Chapter 24 1. Phylogeny and characteristics of classes in the subphylum vertebrata a. Agnatha---cartilagineousskeleton and lacks a functional jaw b.

Chondrichthyes--- jaws present but no true bone c. Osteichthyesmost modern fish are representative of this group (gills , lung, and bladder) d. Amphibiametamorphosisduring development; juvenilesare aquatic but adults are terrestrial e. Reptiliaproduces an amniotic(land) egg 2. 4 major milestones that mark evolution of the vertebrate choradates a. The evolution of bony vertebraearound the hollow dorsal nerve cord. b. Evolution of a bony craniumto protect the brain (related to 1a).. c. The evolution of jaws (gnathostomes) . d. The evolution of tetrapody (4 appendages)-- vertebrate animals with four limbs e. Evolution of the amniotic (terrestrial) egg. 3. What is the main line of evidence to suggest that the first terrestrial amphibians evolved from lobefin fish? Hint: the coelacanth is a modern representative of this group - This is the origin of tetrapody in vertebrates - Evidence comes from the homology in limbstructures (the homology in bone structure suggests that lobe fin fish gave rise to primitive amphibian tetraphods) 4. The vertebrate lung first appeared in amphibians 5. All chordates have 3 structures in common during some point in development: Notochord , hollow dorsal nerve cord, and pharngyl slits 6. In the most primitive chordates (urochordates), only the larvalform may have bilateralsymmetry and all of the distinctive chordate characteristics (e.g. notochord, dorsal nerve). 7. List 3 tissue that are only found in vertebrate chordates

a. Epithelium cells-- important lining tissue. b. Connective tissue-- includes collagen, elastic fibers, and cartilage. Also includes blood and lymph cells. c. Bone-- Higher vertebrates have calcareous bone tissue as well as cartilage. 8. What do endothermy (being warm blooded) and activity level have to do with the evolution of the 4 chambered heart in birds and mammals? Double ventricleseffectively separate the deoxygenated and oxygenated blood which leads to much higher blood oxygen levels (compared to amphibians and reptiles). This allows for the much higher metabolismof birds (and mammals-- see below) necessary to support endothermy and high levels of physical activity. Notice the degree of lethargyof amphibians and reptiles compared to birds and mammals.