spectrum of H-
atom
(ii) If could not explain the Rutherfords o-particle
scattering experiment.
2.3 Rutherford s Atomi c model -
Result of the experiment :
(1) Majority of o-particles passes undeviated
through gold foil that is possible when most
part of the atom remains hollow.
(2) Few of o-particles (<1 in 8000) deflects at
an angle larger than 90 & even some at
180 which is possible only in that case when
there exists a solid positive mass confining
in a very narrow space.
(3) N
1
2
4
sin
u |
\

|
.
|
If u| then N++ .
Equation indicates that at larger deflection
(scattering) angle , no. of particles deflected
are very-very less
Graph for N & u show that coulombs law holds
for atomic distances also
electron
uniformly distributed
positively charged matter
u
hyperbola
3
Ex.1 The number of particles scattered at 60 is
1000 per minute in an o-particle scattering
experiment , using gold foil. Calculate the
number of particles per minute scattered
at 90 angle
Sol . Let N = N0.of o -particle scattered per
minute at an angle 90
0
.
N
1
90
2
4
sin
|
\

|
.
|
; 1000
1
60
2
4
sin
|
\

|
.
|
N = 1000
sin
sin
4
4
90
2
60
2
|
\

|
.
|
|
\

|
.
|
= 250/minute
(4) N (Nuclear charge)
2
Ex.2 As shown below, o -particles are making
head-on-collision towards stationary
nucleus of charge z
1
e & z
2
e then which of
the following is correct.
(A) z
1
> z
2
(B) z
1
< z
2
(C) z
1
= z
2
(D) can not be said
Sol . (B)
Rutherford s atomi c model -
Fi g : Thomson s model
Fi g : Rut herf ord s model
(1) The whole positive charge & almost whole
mass of an atom (leaving aside the mass of
revolving e in various circular orbits) remains
concentrated in a nucleus of radius of the
order of 10
15
m.
(2) Eq (+)ve on proton in a nucleus = Eq (-)ve
on e in various circular orbits & hence,
the atom is electrically neutral.
(3) The necessary centripetal force for revolving
round the nucleus in circular orbit is
provided by coulombs electrostatic force
of attraction
mv
r
2
=
k ze e
r
( ) ( )
2
Reason of f ai l ure of model -
(1) It could not explain the line spectrum of
H-atom.
Just i f i cat i on : According to Maxwells
electromagnetic theory every accelerated
moving charged particle radiates energy in the
form of electromagnetic waves & therefore
during revolution of e in circular orbit its
frequency will continuously vary (i.e. decrease)
which will result in the continuous emission of
lines & therefore spectrum of atom must be
continuous but in reality, one obtains line
spectrum for atoms.
(2) It could not explain the stability of atoms.
Just i f i cat i on - Since
revolving electron will
continuously radiates
energy & therefore radii of
circular path will
continuously decrease &
in a time of about 10
-8
sec revolving electron
must fall down in a nucleus by adopting a spiral
path
Uniform distribution of
mass & charge
Solid sphere
electrons
(Stationary & ran-
domly located)
v
electrons
(movable in
circular orbits)
Non uniform distribu-
tion of mass & charge
r
Hollow sphere
Path of electron spiral
Nucleus
z
1
+
Nucleus
z
2
+
o-particle o-particle
4
2.3.1 Appl i cati on of rut herf ord s model
Det er mi nat i on of di st ance of cl osest
approach : When a positively charged particle
approaches towards stationary nucleus then
due to repulsion between the two, the kinetic
energy of positively charged particle gradually
decreases and a stage comes when its kinetic
energy becomes zero & from where it again
starts retracing its original path.
Defi ni t i on : The distance of closest approach
is the minimum distance of a stationary
nucleus with a positively charged particle
making head on collision from a point where
its kinetic energy becomes zero.
Suppose a positively charged particle A of
charge q
1
(=z
1
e) approaches from infinity
towards a stationary nucleus of charge z
2
e
then,
Let at point B, kinetic energy of particle A
becomes zero then by the law of conservation
of energy at point A & B,
TE
A
= TE
B
KE
A
+ PE
A
= KE
B
+ PE
B
E + 0 = 0 +
k z e z e
r
( ) ( )
1 2
0
(in joule)
r
0
=
k z e z e
E
( ) ( )
1 2
m
Ex.3 An o-particle with kinetic energy 10 MeV
is heading towards a stationary point-
nucleus of atomic number 50. Calculate
the distance of closest approach.
Sol . TE
A
= TE
B
10 10
6
e =
0
r
(50e) (2e) K
r
0
= 1.44 10
14
m
r
0
= 1.44 10
4

