You are on page 1of 149

ELEMENTARY ANCIENT GREEK

UNIT 1
by Christopher Marchetti
2001 by Christopher Marchetti
et discipulis et magistris meis
ELEMENTARY ANCIENT GREEK
Unit One
Preface 1
Chapter 1: The Alphabet 2
The Alphabet: Breathing Marks: Accentuation:
The Gods Names
Chapter 2: The Farmer 10
-o DcInsion: - Vrs:
Subject-Verb-Direct Object Sentences
Chapter 3: The Maid 24
-q DcInsion: -, -, -, - Vrs:
Use of the Genitive: Prepositional Phrases
Chapter 4: The General 32
-(, -i, - Verbs: Identifying Verb Stems
Chapter 5: The Fool at the Feast 42
Long o DcInsion: Inlifying Noun Slms: IncIilics
Chapter 6: At the Shrine 52
Nulr Gnr: ., lo in Ic:
Substantive Adjectives
Chapter 7: The Jackdaw 62
Predicate Nominative: Dative of Possession:
Predicative Adjective: Attributive Adjective
Chapter 8: The Kid 70
Paroxytone Nouns
Chapter 9: Imperfect Tense 76
Chapter 10: Future Tense 80
Second Principal Part
Chapter 11: Aorist Tense 86
Third Principal Part
Chapter 12: Perfect and Pluperfect Tenses 94
Fourth Principal Part
Chapter 13: The Lyre 102
Conuglion of oi
Chapter 14: The Fool and the Donkey 108
Adverbs of Manner
Chapter 15: The Student 114
-q DcInsion, shorl o DcInsion
Declension Paradigms 122
Conjugation Paradigms 126
Six Principal Parts of Verbs 130
Glossary 134
Index 144
PREFACE
The genius of the ancient Greeks is uniquely captured in their language
and literature. The Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, our earliest poems of Western
Literature, still cast their perennially stunning spell. The tragedies of Aeschylus,
Sophocles, and Euripides pose haunting questions, as yet unanswered. The
comedies of Aristophanes and Menander are peopled with characters youll
recognize as friends and neighbors, though Aristophanes is a bit outrageous.
Herodotus, called the Father of History, tells how the Greeks united
under the leadership of Athens to defeat the invasions of the Persian emperors
Darius and Xerxes at the beginning of the 5
th
century B.C. Thucydides, who
wrote his account of the Peloponnesian War to be an everlasting possession,
tells how Athens squandered her glory in a war against her rival, the Greek city-
state of Sparta, at the end of that century.
Platos philosophical dialogues preserve the inquisitive method of his
teacher, Socrates; his overriding concern is with how people come to experience
and recognize that which is truly good. The philosopher Aristotle established
the rules of rigorous logical investigation, seeking to understand what it means
to be. His wide-ranging studies also included science, politics, ethics, and
literature.
Learning the language of the ancient Greeks is the best way we can
vividly experience their unparalleled contribution to our culture and civilization.
2 Elementary Ancient Greek
CHAPTER 1: THE ALPHABET
alpha A o \o as in father
beta +o b as in bit
gamma I y yo g as in get
delta A o o\+o d as in den
epsilon L . i\v
zeta Z ( (+o dz as in gadzooks
eta H q +o
theta 0 0+o th as in thought
iota I i +o ,
kappa K i io k as in kit
lambda A \ \oo l as in lit
mu M m as in meet
nu N v v n as in neat
xi L L ks = x as in taxi
omicron o iiv as in off
pi H p as in pen
rho I slightly rolled r
sigma ` o , oyo s as in set
tau T + +o t as in ten
upsilon Y u i\v uy as in put
phi d ph = f as in phone
chi X _ _ ch = kh as in Loch Ness
psi + ps as in flaps
omega O o yo
Chapter 1: The Alphabet 3
SAMPLE VOCABULARY
0\q+, = athlete
i\ov b n = book
y.oyoo g = geography
oqoio+o kr t = democracy
y = I
(ov z n = living creature
\.i+ov = amber (cf. electron)
0., th = god
oo d = form; appearance; notion
io\, k ls = beautiful
\yo, l gs = word
.\oo m = melody
vov n = new thing
L\ov x ln = piece of wood
\uo l = Olympia
oiq+, = poet
u0, th ms = rhythm
ov+oLi, sn t ks = syntax
+_vq t = technical skill
vo, s = hymn, song
ov = voice, sound
_ooi+ = character
u_ = soul
= oh (calling someone)
4 Elementary Ancient Greek
VOWELS AND CONSONANTS
Vowels are letters that represent sounds made with the
unobstructed breath. There are seven vowels in the Greek alphabet:
o, ., q, i, o, u, o.
The consonants represent sounds made with the lips, teeth,
nose, or throat. There are seventeen consonants in the Greek
: , y, o, (, 0, i, \, , v, L, , , o, + , _, .
u, v , y , , .
The dental sounds, those made by the teeth, are represented by the
o, 0, o, +. u u, v ,
y \, , v, . u, ,
y y, i, _.
that represent combinations of consonant u: (, L . (
represents the combination represented by d and z . L
i o: o.
SMOOTH AND ROUGH BREATHING MARKS
Any word beginning with a vowel must have a breathing mark
over that vowel. (When the initial vowel is capitalized, the breathing
mark is written just before it.) There are two types of breathing
marks: smooth breathing marks and rough breathing marks. A
smooth breathing mark, , v vv u
sound of the word. A rough breathing mark, , u
of h before the vowel. A rough breathing mark appears also over the
v.
Chapter 1: The Alphabet 5
SYLLABIFICATION AND ACCENTUATION
A syllable is a sound consisting of a vowel and the consonant or
consonants pronounced together as one unit with the vowel. A word
pronounced with one syllable is called monosyllabic. A word with more
than one syllable is called polysyllabic. A word with two syllables is
called bisyllabic, and a word with three syllables is called trisyllabic.
Many words have more than three syllables, but there are no special
names for them.
A consonant or group of consonants at the beginning of a word
belongs with the first vowel of the word. If a word begins with a
vowel, the first syllable begins with that vowel. A single consonant
standing between two vowels belongs with the second vowel. A pair
of consonants between two vowels are usually divided between the
two syllables, unless the two consonants represent a consonant blend.
u \, , y\, yv, y, o, ov, 0\, 0v, 0,
i\, iv, i, i+, v, \, v, , +, o0, oi, o, o, o+, +\, +, +,
0, \, , _0, _\, _v, _. A v
belongs with the last syllable.
There are special names for the last three syllables of a word:
1. the last syllable of a word is called the ultima
2. the second to last syllable is called the penult
3. the third to last syllable is called the antepenult.
If a word has only one syllable, it is considered the ultima.
6 Elementary Ancient Greek
Almost every word has an accent mark on one of its syllables.
There are three types of accent: acute, , v, , ux, .
An acute accent represents a rise in the vocal pitch; a grave accent
represents a drop in vocal pitch, and a circumflex accent represents a
waver in vocal pitch. The accent mark is written over the vowel of
the syllable.
An acute accent can appear on the ultima, penult, or antepenult
of a word. A grave accent can appear only on the ultima of a word.
A circumflex accent can appear on the ultima or penult of a word.
There are five classifications of words, according to the type
and position of their accents.
1. An oxytone word has an acute accent on the ultima.
2. A paroxytone word has an acute accent on the penult.
3. A proparoxytone word has an acute accent on the antepenult.
4. A perispomenon word has a circumflex accent on the ultima.
5. A properispomenon word has a circumflex accent on the penult.
There is no special name for a word with a grave accent. It is
considered an oxytone word, but the acute accent on the ultima is
turned to a grave accent when the word is followed by another word
in a sentence (or letter name):
io\, uu
io\, vo, uu y
Chapter 1: The Alphabet 7
CLASSIFICATION AND SYLLABIFICATION OF
THE NAMES OF THE LETTERS AND VOCABULARY
1. Oxytone 0\q+, u0,
y ov
i\v 0., _ooi+
iiv io\, u_
i\v oiq+,
2. Paroxytone oyo oo
\o yo .\oo
yo vov
o\+o i\ov \uo
io y.oyoo +_vq
\oo oqoio+o vo,
3. Proparoxytone \.i+ov ov+oLi,
4. Perispomenon
v L +o _
5. Properispomenon
+o (ov
(+o
+o
0+o
+o
8 Elementary Ancient Greek
DIPHTHONGS
Diphthongs represent the union of two vowels in one syllable.
There are eight diphthongs in Ancient Greek. The first vowel can be
o, ., q, o, u. vv vy i u.
word begins with a diphthong, the breathing mark goes over the
second vowel.
oi o\ouo, s = cat
ou ow as in cow o+, ow ts = self
.i t . = I am
.u . = well
qu qqio = Eureka
oi oi as in toil oio = house
ou u oov, s = sky, heaven
ui v u, v s = son
1. xy: o+,, ., oov,, u,
2. xy: oio
3. xy: o\ouo,, qqio
4. : .
IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS AND IOTA SUBSCRIPTS
o, q, o v i,
sound of the first vowel. This is called an improper diphthong. If the
first vowel is capitalized, the iota is written after it; otherwise, the iota
appears in the form of an iota subscript beneath the vowel: , , .
Chapter 1: The Alphabet 9
NAMES OF THE GODS
Zeus Z., dz
Hera o
Poseidon Hoo.iov P s
Hades Aioq,
Demeter Aq+q
Hestia o+o h
Aphrodite oo+q fr d
Athena 0vq
Hephaestos oio+o, s
Ares Aq,
Apollo \\ov pl l
Artemis A+.i, r t
Dionysos Aivuoo, d s
Hermes , h
1. Oxytone: Z.,
2. Paroxytone: o, Aioq,, Aq+q, o+o,
oo+q, 0vq, Aq,, \\ov
3. Proparoxytone: oio+o,, Aivuoo,
4. Perispomenon: Hoo.iov, ,
10 Elementary Ancient Greek
CHAPTER 2: THE FARMER
DECLENSION PARADIGMS
The Definite Article, Masculine
sing. pl.
Nom. o
Gen. +o +v
Dat. + +o,
Acc. +v +o,
-o, Dsi Iis
sing. pl.
Nom. -o, -oi
Gen. -ou -v
Dat. - -oi,
Acc. -ov -ou,
Oxytone o, Dsi
sing. pl.
Nom. 0., o 0.o
Gen. +o 0.o +v 0.v
Dat. + 0. +o, 0.o,
Acc. +v 0.v +ou, 0.o,
Chapter 2: The Farmer 11
THE CASES
Nominative: The nominative case expresses the subject of the sentence.
Genitive: The genitive case expresses possession.
Dative: The dative case expresses the indirect object.
Accusative: The accusative case expresses the direct object.
DECLENSION OF THE NOUN 0.,
Singular
Nominative: 0., = the god (subject)
Genitive: +o 0.o = of the god, the gods
Dative: + 0. = to or for the god
Accusative: +v 0.v = the god (direct object)
