*Hands-on Testing experience in LTE,MME,enodeB,SGSN,GGSN,SGW,PGW,EPC. *GGSN, GPRS, GTP essaging !GTP "#, $%& essages. essages .

+)o,s, essaging, MME - s'o()d *e a*)e exp)ain t'e GTP ca)) +)o,s *-, GGSN . SGSN . contents in t'e GTP *SGW !Ser"ing Gate,,a/&, PGW !P0N Gate,a/&, GTP$1 p(rpose o+ it. *0ia eter or 0CC2 !0ia eter Credit Contro) 2pp)ication&, Gx !po)ic/ inter+ace&, G/ !prepaid or on)ine c'arging inter+ace& - s'o()d *e a*)e to exp)ain Gx, G/ ca))s +)o,s inc)(ding attri*(tes inside t'e essages .

- s'o()d *e a*)e exp)ain t'e ca)) +)o,s *et,een MME, SGW . PGW and "ario(s o+ t/pes o+ $1

MExE !Mo*i)e Exec(tion En"iron ent&

EnodeB
E-UTRAN Node B, a)so 3no,n as Evolved Node B, !a**re"iated as eNodeB or eNB& is t'e e)e ent in E4TR2 o+ LTE t'at is t'e e"o)(tion o+ t'e e)e ent Node B in 4TR2 o+4MTS. 5t is t'e 'ard,are t'at is connected to t'e o*i)e p'one net,or3 t'at co (nicates direct)/ ,it' o*i)e 'andsets !4Es&, )i3e a *ase transcei"er

station !BTS& in GSM net,or3s. Traditiona))/, a Node B 'as ini ( +(nctiona)it/, and is contro))ed */ an RNC !Radio Net,or3 Contro))er&.

Ho,e"er, ,it' an eNB, t'ere is no separate contro))er e)e ent. T'is si p)i+ies t'e arc'itect(re and a))o,s )o,er response ti es.

Differences between an Evolved Node B and a Node B [edit]

Air Interface[edit]
eNB (ses t'e E-4TR2 protoco)s 670M2 !do,n)in3& and SC-70M2 !(p)in3& on its LTE-4( inter+ace. B/ contrast, NodeB (ses t'e 4TR2 protoco)s WC0M2 or T0-SC0M2 on its 4( inter+ace.

Control Functionalit [edit]

eNB e *eds its o,n contro) +(nctiona)it/, rat'er t'an (sing an RNC, !Radio Net,or3 Contro))er& as does a Node B.

Networ! Interfaces[edit]
eNB inter+aces ,it' t'e S/ste and ot'er eNB as +o))o,s89#: 2rc'itect(re E"o)(tion !S2E& core !a)so 3no,n as E"o)"ed Pac3et Core !EPC&&

eNB (ses t'e S#-2P protoco) on t'e S#-MME inter+ace ,it' t'e Mo*i)it/ Manage ent Entit/ !MME& +or contro) p)ane tra++ic.

eNB (ses t'e GTP-4 protoco) on t'e S#-4 inter+ace ,it' t'e Ser"ing Gate,a/ !S-GW& +or (ser p)ane tra++ic. Co))ecti"e)/ t'e S#-MME and S#-4 inter+aces are 3no,n as t'e S# inter+ace, ,'ic' represents t'e inter+ace +ro eNB to t'e EPC.

<G-LTE

eNB (ses t'e ;1-2P protoco) on t'e ;1 inter+ace ,it' ot'er eNB e)e ents.

4ni"ersa) Mo*i)e Te)eco

(nications S/ste

T'e Universal "obile Teleco##unications $ ste# !U"T$& is a t'ird generation o*i)e ce))()ar s/ste +or net,or3s *ased on t'e GSM standard. 0e"e)oped and aintained */ t'e =GPP !=rd Generation Partners'ip Pro>ect&, 4MTS is a co ponent o+ t'e 5nternationa) Te)eco (nications 4nion 5MT-1%%% standard set and co pares ,it' t'e C0M21%%% standard set +or net,or3s *ased on t'e co peting cd a6ne tec'no)og/. 4MTS (ses ,ide*and code di"ision ()tip)e access !W-C0M2& radio access tec'no)og/ to o++er greater spectra) e++icienc/ and *and,idt' to o*i)e net,or3 operators. 4MTS speci+ies a co p)ete net,or3 s/ste , ,'ic' inc)(des t'e radio access net,or3 !4MTS Terrestria) Radio 2ccess Net,or3, or 4TR2N&, t'e core net,or3 !Mo*i)e 2pp)ication Part, or M2P& and t'e a(t'entication o+ (sers "ia S5M !s(*scri*er identit/ od()e& cards. T'e tec'no)og/ descri*ed in 4MTS is so eti es a)so re+erred to as 7reedo !76M2&9#: or =GSM. o+ Mo*i)e M()ti edia 2ccess

4n)i3e E0GE !5MT Sing)e-Carrier, *ased on GSM& and C0M21%%% !5MT M()ti-Carrier&, 4MTS re?(ires ne, *ase stations and ne, +re?(enc/ a))ocations.