Ex.4 A beam of o-particles of velocity 2.1 10

7
m/s is scattered by a gold (z = 79) foil.
Find out thedistance of closest approach
of the o-particle to the gold nucleus. The
value of charge/mass for o particle is
4.8 10
7
c/kg.
Sol .
2
1
m
o
v
o
2
=
K e ze
r
( ) ( ) 2
0
r
0
=
2
2
79
2
K
e
m
e
v
o
o
|
\

|
.
| ( )
=
2 9 10 48 10 79 16 10
2 1 10
9 7 19
7 2
x x x x x
x
( ) ( . ) ( . )
( . )

r
0
= 2.5 10
-14
m
Ex.5 A proton moves with a speed of 7.45 10
5
m/s directing towards a free proton
originally at rest.
Find the distance of closest approach for
the two protons.
Sol . v = 7.45 10
5
m/s u = 0
O o
Proton Free proton
Ori gi nal l y
Proton free proton
after movement
At t he ti me of di stance of cl osest approach
By the law of cons. of energy
1
2
mv
2
+0 =
ke
r
2
0
+
1
2
mv
1
2
+
1
2
mv
1
2
.....(1)
By the cons. of momentum
mv + 0 = mv
1
+ mv
1
v
1
=
v
2
From equation (1)
1
2
mv
2
=
ke
r
2
0
+ m
v
2
2
|
\

|
.
|
r
0
=
4
2
mv
ke
2
=
4 9 10 16 10
166 10 745 10
9 19 2
27 5 2
x x x
x x
( ) ( . )
( . ) ( . )

r
0
= 1.0 10
12
m
z
1
e
A B
z
2
e
r
0
Stationary nucleus
o-particle
A
B
r
0
v
1
v
2
r
0
5
2.4 Bohrs Atomi c model
Bohr proposed his model for H or H-like atoms
by mixing the concepts of classical physics
with quantum mechanics. This model is based
on law of conservation of angular momentum.
(1) (a) Concept of stabl e, stationary, quanti zed,
fixed all owed radi i orbi t, or maxwel l s
li censed orbits -
According to Bohr, if an electron revolve in these
orbits then electron neither radiate nor absorb
any energy.
(b) Emissi on of energy
Where n =principle quantum no.
E
n
= energy of e in nth orbit
(c) Absorpti on of energy
(2) Electron revolve only in those orbits in which its
angular momentum is integer multiple of
t 2
h
mvr = Ie = n
t 2
h
(3)
r
mv
2
=
2
2
r
KZe
2.4.1 Det ermi nat i on of radi us , vel oci t y &
energy of e i n Bohr s orbi t
(A) Determi nat i on of radi us of ci rcul ar path
(orbit)
mvr =
nh
2t
.....(1)
v =
nh
mr 2t
......(2)
&
mv
r
2
=
kze
r
2
2
m
nh
mr 2
2
t
|
\

|
.
| =
kze
r
2
; r
n
= v
n h
mkze
2 2
2 2
4t
|
\

|
.
|
|
r
n
=
n
z
2

h
mke
2
2 2
4t
;
r
n
=
n
z
2
0.529 ..... (3)
Resul ts :
(i) r
1
=
( ) 1
2
z
0.529
r
n
= n
2
r
1
.
(ii) r n
2
where A
n
= Area of n
th
circular orbit
Ex.6 The radius of the shortest orbit of a single
electron system is 18 pm. This system
may be
(A) H (B) D
(C) He
+
(D) Li
++
Sol.[D] For shortest orbit n = 1
r
n
= n
2
r
1
v
r
+
AE =hv =
hc

=E
n
2
E
n
1
E
n
2
E
n
1
n
2
n
1
AE +E
n
1
= E
n
2
AE
E
n
2
E
n
1
n
2
n
1
n
r
Parabolic
r
n
2
r
n
Parabola
n
A
A
n
1
|
\

|
.
|
slope = 4
ln (n)
log r
slope = 2
log n
log r
log n
ln n
ln An
slope = 4
6
( ) 1
2
z
0.529 = 18 10
2

z = 3
Ex.7 Determine the ratio of area of circular orbits
in doubly ionised lithium atom in 2nd & 3rd
Bohr orbit
Sol . A
n
= tr
n
2
& r n
2
A
n
n
4