Plural
Nominative: o 0.o = the gods (subject)
Genitive: +v 0.v = of the gods
Dative: +o, 0.o, = to or for the gods
Accusative: +ou, 0.o, = the gods (direct object)
12 Elementary Ancient Greek
CONJUGATION PARADIGMS
PRESENT TENSE
First principle part + personal endings
sing. pl.
1 - -o.v
2 -.i, -.+.
3 -.i -ouoi
uali l V \
sing. pl.
1 \ \o.v
2 \.i, \.+.
3 \.i \ouoi
SUBJECT, PERSON AND NUMBER
The subject of a sentence is what the sentence is about.
Logically , the subject is that of which something is predicated.
Grammatically, the subject is the noun with which the verb agrees in
person and number. In ancient Greek, the subject is expressed in the
nominative case.
Verb conjugations identify the relationship between the speaker
and the person or thing that is the subject of the sentence. When the
speaker is speaking about himself, and is the subject of his own
sentence, he uses a first person form of the verb. When the speaker is
speaking about the person he is speaking to, he uses a second person
form of the verb. When the speaker is speaking about other people
or things, he uses a third person form of the verb.
Chapter 2: The Farmer 13
This relationship is expressed in English by the personal
pronouns I, you, he, she, it, we, they. While Greek does have
corresponding personal pronouns which you will learn later, the verb
conjugation itself is sufficient to identify the subject of the sentence.
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB \:
Singular
First Person: \ = I release; destroy
Second Person: \.i, = you (sing.) release
Third Person: \.i = he, she, it releases
Plural
First Person \o.v = we release
Second Person \.+. = you (pl.) release
Third Person \ouoi = they release
MOVABLE NU
When a 3
rd
plural verb form, with the final letters oi, s al l
end of a sentence, the end of a clause, or before a word beginning
with a vowel, the letter nu will be added to that verb form.
The farmers release the rams.
o y.yo \ouoi +ou, iio,.
o y.yo +ou, iiou, \ouoiv.
+ou, iiou, \ouoiv o y.yo.
14 Elementary Ancient Greek
SIILLING OI THI ADVIR o, oi, o_
1. Before a word beginning with a consonant: o
2. Before a word beginning with a smooth vowel: oi
3. a v ii vil a u vv: o_
VOWELS, DIPHTHONGS, AND THE PLACEMENT OF
BREATHING MARKS
Four words in this chapter begin with two vowels in a row:
o l (. si.), o l, .+, aisl, u, s. I o, o,
a u,, l ali a, vl u sl, is a
over the second of the two initial vowels. In .+,, il aas v
the first. This shows that in .+,, l vvs u a . a l
pronounced separately, as two distinct syllables: .+,. I l l
three words, the first two letters are pronounced together in one
sya: o (syai), o (syai), u,. Tv vvs
thus joined into one syllable are called diphthongs.
Diphthongs represent the union of two vowels in one syllable.
T s vv is avays il i u. Ailia vs iui
diphthongs in this chapters vocabulary are these verbs: y.
ul, al, o. , 0.. ul, al, a v.
nod.
Chapter 2: The Farmer 15
VOWEL LENGTH
In Greek, the term vowel length refers to the length of time a
vowel was pronounced in its syllable of a word. (This differs from
the meaning in English phonics of the term vowel length, by which
different sounds are distinguished.)
T vvs q, a avays .
The vvs ., o a avays sl.
T vvs , i, u a slis a slis sl.
Dipthongs are long, with some exceptions. In this chapter, all
dipthongs are long except the nominative plural ending -oi.
ACCENTUATION
All words in this chapter have an accent, except the adverb
o, oi, o_, a l iil ali l ialiv as, siua
plural, a o. Ts vs a a ilis. A ili v
is pronounced together with the word that follows it.
The rules of Greek accentuation require one to count the
syllables of a word from the end of the word. The last syllable of a
word is called the ultima. The second to last syllable is called the
penult. The third to last syllable is called the antepenult.
16 Elementary Ancient Greek
ACCENTUATION OF VERBS
Greek verbs follow a rule called recessive accentuation. All of
the verbs in this chapter have acute accents on the penult, or second
to last syllable, in the first person singular (which is the form by
which verbs are listed in the dictionary). In order to apply the rule
of recessive accentuation, one must consider the length of the vowel
in the words last syllable, the ultima. The rule of recessive accent
states that the accent of a verb will be an acute accent on the syllable
as far from the ultima as allowed by the quantity, long or short, of the
ultima. If the ultima of the verb form contains a long vowel or
diphthong, the accent will be an acute on the penult. If, however, the
vowel in the ultima is short, the words accent will be an acute on the
antepenult.
In the conjugation of the present tense, taught in this chapter,
the singular endings are monosyllabic: -, -.i,, -.i. is a vv
vi is avays , .i is a il. Ts is vi
become the ultimae of the singular forms of the conjugation. Since
all are long, the singular forms of the verb all have an acute accent on
l ul: \, \.i,, \.i.
Chapter 2: The Farmer 17
The plural forms all have bisyllabic endings: -o.v, -.+., -ouoi.
In each case, the vowel in the last syllable is short. Therefore, the
accent on each plural form of the present tense is an acute on the
alul: \o.v, \.+., \ouoi.
It is characteristic of the present tense that the accent is always
written on the same vowel of the verb stem. This will not necessarily
be true in other tenses.
ACCENTUATION OF NOUNS
Ancient Greek nouns follow a principle called persistent
accentuation. The accent tends to stay on the same syllable, though it
may change from one type to another. All of the nouns in this
chapter have their accent on the last syllable, the ultima. They have
acute accents in the nominative and accusative, singular and plural,
and circumflex accents in the genitive and dative, singular and
plural. They are oxytone in the nominative and accusative, and
perispomenon in the genitive and dative.
The acute accent at the end of an oxytone word becomes a
grave accent when another word follows that word in a sentence.
The nouns in this chapter are oxytone nouns that have an acute
18 Elementary Ancient Greek
accent in the nominative and accusative cases. If such a noun is
written in a sentence in the nominative or the accusative case, its
acute accent will be turned into a grave accent, unless the word
comes at the end of its sentence.
GREEK SYNTAX AND WORD ORDER
Like Latin, Greek uses the case endings of nouns to indicate the
syntactic role of the noun in the sentence. In English, the order of the
sentence indicates the syntactic role of each member.
In the sentence The farmer honors the gods, the subject is the
farmer. T lasal il il G, l v y.y, a vi
used in the nominative singular: y.y,. I l v, honors, the
v 0.. vi ul il l li s siua:
0...i. I l il l, l v 0., will be used in
l ausaliv ua: +ou, 0.o,.
y.y, 0...i +ou, 0.o,.
The farmer honors the gods.
The Greek sentence can be rearranged: as long as each noun has
the same case ending and the verb has the same person and number, the
meaning of the sentence will be the same. Each of the following
sentences means The farmer honors the gods.
Chapter 2: The Farmer 19
y.y, +ou, 0.ou, 0...i.
+ou, 0.ou, y.y, 0...i.
+ou, 0.ou, 0...i y.y,.
0...i y.y, +ou, 0.o,.
0...i +ou, 0.ou, y.y,.
Conversely, the meaning of a sentence will change if the word
endings are changed, though the word order remain the same.
y.y, y..i +ou, iio,.
The farmer catches the rams.
+v y.yv y.ouoiv o iio.
The rams catch the farmer.
PUNCTUATION
A declarative sentence ends in a period, as in English. A
usli is iial y a si. A aus is iial y a
comma, as in English; an oxytone noun keeps its acute accent before a
comma.
20 Elementary Ancient Greek
NOUNS
y,, yo - field
y.y,, y.yo - farmer
0.,, 0.o - god
i,, io - fruit, crop
ii,, iio - ram
.+,, .+o - rainstorm
u,, uo - son
VERBS
y. hunt, catch
o. drench
0.. serve, honor; treat
0 sacrifice
\ release, destroy
v. nod
grow, produce
ADVERBS
v yes
o (oi, o_) not
oo never, not at all
Chapter 2: The Farmer 21
MORPHOLOGY EXERCISES
A. Tasal l vi u s.
1. +o y.yo 6. + i
2. o .+o 7. +v yv
3. +v uv 8. +ou, iio,
4. +o, y.yo, 9. + ii
5. +o io 10. +o, uo,
. asal l vi v s.
1. 0...i, 6. o.ouoi
2. v.o.v 7. .+.
3. y..i 8. \ouoi
4. 0o.v 9. y..+.
5. o \ 10. oi y..i
C. Translate into Ancient Greek.
Nouns Verbs
1. of the ram 1. you (s.) serve
2. to the gods 2. we nod
3. the sons (d.o.) 3. it produces
4. the rainstorms (sub.) 4. they sacrifice
5. the field (d.o.) 5. you (pl.) hunt
22 Elementary Ancient Greek
MODEL SENTENCES
1. y.y, 0...i +ou, 0.o,.
The farmer serves the gods.
2. y.y, y..i iiv.
The farmer catches a ram.
3. y.y, 0.i +v iiv +o, 0.o,.
The farmer sacrifices the ram to the gods.
4. o 0.o v.ouoi + y.y.
The gods nod to the farmer.
5. .+, o..i +ou, yo,.
The rainstorm drenches the fields.
6. o yo ouoi +v iv.
The fields produce the crop.
7. y.y, iiv y..i.
The farmer catches a ram.
8. 0., + ii v..i.
The god nods to the ram.
9. u, +o y.yo \.i +v iiv.
s l a ass l a.
10. y.y, o 0.i +v iiv.
The farmer does not sacrifice the ram.
Chapter 2: The Farmer 23
GREEK TO ENGLISH TRANSLATION
1. o y.yo +v 0.v 0..ouoiv.
2. +v 0.v 0...+.,
3. v, +v 0.v 0..o.v.
4. y.y, +ou, iiou, y..i.
5. +ou, y.you, ii, y..i.
6. +ou, iiou, y..i,,
7. oo. +ou, iiou, oi y..
8. y.y, +v iiv + 0. 0.i.
9. +v y.yv ii, + 0. +v iiv 0.i.
10. +v iiv +o, 0.o, 0.+.,
11. +v iiv o 0o.v.
12. 0., +o, y.yo, v..i.
13. o .+o +v yv o.ouoiv.
14. y, +ou, iou, .i.
15. +v y.yv o yo +ou, iou, ouoiv.
ENGLISH TO ANCIENT GREEK TRANSLATION.
1. The farmers son catches the ram.
2. Do you (pl.) release the ram?
3. Yes, we release the ram.
4. Do you (sing.) sacrifice to the god of rams?
5. Not at all. I sacrifice to the god of farmers.
24 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
CHAPTER 3: THE MAID

