THEORIES and PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING

6th Architectural Licensure Review College of Architecture University of Mindanao

I.

General Principles of Planning

Definition and classification History and scope of planning General Planning process

IV. The Art and Science of Site

Planning and Landscape Architecture

o o Site analysis and Site development Landscape design

II.

Urban and Regional Planning and Urban Design

Theories of Urban and Regional Planning Comprehensive Planning Land Use Planning Urban Design Urbanization and Urban Social Relationships

o History of the City and the Region o o o o o III. o o o

Primary consideration in site planning and development (physical, aesthetics, ecological, sociopsychological, management and maintenance).

Housing and Human Settlements Planning

Definition and classification Housing policies and programs Housing finance, production, and practices

General Principles of Planning

Definitions and Classifications
Definitions.
THEORY is a way of understanding the world, a framework for our interpretations of facts and experience, a framework by which bricks can be built into a coherent structure. At the same time as it explains facts, theory needs to be applied. Defining Planning: An attempted synthesis Planning is the deliberate social or organizational activity of developing an optimal strategy for achieving a desired set of goals. Such planning aims to apply the methods of rational choice to determining a best set of future actions and addressed to novel problems in complex contexts; it is attended by the power and intention to commit resources and to act as necessary to implement the chosen strategy.

THE PLANNING PROCESS

PROBLEM DIAGNOSIS

GOAL ARTICULATION

PREDICTION AND PROJECTION

ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT

FEASIBILITY & ANALYSIS

EVALUATION

IMPLEMENTATION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Scattered/dispersed communities Riverine (linear patter) Self-sufficient individual economies Absence of stone structures Barangay is the basic structure as: a. Consisting of 30-100families b. Was composed of single kinship with a chieftain as DATU. c. Closed system, protected by substantial fortification d. Self-sufficient agrarian economy supplemented by fishing and hunting Inter-Barangay contacts were minimal Supra-Barangay for mutual protection validated through inter-Barangay marriages 6. No distinct development plan followed to layout the internal structure 7. Planning was more a dictate of environmental conditions rather than a conceived and willful activity.

SPANISH SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Barangay decentralization prevented a formidable obstacle to Spanish colonizers Christianization. Spiritual conquest could be achieved only by community consolidation or reduction Nucleation Strategy. Resettlement, a necessary condition and logical corollary of Christian conversion and cultural transformation. a. 1520s-1570s. First attempts of resettlement but failed b. 1589. First official resettlement Program. c. 1597. Resettlement Policies were institutionalized in the Laws of the Indies (indigenous inhabitants). Compact Villages provided a rapid Christian indoctrination and societal reorganization Ciudades. These are urban cluster settlements with nonagricultural population of at least 10,000 persons. It functions as defensive centers, seat of bishoprics, center for education, regional centers for colonial rule. It has a social mix of Spanish concomicaderos, resident ecclesiastics, Principalia and Chinese. Villas. These are semi-urban nodes strategically scattered for an effective colonial control.

SPANISH SETTLEMENT PATTERNS

Cabeceras are small misson settlements located at the heart of the town. It functions as center for religious activities and cultural change. With a social mix of Spanish friars and Principalias, it features: a. b. c. d. e. Church/convents located at the center Municipal Building Residences of Chief Citizens (principalias) Approaches to reduction (reducir) Military coercion

f.

Enticement (colorful ritual of Catholicism)

g. Children as instrument s of resettlements (seminario de Indio)

Spanish Law: All colonial land and produce belonged to the king.

Table 1. Hierarchy of Governmental Units.

Pre Conquest Early Spanish Ranchera Visita Barangay Cabecerra Barangay Pueblo Ciudad Atealdia Corregimiento Mayor Municipio Ciudad Late Spanish Sitio Barrio/Barangay Poblacion Contemporary (English Sitio (hamlet) Barrio (Village) Poblacion (Town) Centro Municipality (township) City or

Provinces

Province

Hispanic Masterplan derived from the urban formulas of the 15th and 16th Century Italian Renaissance Theories: a. Used plastic cultural materials b. Standard Gridiron arrangements Focused on a central plaza surrounded by an orderly system of rectangular street blocks, where the public and civil structures with the church as the nucleus.