UMTS Architecture.JPG

Features[edit]
4MTS s(pports axi ( t'eoretica) data trans+er rates o+ <1 M*it-s ,'en HSP2@ is i p)e ented in t'e net,or3.91: 4sers in dep)o/ed net,or3s can expect a trans+er rate o+ (p to =A< 3*it-s +or Re)ease BCC !RCC&

'andsets !t'e origina) 4MTS re)ease&, and D.1 M*it-s +or HS0P2 'andsets in t'e do,n)in3 connection. T'ese speeds are signi+icant)/ +aster t'an t'e C.E 3*it-s o+ a sing)e GSM error-corrected circ(it s,itc'ed data c'anne), ()tip)e C.E 3*it-s c'anne)s in HSCS0 and #<.< 3*it-s +or C0M26ne c'anne)s. Since 1%%E, 4MTS net,or3s in an/ co(ntries 'a"e *een or are in t'e process o+ *eing (pgraded ,it' Hig' Speed 0o,n)in3 Pac3et 2ccess !HS0P2&, so eti es 3no,n as =.FG. C(rrent)/, HS0P2 ena*)es do,n)in3 trans+er speeds o+ (p to 1# M*it-s. Wor3 is a)so progressing on i pro"ing t'e (p)in3 trans+er speed ,it' t'e Hig'-Speed 4p)in3 Pac3et 2ccess!HS4P2&. Longer ter , t'e =GPP Long Ter E"o)(tion !LTE& pro>ect p)ans to o"e 4MTS to <G speeds o+ #%% M*it-s do,n and F% M*it-s (p, (sing a next generation air inter+ace tec'no)og/ *ased (pon ort'ogona) +re?(enc/-di"ision ()tip)exing. T'e +irst nationa) cons( er 4MTS net,or3s )a(nc'ed in 1%%1 ,it' a 'ea"/ e p'asis on te)co-pro"ided o*i)e app)ications s(c' as o*i)e T$ and "ideo ca))ing. T'e 'ig' data speeds o+ 4MTS are no, ost o+ten (ti)ised +or 5nternet access8 experience in Gapan and e)se,'ere 'as s'o,n t'at (ser de and +or "ideo ca))s is not 'ig', and te)co-pro"ided a(dio-"ideo content 'as dec)ined in pop()arit/ in +a"o(r o+ 'ig'-speed access to t'e Wor)d Wide We*Heit'er direct)/ on a 'andset or connected to a co p(ter "ia Wi-7i, B)(etoot'or 4SB.

Tec%nolo& [edit]

4MTS Net,or3 2rc'itect(re

4MTS co *ines t'ree di++erent air inter+aces, GSMBs Mo*i)e 2pp)ication Part !M2P& core, and t'e GSM +a i)/ o+ speec' codecs.

Air interfaces[edit]
4MTS pro"ides se"era) di++erent terrestria) air inter+aces, ca))ed U"T$ Terrestrial Radio Access!UTRA&.9=: 2)) air inter+ace options are part o+ 5T4Bs 5MT-1%%%. 5n t'e c(rrent)/ ost pop()ar "ariant +or ce))()ar o*i)e te)ep'ones, W-C0M2 !5MT 0irect Spread& is (sed.

P)ease note t'at t'e ter s W-C0M2, T0-C0M2 and T0-SC0M2 are is)eading. W'i)e t'e/ s(ggest co"ering >(st a c'anne) access et'od !na e)/ a "ariant o+ C0M2&, t'e/ are act(a))/ t'e co on na es +or t'e ,'o)e 9<: air inter+ace standards.

'-CD"A (UTRA-FDD)[edit]
Main article: W-CDMA (UMTS)

4MTS trans itter on t'e roo+ o+ a *(i)ding

'-CD"A (ses t'e 0S-C0M2 c'anne) access et'od ,it' a pair o+ F MHI ,ide c'anne)s. 5n contrast, t'e co peting C0M21%%% s/ste (ses one or ore a"ai)a*)e #.1F MHI c'anne)s +or eac' direction o+ co (nication. W-C0M2 s/ste s are ,ide)/ criticiIed +or t'eir )arge spectr( (sage, ,'ic' 'as de)a/ed dep)o/ ent in co(ntries t'at acted re)ati"e)/ s)o,)/ in a))ocating ne, +re?(encies speci+ica))/ +or =G ser"ices !s(c' as t'e 4nited States&. T'e speci+ic +re?(enc/ *ands origina))/ de+ined */ t'e 4MTS standard are #AAFJ1%1F MHI +or t'e o*i)e-to*ase !(p)in3& and 1##%J11%% MHI +or t'e *ase-to- o*i)e !do,n)in3&. 5n t'e 4S, #D#%J#DFF MHI and 1##%J 1#FF MHI are (sed instead, as t'e #C%% MHI *and ,as a)read/ (sed.9F: W'i)e 4MTS1#%% is t'e ost ,ide)/ dep)o/ed 4MTS *and, so e co(ntriesB 4MTS operators (se t'e AF% MHI and-or #C%% MHI *ands !independent)/, eaning (p)in3 and do,n)in3 are ,it'in t'e sa e *and&, nota*)/ in t'e 4S */ 2T.T Mo*i)it/, Ne, Kea)and */ Te)eco Ne, Kea)and on t'e ;T Mo*i)e Net,or3 and in 2(stra)ia */ Te)stra on t'e Next G net,or3. So e carriers s(c' as T-Mo*i)e (se *and n( *ers to identi+/ t'e 4MTS +re?(encies. 7or exa p)e, Band 5 !1#%% MHI&, Band 5$ !#D%%-1#%% MHI&, and Band $ !AF% MHI&. W-C0M2 is a part o+ 5MT-1%%% as I"T Direct $*read.