The Definile ArlicIe, Ieminine
sing. I.
Nom. q oi
Gen. +q, +ov
Dal. + +oi,
Acc. +qv +o,

-q DecIension Indings
sing. I.
Nom. -q -oi (lhis dihlhong is shorl)
Gen. -q, -ov
Dal. - -oi,
Acc. -qv -o,

Oxylone q DecIension
sing. I.
Nom. q u_q oi u_oi
Gen. +q, u_q, +ov u_ov
Dal. + u_ +oi, u_oi,
Acc. +qv u_qv +o, u_o,

Con|ugalion of lhe verb yoo
sing. I.
1 yoo yoo.v
2 yo.i, yo.+.
3 yo.i yoouoi
Cnapicr 3. Tnc Mai! 25
NOUNS

oo.\q, oo.\q, - q sisler
oo.\o,, oo.\of - brolher
ovq, ovq, - q Iamb
ou\q, ou\q, - q courlyard
ooq, ooq, q servanl girI, maid
.io+o\q, .io+o\q, - q Ieller
ii0q, ii0q, - q barIey
oiqvq, oiqvq, - q lenl

VIRS

yoo vrile
oo+o devour
i\.+o sleaI
iu+o hide
.\o sing
.o send
+.o feed
+io rub, lhresh

IRIIOSITIONS

.i (+ gen.) oul of, from
.v (+ dal.) in
26 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
MORIHOLOGY IXIRCISIS

A. TransIale lhe foIIoving noun forms.

1. +oi, oo.\oi, 6. +q, ooq,
2. +q, .io+o\q, 7. + oiqv
3. oi ovoi 8. +ov ou\ov
4. +oi, ovoi, 9. +q, ii0q,
5. + oo 10. +o, oiqvo,

. TransIale lhe foIIoving verb forms.

1. yoo 6. oo+.i
2. iu+ouoi 7. +.o.v
3. .\.i, 8. +i.+.
4. i\.+.i 9. iu+.i,
5. yo.+. 10. ou oo+o.v

C. TransIale inlo Ancienl Greek

Nouns Verbs
1. lhe lenl (d.o.) 1. I sing
2. lo lhe courlyard 2. lhey lhresh
3. of lhe Iambs 3. you (I.) devour
4. lhe sislers (sub.) 4. you (sing.) vrile
5. of lhe Ieller 5. he sleaIs
Cnapicr 3. Tnc Mai! 27
USAGI OI THI GINITIVI CASI

Word order is variabIe in Ancienl Greek because lhe synlaclic
roIes of nouns are indicaled by lheir case endings, ralher lhan by
lheir osilion in lhe senlence. Hovever, vord order is nol arbilrary.
The greal ancienl Greek aulhors used vord order as an exressive
device, giving cerlain vords emhasis or accumuIaled significance.
Al lhe same lime, lhey avoided cerlain vord orders lhal couId be
ambiguous. Ior inslance, if a senlence vere vrillen
oo.\o, +of y.oyof +ov uiov +..i,
il vouId be uncIear as lo vhelher lhis meanl
Tnc |rcincr cj inc jarncr jcc!s inc scn,
or Tnc |rcincr jcc!s inc jarncrs scn.
To avoid such uncerlainly, one vouId vrile
+of y.oyof oo.\o, +ov uiov +..i
lo say Tnc jarncrs |rcincr jcc!s inc scn,
bul oo.\o, +ov uiov +of y.oyof +..i
lo say Tnc |rcincr jcc!s inc jarncrs scn.
In lhese examIes, lhe noun ossessed by lhe genilive noun
slands belveen il and any noun nol ossessed by il. In generaI,
nouns in lhe genilive are lo be conslrued vilh lhe nearesl olher noun.
Anolher vay lo make cIear vhich noun is ossessed by a
genilive noun is lo Iace lhe genilive noun belveen lhe noun il
ossesses and lhal noun's definile arlicIe.
+of y.oyof oo.\o, lhe farmer's brolher
+of y.oyof uio, lhe farmer's son

28 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
INDIRICT O}ICT

Verbs lhal describe giving, shoving, or leIIing may lake an
indirecl ob|ecl as veII as a direcl ob|ecl. The direcl ob|ecl is lhe lhing
lhal is given, shovn, or loId. The indirecl ob|ecl is lhe erson vho
receives lhe direcl ob|ecl. Ior examIe, lhe verb .o send may
lake an indirecl ob|ecl. The direcl ob|ecl viII be exressed in lhe
accusalive case, lhe indirecl ob|ecl in lhe dalive case.
q ooq ..i +qv .io+o\qv + oo.\.
The maid sends lhe Ieller lo lhe sisler.

IRIIOSITIONAL IHRASIS

A reosilion is a vord lhal forms a reosilionaI hrase in
combinalion vilh a noun caIIed inc c|jcci cj inc prcpcsiiicn. The noun
musl be ul inlo lhe case required by lhe reosilion for ils ob|ecl.
The lvo reosilions incIuded in lhis chaler are: .i cui cj, cui jrcn
and .v in.

.i requires ils ob|ecl lo be in lhe genilive case:
.i (+ gen.) oul of, from, oul from.
.v requires ils ob|ecl lo be in lhe dalive case:
.v (+ dal.) in.

olh of lhese reosilions exress Iace. IreosilionaI hrases
using lhem may exress vhere lhe aclion of a senlence lakes Iace, or
lhe Iocalion of a erson or lhing in lhe senlence. Comare lhe
foIIoving examIes.
Cnapicr 3. Tnc Mai! 29
oi oooi .\ouoiv .v + ou\.
The maids sing in lhe courlyard.
oi .v + ou\ oooi .\ouoiv.
The maids in lhe courlyard sing.