A
A
2
3
=
( )
( )
2
3
4
4
=
16
81
Ex.8 Determine the ratio of perimeters in 2
nd
&
3
rd
Bohr orbit in He
+
atom.
Sol . Perimeter = 2tr

2
2
2
3
t
t
r
r
=
r
r
2
3
=
( )
( )
2
3
2
2
=
4
9
(B) Det ermi nati on of vel oci ty of el ectron i n
Ci rcul ar orbi t
mvr =
n h
2 t
.....(1)
r =
nh
mv 2t

mv
r
2
=
kze
r
2
2
v =
2
2
tkze
nh
v =
z
n

2
2
tke
h
v = 2.18 10
6
z
n
m/s
v =
c
137

z
n
m/s
where c = velocity of light in vacuum
= 3 10
8
m/s
Resul ts :
(i) v
1
n
(z = constant)
Ex.9 Determine the ratio of speed of electrons
in hydrogen atom in its 3rd & 4th orbit
Sol . v
z
n

v
v
3
4
=
4
3
Ex.10 Determine the ratio of speed of electron in
3rd orbit of He
+
to 4th orbit of Li
++
atom
Sol .
v
v
3
4
=
2
3
3
4
=
8
9
2.4.2 Det ermi nat i on of energy of el ectron i n
Bohr s ci rcul ar orbi t -
(1) Ki net i c energy of el ect ron
KE =
1
2
mv
2
KE =
kze
r
2
2
Resul ts :
(i) KE of an e = positive quantity
(ii) r| , KE+
(iii) of r = , KE = 0
(2) Pot enti al energy of an el ect ron
PE =
K ze e
r
( )( ) +
PE =
Kze
r
2
Resul ts :
(i) PE of an e = negative quantity
(ii) r| , PE|
(iii) If r = , PE = 0
(3) Total energy of an el ectron : Total energy
of an electron in any orbit is sum of its kinetic
& potential energy in that orbit.
TE = KE + PE =
Kze
r
2
2

Kze
r
2
;
TE =
Kze
r
2
2
Resul ts :
(i) TE of an electron in an atom = ()ve
quantity. ()ve sign indicates that electron
is in bound state
(ii) If r| , TE|
(iii) if r = , TE = 0
(iv) TE = - KE =
PE
2
in any H-like atom
Hyperbolic
n
v
v
r
7
Total energy i n t erm of n
TE =
|
|
.
|

\
|
t
2 2
2 2
2
mkze 4
h n
x 2
kze
TE =
2
2 2 2 4
2 2
t mk z e
n h
TE = Rch
z
n
2
2
joule
TE = 13.6
z
n
2
2
ev
where R = Rydberg constant =
2
2 2 4
3
t mk e
ch
=
me
ch
4
0
2 3
8e
= 1.097 10
7
m
-1
* Remember that Rydberg constant is not a
universal constant. In Bohr calculation it is
determined by assuming nucleus to be
stationary
For Bohr Rydberg constant
R

= 1.097 10
7
m
-1
If nucleus is not assumed stationary then
R =
R
m
m
e
N

+
|
\

|
.
| 1
m
N
= mass of nucleus
2.4.3 Resul ts based on t ot al energy equat i on
(i) With the increase in principal quantum
number , both total energy & potential
energy of an electron increases. While
kinetic energy decreases
(ii) With the increase in principal quantum
number, the difference between any two
consecutive energy level decreases.
(iii) Total energy of an electron in any orbit in
H-like atom = (Total energy of an electron
in that orbit in H-atom z
2
)
(iv) PE of an electron in any orbit in H-like
atom = (PE of an electron in that orbit in
H-atom) z
2
(v) KE of an electron in any orbit in H-like
atom = (KE of an electron in that orbit in
H-atom) z
2
(vi)
AE
n n
1 2
in any H-like atom = (
AE
n n
1 2
in
H-atom) z
2
3. SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS & THEIR
MEANING
Energy state
Ground state
or
Most stable state
n =1
Excited state
Energy state where
electron experience
attractive force of nucleus
n =m +1
If m =no. of excited state
Energy state where
electron do not
experience
nuclear attraction
=Ionised state
n =
(1) Ioni zat i on energy & i oni zati on pot enti al -
The minimum energy required to remove an
electron from hydrogen or hydrogen like atom
is called its ionization energy & corresponding
potential through which an electron is
accelerated for this is called ionization potential
I.E. = E