TD-CD"A (UTRA-TDD +,-. "c*s /i&% C%i* Rate)[edit]

Main article: UTRA-TDD HCR 4MTS-T00Bs air inter+aces t'at (se t'e T0-C0M2 c'anne) access tec'ni?(e are standardiIed as UTRA-TDD /CR, ,'ic' (ses incre ents o+ F MHI o+ spectr( , eac' s)ice di"ided into #% s +ra es containing +i+teen ti e s)ots !#F%% per second&.9E: T'e ti e s)ots !TS& are a))ocated in +ixed percentage +or do,n)in3 and (p)in3. T0C0M2 is (sed to ()tip)ex strea s +ro or to ()tip)e transcei"ers. 4n)i3e W-C0M2, it does not need separate +re?(enc/ *ands +or (p- and do,nstrea , a))o,ing dep)o/ ent in tig't +re?(enc/ *ands. T0-C0M2 is a part o+ 5MT-1%%% as I"T CD"A TDD.

TD-$CD"A (UTRA-TDD 0,1- "c*s low c%i* rate)[edit]

Main article: TD-SCDMA TD-$CD"A (ses t'e T0M2 c'anne) access et'od co *ined ,it' an adapti"e s/nc'rono(s C0M2 co ponent9D: on #.E MHI s)ices o+ spectr( , a))o,ing dep)o/ ent in e"en tig'ter +re?(enc/ *ands t'an T0-C0M2. Ho,e"er, t'e ain incenti"e +or de"e)op ent o+ t'is C'inese-de"e)oped standard ,as a"oiding or red(cing t'e )icense +ees t'at 'a"e to *e paid to non-C'inese patent o,ners. 4n)i3e t'e ot'er air inter+aces, T0-SC0M2 ,as not part o+ 4MTS +ro t'e *eginning *(t 'as *een added in Re)ease < o+ t'e speci+ication. Li3e T0-C0M2, T0-SC0M2 is 3no,n as I"T CD"A TDD ,it'in 5MT-1%%%.

Radio access networ![edit]

Main article: UTRAN 4MTS a)so speci+ies t'e Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Networ! !UTRAN&, ,'ic' is co posed o+ ()tip)e *ase stations, possi*)/ (sing di++erent terrestria) air inter+ace standards and +re?(enc/ *ands. 4MTS and GSM-E0GE can s'are a Core Net,or3 !CN&, a3ing 4TR2N an a)ternati"e radio access net,or3 to GER2N !GSM-E0GE R2N&, and a))o,ing ! ost)/& transparent s,itc'ing *et,een t'e R2Ns according to a"ai)a*)e co"erage and ser"ice needs. Beca(se o+ t'at, 4MTSBs and GSM-E0GEBs radio access net,or3s are so eti es co))ecti"e)/ re+erred to as UTRAN23ERAN. 4MTS net,or3s are o+ten co *ined ,it' GSM-E0GE, t'e )atter o+ ,'ic' is a)so a part o+ 5MT-1%%%. T'e 4E !4ser E?(ip ent& inter+ace o+ t'e R2N !Radio 2ccess Net,or3& pri ari)/ consists o+ RRC !Radio Reso(rce Contro)&, RLC !Radio Lin3 Contro)& and M2C !Media 2ccess Contro)& protoco)s. RRC protoco) 'and)es connection esta*)is' ent, eas(re ents, radio *earer ser"ices, sec(rit/ and 'ando"er decisions. RLC protoco) pri ari)/ di"ides into t'ree ModesHTransparent Mode !TM&, 4nac3no,)edge Mode !4M&, 2c3no,)edge Mode !2M&. T'e +(nctiona)it/ o+ 2M entit/ rese *)es TCP operation ,'ereas 4M operation rese *)es 40P operation. 5n TM ode, data ,i)) *e sent to )o,er )a/ers ,it'o(t adding an/ 'eader to S04 o+ 'ig'er )a/ers. M2C 'and)es t'e sc'ed()ing o+ data on air inter+ace depending on 'ig'er )a/er !RRC& con+ig(red para eters. T'e set o+ properties re)ated to data trans ission is ca))ed Radio Bearer !RB&. T'is set o+ properties decides t'e axi ( a))o,ed data in a TT5 !Trans ission Ti e 5nter"a)&. RB inc)(des RLC in+or ation and RB apping. RB apping decides t'e apping *et,een RBL-M)ogica) c'anne)L-Mtransport c'anne). Signa)ing essages are sent on Signa)ing Radio Bearers !SRBs& and data pac3ets !eit'er CS or PS& are sent on data RBs. RRC and N2S essages go on SRBs.