A. GINITIVI IHRASI IXIRCISIS

1. q +of uiof oo.\q
2. +q, oo.\q, uio,
3. oi +ov y.oyov iooi
4. oi +of y.oyof oyoi
5. q +q, oo.\q, oiqvq
6. q +ov oo.\ov oiqvq
7. oi +ov oo.\ov oiqvoi
8. oi +q, oo.\q, ovoi
9. +of y.oyof oo.\o, +ov uiov +..i.
10. oo.\o, +ov +of y.oyof uiov +..i.

. IRIIOSITIONAL IHRASI IXIRCISIS

1. .i +q, ou\q,
2. .i +of oyof
3. .i +ov +of y.oyof oyov
4. .v + oiqv
5. .v +oi, oiqvoi,
30 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
MDIL SINTINCIS

1. q ooq +i.i +qv ii0qv.
The maid lhreshes lhe barIey.
2. q ooq +..i +o, ovo,.
The maid feeds lhe Iambs.
3. oi ovoi oo+ouoi +qv ii0qv.
The Iambs devour lhe barIey.
4. q ii0q +..i +o, ovo,.
The barIey nourishes lhe Iambs.
5. q +q, ooq, oo.\q yo.i .io+o\qv.
The maid's sisler vriles a Ieller.
6. q oo.\q ..i +qv .io+o\qv + oo.
The sisler sends lhe Ieller lo lhe maid.
7. q ooq .\.i .v + ou\.
The maid sings in lhe courlyard.

8. y.oyo, ..i + oo .io+o\qv.
The farmer sends lhe maid a Ieller.
9. q ooq iu+.i +qv +of y.oyof .io+o\qv .v + oiqv.
The maid hides lhe farmer's Ieller in lhe lenl.
10. +q, ooq, oo.\o, i\.+.i +qv .io+o\qv.
The maid's brolher sleaIs lhe Ieller.
Cnapicr 3. Tnc Mai! 31
GRIIK TO INGLISH TRANSLATION

1. oi oooi +qv ii0qv +iouoiv.
2. +i.i, +qv ii0qv,
3. ou +io +qv +of y.oyof ii0qv.
4. oi oooi +qv ovqv +.ouoiv.
5. +qv ovqv +..+.,
6. voi, +qv +ov ooov ovqv +.o.v.
7. q ii0q +qv ovqv +..i.
8. q oo.\q +qv .io+o\qv yo.i.
9. +qv .io+o\qv yo.i,,
10. voi, yoo .io+o\o,.
11. .o +o, .io+o\o, + +q, ooq, oo.\.
12. .\+.+. .v + ou\,
13. ou .\o.v. yoo.v .v + +of uiof oiqv.
14. iu+.i, +qv +of oo.\of .io+o\qv .v + ou\,
15. q ovq +qv .io+o\qv i\.+.i.

GRIIK TO INGLISH TRANSLATION

1. The servanl girI feeds lhe farmer's Iambs.
2. The servanl girI's Iamb devours lhe barIey.
3. The farmer's brolhers sing.
4. The brolhers sing in lhe lenl.
5. The brolhers in lhe lenl sing.

32 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
CHAPTER 4: THE GENERAL

NOUNS

0uo,, 0uof - courage, desire, aelile
ioio.yo,, ioio.yof - viIIain
o+o+o,, o+o+of - army
o+o+qyo,, o+o+qyof - generaI

oq, oq, - q ballIe cry, shoul, song of |oy
iouyq, iouyq, - q cIamor, shouling, oulcry

VIRS
ouo slo (someone or somelhing)

o0oi(o galher, coIIecl
oo(o seize, Iunder
\i(o equi, arm, reare
i.(o ress, oress, squeeze

o.uoo hurry, rush
oo(o save

oioio chase, ursue
\o++o shae, moId, form
+o++o drav u in order, arrange
u\o++o guard

IRIIOSITION
.i, (+ acc.) inlo
Cnapicr 4. Tnc Gcncra| 33
MORIHOLOGY IXIRCISIS

A. TransIale lhe foIIoving noun forms.

1. +of 0uof 6. +o ioio.yo
2. +qv iouyqv 7. +ov o+o+qyov
3. oi o+o+oi 8. +ov 0uov
4. +oi, o+o+qyoi, 9. +q, iouyq,
5. +ou, ioio.you, 10. +ov o+o+ov

. TransIale lhe foIIoving verb forms.

1. ouo.v 6. o0oi(ouoi
2. oo(.+. 7. \i(.i
3. i.(.i, 8. \o++.+.
4. o.uo.i 9. oo(o.v
5. oioiouoi 10. +o++.i,

C. TransIale inlo Ancienl Greek

Nouns Verbs
1. courage (direcl ob|ecl) 1. you (s.) guard
2. of lhe army 2. ve seize
3. lhe generaIs (sub.) 3. he galhers
4. lo lhe viIIains 4. lhey moId
5. lo or for lhe shouling 5. you (I.) hurry
34 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
MODIL SINTINCIS

1. oi ioio.yoi +ou, y.oyou, i.(ouoiv.
The viIIains oress lhe farmers.
2. oi ioio.yoi oo(ouoi +ou, ioou, +ov y.oyov.
The viIIains Iunder lhe farmers' cros.
3. o+o+qyo, o0oi(.i +ou, y.oyou,.
The generaI galhers lhe farmers.
4. o+o+qyo, +ou, y.oyou, \i(.i.
The generaI equis lhe farmers.
5. o+o+qyo, \o++.i o+o+ov y.oyov.
The generaI forms an army of farmers.
6. oi y.oyoi o.uoouoiv .i, +ou, oyou,.
The farmers rush inlo lhe fieIds.
7. q oq +ov y.oyov \u.i +ov 0uov +ov ioio.yov.
The ballIe-cry of lhe farmers deslroys lhe courage of lhe viIIains.
8. q iouyq +ov ioio.yov +..i +ov +ov y.oyov 0uov.
The shouling of lhe viIIains feeds lhe farmers' courage.
9. +ov y.oyov o+o+o, ou.i +ou, ioio.you,.
The farmers' army slos lhe viIIains.
10. oi y.oyoi oioiouoi +ou, ioio.you, .i +ov oyov.
The farmers chase lhe viIIains oul of lhe fieIds.
11. o+o+qyo, oo(.i +ou, +ov y.oyov ioou,.
The generaI saves lhe farmers' cros.
12. oi y.oyoi u\o++ouoi +ou, oyou,.
The farmers guard lhe fieIds.
Cnapicr 4. Tnc Gcncra| 35
GRIIK TO INGLISH TRANSLATION

1. ioio.yo, +ov y.oyov i.(.i.
2. oi ioio.yoi +ov +of y.oyof ioov oo(ouoiv.
3. +ou, +ov y.oyov ioou, oo(.+.,
4. +ou, y.oyou, o0oi(o.
5. +ou, y.oyou, \i(.i,,
6. \o++o.v o+o+ov.
7. o+o+qyo, o.uo.i .i, +ov oyov.
8. o.uoo.v .i, +ou, oyou,.
9. q +of o+o+of oq +ov +ov ioio.yov 0uov \u.i.
10. q +ov ioio.yov iouyq +ov +of o+o+qyof 0uov +..i.
11. ou.+. +ou, ioio.you,,
12. voi, +ou, ioio.you, ouo.v.
13. ououoi oi ioio.yoi +ov +ov y.oyov o+o+ov,
14. ouooo. oi ioio.yoi +ou, y.oyou, ou ououoiv.
15. oo(.i, +ov +of y.oyof ioov,
16. +of y.oyof uio, +ov oyov u\o++.i.

INGLISH TO GRIIK TRANSLATION

1. The farmer's son hurries inlo lhe fieId.
2. The son chases lhe ram oul of lhe fieId.
3. The generaI forms an army of viIIains.
4. The army of viIIains oresses lhe farmers.
5. We save lhe farmers' cros.
36 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
CON}UNCTIONS

o\\o bul
yo for
o. and, bul
q or
q.q eilher.or
ioi and
ioi.ioi bolh.and
.v.o. on lhe one hand.on lhe olher,
some.olher(s)

IOSTIOSITIVI CON}UNCTIONS

Con|unclions are vords lhal connecl vords or hrases. Cerlain
Greek con|unclions cannol sland al lhe beginning of a senlence or cIause.
They are caIIed pcsipcsiiitc ccnjunciicns. In lhis chaler, lhere are lhree
oslosilive con|unclions: yo, o., .v.o..

MODIL SINTINCIS

1. 0.o.uo +ov 0.ov,
o\\o oi ioio.yoi ou 0.o.uouoi +ov 0.ov.
I honor lhe god, bul lhe viIIains do nol honor lhe god.

