Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INVESTIGATIONS
>-ViU>}>i}>
Thanks to Oatley campus of Georges River College for the use of equipment to photograph.
Contents
Introduction
Verbs to Watch
vi
Dot Points
Production of Materials
vii
ix
xi
Industrial Chemistry
xiii
xv
Investigations
Production of Materials
63
137
Industrial Chemistry
197
261
Appendix
Answers
312
Data Sheet
318
Periodic Table
319
Science Press
iii
Contents
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Contents
iv
Introduction
This book contains all the instructions and other information needed for you to carry out the mandatory rsthand investigations listed in column 3 of the Board of Studies Chemistry syllabus. In some cases more than one
experiment has been suggested.
The syllabus requires 35 hours of practical work, but this need not all be experimental work. First-hand
investigations include research to gather, process and analyse information, the presentation of information in
written or spoken format and the solving of problems. In completing the activities in this book, you will have
satised these aspects of the practical work required by the syllabus as detailed in column 3 of the syllabus
document.
Note that answers to practical and research exercises have not been provided as this would void the
experimentation and research that you need to do in order to get these answers.
Additional extension questions have been provided, where applicable, to encourage higher-order thinking
and enable deeper understanding of chemistry concepts. Further examples of questions relevant to rsthand investigations in column 3 of the syllabus are included in two other books in this series, Dot Point HSC
Chemistry and Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice.
The dot point numbers allocated to each experiment reect the numbers allocated to that dot point in the other
books in this series. Remember that these numbers are author derived and do not appear in the syllabus.
Wherever possible, allowance has been made for variations in experimental method. This is necessary because
schools have access to different resources and teachers often wish to design their own activities specic to
their resources. Also, you are expected to develop skills in the planning of experiments and if you are always
given recipes you will never learn to do this. However, as many students struggle when it comes to planning
and writing up experiments and research, many hints are provided.
Experimental and research work is an integral part of the study of Chemistry. It is not meant to stand alone.
You should always look for the relevance of your experimental and research work to the topic being studied.
Thus it is recommended that after you carry out these activities, and your teacher has checked your work, the
completed sheets should be inserted in the appropriate place in your notes.
This book is NOT a series of chemical recipes or a how to do it manual.
It is designed to help you record and evaluate experimental procedures that you will design and carry out
during the Chemistry course and to encourage you to see the signicance of information obtained from
practical activities and research.
Before you carry out any experimental procedure it is essential that you consult Safety Data Sheets and
information from your teacher and textbooks in order to nd out the risks associated with using any chemicals
involved and precautions needed to deal with these risks.
Before commencing any practical work, you must discuss with your teacher the necessary precautions for
dealing with the chemicals and equipment to be used. All aspects of your experimental design must be
approved by your teacher.
Science Press
Introduction
Verbs to Watch
account/account for
State reasons for, report on, give an account of,
narrate a series of events or transactions.
distinguish
Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or
different from, note difference between things.
analyse
Identify components and the relationships among
them, draw out and relate implications.
evaluate
Make a judgement based on criteria.
examine
Inquire into.
apply
Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation.
explain
Relate cause and effect, make the relationship
between things evident, provide why and/or how.
appreciate
Make a judgement about the value of something.
extract
Choose relevant and/or appropriate details.
assess
Make a judgement of value, quality, outcomes,
results or size.
extrapolate
Infer from what is known.
calculate
Determine from given facts, gures or information.
identify
Recognise and name.
clarify
Make clear or plain.
interpret
Draw meaning from.
classify
Arrange into classes, groups or categories.
investigate
Plan, inquire into and draw conclusions about.
compare
Show how things are similar and different.
justify
Support an argument or conclusion.
construct
Make, build, put together items or arguments.
outline
Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features.
contrast
Show how things are different or opposite.
predict
Suggest what may happen based on available data.
critically (analyse/evaluate)
Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge
and understanding, logic, questioning, reection and
quality to an analysis or evaluation.
propose
Put forward (a point of view, idea, argument,
suggestion etc) for consideration or action.
deduce
Draw conclusions.
recall
Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences.
dene
State the meaning of and identify essential qualities.
recommend
Provide reasons in favour.
demonstrate
Show by example.
recount
Retell a series of events.
describe
Provide characteristics and features.
summarise
Express concisely the relevant details.
discuss
Identify issues and provide points for and against.
synthesise
Put together various elements to make a whole.
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Verbs to Watch
vi
Production of Materials
Dot Point
1.
1.3
Page
Page
4.
4.1
First-hand investigation:
Galvanic cells.