Sec(rit/ inc)(des t,o proced(res8 integrit/ and cip'ering. 5ntegrit/ "a)idates t'e reso(rce o+ essages and a)so a3es s(re t'at no one !t'ird-(n3no,n part/& on t'e radio inter+ace 'as odi+ied t'e essages. Cip'ering ens(res t'at no one )istens to /o(r data on t'e air inter+ace. Bot' integrit/ and cip'ering are app)ied +or SRBs ,'ereas on)/ cip'ering is app)ied +or data RBs.

Core networ![edit]
Main article: Mobile Application Part Wit' "obile A**lication 4art, 4MTS (ses t'e sa e core net,or3 standard as GSM-E0GE. T'is a))o,s a si p)e igration +or existing GSM operators. Ho,e"er, t'e igration pat' to 4MTS is sti)) cost)/8 ,'i)e (c' o+ t'e core in+rastr(ct(re is s'ared ,it' GSM, t'e cost o+ o*taining ne, spectr( )icenses and o"er)a/ing 4MTS at existing to,ers is 'ig'. T'e CN can *e connected to "ario(s *ac3*one net,or3s, s(c' as t'e 5nternet or an 5ntegrated Ser"ices 0igita) Net,or3 !5S0N& te)ep'one net,or3. 4MTS !and GER2N& inc)(de t'e t'ree )o,est )a/ers o+ 6S5 ode). T'e net,or3 )a/er !6S5 =& inc)(des t'e Radio Reso(rce Manage ent protoco) !RRM& t'at anages t'e *earer c'anne)s *et,een t'e o*i)e ter ina)s and t'e +ixed net,or3, inc)(ding t'e 'ando"ers.

$*ectru# allocation[edit]
T'is section is outdated. P)ease (pdate t'is artic)e to re+)ect recent e"ents or ne,)/ a"ai)a*)e in+or ation. (October 20 !) Main article: UMTS "re#$enc% ban&' 6"er #=% )icenses 'a"e a)read/ *een a,arded to operators ,or)d,ide !as o+ 0ece *er 1%%<&, speci+/ing WC0M2 radio access tec'no)og/ t'at *(i)ds on GSM. 5n E(rope, t'e )icense process occ(rred at t'e tai) end o+ t'e tec'no)og/ *(**)e, and t'e a(ction ec'anis s +or a))ocation set (p in so e co(ntries res()ted in so e extre e)/ 'ig' prices *eing paid +or t'e origina) 1#%% MHI )icenses, nota*)/ in t'e 4N and Ger an/. 5n Ger an/, *idders paid a tota) OF%.A *i))ion +or six )icenses, t,o o+ ,'ic' ,ere s(*se?(ent)/ a*andoned and ,ritten o++ */ t'eir p(rc'asers !Mo*i)co and t'e Sonera-Te)e+onica consorti( &. 5t 'as *een s(ggested t'at t'ese '(ge )icense +ees 'a"e t'e c'aracter o+ a "er/ )arge tax paid on +(t(re inco e expected an/ /ears do,n t'e road. 5n an/ e"ent, t'e 'ig' prices paid p(t so e E(ropean te)eco operators c)ose to *an3r(ptc/ ! ost nota*)/ NPN&. 6"er t'e )ast +e, /ears so e operators 'a"e ,ritten o++ so e or a)) o+ t'e )icense costs. Bet,een 1%%D and 1%%C, a)) t'ree 7innis' carriers *eg(n to (se C%% MHI 4MTS in a s'ared arrange ent ,it' its s(rro(nding 1G GSM *ase stations +or r(ra) area co"erage, a trend t'at is expected to expand o"er E(rope in t'e next #J= /ears.9&ate& in"o: T'e 1#%% MHI *and !do,n)in3 aro(nd 1#%% MHI and (p)in3 aro(nd #C%% MHI& a))ocated +or 4MTS in E(rope and ost o+ 2sia is a)read/ (sed in Nort' 2 erica. T'e #C%% MHI range is (sed +or 1G !PCS& ser"ices, and 1#%% MHI range is (sed +or sate))ite co (nications. Reg()ators 'a"e, 'o,e"er, +reed (p so e o+ t'e 1#%% MHI range +or =G ser"ices, toget'er ,it' a di++erent range aro(nd #D%% MHI +or t'e (p)in3. 2T.T Wire)ess )a(nc'ed 4MTS ser"ices in t'e 4nited States */ t'e end o+ 1%%< strict)/ (sing t'e existing #C%% MHI spectr( a))ocated +or 1G PCS ser"ices. Cing()ar ac?(ired 2T.T Wire)ess in 1%%< and 'as since t'en )a(nc'ed 4MTS in se)ect 4S cities. Cing()ar rena ed itse)+ 2T.T Mo*i)it/ and is ro))ing o(t9citation nee&e&: so e cities ,it' a 4MTS net,or3 at AF% MHI to en'ance its existing 4MTS net,or3 at #C%% MHI and no, o++ers s(*scri*ers a n( *er o+ d(a)-*and 4MTS AF%-#C%% p'ones.