Cnapicr 4. Tnc Gcncra| 37
2. o+o+qyo, +ou, y.oyou, o0oi(.i,
oi yo ioio.yoi +ou, y.oyou, i.(ouoiv.
The generaI galhers lhe farmers,
for lhe viIIains are oressing lhe farmers.
3. q ooq +qv ii0qv +i.i,
oi o. ovoi +qv ii0qv oo+ouoiv.
The maid lhreshes lhe barIey, bul lhe Iambs devour lhe barIey.
4. u\o++.i, +ou, oyou, q +ou, ioou,,
Are you guarding lhe fieIds or lhe cros`
5. q y.oyo, q uio, oy.u.i +ov iiov.
Lilher lhe farmer or lhe son calches lhe ram.
6. q ooq ioi q oo.\q +.ouoi +o, ovo,.
The maid and lhe sisler feed lhe Iambs.
7. u\o++o ioi +ou, oyou, ioi +ou, ioou,.
I am guarding bolh lhe fieIds and lhe cros.
8. .v y.oyo, +ov iiov oy.u.i,
o. uio, +ov iiov \u.i.
The farmer, on lhe one hand, calches lhe ram, lhe son, on lhe olher hand,
reIeases lhe ram.
9. oi .v y.oyoi u\o++ouoi +ou, oyou,,
oi o. u\o++ouoi +ou, ioou,.
Some farmers guard lhe fieIds, olhers guard lhe cros.
38 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
GRIIK TO INGLISH TRANSLATION

1. q oo.\q ..i +qv .io+o\qv + oo,
o\\o +q, ooq, oo.\o, +qv .io+o\qv i\.+.i.
2. oi ovoi +qv ii0qv oo+ouoiv,
q yo ii0q +..i +o, ovo,.
3. oi oyoi +ou, ioou, uouoiv,
oi o. y.oyoi +ou, ioou, oo+ouoiv.
4. oo.\o, iu+.i +qv .io+o\qv .v + oiqv
q .v + ou\.
5. q oo.\o, q q oo.\q +..i +o, ovo,.
6. y.oyo, oy.u.i ioi 0u.i +ov iiov.
7. 0.o, v.u.i ioi +o y.oyo ioi +oi, uioi,.
8. .v o+o+qyo, o.uo.i .i, +ou, oyou,,
oi o. ioio.yoi o.uoouoi .i +ov oyov.
9. oi .v oooi +o, ovo, +.ouoiv,
oi o. .\ouoiv .v + ou\.
Cnapicr 4. Tnc Gcncra| 39
10. +o, ovo, +.o, o\\o +qv ii0qv iu+.i,.
11. oi 0.oi +o y.oyo v.uouoiv, yo y.oyo, +ou, 0.ou, 0.o.u.i.
12. .v u.+o, +ou, oyou, o.u.i, oi o. oyoi +ou, ioou, uouoiv.
13. +ou, ioou, i\.+.+.,
o\\o o+o+qyo, +ou, ioou, oo(.i.
14. oi .v uioi .v + ou\ .\ouoiv,
oi o. .\ouoiv .v + oiqv.
15. .o .io+o\qv q + oo.\ q +o oo.\o.

INGLISH TO GRIIK TRANSLATION

1. guard lhe fieIds and you guard lhe cros.
2. We feed bolh lhe Iambs and lhe rams.
3. Are you feeding lhe Iamb or lhe ram`
4. I, on lhe one hand, feed lhe Iamb, bul lhe farmer's son, on lhe olher
hand, feeds lhe ram.
5. Some maids sing, olhers vrile.
40 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
VIR STIMS AND CON}UGATION INDINGS

In order lo con|ugale verbs correclIy, il is necessary lo dislinguish
lhe verb slem from lhe con|ugalion ending added lo il. AII verbs sludied
so far use lhe same con|ugalion endings, and ve have sludied onIy lhe
resenl lense. Hovever, lhe verb slems ve have nov sludied faII inlo
four cIasses, deending uon lhe finaI Ieller of lhe slem.

-uo vcrbs
oy.uo, hunl, calch
o.uo drench
0.o.uo serve,honor, lreal
0uo sacrifice
\uo free, reIease, deslroy
v.uo nod, assenl lo
ouo make slo, (mid.) slo

-o, -no, -nxo, -qo vcrbs
yoo vrile, drav
oo+o devour
i\.+o sleaI
iu+o conceaI, hide
.\o sing
.o send
Cnapicr 4. Tnc Gcncra| 41
+.o feed, nourish
+io rub, lhresh

-(o (nr -oo) vcrbs
o0oi(o galher, coIIecl
oo(o seize, Iunder
\i(o equi, arm, reare
i.(o ress, oress
oo(o save
o.uoo hurry, rush

-xo, -xxo vcrbs
oioio chase, ursue
\o++o shae, moId, form
+o++o order, arrange
u\o++o guard

In ancienl Greece, severaI differenl diaIecls vere soken and
vrillen. The diaIecl soken and vrillen in Alhens vas lhe Allic diaIecl.
One fealure in vhich Allic differs from olher diaIecls is in lhe
ronuncialion and seIIing of lhe verbs in lhe -++o calegory, in olher
diaIecls, lhey are ooo verbs, and lhey are seIIed ooo
in Ieicons and diclionaries.
42 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
CHAPTER 5: THE FOOL AT THE FEA5T

WORD STIMS AND INDINGS

In discussing lhe forms of ancienl Greek nouns and verbs, ve
dislinguish lhe vord slem from lhe vord ending. The ending of a
verb exresses lhe erson and number of lhe verb in ils senlence.
The verb slem is lhal lo vhich lhe con|ugalion endings are added.
The ending of a noun exresses lhal noun's synlaclic roIe in ils
senlence. The noun slem is lhal lo vhich lhe decIension ending is
added.

THI LONG o DICLINSION

The Iong o decIension aears in feminine nouns vilh slems
ending in lhe Iellers ., i, or . There are no q decIension nouns vilh
slems ending in ., i or . Ior examIe, lhe feminine form of lhe noun
0.o, is q 0.o lhe goddess.

Long o DecIension Lndings
sing. I.
Nom. -o -oi
Gen. -o, -ov
Dal. -o -oi,
Acc. -ov -o,
Cnapicr 5. Tnc |cc| ai inc |casi 43
xylone Long o DecIension
sing. I.
Nom. q 0.o oi 0.oi
Gen. +q, 0.o, +ov 0.ov
Dal. + 0.o +oi, 0.oi,
Acc. +qv 0.ov +o, 0.o,

The Iong o decIension is lo be dislinguished from lhe shorl o
decIension, vhich viII be inlroduced in chaler 15. The lerms |cng
and sncri refer lo lhe Ienglh of lime for vhich lhe voveI is
ronounced. The Ieller o reresenls lhe Iong voveI aIha in aII of lhe
singuIar forms, and reIaces lhe Ieller q of lhe q decIension. The
IuraI forms are idenlicaI for bolh lhe Iong o decIension and lhe q
decIension.
InlereslingIy, lhe Ieller o in lhe nominalive IuraI ending is
arl of lhe dihlhong oi , vhich is considered shorl. AII olher
IuraI endings incIude voveIs or dihlhongs vhich are Iong.
IDINTIIY:
1. +q, 0.o, 5. .i +q, oyoo,
2. +oi, 0.oi, 6. .v + oyoo
3. +q, ouoo, 7. .i, +qv oyoov.
4. +o, ouoo, 8. .i, +o, oyoo,
44 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
VOCAULARY

oyoo, oyoo, - q markelIace
0.o, 0.o, - q goddess
ouoo, ouoo, - q misforlune

oyoyq, oyoyq, - q conducl, lraining, educalion
o.+q, o.+q, - q virlue, exceIIence
.o+q, .o+q, - q feasl
.u_q, .u_q, - q rayer, vov, oalh
qoovq, qoovq, - q Ieasure, en|oymenl
i.o\q, i.o\q, - q head
o\q, o\q, - q singing
oyq, oyq, - q anger
\qyq, \qyq, - q bIov
_q\q, _q\q, - q hoof, laIon

o.+o,, o.+of - eagIe
io+o,, io+of - doclor
io0o,, io0of - ay, rofil, rice
oo,, oof - fooI
ouovo,, ouovof - sky, heaven
+uo,, +uof - cheese

_o.uo dance
+.o deIighl
+u+o hil, slrike
yuvo(o exercise, raclice
o\\o++o change (somelhing)
o++o do, make (o++o io0ov charge rice)
(o++o +o, o.+o, raclice lhe virlues)

\o+o harm, hurl
Cnapicr 5. Tnc |cc| ai inc |casi 45
MORIHOLOGY IXIRCISIS

A. TransIale lhe foIIoving noun forms.

1. +q, oyoo, 6. +q, o.+q,
2. + 0.o 7. .v +oi, _q\oi,
3. oi ouooi 8. .i, +qv .o+qv
4. +o, 0.o, 9. .i +of ouovof
5. +qv ouoov 10. .v +oi, +of o.+of _q\oi,

. TransIale lhe foIIoving verb forms.