E
1
= E
1
= Binding energy of e
(2) Exci t at i on Energy & exci tat i on potent i al -
The minimun energy required to excite an atom
is called excitation energy of the particular
excited state & corresponding potential is
called excitation potential.
AE + E
1
= E
2
AE = E
2
E
1
|
Excitation Energy
AE + E
1
= E
3
AE = E
3
E
1
|
2
nd
Excitation
energy
AE + E
2
= E
3
AE = E
3
E
2
|
Excitation energy
of e for 1st
excited state.
AE + E
2
= E
4
AE = E
4
E
2
|
2
nd
Excitation
energy for e
in 2
nd
excited state.
E
4
n =4
n =2
E
2
AE
E
3
n =3
n =2
E
2
AE
E
3
n =3
n =1
E
1
AE
E
2
n =2
n =1
E
1
AE
8
AE + E
1
= E

= 0
AE = E
1
(I.E.)
AE + E
2
= E

= 0
AE = E

E
2
=E
2
I.E. of e in 1st exc.
state
If excitation energy & ionisation energy are
represented in ev then corresponding value in
volt is termed as excitation potential &
ionisation potential respectively.
For exampl e : Excitation energy & Ionisation
energy for H-atom are 10.2 eV & 13.6 eV
respectively & there fore 10.2V & 13.6V are
excitation & ionisation potential respectively.
4.1 TYPE OF LINE SPECTRUM
Emi ssi on l i ne spect rum :
When an atomic gas or vapour at a pressure
less than the atmospheric pressure is excited
by passing electric discharge, the emitted
radiation has a spectrum which contains
certain specific bright lines only. These
emission lines constitute emission spectrum.
These are obtained when electron jumps from
excited states to lower states. The wavelength
of emission lines of different elements are
different. For one element the emission
spectrum is unique. It is used for the
determination of composition of an unknown
substance.
Absorpt i on l i ne spect rum :
When white light is passed through a gas, the
gas is found to absorb light of certain
wavelength. the bright background on the
photographic plate is then crossed by dark
lines that corresponds to those wavelengths
which are absorbed by the gas atoms.
The absorption spectrum consists of dark lines
on bright background. These are obtained due
to absorption of certain wavelengths, resulting
into transition of atom from lower energy states
to higher energy states. (The emission
spectrum consists of bright lines on dark
background.)
The spectrum of sunlight has dark lines called
Fraunhoff er l i nes. These are produced when
the light coming out of the interior (core) of the
sun, passes through the envelope of cooler
gas. The cooler gas absorbs light of certain
wavelengths corresponding to the elements
present in the cooler gas. This results into
dark lines (absence of wavelength) on brighter
backgound. Study of Fraunhoffer lines is used
to determine the elements (composition) of the
star.
4.2 TIME PERIOD AND FREQUENCY OF
ELECTRON S MOTION
Ti me peri od of revolution of an electron in the
n
th
Bohr orbit is
T
n
=
n
n
v
r 2t
=
2
3
Z
n
4 2 2
3
e k m 4
h
t
For H-atom, Z = 1 ; then for n = 1,
T
1
= 1.5 10
16
sec
T
1
: T
2
: T
3
= 1 : 8 : 27
Frequency of revol ut i on
v
n
=
n
T
1
v
n

3
2
n
Z
For H-atom v
1
= 6.6 10
15
Hz,
v
1
: v
2
: v
3
= 1 :
8
1
:
27
1
Cur r ent and Magnet i c f i el d Due t o
El ect ron s Moti on
The motion of electron in circular orbit, give
rise to some equivalent current in the orbit, it
is equal to (in the n
th
orbit).
I
n
= ev
n
=
3
2
n
Z
|
|
.
|

\
|
t
3
5 2 2
h
e k m 4
I
n

3
2
n
Z
For H-atom, I
1
= 1 mA
The magnetic field at the centre of the orbit,
(at nucleus) is
B
n
=
o
o
a 2
I
=
5
3
n
Z

|
|
.
|

\
|
t
5
7 3 2 4
o
h
e k m 8
b
n
Z
3
/n
5
For H-atom, B
1
= 12.5 tesla
E

2 E
2
AE

1 E
1
AE
E

9
The magnetic moment
(orbital) due to electrons orbital motion is
M = current area
M
n
= I
n
. t r
2
n
M
n
=
m 4
nhe
t
; M
n
=
m 2
eL
where L =
t 2
nh
, angular momentum of the
electron in its orbit. The value of magnetic
moment in first Bohr orbit is called Bohr
magneton (
B
). Its value is