41
4.2
First-hand investigation:
Potential difference of
metals in an electrolyte.
45
11
4.9
49
53
1.7
Modelling polymerisation.
2.
2.2
3.
3.3
15
3.4
Industrial production of
ethanol from sugar cane.
19
First-hand investigation:
Molar heats of combustion
of alkanols.
23
3.8
Dot Point
31
35
5.
Nuclear chemistry
5.2
57
5.8
Radioisotopes
benets and problems.
59
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vii
Production of Materials
Notes
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Contents
viii
Page
Dot Point
Page
4.
Acid/base theories
4.1
107
4.6
First-hand investigation:
pH of salt solutions.
109
1.
Indicators
1.1
First-hand investigation:
Natural indicators.
65
1.2
71
1.5
Acidic/basicity of
household substances.
73
113
125
129
2.
2.7
First-hand investigation:
Decarbonation of a soft drink.
75
81
3.
Acids and pH
3.1
First-hand investigation:
Using pH meters or probes
85
3.4
91
3.7
93
3.8
97
3.9
99
101
105
5.
Esterication
5.7
First-hand investigation:
Preparation of an ester by reux.
131
5.9
135
Science Press
ix
Notes
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Contents
1.1
2.
Monitoring in industry
the Haber process
Page
Dot Point
139
2.9
141
3.
Chemical analysis
3.1
First-hand investigation:
Flame tests.
143
3.2
157
3.4
First-hand investigation:
Sulfate content of lawn fertiliser.
161
3.5
167
3.7
169
Page
4.
4.9
Modelling haloalkanes.
173
175
177
5.
5.3
179
5.4
187
5.5
193
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xi
Notes
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Contents
xii
Industrial Chemistry
Dot Point
1.
1.1
2.
2.1
Page
Dot Point
199
Page
5.
Saponication
5.1
235
5.2
Saponication.
239
5.5
First-hand investigation:
An emulsion, properties and uses.
241
5.6
First-hand investigation:
Soap as an emulsion.
245
First-hand investigation:
Modelling an equilibrium reaction.
201
2.2
First-hand investigation:
Analysing an equilibrium reaction.
207
2.5
3.
Sulfuric acid
6.
3.4
219
6.5
253
3.9
221
First-hand investigation:
The Solvay process.
6.6
257
6.7
259
225
4.
Sodium hydroxide
4.2
First-hand investigation:
Electrolysis of sodium chloride.
229
4.3
233
249
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xiii
Industrial Chemistry
Notes
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Contents
xiv
Page
Dot Point
Page
5.
5.5
First-hand investigation:
Rate of corrosion.
291
5.6
301
267
6.
Corrosion at depth
First-hand investigation:
Corrosion of iron and steel.
269
6.1
First-hand investigation:
Rate of corrosion and acidity.
2.4
273
7.
3.
Electrolytic cells
3.3
First-hand investigation:
Rate of electrolysis.
275
7.6
4.
4.1
279
4.2
First-hand investigation:
Corrosion rate of metals and alloys.
281
4.4
First-hand investigation:
Prevention of corrosion.
285
4.8
289
1.
1.4
2.
Ships of metal
2.2
2.3
263
303
307
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xv
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Contents
xvi
DOT POINT
*`Vv>i>
Science Press
Production of Materials
Notes
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Production of Materials
General
formula
Functional
group
Example
Alkane
CnH2n+2
CC
Ethane
Alkene
CnH2n
C=C
Ethylene (ethene)
light
H C - C- H + HF
-
H C C H + F2
-
H F
H H
-
H H
H H
Alkenes undergo addition reactions as they have reactive double bonds, e.g.
H - C - C- H
-
C- H + F2
F F
-
H- C
H H
Bromine water is a yellow-brown colour. As it reacts with a hydrocarbon the yellow-brown colour disappears leaving a clear solution.
You could also conrm your results by testing the alkane and alkene with acidied potassium permanganate solution (KMnO4). Alkenes
will decolourise the purple potassium permanganate but alkanes will not react.
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Production of Materials
Dependent variable
Risk analysis: Before you carry out any activity you must carry out a risk analysis. Complete the table opposite
to indicate any risk involved in using the equipment and chemicals involved in this investigation and explain any
necessary precaution for this experiment.
The table has been started for you.
Hints: This should acknowledge risks to people carrying out the experiment and also to the broader environment. Think about what the
risks are in this activity and how you can remove or reduce these risks.