1. o++.+. 6. ou +u+o
2. o\\o++.i, 7. oui o\\o++.i
3. o++ouoi 8. ou +u+.+.
4. +..i 9. ou yuvo(ouoi
5. _o.uo.v 10. ou _o.u.+.,

C. TransIale inlo Ancienl Greek.

Nouns Verbs
1. of lhe doclor 1. lhey slrike
2. lhe head (direcl ob|ecl) 2. you (sing.) exercise
3. of lhe cheeses 3. ve do
4. goddesses (sub|ecl) 4. you (I.) deIighl
5. lo or for lhe eagIe 5. he dances
46 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
1. oi oooi 0.o.uouoi +qv 0.ov.
The maids honor lhe goddess.
2. oi oooi _o.uouoiv .v + .o+.
The maids dance al lhe feasl.
3. oi oooi .\ouoi + 0.o.
The maids sing lo lhe goddess.
4. q o\q +ov ooov +..i +qv 0.ov.
The singing of lhe maids deIighls lhe goddess.
5. oo, oo+.i +ov +ov ooov +uov.
The fooI devours lhe maids' cheese.
6. oo, +u+.i +ou, oo.\ou, +ov ooov.
The fooI hils lhe brolhers of lhe maids.
7. q iouyq +ov oo.\ov ou.i +qv o\qv +ov ooov.
The shouling of lhe brolhers slos lhe singing of lhe maids.
8. q oyoyq +of oof \u.i +qv qoovqv +q, 0.o,.
The fooI's conducl deslroys lhe en|oymenl of lhe goddess.
9. oi .u_oi +of oof +.ouoi +qv oyqv +q, 0.o,.
The fooI's oalhs feed lhe goddess's anger.
10. q 0.o ..i ouoov +o oo.
The goddess sends a misforlune lo lhe fooI.
11. o.+o, o.uo.i .i +of ouovof.
The eagIe rushes oul of lhe sky.
12. oi _q\oi +of o.+of +u+ouoi +qv i.o\qv +of oof.
The laIons of lhe eagIe hil lhe head of lhe fooI.
13. q \qyq +ov _q\ov \o+.i +qv +of oof i.o\qv.
The bIov of lhe laIons in|ures lhe fooI's head.
14. oo, o.uo.i .i, +qv oyoov.
The fooI rushes inlo lhe markelIace.
15. io+o, o++.i io0ov .v + oyoo.
Cnapicr 5. Tnc |cc| ai inc |casi 47
The doclor charges his rice in lhe markelIace.
16. io+o, 0.o.u.i +ov oov.
The doclor lreals lhe fooI.
17. q ouoo o\\o++.i +qv oyoyqv +of oof.
The misforlune changes lhe fooI's conducl.
18. oo, yuvo(.i +o, o.+o,.
The fooI raclices lhe virlues.

1. q ooq 0.o.u.i +o, 0.o,.
2. q ooq ioi q oo.\q _o.uouoi .v + .o+.
3. .\o.v + 0.o.
4. q +q, ooq, ioi +q, oo.\q, o\q +..i +qv 0.ov.
5. oi ooi +ov +uov oo+ouoiv.
6. oi ooi +ov +q, ooq, oo.\ov +u+ouoiv.
7. q +of oo.\of iouyq \u.i +qv +q, 0.o, qoovqv.
8. q +ov oov oyoyq +..i +qv +q, ooq, oyqv.
9. oi +ov oov .u_oi +ou, 0.ou, ou +.ouoiv.
10. oi 0.oi .ouoi ouoo, +oi, ooi,.
11. q 0.o ..i o.+ov .i +of ouovof.
12. +qv +of oof i.o\qv q +of o.+of _q\q +u+.i.
13. q +q, _q\q, \qyq \o+.i +qv +of oof i.o\qv.
14. oo, .i, +qv oyoov o.uoo.
15. oi io+oi io0ov o++ouoiv .v + oyoo.
16. 0.o.u.i, +qv +of oof i.o\qv,
17. 0.o.uo +o, +ov oov i.o\o,, ioi io0ov o++o.
18. The fooI hils lhe brolhers' heads.
19. The eagIe hils lhe fooI's head.
20. The bIov sends lhe fooI lo lhe doclor.
21. The fooI's misforlune deIighls lhe maids.
48 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
IROCLITICS AND INCLITICS

Ancienl Greek vords vhich are nol vrillen vilh lheir ovn
accenl are considered lo lake lheir accenl from an ad|acenl vord, lhal
is, lhey are ronounced in conneclion vilh lhe vord before or lhe
vord afler.
Words ronounced in conneclion vilh lhe foIIoving vord are
caIIed prcc|iiics. The rocIilic vords so far sludied are: lhe
nominalive definile arlicIes , oi, q, oi, lhe reosilions
.i, (+ acc.) inlo, .i (+ gen.) oul of, and .v (+ dal.) in,
and lhe adverb ououiou_ nol.
The adverb ou lakes an accenl vhen il comes al lhe end of lhe
senlence.
.\.i,, o,
Do you sing, or nol
Words vhich are ronounced in conneclion vilh lhe revious
vord are caIIed encIilics. Tvo common encIilics are: +. and, y. al
Ieasl, al any rale. The encIilic +. is lransIaled by Iacing lhe vord an!
before lhe vord +. foIIovs:

.\o _o.uo +..
sing and I dance.
+of 0.of +q, +. 0.o,
of lhe god and of lhe goddess
Cnapicr 5. Tnc |cc| ai inc |casi 49
INCLITICS AND ACCINTUATION

A rocIilic vord does nol aIler lhe accenlualion of lhe noun il
recedes, bul an encIilic may aIler lhe accenlualion of lhe vord il
foIIovs. Ior examIe, lhe nominalive forms of lhe definile arlicIe
receive an acule accenl vhen lhey are foIIoved by an encIilic.
y. 0.o,, +. 0.o
lhe god, al any rale, and lhe goddess
o y. oo.\oi, o +. oo.\oi
lhe brolhers, al Ieasl, and lhe sislers
The encIilics y. and +. are monosyIIabic, and viII cause lhe foIIoving
changes in lhe receding noun:
Oxylone: lhe uIlima relains an acule accenl, normaIIy, lhe acule becomes
a grave accenl vhen anolher vord foIIovs vilhoul ause:
oo.\o, y., q oo.\q +., +ou, y. 0.ou,, +o, +. 0.o,
Iaroxylone: The accenl remains lhe same:
0.o.uo y., 0.o.u.i, +., .\.i y.
Iroaroxylone: In addilion lo lhe acule on lhe anleenuIl, lhere viII
be an acule on lhe uIlima:
0.o.uo.v y., 0.o.u.+. +., o(ouoi +.
Ierisomenon: The accenl remains lhe same:
+of y. 0.of, +q, 0.o, +., +ov +. 0.ov, +oi, y. 0.oi,
Iroerisomenon: In addilion lo lhe circumfIex on lhe enuIl, lhere
viII be an acule on lhe uIlima: \o q+o +..
50 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
GRII TO INGLISH TRANSLATION

1. oo, y. +qv 0.ov ou 0.o.u.i.
2. +qv y. 0.ov ou 0.o.u.i oo,.
3. y. 0.o +o oo ou v.u.i.
4. q 0.o +o y. oo ou v.u.i.
5. +o y. oo q 0.o +qv ouoov ..i.
6. +qv ouoov y. +o oo q 0.o ..i.
7. q +of oof oyoyq +qv y. .o+qv ou ou.i.
8. q ovq +qv ii0qv +ov +. +uov oo+.i.
9. oi .+oi o.uouoi +ou, oyou, +ou, +. y.oyou,.
10. .+o, +ou, .v + oiqv y. y.oyou, ou o.u.i.
11. y. oiqvq o(.i +ou, y.oyou,.
12. .+o, ou.i +qv +ov ooov o\qv +qv +. .o+qv.
13. y. 0.o ou.i +ov .+ov.
14. o+o+qyo, \i(.i yuvo(.i +. +ov o+o+ov.
15. oi y.oyoi o0oi(ouoi u\o++ouoi +. +ov ioov.
Cnapicr 5. Tnc |cc| ai inc |casi 51
16. io+o, 0.o.u.i +ov y.oyov +ov +. oo.\ov.
17. oi ooi ioio.yoi +. +ou, 0.ou, ou 0.o.uouoiv,
oi o y.oyoi y. +ou, 0.ou, +o, +. 0.o, 0.o.uouoiv.
18. +of io+of oo.\o, +. oo.\q +ov +uov oo+ouoiv.
19. oi y.oyoi iu+ouoi u\o++ouoi +. +ov +uov
oi yo ioio.yoi i\.+ouoi +uov.
20. ou i\.+.+. y. +ov ioov.

INGLISH TO GRII TRANSLATION

21. The farmer sings and dances.
22. We sing and dance.
23. The doclor, al Ieasl, honors lhe gods.
24. The doclor and lhe brolher honor lhe gods.
25. The gods nod lo lhe doclor and lhe brolher.
26. We do nol sleaI, al any rale, lhe cros.
52 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
CHAPTER 6: AT THE 5HRINE

NIUTIR GINDIR NOUNS

The Definile ArlicIe, Neuler
sing. I.
Nom. +o +o
Gen. +of +ov
Dal. +o +oi,
Acc. +o +o

Neuler ov DecIension Indings
sing. I.
Nom. -ov -o
Gen. -ou -ov
Dal. -o -oi,
Acc. -ov -o

Oxylone Neuler ov DecIension
sing. I.
Nom. +o +.ov +o +.o
Gen. +of +.of +ov +.ov
Dal. +o +.o +oi, +.oi,
Acc. +o +.ov +o +.o
Cnapicr 6. Ai inc Snrinc 53
When a neuler noun is lhe sub|ecl of a senlence, ils verb viII be singuIar
even vhen lhe neuler noun is IuraI.
+o i.o +..i +qv 0.ov.
The offerings deIighl lhe goddess.