T-Mo*i)eBs ro))o(t o+ 4MTS in t'e 4S +oc(sed on t'e #D%% MHI *and. 5n Canada, 4MTS co"erage is *eing pro"ided on t'e AF% MHI and #C%% MHI *ands on t'e Rogers and Be))Te)(s net,or3s. Be)) and Te)(s s'are t'e net,or3. Recent)/, ne, pro"iders Wind Mo*i)e, Mo*i)icit/ and $ideotron 'a"e *eg(n operations in t'e #D%% MHI *and. 5n 1%%A, 2(stra)ian te)co Te)stra rep)aced its existing C0M2 net,or3 ,it' a nationa) 4MTS-*ased =G net,or3, *randed as NextG, operating in t'e AF% MHI *and. Te)stra c(rrent)/ pro"ides 4MTS ser"ice on t'is net,or3, and a)so on t'e 1#%% MHI 4MTS net,or3, t'ro(g' a co-o,ners'ip o+ t'e o,ning and ad inistrating co pan/ =G5S. T'is co pan/ is a)so co-o,ned */ H(tc'ison =G 2(stra)ia, and t'is is t'e pri ar/ net,or3 (sed */ t'eir c(sto ers. 6pt(s is c(rrent)/ ro))ing o(t a =G net,or3 operating on t'e 1#%% MHI *and in cities and ost )arge to,ns, and t'e C%% MHI *and in regiona) areas. $oda+one is a)so *(i)ding a =G net,or3 (sing t'e C%% MHI *and. 5n 5ndia, BSNL 'as started its =G ser"ices since 6cto*er 1%%C, *eginning ,it' t'e )arger cities and t'en expanding o"er to s a))er cities. T'e AF% MHI and C%% MHI *ands pro"ide greater co"erage co pared to e?(i"a)ent #D%%-#C%%-1#%% MHI net,or3s, and are *est s(ited to regiona) areas ,'ere greater distances separate *ase station and s(*scri*er. Carriers in So(t' 2 erica are no, a)so ro))ing o(t AF% MHI net,or3s.

Intero*erabilit and &lobal roa#in&[edit]

4MTS p'ones !and data cards& are 'ig')/ porta*)eHt'e/ 'a"e *een designed to roa easi)/ onto ot'er 4MTS net,or3s !i+ t'e pro"iders 'a"e roa ing agree ents in p)ace&. 5n addition, a) ost a)) 4MTS p'ones are 4MTS-GSM d(a)- ode de"ices, so i+ a 4MTS p'one tra"e)s o(tside o+ 4MTS co"erage d(ring a ca)) t'e ca)) a/ *e transparent)/ 'anded o++ to a"ai)a*)e GSM co"erage. Roa ing c'arges are (s(a))/ signi+icant)/ 'ig'er t'an reg()ar (sage c'arges. Most 4MTS )icensees consider (*i?(ito(s, transparent g)o*a) roa ing an i portant iss(e. To ena*)e a 'ig' degree o+ interopera*i)it/, 4MTS p'ones (s(a))/ s(pport se"era) di++erent +re?(encies in addition to t'eir GSM +a))*ac3. 0i++erent co(ntries s(pport di++erent 4MTS +re?(enc/ *ands J E(rope initia))/ (sed 1#%% MHI ,'i)e t'e ost carriers in t'e 4S2 (se AF% MHI and #C%% MHI. T-Mo*i)e 'as )a(nc'ed a net,or3 in t'e 4S operating at #D%% MHI !(p)in3& -1#%% MHI !do,n)in3&, and t'ese *ands are a)so *eing adopted e)se,'ere in t'e 2 ericas. 2 4MTS p'one and net,or3 (st s(pport a co on +re?(enc/ to ,or3 toget'er. Beca(se o+ t'e +re?(encies (sed, ear)/ ode)s o+ 4MTS p'ones designated +or t'e 4nited States ,i)) )i3e)/ not *e opera*)e e)se,'ere and "ice "ersa. T'ere are no, ## di++erent +re?(enc/ co *inations (sed aro(nd t'e ,or)dH inc)(ding +re?(encies +or er)/ (sed so)e)/ +or 1G ser"ices. 4MTS p'ones can (se a 4ni"ersa) S(*scri*er 5dentit/ Mod()e, 4S5M !*ased on GSMBs S5M& and a)so ,or3 !inc)(ding 4MTS ser"ices& ,it' GSM S5M cards. T'is is a g)o*a) standard o+ identi+ication, and ena*)es a net,or3 to identi+/ and a(t'enticate t'e !4&S5M in t'e p'one. Roa ing agree ents *et,een net,or3s a))o, +or ca))s to a c(sto er to *e redirected to t'e ,'i)e roa ing and deter ine t'e ser"ices !and prices& a"ai)a*)e to t'e (ser. 5n addition to (ser s(*scri*er in+or ation and a(t'entication in+or ation, t'e !4&S5M pro"ides storage space +or p'one *oo3 contact. Handsets can store t'eir data on t'eir o,n e or/ or on t'e !4&S5M card !,'ic' is (s(a))/ ore )i ited in its p'one *oo3 contact in+or ation&. 2 !4&S5M can *e o"ed to anot'er 4MTS or GSM p'one, and t'e p'one ,i)) ta3e on t'e (ser detai)s o+ t'e !4&S5M, eaning it is t'e !4&S5M !not t'e p'one& ,'ic' deter ines t'e p'one n( *er o+ t'e p'one and t'e *i))ing +or ca))s ade +ro t'e p'one.