B
=
m 4
eh
t
= 9.27 10
24
Am
2
.
Commeat In my view, you should not try to
cram the formulas for T
n
, v
n
, I
n
, B
n
. Usually no
one is going to ask the full form. What you
must memorise is their dependence on Z and
n and order of magnitudes in firt Bohr orbit.
T
n
n
3
/Z
2
; T
1
~ 1.5 10
16
sec
v
n
Z
2
/n
3
; v
1
~ 6.6 10
15
Hz
I
n
Z
2
/n
3
; I
1
~ 1 mA
B
n
Z
3
/n
5
; B
1
~ 12.5 T
M
n
n ; M
1
=
B
~ 9.27 10
24
Am
2
e
n
= 2tv
n
; e
n
Z
2
/ n
3
L
n
= nh/2t ; L
n
n
5. DETERMINATION OF NO. OF SPECTRAL
LINES (THEORETICAL) IN EMISSION & IN
ABSORPTION TRANSITIONS
5.1 No. of emi ssi on spect ral l i nes - If the
electron is excited to state with principal
quantum number n then from the n
th
state, the
electron may go to (n 1)
th
state , ........, 2
nd
state or 1st state. So there are (n 1) possible
transitions starting from the nth state. The
electron reaching (n - 1)th state may make
(n - 2) different transitions. Similarly for other
lower states. The total no. of possible
transitions is (n-1)+(n-2)+(n-3) + ........ 2 + 1
=
n n ( ) 1
2
5.2 No. of absorpti on spectral l i nes - Since at
ordinary temperatures, almost all the atoms
remain in their lowest energy level (n = 1) &
so absorption transition can start only from n
= 1 level (not from n = 2 , 3 , 4, .... levels).
Hence , only Lyman seires is found in teh
absorption spectrum of hydrogen atom (which
as in the emission spectrum , all the series
are found)
No. of absorption spectral lines = (n 1)
Remember : The absorption spectrum of sun
has Balmer series also besides the Lyman
series. Many H-atoms remain in n = 2 also
due to very high temperature.
6. EXPLANATION OF H-SPECTRUM & SPECTRAL
LINE FORMULA
In a hydrogen like atom, when an electron
makes transition from any higher energy state
n
2
to any lower energy state n
1
then a photon
of frequency v or wavelength is emitted.
Then AE = hv =
hc

= En
2
En
1
E = Rch
z
n
2
2
J = 13.6
z
n
2
2
eV
AE =
Rchz
n
2
2
2

|
\

|
.
|
|
Rchz
n
2
1
2
AE = Rch z
2

1 1
1
2
2
2
n n

|
\

|
.
|
|
hv =
hc

= Rchz
2

1 1
1
2
2
2
n n

|
\

|
.
|
|
v
=
1

= Rz
2

1 1
1
2
2
2
n n

|
\

|
.
|
|

v
= wave number
= no. of wave in unit length
v = c
v
For H-atom , Z = 1 & there for,
E
n
2
E
n
1
n
2
n
1
v
10
1

= R
1 1
1
2
2
2
n n

|
\

|
.
|
|
(1) Lyman seri es -
n
1
= 1 , n
2
= 2 , 3 , 4....
For 1
st
line or series beginning
n
1
= 1, n
2
= 2
1

= R
1
1
1
2
2 2

max
=
4
3R
= 1216
For series limit or last line n
1
= 1 , n
2
=
1

= R
1
1
1
2 2

min
=
1
R
= 912.68
* Remember - Lyman series is found in UV region
of electromagnetic spectrum
(2) Bal mer seri es -
n
1
= 2 , n
2
= 3 , 4, 5 , 6, ........
wavelength of first line
i.e. maximum wavelength
1

max
= R
1
2
1
3
2 2

(

max
= 6563
wavelength of last line or series limit i.e.
minimum wavelength

min
= R
1
2
1
2 2

( ;
min
=
4
R
= 3646
* Balmer series is found only in emission
spectrum
* Balmer series lies in the visible region of
electromagnetic spectrum
(3) Paschen seri es -
n
1
= 3 , n
2
= 4 , 5 , 6....
For first line n
1
= 3 , n
2
= 4
1

max
= R
1
3
1
4
2 2

max
= 18751
For last line or series limit
n
1
= 3 , n
2
=
1

min
= R
1
3
1
2 2

min
=
9
R
= 8107
* Paschen series is also found only in emission
spectrum
* Paschen series is obtained in infrared region
of electromagnetic spectrum
3
2
1