AD}ICTIVIS

Ad|eclives are vords lhal describe nouns. In ancienl Greek, an
ad|eclive agrees vilh lhe noun il modifies in case, number, and gender. Ior
ad|eclives of lhe o,, -q, -ov decIension, such as io\o,, io\q, io\ov
beaulifuI, lhe decIension endings are lhe same as lhose of lhe corresonding
noun decIensions.

xylone o,, -q, -ov Ad|eclive DecIension
sing.
masc. fem. neul.
Nom. io\o, io\q io\ov
Gen. io\of io\q, io\of
Dal. io\o io\ io\o
Acc. io\ov io\qv io\ov
I.
Nom. io\oi io\oi io\o
Gen. io\ov io\ov io\ov
Dal. io\oi, io\oi, io\oi,
Acc. io\ou, io\o, io\o
54 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
As ve sav in regard lo nouns, lhe Iong o decIension endings viII
aear in lhe feminine on ad|eclive slems ending in ., i, or . Ior examIe,
i.o,, i.o, i.ov sacred, hoIy.

sing.
masc. fem. neul.
Nom. i.o, i.o i.ov
Gen. i.of i.o, i.of
Dal. i.o i.o i.o
Acc. i.ov i.ov i.ov
I.
Nom. i.oi i.oi i.o
Gen. i.ov i.ov i.ov
Dal. i.oi, i.oi, i.oi,
Acc. i.ou, i.o, i.o

SUSTANTIVI AD}ICTIVIS
When ad|eclives are used vilhoul nouns, ve musl add a noun in
IngIish. If lhe ad|eclive is used in lhe mascuIine, lhe noun added is usuaIIy
nan or ncn, if lhe ad|eclive is feminine, lhen ucnan or ucncn, if neuler,
lhen ining or inings. This is caIIed lhe su|sianiitc usc cj inc a!jcciitc, and lhe
ad|eclive ilseIf is caIIed a su|sianiitc a!jcciitc in such senlences.
Cnapicr 6. Ai inc Snrinc 55
The ad|eclive i.o,, i.o, i.ov sacred, hoIy has seciaI meanings
vhen used subslanliveIy in lhe neuler gender. In lhe singuIar, i.ov, i.of
- +o, il means snrinc or nc|q p|acc. In lhe neuler IuraI, i.o, i.ov +o, il
means sacrc! cjjcrings or sacrijicia| cjjcrings.

THI VIR .ii
The verb .ii means ic |c. Ils con|ugalion is of arlicuIar inleresl
because |c is lhe mosl fuIIy con|ugaled verb in IngIish.
sing. I.
1
sl
Ierson .ii I am .o.v ve are
2
nd
Ierson . you (sg.) are .o+. you (I.) are
3
rd
Ierson .o+i he, she, il is .ioi lhey are

When .o+i or .ioi recede a vord beginning vilh a voveI, or al lhe
end of a senlence, lhey are seIIed vilh a finaI v:
y.oyo, .v +o oyo .o+iv.
The verb .ii is seIIed in lhe diclionary and in con|ugalions vilh an
acule accenl on lhe uIlima in ils bisyIIabic forms (1
sl
and 3
rd
erson singuIar,
aII IuraI forms). In lhe 2
nd
erson singuIar, a circumfIex accenl aears on
lhe one syIIabIe.
In senlences, lhe bisyIIabic forms of lhe resenl lense are encIilic, and
viII usuaIIy be vrillen vilhoul any accenl. As an encIilic, il may affecl lhe
accenlualion of lhe receding vord.
56 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
Oxylone: The uIlima relains lhe acule accenl:
y.oyo, .ii. I am a farmer.
y.oyo, .o+iv .v +o oyo. The farmer is in lhe fieId.
Ierisomenon: The accenl remains lhe same:
.v + ou\ .o.v. We are in lhe courlyard.
.v + oiqv .o+.. You (I.) are in lhe lenl.
.v +o oyo .ioiv oi y.oyoi. The farmers are in lhe fieId.
Olher ossibiIilies of accenlualion viII be discussed in chaler 8.
The form .o+i, 3
rd
erson singuIar vilh aroxylone accenlualion,
aears afler lhe con|unclions ioi and o\\o, and afler lhe rocIilic adverb
oui. Al lhe beginning of a senlence, .o+i oflen exresses lhe seciaI
meaning Tncrc is. Comare lhe foIIoving examIes:
o.+o, .v +o ouovo .o+iv. The eagIe is in lhe sky.
.o+iv o.+o, .v +o ouovo. There is an eagIe in lhe sky.

TYIIS OI COMILIMINT
A senlence consisls of a sub|ecl and a verb, mosl senlences aIso have
a comIemenl of one lye or anolher. AII verbs in lhe revious chalers
have laken direcl ob|ecls as lheir comIemenl.
The verb .ii is used lo idenlify, describe, or Iocale ils sub|ecl. Il does
nol describe an aclion done by lhe sub|ecl lo anolher erson or lhing, so ils
comIemenl is nol a direcl ob|ecl.
Cnapicr 6. Ai inc Snrinc 57
When .ii is used lo idenlify ils sub|ecl in lerms of anolher noun,
lhal noun is lhe comIemenl, and is cIassified as a redicale nominalive. In
Greek, il viII be vrillen in lhe nominalive case, |usl as lhe sub|ecl is.
y.oyo, .o+i o+o,.
The farmer is a morlaI.
In IngIish, vhich does nol use cases for nouns, lhis lye of comIemenl is
caIIed a redicale noun.
When .ii is used lo describe ils sub|ecl in lerms of an ad|eclive, lhis
ad|eclive is lhe comIemenl, and viII be vrillen in lhe nominalive case. Il
is aIso cIassified as a redicale nominalive.
y.oyo, .o+iv oyo0o,.
The farmer is good.
In IngIish, lhis lye of comIemenl is cIassified as a redicale ad|eclive.
When .ii is used lo Iocale ils sub|ecl, lhere viII be eilher an adverb
or a reosilionaI hrase Iaying lhe roIe of lhe comIemenl. In lhis
chaler, ve viII consider such reosilionaI hrases, used in lhe Iace of a
comIemenl. The ob|ecl of lhe reosilion viII be vrillen in vhalever case
is required by lhe reosilion.
y.oyo, .o+iv .v +o oyo.
The farmer is in lhe fieId.
58 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
NOUNS
oo+o,, oo+of - lovnsman
o+o,, o+of - morlaI
oo,, oof - aIlar
o+oo,, o+oof - river
_uoo,, _uoof - goId

oo+oq, oo+oq, - q Iighlning
\q_q, \q_q, - q bIealing
ov+q, ov+q, -- q lhunder
oiio, oiio, - q shade
o+oo, o+oo, - q sloa, coIonnade
o_o\q, o_o\q, - q resl, Ieisure

+.ov, +.of - +o fealher

VIRS
o.uo make lo go, Iead, bring
o.io exchange, lrade (ob|. in acc. for ob|. in gen.)
oyoo(o buy, sho for
o_o\o(o resl, reIax

.ii be, (+ dal.) exresses ossession

AD}ICTIVIS
oyo0o,, oyo0q, oyo0ov good
i.o,, i.o, i.ov hoIy
(neul. sing. shrine: neul I. sacrificiaI offerings)
io\o,, io\q, io\ov beaulifuI, nobIe, fine
o\+o,, o\+q, o\+ov hurIed, brandished
(neul. sing. Iighl sear)

Cnapicr 6. Ai inc Snrinc 59
IRIIOSITIONS
oo (+ dal.) al lhe side of, beside
o, (+ acc.) lovard

MORIHOLOGY IXIRCISIS

A. TransIale lhe foIIoving noun forms.

1. +q, oo+oq, 7. +o +.o
2. +qv \q_qv 8. +o +.o
3. +ov ov+ov 9. +ov oov
4. + oiio 10. +o _uoo
5. oi o+ooi 11. +of o+of
6. + o_o\ 12. .v +o o+oo

. TransIale lhe foIIoving verb forms.

1. o.u.+. 5. o.io.v
2. oyoo(ouoi 6. .
3. .ioi 7. .o.v
4. o_o\o(.i 8. .o+.

C. Idenlify lhe case, number, and gender of lhe foIIoving ad|eclives.

1. oyo0oi 6. oyo0
2. oyo0oi 7. i.o,
3. oyo0ov 8. i.o,
4. oyo0oi, 9. i.o
5. oyo0q 10. i.o
60 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
1. .v + oyoo o+oo .o+iv.
In lhe markelIace is a sloa.
2. oo+o, o_o\o(.i .v + oiio +q, o+oo,.
The lovnsman resls in lhe shade of lhe sloa.
3. y.oyo, o.u.i +o, ovo, .i, +qv oyoov.
The farmer brings lhe Iambs inlo lhe markelIace.
4. q \q_q +ov ovov \u.i +qv o_o\qv +of oo+of.
The bIealing of lhe Iambs deslroys lhe lovnsman's resl.
5. oo+o, oyoo(.i io\qv ovqv.
The lovnsman buys a beaulifuI Iamb.
6. oo+o, o.u.i +qv ovqv o, +ov i.ov +q, 0.o,.
The lovnsman brings lhe Iamb lo lhe shrine of lhe goddess.
7. +o i.ov .o+i oo +o o+oo.
The shrine is by lhe river.
8. oo +o i.o oo, .o+iv.
eside lhe shrine is an aIlar.
9. oo+o, 0u.i +qv ovqv + 0.o.
The lovnsman sacrifices lhe Iamb lo lhe goddess.
10. ioio.yo, i\.+.i +o i.o oo +of oof.
The viIIain sleaIs lhe offerings from lhe aIlar.
11. 0.o, ..i oo+oqv ioi ov+qv +o ioio.yo.
The god sends lhunder and Iighlning lo lhe viIIain.