Gapan ,as t'e +irst co(ntr/ to adopt =G tec'no)ogies, and since t'e/ 'ad not (sed GSM pre"io(s)/ t'e/ 'ad no need to *(i)d GSM co pati*i)it/ into t'eir 'andsets and t'eir =G 'andsets ,ere s a))er t'an t'ose a"ai)a*)e e)se,'ere. 5n 1%%1, NTT 0oCoMoBs 76M2 =G net,or3 ,as t'e +irst co ercia) 4MTS net,or3H(sing a prere)ease speci+ication,9A: it ,as initia))/ inco pati*)e ,it' t'e 4MTS standard at t'e radio )e"e) *(t (sed standard 4S5M cards, eaning 4S5M card *ased roa ing ,as possi*)e !trans+erring t'e 4S5M card into a 4MTS or GSM p'one ,'en tra"e))ing&. Bot' NTT 0oCoMo and So+tBan3 Mo*i)e !,'ic' )a(nc'ed =G in 0ece *er 1%%1& no, (se standard 4MTS.

/andsets and #ode#s[edit]

T'e No3ia EEF%, an ear)/ 4MTS 'andset

2)) o+ t'e a>or 1G p'one an(+act(rers !t'at are sti)) in *(siness& are no, an(+act(rers o+ =G p'ones. T'e ear)/ =G 'andsets and ode s ,ere speci+ic to t'e +re?(encies re?(ired in t'eir co(ntr/, ,'ic' eant t'e/ co()d on)/ roa to ot'er co(ntries on t'e sa e =G +re?(enc/ !t'o(g' t'e/ can +a)) *ac3 to t'e o)der GSM standard&. Canada and 4S2 'a"e a co on s'are o+ +re?(encies, as do ost E(ropean co(ntries. T'e artic)e 4MTS +re?(enc/ *ands is an o"er"ie, o+ 4MTS net,or3 +re?(encies aro(nd t'e ,or)d. 4sing a ce))()ar ro(ter, PCMC52 or 4SB card, c(sto ers are a*)e to access =G *road*and ser"ices, regard)ess o+ t'eir c'oice o+ co p(ter !s(c' as a ta*)et PC or a P02&. So e so+t,are insta))s itse)+ +ro t'e ode , so t'at in so e cases a*so)(te)/ no 3no,)edge o+ tec'no)og/ is re?(ired to get on)ine in o ents. 4sing a p'one t'at s(pports =G and B)(etoot' 1.%, ()tip)e B)(etoot'-capa*)e )aptops can *e connected to t'e 5nternet. So e s artp'ones can a)so act as a o*i)e WL2N access point. T'ere are "er/ +e, =G p'ones or ode s a"ai)a*)e s(pporting a)) =G +re?(encies !4MTSAF%-C%%-#D%%-#C%%-1#%% MHI&. No3ia 'as recent)/ re)eased a range o+ p'ones t'at 'a"e Penta*and =G co"erage, inc)(ding t'e NA and ED. Man/ ot'er p'ones are o++ering ore t'an one *and ,'ic' sti)) ena*)es extensi"e roa ing. 7or exa p)e, 2pp)eBs iP'one < contains a ?(ad*and c'ipset operating on AF%-C%%-#C%%-1#%% MHI, a))o,ing (sage in t'e a>orit/ o+ co(ntries ,'ere 4MTS-700 is dep)o/ed.

5t%er co#*etin& standards[edit]

T'e ain co petitor to 4MTS is C0M21%%% !5MT-MC&, ,'ic' is de"e)oped */ t'e =GPP1. 4n)i3e 4MTS, C0M21%%% is an e"o)(tionar/ (pgrade to an existing 1G standard,cd a6ne, and is a*)e to operate ,it'in t'e sa e +re?(enc/ a))ocations. T'is and C0M21%%%Bs narro,er *and,idt' re?(ire ents a3e it easier to dep)o/ in existing spectra. 5n so e, *(t not a)), cases, existing GSM operators on)/ 'a"e eno(g' spectr( to i p)e ent eit'er 4MTS or GSM, not *ot'. 7or exa p)e, in t'e 4S 0, E, and 7 PCS spectr( *)oc3s, t'e