Absorption lines
3
2
1

Emission lines
Last line or
series limit
First line
4
3
n =1

Energy level digram

Series limit
First line
2
5
4
3

n =2
n =1
5
4
n =3

n =2
n =1
11
(4) Brakett seri es -
n
1
= 4, n
2
= 5, 6 , 7 , ....
For first line
1

max
= R
1
4
1
5
2 2

max
= 40477
For last line or series limit
1

min
= R
1
4
1
2 2

min
=
16
R
= 14572
* Brakett series is also found only in emission
spectrum
* Brakett series is also obtained in infrared
region of electromagnetic spectrum
(5) Pfund seri es -
n
1
= 5 , n
2
= 6 , 7 , 8 , .....
For f i rst l i ne
1

max
= R
1
5
1
6
2 2

(

max
= 74515
For last line or series limit
1

min
= R
1
5
1
2

min
=
25
R
= 22768
* Pfund series is also obtained only in emission
spectrum
* Pfund series is situated in the infrared region
of electromagnetic spectrum
7.GENERAL POINTS FOR SPECTRAL LINES IN
EVERY SPECTRAL SERIES
(1) Wavelength of first line is maximum & last
line is minimum.
(2) As the order of spectral series increases,
wavelength also usually increases

PF
>
BR
>
P
>
B
>
L
(3) Frequency of energy emission in lyman
transitions are highest among all other
series.
8. CONCEPT OF REDUCED MASS & ITS
APPLICATION IN BOHR THEORY
(i) When mass of nucleus is assumed to be very-
very large in comparison to mass of revolving
particle then reduced mass is not to be applied
otherwise it is to be applied
(ii) Bohr has assumed nucleus to be stationary is
its all calculations.
(iii) Reduced mass of a system of particles of
mass m
1
& m
2
is written by
=
mm
m m
1 2
1 2
+
(iv) According to Bohr
=
m m
m m
e N
e N
+
=
m m
m
e N
N
m
N
> > m
e
= m
e
where m
N
= mass of nucleus
(v) For Muon - Proton system
mass of muonic atom = 207 mass of electron
(m

-)
=
m x m
m m
p
p

+
=
1836 207
1836 207
m x m
m
e e
e
( ) +
~ 207 m
~ 186
(vi) For electron - positron system
=
m xm
m m
e e
e e
+
+ +
=
m
e
2
m
e
= mass of electron
(vii) radius in n
th
orbit
r
n
=
n
z
2
0.529
m
e

|
\

|
.
|

6
5
4

3
2
n
1
=1
6
5
4

3
n =1
2
last line
First line
12
(viii) Energy in n
th
orbit
E
n
=
z
n
2
2
13.6

m
e
eV
9. CONCEPT OF RECOILING OF AN ATOM &
DETERMINATION OF MOMENTUM & ENERGY
FOR RECOIL ATOMS
When ever any electron makes transition from
any higher energy state to any lower energy
state then photon is emitted & due to which in
the back side atom is recoiled. The atom is
recoiled by sharing some energy from the
energy evolved during electronic transition.
If m = mass of recoil atom
v = velocity of recoil atom
Then
1
2
mv
2
+
hc

=
E
n
2
-
E
n
1
= AE
Recoil momentum of atom =
h

= momentum
of photon
Recoil energy of atom =
p
m
2
2
10. SHORTCOMING'S OF BOHR' S ATOMIC
MODEL
(i) It is valid only for one electron atoms. e.g : H,
He
+
, Li
+2
, Na
+10
etc.
(ii) Orbits were taken as circular but according to
sommerfield these are elliptical.
(iii) Intensity of spectral lines could not be explained.
(iv) Nucleus was taken as stationary but it also
rotates on its own axis.
(v) It could not be explained the minute structure in
spectrum line.
(vi) This does not explain the zeeman effect (splitting
up of spectral lines in magnetic field) & stark
effect (splitting up in electric field)
(vii) This does not explain the doublets in the
spectrum of some of the atoms like sodium
(5890 & 5896)
11. IMPORTANT FORMULAE
(1) Ti me peri od (T) :
distance = time speed
2tr = T v
T =
2tr
v
T
n
=
n h
k z me
2 3
2 2 4
4t
T
n

n
z
3
2
(2) Frequency of revol ut i on
f
n
=
v
r
n
n
2t
=
4
2 2 4
3 3
tk z me
n h
; f
n

z
n
2
3
(3) Momentum of el ect ron
P
n
=
2
2
tmkze
nh
P
n

1
n
(4) Angul ar vel oci ty of el ect ron
e
n
=
8
3 2 2 4
3 3
t k z me
n h
, e
n

z
n
2
3
(5) Current (I)
I =
e
T
= ev =
ev
r 2t
; I
z
n
2
3
(6) Magneti c moment of el ect ron (M)
M = iA
M =
ev
r 2t
tr
2
,

