A PROJECT REPORT ON

A DETAIL STUDY OF EFFECT OF FERTILISERS ON PADDY CROP IN IFCCO BALAGHAT

Submitted To R. T. M. Nagpur University, Nagpur

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Post Graduate Degree Master of Business Administration (MBA)
Submitted by

Mr. PRAMOD L. BISEN

Under the guidance of Prof. Mayur Trivedi (Project Guide) Department of Management Studies SHANKARLAL AGRAWAL COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, GONDIA
Session 2013-2014

DEPARTEMENT OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Certificate
This is to certificate that Mr. PRAMOD L. BISEN a bonafide student of M.B.A Final year in the department of Master of Business Administration S.A.C.M.S, Gondia for the season 2013-14. He has completed his Project work entitled. A DETAIL STUDY OF EFFECT OF FERTILIZER ON PADDY CROPUnder the guidance of Prof. Mayur Trivedi on the subject approved by the department. This project is submitted to R.T.M Nagpur University in the partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of Master of Business Administration.

Principal Mayur Trivedi

Project Guide Mayur Trivedi

DEPARTEMENT OF MASTER OF DUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Certificate of Guide
This is to certify that a Mr. PRAMOD L. BISEN student of MBA 3rd SEM in the Department of Master of Business Administration, Shankarlal Agrawal college of Management Studies, Gondia, has completed her dissertation entitled- A DETAIL STUDY OF EFFECT OF FERTILIZER ON PADDY CROP Under my guidance. 1. The candidate has satisfactory conducted research for not less than academic year. 2. The Project is the result of the candidates own and is of sufficiently high standard to warrant its presentation to the R.T.M Nagpur University on partial fulfillment of the requirement for degree of Master of Business Administration. Project Guide Prof. Mayur Trivedi Deptt. Of Master of Business Administration S.A.C.M.S College, Gondia

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project work A DETAIL STUDY OF EFFECT OF FERTILIZER ON PADDY CROP is the result of my own work under the guidance Prof. Mayur Tirvedi and that the same has not been previously submitted by me to R.T.M. Nagpur University or any other University.

Place :Date :-

Mr. P0RMOD L. BISEN Deptt. Of Master of Business Administration S.A.C.M.S College, Gondia 2013-14

ACKNOELEDGEMENT
My project is designed to sensitize the student to the nuances of academic research and application of concepts in the real work by assigning time-bound projects as a part of the curriculum. It students to experience theory in practice and they are put through the rigors of research work. I am deeply indebted to my research guide, Prof. Mayur Trivedi for his excellent guidance and timely correction. Without his help the report would not have taken its present shape. The faculty at the institute constantly has been a guiding force. I would like to convey my special thanks to Principal, Mayur Trivedi . Co -Ordinator, Prof. Mayur Trivedi Dept. of MBA. Last but not the least: I would like to thank the support staff for always bearing with us during the making of our research report. Our thanks are extended to the librarians and the system administrators at the computer lab.

Mr. PRAMOD L. BISEN Deptt. Of Master of Business Administration S.A.C.M.S College, Gondia 2013-14

CONTENTS :Page no.

* Introduction 7-10

* Objective

11-14

* Research Methodology

15-17

* Data Analysis

18-23

* Finding

24-27

* Suggestions

28-31

* Conclusion

32-35

* Bibliography & references

36-39

INTRODUCTION
Looking back at 5,000 years of recorded world history reveals two important facts about human nature. First, human beings possess limitless potential for compassion, innovation and achievement. Secondly, these qualities are brought to full bloom where and when people have access to healthy food.

Fertilizer and plant food are terms used to describe additives that increase soils fertilityits capability of producing abundant crops. Nutrients are substances providing nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life. Nutrients are whats provided, through the application of fertilizer, to enhance the fertility of the soil.

Experts estimate that there will be more than nine billion people on our planet by 2050. Thats nearly three billion more people than are alive today. People from all walks of life with all kinds of ideas, but who share one common challenge: each will experience hunger, requiring food to survive. Fertilizer has playedand will continue to playa key role in meeting this eternal challenge.

Fertilizer and plant food are terms used to describe additives that increase soils fertilityits capability of producing abundant crops. Nutrients are substances providing nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life. Nutrients are whats provided, through the application of fertilizer, to enhance the fertility of the soil.

A Global Industry :The fertilizer industry faces a distribution challenge unrivaled by almost any other business.

Environmental Stewardship :The fertilizer industry is developing sustainable practices that meet economic, environmental and social goals.

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Fertilizer Means Food :Fertilizer is a precious resource, which plays a critical role in global food production.

Nutrient Science :Understanding what plants need to grow helps farmers use fertilizer when and where it's needed to produce healthy plant.