Daniel Burnham (1905)., prepared a physical development plan for Manila and a layout of the major land uses of Baguio. He advocated the City Beautiful Movement which features: a. Aesthetic Values b. Visual image of the city c. With emphasis on wide boulevards (tree-lined), Park system (landscaped), Symmetry of Public squares and civic centers. d. Focused on themes of devotion to classic-renaissance character in the building design and commitment to monumental city planning e. Municipal arts, civic improvements and outdoor arts Revised Code of 1917 instructing the Public Works director to prepare general development plans for all cities and municipalities of the country. Local governments enacted zoning ordinances to regulate the use of privatge properties SANITARY BARRIOS are models of sanitary facilities provisions for nipa neighborhood. 1920s saw the development of barrio obreros meaning working class districts. 1926-1933 started the survey of slums by the colonial government. Housing Committees were formed to undertake slum clearance and housing projects.

O mm o n w e a l t h
Manuel L. Quezon was focused on Social Justice. His key legislations were: 1. 1936 Vitas Tenement Housing Project 2. 1938 saw the acquisitioned land at Diliman Hacienda. 3. National Assembly enacted legislation to authorize upon just compensation, the appropriation of lands to be subdivided into small lots and conveyed at cost to individuals (CA201936; CA260-1938; CA420-1939; CA 538-1940). 4. CA No. 2 created the National Economic Council to undertake planning and economic programs 5. Urban Planning and Development Agencies: o PHC. Peoples Homesite Corporation. This agency is responsible for home building, home ownership and developer of model communities (Diliman Estate) o NHC. National Housing Commission , 1941 was responsible for the handling of urban housing, subdivision, slum clearance projects. However, it was never formally organized due to the outbreak of WW2. 6. CA 502 (1/12/1939) made Quezon City the Charter New Capitol City. A plan was prepared but was never implemented due to the outbreak of the war.

1. Urgent need to reconstruct or rehabilitate the housing requirements of the masses 2. Emergency Measures-primarily building of workers tenement housing, control of urban tenant-landlord relations 3. Creation of new organizations/ reorganization of old organizations 4. Concentration of policy on economic growth and recovery. However, there was little support extended to urban housing and development projects. 5. Planning and Development Agencies: a. National Urban Planning Commission (EO98,1946). This agency was mandated to rebuild the settlements ruined by war and prepared the general development plans and formalization of zoning ordinances and subdivision regulations b. Peoples Homesite and Housing Corporation (1947) was mandated for the acquisistion, construction and management of low-cost housing projects, slum clearances and relocation.These were not successful due to insufficient funding, absence of defdiunite policy, and shortage of qualified personnel.

July 17, 1948 saw the organization and operation of the Capital City Planning Commission. 1950, the National Urban Planning Commission, the capital City Planning Commission and the Real Estate Property Board (RPB) merged into the National Planning Commission (NPC) with functions as: a. Formulation of plans for all municipalityes/cities/regions; b. Prepare zoning ordinances and subdivision regulations; and c. Draft a uniform building code 1954. NPC prepared a master plan for Manila 1956. NPC made 194 plans ready for adoption by cities and towns. These were Model subdivision regulations and building codes, generally oriented to CIVIC DESIGN.. 1954. presidential Assistance on Housing (PAH) was created. EO 64 & 68 authorized PAH to propose and implement a nationwide housing program with functions as: a. Formulated the uniform housing standards b. Coordination with all government relocation programs c. Formulation of Policy proposal

1956, the Home Financing Commission was created to operate a mortgage insurance program, to encourage/initiate the organization of building and of loans associations; and promoted home building and land ownership. GSIS, SSS, DBP gave housing loans to low-income groups for home construction. 1959. The Local (Government) Autonomy Act saw the decentralization of planning zoning and subdivision regulations 1960. Concept of regional planning introduced to bridge the gap between National development and local planning efforts for reasons: a. To stimulate economic development of potential regions that were then underdeveloped, and
b. To effect a more even distribution of growth in the different regions of the country.