M =
evr
2
M =
e mvr
m
( )
2
=
eJ
m 2
;
M
J
=
e
m 2
,
M =
e
m 2
nh
2t
|
\

|
.
|
= n
eh
m 4t
|
\

|
.
|
M = n
B

B
= Bohr magneton
= 9.3 10
-24
Amp.m
2
.
M n
(7) Magnetic field or Magnetic induction at the
centre B =
r 2
i
0

=
2
0
r 4
ev
t

(8) 4 ________________ - 0.85 eV

3 ________________ - 1.51 eV
2 ________________ - 3.4 eV
n = 1 ________________ -13.6 eV
Energy levels values for H-atom
E
n
2
E
n
1
n
2
n
1

v
r
13
(9) Difference of energy levels in H-atom
AE
12
= 10.2 eV AE
24
= 2.55 eV
AE
13
= 12.09 eV AE
23
= 1.89 eV
AE
14
= 12.75 eV
(10) AE =
hc

2
A
where = mean wavelength
A = difference in wavelength
AE = difference in energy levels
(11)Total no. of electron in a shell = 2n
2
(12)Total no. electron in a subshell = 2 (2l + 1)
14
Ex.1 A o particle after passing through a potential
difference of V volt collides with a nucleus. If
the atomic number of the nucleus is Z then
the distance of closest approach of o-particle
to the nucleus will be-
(A) 14.4
V
Z
(B) 14.4
V
Z
m
(C) 14.4
V
Z
cm (D) All of the above
Sol. E
k
= U, 2eV =
d
) e 2 )( Ze ( k
d =
V
Ze k
= 9 10
9
1.6 10
19

|
.
|

\
|
V
Z
,
d =14.4 10
10

|
.
|

\
|
V
Z
m =14.4
|
.
|

\
|
V
Z

Ex.2 The radius of hydrogen atom in the ground

state is 5.3 10
11
m. If this atom collides
with an electron then its values becomes
21.2 10
11
m. The value of principal
quantum number will be-
(A) 2 (B) 16
(C) 3 (D) 4
Sol.
1
2
r
r
=
2
1
2
n
n
|
|
.
|

\
|
, n
2
2
=
1
2
2
1
r
r n
n
2
=n
1

1
2
r
r
n
2
= 1
11
11
10 3 . 5
10 2 . 21

n
2
= 2
Ex.3 An electron revolves round a nucleus of
charge Ze. In order to excite the electron
from the state n =3 to n = 4, the energy
required is 66.0 eV. Z will be -
(A) 25 (B) 10
(C) 4 (D) 5
Sol. Energy of hydrogen atom =13.6
|
.
|

\
|

2
4
1
3
1
2
eV = 13.6
144
7
eV
=.66 eV
The ionisation potential of hydrogen
=13.6 eV
SOLVED EXAMPLES
E
n
Z
2
Z
2
=
66 . 0
66
= 100, Z =10
Ex.4 A hydrogen atom rises from its n = 1 state
to the n =4 state by absorbing energy. If the
potential energy of the atom in the n = 1
state be 13.6 eV, then potential energy in
the n =4 state will be -
(A) 3.4 eV (B) 1.54 eV
(C) 0.85 eV (D) 0.85 eV
Sol. E
n
=
2
n
Rch
Given E
1
= 13.6 eV =Rch
E
4
= Energy of 4
th
state =
2
4
Rch
=
16
E
1
,
E
4
=
16
6 . 13
= 0.85 eV
Ex.5 The wavelength of the first line of lymen series
for hydrogen is identical to that of the second
line of Balmer series for some hydrogen like
ion x. Energies of two levels of x will be :
(Ground state binding energy of hydrogen
atom = 13.6 eV)
(A) 54.4 eV, 6.07 eV
(B) 13.6 eV, 3.4 eV
(C) 3.4 eV, 13.6 eV
(D) 54.4 eV, 13.6 eV
Sol. We know that