a o(nt o+ spectr( a"ai)a*)e is F MHI in eac' direction. 2 standard 4MTS s/ste ,o()d sat(rate t'at spectr( . W'ere C0M21%%% is dep)o/ed, it (s(a))/ co-exists ,it' 4MTS. 5n an/ ar3ets 'o,e"er, t'e coexistence iss(e is o+ )itt)e re)e"ance, as )egis)ati"e '(rd)es exist to co-dep)o/ing t,o standards in t'e sa e )icensed s)ice o+ spectr( . 2not'er co petitor to 4MTS is E0GE !5MT-SC&, ,'ic' is an e"o)(tionar/ (pgrade to t'e 1G GSM s/ste , )e"eraging existing GSM spectr( s. 5t is a)so (c' easier, ?(ic3er, and considera*)/ c'eaper +or ,ire)ess carriers to P*o)t-onP E0GE +(nctiona)it/ */ (pgrading t'eir existing GSM trans ission 'ard,are to s(pport E0GE rat'er t'an 'a"ing to insta)) a) ost a)) *rand-ne, e?(ip ent to de)i"er 4MTS. Ho,e"er, *eing de"e)oped */ =GPP >(st as 4MTS, E0GE is not a tr(e co petitor. 5nstead, it is (sed as a te porar/ so)(tion preceding 4MTS ro))-o(t or as a co p)e ent +or r(ra) areas. T'is is +aci)itated */ t'e +act t'at GSM-E0GE and 4MTS speci+ication are >oint)/ de"e)oped and re)/ on t'e sa e core net,or3, a))o,ing d(a)- ode operation inc)(ding "ertica) 'ando"ers. C'inaBs T0-SC0M2 standard is o+ten seen as a co petitor, too. T0-SC0M2 'as *een added to 4MTSB Re)ease < as 4TR2-T00 #.1A Mcps Lo, C'ip Rate !4TR2-T00 LCR&. 4n)i3e T0-C0M2 !4TR2-T00 =.A< Mcps Hig' C'ip Rate, 4TR2-T00 HCR& ,'ic' co p)e ents W-C0M2 !4TR2-700&, it is s(ita*)e +or *ot' icro and acro ce))s. Ho,e"er, t'e )ac3 o+ "endorsB s(pport is pre"enting it +ro *eing a rea) co petitor. W'i)e 0ECT is tec'nica))/ capa*)e o+ co peting ,it' 4MTS and ot'er ce))()ar net,or3s in dense)/ pop()ated, (r*an areas, it 'as on)/ *een dep)o/ed +or do estic cord)ess p'ones and pri"ate in-'o(se net,or3s. 2)) o+ t'ese co petitors 'a"e *een accepted */ 5T4 as part o+ t'e 5MT-1%%% +a i)/ o+ =G standards, a)ong ,it' 4MTS-700. 6n t'e 5nternet access side, co peting s/ste s inc)(de WiM2; and 7)as'-670M.

"i&ratin& fro# 3$"234R$ to U"T$[edit]

7ro a GSM-GPRS net,or3, t'e +o))o,ing net,or3 e)e ents can *e re(sed8 Ho e Location Register !HLR& $isitor Location Register !$LR& E?(ip ent 5dentit/ Register !E5R& Mo*i)e S,itc'ing Center !MSC& !"endor dependent& 2(t'entication Center !24C& Ser"ing GPRS S(pport Node !SGSN& !"endor dependent& Gate,a/ GPRS S(pport Node !GGSN& a GSM-GPRS co (nication radio net,or3, t'e +o))o,ing e)e ents cannot *e re(sed8

7ro

Base station controller (B$C) Base transcei"er station !BTS&

T'e/ can re ain in t'e net,or3 and *e (sed in d(a) net,or3 operation ,'ere 1G and =G net,or3s co-exist ,'i)e net,or3 igration and ne, =G ter ina)s *eco e a"ai)a*)e +or (se in t'e net,or3. T'e 4MTS net,or3 introd(ces ne, net,or3 e)e ents t'at +(nction as speci+ied */ =GPP8

Node B !*ase transcei"er station& Radio Net,or3 Contro))er !RNC& Media Gate,a/ !MGW&

T'e +(nctiona)it/ o+ MSC and SGSN c'anges ,'en going to 4MTS. 5n a GSM s/ste t'e MSC 'and)es a)) t'e circ(it s,itc'ed operations )i3e connecting 2- and B-s(*scri*er t'ro(g' t'e net,or3. SGSN 'and)es a)) t'e pac3et s,itc'ed operations and trans+ers a)) t'e data in t'e net,or3. 5n 4MTS t'e Media gate,a/ !MGW& ta3e care o+ a)) data trans+er in *ot' circ(it and pac3et s,itc'ed net,or3s. MSC and SGSN contro) MGW operations. T'e nodes are rena ed to MSC-ser"er and GSN-ser"er.