1961. Mindanao (Mindanao development Authority)-Sulu-Palawan Association was created to: a. Prepare a comprehensive plan to enhance socio-economic developments of a region based on the guidelines of NEC. b. Extend planning, management and technical assistance to private investors c. Recommend to agencies what agricultural and industrial projects to implement. d. Coordinate and harmonize diverse programs and operations of different public and private agencies. 1962. Five year Integrated Socio-economic Plan for Regional development in Mindanao and Cagayan Valley in Central Luzon. Mindanao plan was for industrial and agricultural development and for integrated steel mill, aluminum, fertilizers and plywood manufacturing. Cagayan was planned for the development of water resources. The emphasis was to decentralize planning functions to regional level RDA and yielded: a. Mindanao Development Authority b. Central Luzon-Cagayan Valley Authjority c. Bicol Development Company d. Laguna Lake Development Authority

1962. Administrative order 31- For the City/Municipality/ Provinces to form its local planning board to prepare development plans and development control regulations under the supervision of NPC. 1964. Presidential Assistance on Housing was created under the direct supervision of the President and served as overall coordinator of all agencies related to housing and as liaison office between the government and the Private Sector. 1968. EO 121 BY president Marcos strengthened the Provincial Planning into the Provincial Development Committee tasked to prepare provincial development plans and to coordinate public and private sectors implementation of development projects. 1970 saw the impact of uncontrolled urbanization. UNDP Programs under the World Bank were implemented, as: a. Physical Planning Strategy b. Manila Bay Metropolitan Development Project c. Mindanao development Project 1972. PD 1 created the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) to replace the National Economic Committee (NEC). It also subdivided the country into eleven administrative regions with a regional center or capital designated and a Regional Development Council.

September 19, 1973. EO 419 created the Task Force on Human Settlements to provide a viable environment and human habitat, with functions as to: a. undertake and support the National Human settlements program and handle land use planning and resource management activities b. In-depth studies on existing human settlements to identify priority areas for project development c. Formulate policy guidelines for project implementation. 1978. PD 933 TFHS was elevated to Human Settlements Commission to Human Settlements Regulatory Commission. PD 1396 created the Ministry of Human Settlements with forcus on land use and town planning, environment management and economic and livelihood programs. 1980. Town Planning Assistance Program extended inter-agency programs MLGCD, NEDA, MHS. 1970-1975: a. IRP 1972 Regionalization made: i. The administration of the national government closer to the people. ii. To provide a more rational framework for regional planning (ADB, 1990) b. Creation of RDC and NRC with emphasis on Physical Framework Planning integrating economic, social and administrative goals.

1976 1976 saw the following: a. IAD-Integrated Area Development b. Human Settlements Approach 11 Basic needs of Human settlements c. Industrial Dispersal Policy d. Shift from Framework planning to Investment Programming (RDIP) e. PD 1517 created the Urban Land Reform to liberate communities from blight, congestion and hazard, to promote devel0pment and modernization. 1986 - 1996 a. 1986 is the period of decentralization and autonomy. b. 1987 saw the reformulation/updating of the 1935 Constitution. i. More genuine political commitment to regionalization and decentralization ii. The early years of the Aquino Government has intensified efforts towards decentralization and creation of autonomous regions (Cario, 1990). 1987-1989 saw the reorganization of government to strengthen regional units, reduction of national government office personnel and decentralization of DBM and devolution of authority to lower levels. It also reorganized RDC, PDC, MDCs and BDCs.

19871989

a. RA 6734 created the Organic Act of ARMM in 1989. EO 820 created the Cordillera Administrative Region b. Autonomy of Local Government Units had: i. Devolve substantial planning and implementation powers to LGUs making a more viable and effective planning and decision making machineries. ii. Created the functions for policy guideline formulation and monitoring and setting planning and implementation standards. c. RA 7279 created the Urban Development and Housing Act which: i. Plays down the role of the government as support to private sector in urban development ii. Focused on the underprivileged and homeless citizens iii. Decent housing at affordable cost, basic services and employment opportunities creating the socialize housing Program iv. Equitable utilization of residential lands d. RA 7160 created the Local Government Code i. Land mark decrees: PD 144 Local development offices and established the Local Development Fund PD 231 Codified the taxing powers of LGUs PD 464 Codified all laws pertaining to the real property tax PD 477 codified all laws regarding the administration of local funds and budgets.

i. ( RA 7160) Services and facilities devolved to LGUs: Agricultural extension and on-site research Community-based forestry projects Field health and hospital services Public works and infrastructure projects funded out of local funds School building programs Social welfare services Tourism promotion and development Telecommunication Services Town planning and reclassification of agricultural lands to urban uses Housing projects for provinces and cities Investment information and industrial research and development services.

Get it on! Im busted!!! Til next time!!!

THE THEORY AND PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING

MFC Architects and Planners