1
=RZ
2

|
|
.
|

\
|

2
2
2
1
n
1
n
1
For first line of Lyman series in hydrogen
atom
1
1

=R (

2 2
2
1
1
1
=
4
R 3
For second line of Balmer series of hydrogen
like ion x
2
1

=Z
2
R (

2 2
4
1
2
1
=
16
R Z 3
2
Given that,
1
=
2

4
R 3
=
16
R Z 3
2
Z = 2
15
Energy of nth state of ion X is given by
E
x
=
2
n
4 . 13
Z
2
, (E
x
)
1
=
1
4 4 . 13
= 54.4 eV
(E
x
)
2
=
4
4 4 . 13
= 13.6 eV
Ex.6 Ultraviolet light of wavelength 830 A
0
and 700
A
0
when allowed to fall on hydrogen atom in
their ground state is found to liberate
electrons with kinetic energy 1.8 eV and
4.0 eV respectively. Find the value of planck's
constant.
(A) 8.97 10
-34
J -s (B) 6.34 10
-34
J -s
(C) 6.57 10
-34
J -s (D) None
Sol. We know that E =

hc
For radiations of wavelength
1
and
2
having
energies E
1
and E
2
respectively, we get
E
1
=
1
hc

and E
2
=
2
hc

E
1
E
2
= hc
|
|
.
|

\
|

2 1
1 1
,
h =
) ( C
) E E (
1 2
2 1 2 1


h =
10 8
10 10 19
10 100 ) 10 3 (
10 800 10 700 10 6 . 1 ) 8 . 1 0 . 4 (

h = 6.57 10
-34
J -s.
Ex.7 The wavelength of the first member of the
Balmer series in hydrogen spectrum is 6563 .
Calculate the wavelength of first member of
Lyman series in the same spectrum.
(A) 1000 (B) 1215.37
(C) 1512 .37 (D) None
Sol. For the first member of the Balmer series
v
=
1
1

= R (

2 2
3
1
2
1
=
5
36
R ...(1)
For the first member of Lyman series
v
=
2
1

= R (

2 2
2
1
1
1
=
4
R 3
...(2)
Dividing eq. (1) by eq.(2) , we get
1
2

=
27
5
or
2
=
27
5

1

2
=
27
6563 5
= 1215.37
Ex.8 The radius of first orbit of hydrogen atom is
0.53 and the electron is executing
6.54 10
15
revolutions per second. The
magnetic moment of electron will be-
(A) 9.3 10
24
Amp-m
2
(B) 6.54 10
27
Amp-m
2
(C)

6.54 10
24
Amp-m
2
(D) 5.3 10
24
Amp - m
2
Sol. = iA =efA = eftr
2
= 1.6 10
19
6.54 10
15
3.14
(0.53 10
10
)
2
= 9.3 10
24
Amp-m
2
Ex.9 The wavelength of first and second lines of
sodium are 5890 and 5896 respectively.
Its first excitation potential will be-
(A) 4.1 V (B) 10.2 V
(C) 2.1 V (D) 3.7 V
Sol. In sodium spectrum only two lines are
obtained whose wavelengths are 5890 and
5896 respectively.
The excitation energy between there energy
levels will be-
AE =
e
hc
|
|
.
|

\
|

2 1
1 1
, AE =

hc
|
|
.
|

\
|


2 1
2 1
AE =
20 19
10 8 34
10 5896 5896 10 6 . 1
10 6 10 3 10 62 . 6




AE =2.1 eV,
Excitation potential AV = 2.1 volt
Ex.10 The radius of first orbit of hydrogen atom is
0.53 . The radius of its fourth orbit will be-
(A) 0.193 (B) 4.24
(C) 2.12 (D) 8.48
Sol. r
n
= 0.53 n
2
, n = 4
r
4
= 0.53 16
r
4
= 8.48
16
Ex.11 The wavelength of D
1
and D
2
lines of sodium
are 5890 and 5896 respectively, if their
mean wavelength is 6000 then the
difference of exicted energy states will be
(A) 2 10
3
eV (B) 2 10
3
eV
(C) 2 10
6
eV (D) 2 eV
Sol. E =

hc
AE =
2
hc

A
AE =
20
10 8 34
10 6000 6000
10 6 10 3 10 62 . 6

AE =3.31 10
22
J
AE =
19
22
10 16
10 31 . 3

~ 2 10
3
eV
Ex.12 An electron makes transition from n =4 state
to n = 1 state in hydrogen atom. The
momentum of recoil hydrogen atom in kg-m/s
will be-
(A) 12.75 10
19
(B) 13.6 10
19
(C) 6.8 10
27
(D) zero
Sol. According to law of conservation of
momentum of recoil atom
= momentum of photon =
C
E E
1 4

P =
8
19
10 3
10 6 . 1 1275

= 6.8 10
27
kg-m/s