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OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
* Improve high-yielding varieties productivity growth * Food and nutrition security * Poverty reduction * Internalize the corrective measures to be undertaking in any nutrient deficiency soil . * How to increase probability

* Rate of growth of crops

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Types of fertilizers
Inorganic and organic Organic:Generally the term organic fertilizer is used to refer to fertilizer that has gone through minimal processing, where nutrients are still found in their natural forms. This includes manure and compost, which you can prepare yourself, along with items which can be purchased. Inorganic fertilizers generally refer to fertilizers that are synthetic or artificial, and generally are manufactured from petroleum products (yes, fertilizer that is made from crude oil).

Inorganic Inorganic Fertilizers are water soluble. They are minerals in concentrated form that are readily available to the plant. Unlike most organic fertilizers, they dont need the help of the soil to break them down so the plant can utilize them. They only need the soil to hold them until the plant takes them in. Water soluble inorganic fertilizers do nothing to contribute to the health of the soil. So over time, soils become run down and diseased, and become ever more limited in the types of crops they will grow.

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Types of Fertilizers - Why Farmers Choose Inorganic Fertilizers Soils and plants need so many more nutrients than Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (also called NPK). But research has shown that it is these three that are the primary nutrients needed to produce bigger yields. To the farmer, with all the expenses involved in farming, coupled together with low crop prices, if he doesnt produce larger yields, he very well wont be able to make enough money to stay in business.

The issue of Organic vs. Inorganic Fertilizer is the same issue faced by human beings. Do we live a healthy lifestyle and eat nutritious foods, or do we indulge ourselves with empty calories and then count on drugs to save us

from the consequences? Because inorganic fertilizers do not supply most of the micro-nutrients needed by the soil and plants, soils become out of balance, and disease,insect problems and weed problems multiply. To counter these, the inorganic farmer utilizes poisons (insecticides, pesticides, herbicides) to treat these symptoms. Of course, these are highly detrimental to the soil. Along with killing the bad, they also kill the many beneficial insects, algae, nematodes, flagellates, amoebae, ciliates, fungi and bacteria in the soil.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research is a common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. One can also define research as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. In fact, are search in an art of scientific investigation. It is a way to solve to systematically solve the research problem. Some people consider research as a movement from the known to unknown. It is actually a voyage of discovery.

Primary Data : Primary sources being an integral part has me a lot discussions were done with the Farmer and also field visit. Based on the discussion and there response my project work has been completed. Secondary Data:Besides primary sources a secondary source has me to complete my project work. The secondary sources used are

Reasons to decrease fertility of soil for Rice Crop:Improvement of soil fertility and plant nutrition to sustain adequate yield of crop is essential since soil degradation has been identified as a major constraint and a root cause of declining crop productivity in many developing countries e.g. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

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Due to large quantities of nutrients are removed from soil through crop harvest without sufficient supply of fertilizers and manure causing low input agriculture has been unfortunately implemented by farmers and the consequences of low crop productivity would increase food insecurity. In many regions, local farmers lack of sufficient fertilizer, money for purchase, access to the credit, and transportation resulting to low in fertilizer input and a gradual decrease of soil fertility

How to improve soil fertility Strategies have been used to restore soil fertility including traditional application of inorganic fertilizers or use of organic fertilizing materials such as plant residues (i.e. rice straw and husk), green manure, and animal manure Uses of crop management system such as cover crops, legumes, mulching, fallow, and agro forestry are well documented Applying plant residue or organic biomass to soil has influenced on soil nutrients, soil physical condition, soil biological activity, and crop performance.

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DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

Data will be collected through above said method and data analysis will be done through proper tools will be like Microsoft Office Excel.

Application Levels :The problem is particularly acute with horticultural crops, which are high-value and produced very intensively in most of Asia In tropical and sub-tropical climates, provided there is enough soil moisture, vegetable fields may bear as many as ten successive crops a year, all of which may receive heavy applications of fertilizer. Poor timing and poor application technology make this limited use of chemical fertilizer even less effective than it might be.

Fertilizer Use in Asia :The rising populations of Asian countries mean that it will be necessary to increase food production. Fertilizer will be an essential part of this process. Since areas of new land are limited, this means mainly intensification on existing agricultural land. Nutrient inputs will have to rise in fact, it has been estimated they may have to triple! Fertilizer will be an essential part of this process. Asia is moving from agriculture which depends on the natural fertility of the soil, to agriculture which is fertilizer dependent. Some countries in Asia are already close to the point where additional fertilizer brings no additional yield, or may even be past it. Japan, Korea and Taiwan are all estimated to be applying what is termed the theoretical maximum (theomax).