You will need to look up the relevant Material Safety Data Sheets. Ask your teacher for these if they are not in the laboratory. Are any of
the chemicals you will be using toxic or corrosive? Are there regulations for their safe disposal when the experiment is over?
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Production of Materials
Chemicals and
equipment
Bromine water
Risk
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexene
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Production of Materials
Method: Follow the procedure below and note any modications you make.
1.
Carry out this procedure in a fume cupboard and wear gloves and safety goggles.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Tap the side of the test tube gently to mix the contents.
8.
If you are going to conrm your results using potassium permanganate, then write the method below.
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Initial colour of
hydrocarbons
Initial colour of
bromine water
Time for
change
A
B
C
D
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Production of Materials
Conclusion: Complete the following statements to write a conclusion for this experiment. You must always
make sure that your conclusion answers your aim and hypothesis.
The results (support/do not support) the hypothesis.
The alkene, cyclohexene, reacted (quickly/slowly) with bromine water, changing colour from .........................................
to .......................................... This happened even in the (light/dark).
The alkane, cyclohexane, reacted (quickly/very slowly) with bromine water in the (dark/light) and did not react at
all when in the (light/dark).
Discussion: Discuss your results under the following subsections.
1.
Hints: Were they what you expected? Did you notice any layers forming in the test tubes and if so, can you account for this?
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Hints: Could the colour change be readily observed? Were the same quantities of chemicals used in each test tube to allow accurate
comparison? Was care taken to avoid using excess bromine (which could mask a colour change)?
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3.
Hint: Was the experiment carried out more than once to check if the results are reliable?
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Production of Materials
4.
Hints: Did the design of your experiment allow you to test what you set out to test, or could it be improved? Did you have a control? This
could be a container of bromine water with no added chemicals to see if the bromine water would change colour without the addition of
cyclohexene. Did you conrm your results by testing the alkane and alkene with acidied potassium permanganate solution (KMnO4)? Are
your conclusions valid? Do they accurately reect the results you obtained.
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5.
Hints: Did performing this experiment help you to understand/remember reactions of hydrocarbon groups? Did your results suggest any
further experiments that would be interesting to carry out? To make a polymer, would you use an alkane or alkene as the starting point
(raw material)?
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Production of Materials
Describe how you modelled the polymerisation process. Include a diagram or photographs showing the
modelling process. If you used a computer simulation, identify its source.
Hints: A model shows a representation of reality. It helps you to visualise a structure or process. What did you use to represent the
monomers? How did you represent the breaking of the double C=C bonds? There are many animations on the internet which model
polymerisation.
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Production of Materials
Risks and safety assessment: Discuss any risks and how these could be reduced.
Hints: Are there any risks involved in this process? If so they are probably minimal. It is acceptable to state that there are no risks or only
minimal risks involved in carrying out an activity. If you are using model kits then a risk could be people being bruised if they slip on models
dropped onto the oor and thus fall over. Models involving a lot of activity may involve the risks of injury during collisions. Note that the risk
is the injury that could result from a collision, not the collision itself. For example, small balls used for modelling are not a risk in themselves,
even if they fall on the oor. The risk is that the person may be injured if they slip on balls.
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Production of Materials
10
Background information
Biopolymers occur naturally, e.g. starch, cellulose, cotton, proteins, gluten, PHA, polylactic acid.
Biopolymers can be made using renewable resources such as plants and micro-organisms, e.g. BiopolR.
Biopolymers are renewable, biodegradable and biocompatible.
Biopolymers can be modied, e.g. rayon and cellophane are modied cellulose.
Select one reference that you consulted and decided to ignore. Identify the reference and justify your decision.
Hints: When undertaking research it is essential to ensure that all reference material is accurate, reliable and valid. Was the information in
this resource inaccurate, unreliable or not valid? Was it just too difcult to understand?
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Summary: Use a proforma, such as the ones shown over, to summarise your research ndings. You can either
write in the information here or type it up on the computer, print it out and add the page(s) here.
Hints: Always use your own words. This will increase your understanding and help you to remember the information. Copying information
from references without acknowledging the source is called plagiarism and is not acceptable. If you do not understand the information well
enough to put it into your own words, then you should get help from your teacher.
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11
Production of Materials
How is it produced?
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Production of Materials
12
Evaluation: Based on the information that you have researched, evaluate the use or potential use of the
polymer produced related to its properties.
Hints: In an evaluation you should:
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.AME THE BIOPOLYMER AND STATE ITS FORMULA
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,IST ITS PROPERTIES AND USES THAT DEPEND ON THESE PROPERTIES
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