1. What are the common types of variables used in statistics? Random variables Stochastic variables 2.

2. Name a few descriptive measures of data? Mean Standard deviation Median Quartile deviation Mode 3. What is the central limit the theorem? If X1,X2,Xn is a random sample of n drawn from any population , then the sample mean( x ) is normally distributed with mean and variance /n provided n is sufficiently large. Eg. As n where and respectively are population mean and variance. 4. What are elements and variables in a data set? Frequency and Random variables 5. What are parametric tests? The random samples are selected from a normal population is called parametric test. The parametric tests are Student t test F-test Proportional test Chi-square( ) test 6. What is a non-parametric test? Non parametric test is a test does not depend on the particular form of the basic frequency from which the samples drawn 7. Name for four non-parametric tests? Sign test, for paired data and one sample sign test. Mann-Whitney U test or rank sum test Kruskal-wallis test One sample run test. 8. Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative variable in statistics? Quantitative Qualitative S.No 1. We can measure numerically. We cannot measure numerically. 2. Quantitative always denoted by Qualitative denoted by numbers and number. symbols. 3. Quantitative always mathematical Qualitative all the subject oriented. oriented. 9. Name four descriptive statistics used? Mean To find the average. Median- To find the positional average. Standard deviation- To find the coefficient of variation. Mode- To find the maximum frequency. Rang- Quality control, weather forecast.

10. What is a sampling distribution? From a population, a number of samples are drawn of equal size n. find out the mean of each sample. The means of the sample are not equal. The means with their respective frequencies are grouped. The frequency distribution s, formed as sampling as sampling distribution. 11. Give two rules for determining sample size? Sample size for estimating a population mean. Sample size for estimating a population proportion. 12. What is a hypothesis? A hypothesis is some statement about a population parameter. The hypothesis is tested on the basis of the outcome of random sample. 13. What is design of experiments? It is known that t-test of statistical hypothesis is used to test the significance of mean of the sample or difference between two (dependent, independent) samples more than two samples or more than two populations. This leads to the development of a new field of mathematical science called as design of experiments. 14. What is a non- parametric test? Non parametric test do not required that the underlying population be normal or indeed that they have any single mathematical form and some even apply to non-numerical data. The non-parametric methods are also called distribution free methods that assume no knowledge, whatsoever, about the distributions of underlying populations, except perhaps that they are continuous. 15. When is KRUSKAL -WALLIS test used? The Kruskal wallis test is a generalization of Mann-whitney U-test the case of K>2 samples. This is also known as Kruskal-wallis test. It is used to test the null hypothesis Ho that K independent samples are drawn from the identical population. This test is an alternative nonparametric test to the F-test for testing, the equality of means in the one factor analysis of variance when the experimental wishes to avoid the assumption that the samples were selected from the normal population. 16. When is regression used? Regression analysis provides estimates of the values of the dependent variable from values of the independent variable. The device used to accomplish this estimation procedure in the regression line. 17. List the types of variables? Discrete variables. Continuous variables 18. Give the examples of Poisson distribution? The number of cars passing through a certain street in a time t. The number of deaths in a city in one year by a rare disease.

 The numbers of printing mistakes in each page of the first proof a book. 19. Explain sampling distribution? Sampling distribution of a statistic is the frequency distribution which is formed with various values of a statistic computed from different samples of the sample size drawn from the same population. We can draw a large number of samples of same size from a population of fixed size, each sample containing different population members. Any statistic like mean median, variance, standard deviation, etc., many be computed for each of the samples. As a result, series of varies values of that statistic may be obtained. These various values can be arranged into a frequency distribution table, which is known as sampling distribution of statistic. 20. List the criteria of a good estimator? A good estimator is one which is a close to the true value of the parameter as possible. A good estimator must possess the following characteristics, 1) Unbiasedness 3) Efficiency 2) Consistency 4) Sufficiency 21. What do you mean by two tail test? A test of statistical hypothesis where the alternative hypothesis is two tailed such as, Ho = = O Against the alternative hypothesis H1 = O Is known as two tailed test. 22. When can we use Z test? We can Z-test (or) Z-distribution under normal curve for large sample. E.g. If the sample size n30. The Z statistic is defined as. Z= N(0,1) as n

23. When do we use KRUSKAL WALLIS TEST? The observations are independent within and between samples, The variable under study is continuous. The populations are identical except possibly in respect of median. 24. Name a few discrete probability distributions? 1) Binomial 4) Bernoulli`s 2) Negative binomial 5) Geometric 3) Poisson 25. What is a sample? A part of population selected for study is called sample. In other words, the selection of group of individuals or items from a population in such a way that this group represents the population is called a sample. 26. What is a small sample? If the number of observations less than 30 is called small sample. 27. What is a large sample?

If the number of observations greater than 30 is called large sample. 28. Distinguish between one way and two ways ANOVA? S.no One way Two way 1 The observations are The observations are classified classified according to one according to two factors. factor. 2 This is exhibited column This is exhibited column and row wise. wise. 3 Model: Vij = + i + ei model : Vij = + i + i + eij 29. What are the types of variables used in a goodness of fit chi squared best? Independent variables Dependent variables 30. What is cyclical variation? Cyclical variations are the oscillatory movements in a time series with period of oscillation greater than one year. These variations in a time series are due to ups and downs recurring after a period greater than one year.