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In other countries, however, actual application rates are low, and well below those recommended. Most countries with low fertilizer application rates import most or all of their fertilizer requirements. An oversupply of nutrients is characteristic of higher income countries where population levels are fairly static. The fact of a negative balance has serious implications of a long-term loss of productivity. Countries which are exporting rice and other crops without replacing the plant nutrients they contain are in effect exporting their soil fertility.

Identifying the Impact of Fertilizer on Productivity and the Environment :Population growth in Asian countries where fertilizer applications are now low means that fertilizer use will almost certainly rise in the future. Higher fertilizer use on a massive scale increases the probability of environmental pollution. There is a danger of environmental damage even where applications are below maximum levels, especially if fertilizer is broadcast onto the soil surface in a single application . The probability increases with rising levels of fertilizer use. We need to find how increased fertilizer use can be sustained with minimum impact on the environment, by e.g. better timing of applications, deep placement, and improved formulations such as slow-release fertilizers.

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Appropriate Methods of Fertilize

Most agricultural soils are deficient in N, which can conveniently be supplied in the form of N fertilizer. Because of its low cost and easy transport, there has been a trend towards the use of urea as an N source.

However, there is now some doubt whether urea is the best form to use in paddy fields. When urea is used in flooded soils, there are often high losses from denitrification. Improved formulations and application methods may cut down on nitrogen losses. There have recently been interesting developments in coated nitrification inhibitors and other formulations. Correct timing of nitrogen applications is important, to ensure that they coincide with the period of nitrogen uptake by the crop. Several countries are promoting the use of blended fertilizers to help solve this problem. In Fiji, for example, the situation improved rapidly when a domestic fertilizer factory was established which produced blended fertilizers. Sugarcane growers were encouraged to use blended rather than straight fertilizers

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Environmental Pollution from Fertilizers :Nitrate contamination of groundwater from heavy nitrogen applications is already a problem in some Asian countries, where water in some wells contains nitrate levels that exceed permissible limits. Rice cultivation often uses large amounts of chemical fertilizer. Nitrification is rather an easy process under reduction conditions. If paddy soil is submerged more than ten days, it is unlikely that any nitrate will be released from rice fields into the groundwater. We need to know more about nitrate limits in water, and the effect of nitrogen applications on underground water sources. This is particularly important in Iran, which is largely dependent on underground water sources. Nitrate cannot be removed once it has entered the underground water system

Soil and Plant Testing Network :-It is often proposed that Asian
countries should set up a network of soil testing and plant analysis.. This means that samples from one field represent a large area of land. Farmers are also fairly affluent, and can afford to pay for soil testing. In Asia, on the other hand, farms and fields are small, while the cost of testing soils is high relative to the income of typical small-scale farmers. Is the laboratory analysis system available to farmers in the West the best system for low-income farmers in tropical Asia? Perhaps there are better, more appropriate ways of estimating the fertility status of soils.to make the
given photo

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Photo 1. The growth of rice plant after fertilizer seed coating Coating dry rice seed by ground/powdered KH2PO4 with seed with small volume of vegetable oil extended the growth of seedling up to 40 DAS in soil where none of P fertilizer was applied. Delayed plant emergence could be found at 5 DAS but this problem was overcome after 10 days. The growth of plant was enhanced after 20 days compared to un-coated plant. Coating rice seed by 2.4 mg powdered KH2PO4 per seed or 92 g KH2PO4 per kg of seed (averaged seed weigh = 26.08 mg) was expected to be low cost and easily handled. Use of BPR or NPK, some procedures such as pre-germination or dormancy break of rice seed might be required to increase water imbibition, and subsequent emergence, and root growth prior to nutrient released from these P fertilizers could supply adequate amount of P to plant without damaging effect on the growth.

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Effect of Organic, Inorganic Fertilizers on Rice Quality:Background and methodology: Although nutrient source plays an important role in crop quality, there is little information available on how rice quality is affected by different organic composts. This study was conducted in aromatic rice on two levels of four organic composts made from kudzu vine (Pueraria lobata), nettle (Urtica), Lantana, winter weeds, and two other organic amendments of poultry manure and farmyard manure.

Findings:

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Results show that grain yield was significantly influenced by the supply of major plant nutrients. The highest rice yield was obtained from the inorganically fertilized plots. The protein content in the grain also was highest in the inorganic treatment and lowest in the control. Among organic treatments, farmyard manure contributed the least in terms of protein content. Significantly higher iron content was recorded with organic fertilization compared to inorganic fertilization. . However, inorganic fertilization was superior in terms of copper content compared with organic treatments. Quality attributes indicated that cooked kernel length was positively correlated with the kernel elongation ratio. Winter weed compost provided comparative benefits for rice yield and quality in terms of protein, iron and head rice recovery compared with other sources of nutrients. The results of this study suggested that organic nutrient sources can perform comparatively well in terms of chemical and physico-chemical properties, and cooking quality of rice.