4roble#s and issues[edit]

So e co(ntries, inc)(ding t'e 4nited States, 'a"e a))ocated spectr( di++erent)/ +ro t'e 5T4 reco endations, so t'at t'e standard *ands ost co on)/ (sed +or 4MTS !4MTS-1#%%& 'a"e not *een a"ai)a*)e. 5n t'ose co(ntries, a)ternati"e *ands are (sed, pre"enting t'e interopera*i)it/ o+ existing 4MTS1#%% e?(ip ent, and re?(iring t'e design and an(+act(re o+ di++erent e?(ip ent +or t'e (se in t'ese ar3ets. 2s is t'e case ,it' GSMC%% toda/, standard 4MTS 1#%% MHI e?(ip ent ,i)) not ,or3 in t'ose ar3ets. Ho,e"er, it appears as t'o(g' 4MTS is not s(++ering as (c' +ro 'andset *and co pati*i)it/ iss(es as GSM did, as an/ 4MTS 'andsets are ()ti-*and in *ot' 4MTS and GSM odes. Penta-*and !AF%, C%%, #D%% 1#%%, and #C%% MHI *ands&, ?(ad-*and GSM !AF%, C%%, #A%%, and #C%% MHI *ands& and tri-*and 4MTS !AF%, #C%%, and 1#%% MHI *ands& 'andsets are *eco ing ore co onp)ace. T'e ear)/ da/s o+ 4MTS sa, pro*)e s in an/ co(ntries. 6"er,eig't 'andsets ,it' poor *atter/ )i+e ,ere +irst to arri"e on a ar3et 'ig')/ sensiti"e to ,eig't and +or +actor. T'e Motoro)a 2A=%, a de*(t 'andset on H(tc'isonBs = net,or3, ,eig'ed ore t'an 1%% gra s and e"en +eat(red a detac'a*)e ca era to red(ce 'andset ,eig't. 2not'er signi+icant iss(e in"o)"ed ca)) re)ia*i)it/, re)ated to pro*)e s ,it' 'ando"er +ro 4MTS to GSM. C(sto ers +o(nd t'eir connections *eing dropped as 'ando"ers ,ere possi*)e on)/ in one direction !4MTS Q GSM&, ,it' t'e 'andset on)/ c'anging *ac3 to 4MTS a+ter 'anging (p. 5n ost net,or3s aro(nd t'e ,or)d t'is is no )onger an iss(e. Co pared to GSM, 4MTS net,or3s initia))/ re?(ired a 'ig'er *ase station densit/. 7or +())/-+)edged 4MTS incorporating "ideo on de and +eat(res, one *ase station needed to *e set (p e"er/ #J#.F 3 !%.E1J%.C= i&. T'is ,as t'e case ,'en on)/ t'e 1#%% MHI *and ,as *eing (sed, 'o,e"er ,it' t'e gro,ing (se o+ )o,er+re?(enc/ *ands !s(c' as AF% and C%% MHI& t'is is no )onger so. T'is 'as )ed to increasing ro))o(t o+ t'e )o,er*and net,or3s */ operators since 1%%E. E"en ,it' c(rrent tec'no)ogies and )o,-*and 4MTS, te)ep'on/ and data o"er 4MTS is sti)) ore po,er intensi"e t'an on co para*)e GSM net,or3s. 2pp)e 5nc. cited9C: 4MTS po,er cons( ption as t'e reason t'at t'e +irst generation iP'one on)/ s(pported E0GE. T'eir re)ease o+ t'e iP'one =G ?(otes ta)3 ti e on 4MTS as 'a)+ t'at a"ai)a*)e ,'en t'e 'andset is set to (se GSM. 6t'er an(+act(rers indicate di++erent *atter/ )i+eti e +or 4MTS ode co pared to GSM ode as ,e)). 2s *atter/ and net,or3 tec'no)og/ i pro"es, t'is iss(e is di inis'ing.

Releases[edit]
T'e e"o)(tion o+ 4MTS progresses according to p)anned re)eases. Eac' re)ease is designed to introd(ce ne, +eat(res and i pro"e (pon existing ones.

Release 677[edit]

Bearer ser"ices E< 3*it-s circ(it s,itc' =A< 3*it-s pac3et s,itc'ed Location ser"ices Ca)) ser"ice8 co pati*)e ,it' G)o*a) S/ste S(*scri*er 5dentit/ Mod()e !4S5M& +or Mo*i)e Co (nications !GSM&, *ased on 4ni"ersa)

$oice ?(a)it/ +eat(res J Tande

7ree 6peration

Release .[edit]

Edge radio M()ti edia essaging

MExE !Mo*i)e Exec(tion En"iron ent& 5 pro"ed )ocation ser"ices 5P M()ti edia Ser"ices !5MS& T0-SC0M2 !4TR2-T00 #.1A Mcps )o, c'ip rate&

Release 8[edit]

5P M()ti edia S(*s/ste !5MS&

5P"E, 5P transport in 4TR2N 5 pro"e ents in GER2N, MExE, etc. HS0P2

Release 9[edit]

WL2N integration M()ti edia *roadcast and 5 pro"e ents in 5MS HS4P2 ()ticast

7ractiona) 0PCH

Release :[edit]

En'anced L1 E< R2M, M5M6 $oice o"er HSP2 CPC J contin(o(s pac3et connecti"it/ 7RLC J 7)exi*)e RLC

Release -[edit]

0(a)-Ce)) HS0P2 0(a)-Ce)) HS4P2