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SUGGESTION
This chapter describes the most common sources of fertilizer and outlines a recommended application schedule for irrigated rice. Included are practical suggestions for effective handling, application, and storage of chemical fertilizers.

1] Inorganic Fertilizers :Inorganic fertilizers are chemical compounds (either synthesized natural)

which are added to the soil to improve fertility. The most important characteristics of inorganic fertilizers are that they can be extremely economical can vastly increase yields land can result in significant profits), and they are fast-acting . Notes on fertilizer storage: Great care should be taken in handling, transporting, and storing chemical fertilizers. Although most inorganic fertilizers are fairly inert when kept dry, many undergo drastic chemical changes when exposed to rain or even moisture in the air. The resulting gases and liquids not only carry off valuable nutrierit, but they can cause considerable corrosive damage to cement floors and wall, metal tools, motorcycles, etc.

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II. Fertilizer Management:There is no single recommendation for rice fertilization which will fit all situations 1) The Basal Application Just prior to transplanting, fertilizer should be broadcast and puddled into the sell to ansure an abundance of nutrients during the critical seedling establishment phase. The basal application facilitates the plant's rapid recovery from the shock of transplanting. If possible, all phosphorus should be applied basally, since root development is crucial at this time. 2) First Top Dressing When the seedlings have fully recovered from the shock of transplanting and have entered into the active tillering stage (approximately two weeks after transplanting for most varieties), fertilizer should be broadcast and puddled into the soil. This operation can be combined with the first weeding. The first top dressing ensures rapid vegetative growth, promotes tillering, and helps strengthen the plants against disease attack. Nitrogen and potassium should be applied with the first top dressing. 3) Second Top Dressing Immediately after panicle initiation (the date will vary according to the duration of the variety), fertilizer should once again be broadcast and puddled into the soil.

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III. Fertilizer Calculations The extension worker can attack the problem of calculating fertilizer for farmers in a number of ways, depending on the degree of accuracy desired. Described below are two approaches to the problem which have proven useful in the past in Sierra Leone. 1) The Rough - and - Ready Method The simplest method of determining a farmer's fertilizer needs is to calculate how many bags of fertilizer will be needed for the entire swamp and then to divide the swamp and the fertilizer into smaller units at the time of application to ensure a relatively even distribution. First, measure the entire swamp and calculate its area. Practiced field workers can sometimes make an approximate guess at a swamp's area, but make sure the practice at measuring precedes the guessing. 2) The Fertilizer Tables Developed swamps are divided into plots smaller than a hectare, acre, or even half acre. A more exact method of calculating fertilizer applications is by the individual plot. This method lends itself well to swamps in which management practices have reached a more sophisticated level, or in which only a few plots are planted at a time.

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CONCLUSION
Conclusion of the study will be produced executive summary.

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Is organic fertilizer the answer? While the nutrients in organic fertilizers such as animal manure are from natural sources, and may be at lower concentrations than synthetic fertilizers, they are still chemical elements that impact the environment. The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium enter the soil where they are added and inevitably become a part of that particular ecosystem. While waste is a natural component of the life cycle, humans exploiting animals for their own resources has a larger environmental impact than wild animals living, consuming, and defecating naturally without human intervention. I have come to the realization that fertilizer has a negative impact on the environment whether it is organic or not. Synthetic fertilizers have more chemicals in them and I believe that they impact the environment to a harsher extent than organic fertilizers. I have started to question the relationship between inorganic fertilizers and pesticide use. I assume that people who use synthetic fertilizers are more likely to use pesticides and I am curious to find out whether this is true. I am also interested in learning about the impact that pesticides have on the environment and on the foods that they are used on. In general this research has increased my curiosity about horticulture and agricultural practices and has reaffirmed my belief that everything is interconnected in the environment. I have come to the conclusion that that if your soil requires nutritional intervention it is best to go as organic as possible. It is impossible to eliminate human impact on the environment, but we can do our best to minimize and control our footprint.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
http:/www.agricultureinformation.com

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REFEARENCE
1. Chiarakorn et al. "Influence of functional silanes on hydrophobicity of MCM-41 synthesized from rice husk" Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 8 (2007) 110 free download 2. Chumee et al. "Characterization of platinumiron catalysts supported on MCM-41 synthesized with rice husk silica and their performance for phenol hydroxylation" Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 (2008) 015006 free download 3.a b Wallheimer, Brian (October 25, 2010). "Rice hulls a sustainable drainage option for greenhouse growers". Purdue University. Retrieved August 30, 2012 . 3. (2011). "Growstones ideal alternative to perlite, parboiled rice hulls". American Society for Horticultural Science 4. http://esciencenews.com/articles/2011/12/14/growstones.ideal.alternat ive.perlite.parboiled.rice.hulls.

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