Cnapicr 6. Ai inc Snrinc 61
GRIIK TO INGLISH TRANSLATION
1. .v +oi, oyooi, o+ooi .ioiv.
2. oo+o, o_o\o(o .v + +q, o+oo, oiio.
3. oi y.oyoi +o, ovo, .i, +qv o+oov o.uouoiv.
4. oi oo+oi io\o, ovo, oyoo(ouoiv.
5. oi oo+oi o.uouoi +o, ovo, o, +ov o+oov.
6. q \q_q +ov ovov +..i +qv 0.ov.
7. +oi, ovoi, v.u.i q 0.o.
8. oi oo+oi +o, ovo, ou 0uouoiv.
9. +uo, +o, oo+o, +..i.
10. o_o\o(o.v .v + ou\.
11. q oiqvq .o+iv .v + ou\.
12. q o.\q .o+iv .v + oiqv.
13. .v +o oyo .,
14. oui .ii .v +o oyo.
15. oo +o o+oo .o.v.

INGLISH TO GRIIK TRANSLATION
1. Is lhe lovnsman in lhe markelIace
2. Are lhe lovnsmen in lhe sloa
3. We are in lhe shade of lhe sloa.
4. Are you (sing.) in lhe lenl
5. Yes, I am in lhe lenl.
62 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
CHAPTER 7: THE JACKDAW

NOUNS

io\oio,, io\oiof - |ackdav, crov
uo,, uof - vheal
_uoo,, _uoof - goId
+.ov, +.of - +o fealher

VIRS

o.io (+ reosilion ov+i) lrade: lake (ob|. in acc.)
in exchange for (ov+i + gen.)
i+o lhrov, hurI
oyoo(o buy, sho for

.ii be: (+ dal., exresses ossession)

AD}ICTIVIS
oio_o,, oio_o, oio_ov ugIy, shamefuI
o.i\o,, o.i\q, o.i\ov covardIy, mean, vrelched
0vq+o,, 0vq+q, 0vq+ov IiabIe lo dealh, morlaI
ioio,, ioiq, ioiov bad, eviI
i\o,, i\q, i\ov baId, bare

ADVIRS
.+i yel, sliII
vfv nov
oui.+i no Ionger
ouv (oslosilive) lherefore
Cnapicr 7. Tnc jack!au 63
MORIHOLOGY IXIRCISIS

A. TransIale lhe foIIoving noun forms and hrases.

1. +o io\oio 6. +of _uoof
2. +ov uov 7. +of oio_of io0of
3. +oi, o.i\oi, oo+oi, 8. +o +of io\oiof +.o
4. +ov _uoov 9. +ov io\oiov
5. +oi, +.oi, 10. +o uo

. TransIale lhe foIIoving verb forms.

1. oyoo(.i 4. oyoo(o.v
2. oyoo(.+. 5. oyoo(.i,
3. o.iouoi 6. .

C. Idenlify lhe case, number, and gender of lhe foIIoving ad|eclives:

1. o.i\oi 11. ioio
2. o.i\oi 12. ioiq
3. i\of 13. ioioi,
4. i\ov 14. ioio,
5. i\q, 15. ioioi,
6. i\o, 16. ioiou,
7. oio_o, 17. 0vq+ov
8. oio_o, 18. 0vq+
9. oio_o 19. 0vq+ov
10. oio_o 20. 0vq+q,
64 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
IRIDICATI NOMINATIVI vs. DIRICT O}ICT

In order lo correclIy lransIale from IngIish lo ancienl Greek, il
is necessary lo dislinguish a redicale nominalive from a direcl
ob|ecl. A redicale nominalive viII be in lhe nominalive case aIong
vilh lhe sub|ecl, vhiIe a direcl ob|ecl viII be in lhe accusalive case.
A redicale nominalive can be recognized by lhe foIIoving
lesls:
1. il refers lo lhe same erson or lhing as lhe sub|ecl,
2. il is an idenlificalion or descrilion of lhe sub|ecl.
A direcl ob|ecl, in conlrasl, is anolher erson or lhing, dislincl from
lhe sub|ecl. The sub|ecl erforms some aclion uon lhe direcl ob|ecl.

ATTRIUTIVI AND IRIDICATIVI AD}ICTIVIS

Word order is very imorlanl vilhin hrases conslrucled of
nouns, ad|eclives, and lhe definile arlicIe. Deending on vord order,
ve cIassify lhe usage of lhe ad|eclive as aiiri|uiitc or prc!icaiitc.
Allribulive usage means lhal lhe ad|eclive describes lhe noun as arl
of a noun hrase, vhich Iays lhe synlaclic roIe indicaled by ils case.
In allribulive use, lhe ad|eclive comes belveen lhe arlicIe and lhe
noun.
oyo0o, y.oyo, +ov 0.ov 0.o.u.i.
The good farmer serves lhe god.

0.o, u\o++.i +ov oyo0ov y.oyov.
The god guards lhe good farmer.
Cnapicr 7. Tnc jack!au 65
Somelimes, lhe definile arlicIe is reealed in lhe same case in a
noun hrase. This is aIso an allribulive usage.
0.o, +ov o+ov +ov oyo0ov u\o++.i.
The god guards lhe good morlaI.
Iredicalive usage means lhal lhe ad|eclive serves as a redicale
nominalive, even lhough lhe verb .ii is nol vrillen. In redicalive
usage, lhe ad|eclive comes afler lhe noun, or before lhe arlicIe.
y.oyo, oyo0o,.
oyo0o, y.oyo,.
The farmer is good.

DATIVI OI IOSSISSOR

The synlaclicaI conslruclion caIIed lhe Oaiitc cj Pcsscsscr has no
direcl counlerarl in IngIish. A senlence using lhis conslruclion
cannol be lransIaled vord-for-vord inlo IngIish. In lhis
conslruclion, lhe sub|ecl is lhe ossession of some ossessor. The
ossessor is exressed in lhe dalive case.
+o y.oyo .o+i ioo,.
The farmer has a cro.

A IileraI, vord-for-vord lransIalion vouId be Tncrc is a crcp ic
inc jarncr, bul lhe lransIalion Tnc jarncr nas a crcp is more cIear in
IngIish. This is caIIed an i!icnaiic irans|aiicn, or lransIalion inlo
i!icnaiic |ng|isn.
66 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
1. .o0\o, o.+o,.
The eagIe is nobIe.
2. +o o.+o .o+i io\o +.o.
The eagIe has beaulifuI fealhers.
3. +o io\oio .o+iv oio_o +.o.
The |ackdav has ugIy fealhers
4. io\oio, o.i.i +o +.o +ov +of o.+of +.ov.
The |ackdav lrades his fealhers for lhe fealhers of lhe eagIe.
5. vfv +o io\oio .o+i io\o y. +.o.
Nov lhe |ackdav has beaulifuI fealhers, al Ieasl.
6. o. io\oio, .+i o.i\o, .o+iv.
The |ackdav is sliII mean.
7. +o +of y.oyof uio .o+i ioo,.
The farmer's son has a cro.
8. ioo, uo, .o+iv.
The cro is vheal.
9. oo+o, oyoo(.i +ov uov.
The lovnsman buys lhe vheal.
10. uio, o.i.i +ov +of oo+of _uoov ov+i +of uof.
The son lakes lhe lovnsman's goId in exchange for lhe vheal.
11. uio, o.i.i +ov uov +of _uoof.
The son lrades lhe vheal for lhe goId.
12. oo+o, o.i.i +ov +of uiof uov ov+i +of _uoof.
The lovnsman lakes lhe son's vheal in exchange for lhe goId.
13. oo+o, o.i.i +ov _uoov +of uof.
The lovnsman lrades lhe goId for lhe vheal.
Cnapicr 7. Tnc jack!au 67
GRIIK TO INGLISH TRANSLATION

1. .o0\oi oi o.+oi.
2. .o0\oi .o.v.
3. +oi, o.+oi, .o+i io\o +.o.
4. oio_o +.o +oi, io\oioi, .o+iv.
5. io\oio, o.i.i oio_o +.o io\ov +.ov.
6. oi io\oioi o.iouoiv oio_o io\ov +.ov.
7. +oi, y. io\oioi, vfv .o+i io\o +.o.
8. oi io\oioi .+i o.i\oi .ioiv.
9. .+i oyo0o, ..
10. vfv oyo0oi .o+..
11. +o +of y.oyof oo.\o uo, .o+iv.
12. +ov uov oyoo(ouoiv oi oo+oi.
13. y.oyo, o.i.i +ov ioov +of _uoof.
14. y.oyo, +ov +ov oo+ov _uoov o.i.i ov+i +of ioof.
15. oi oo+oi +ov +of y.oyof ioov o.iouoiv ov+i +of _uoof.

INGLISH TO GRIIK TRANSLATION

1. The Iamb is beaulifuI.
2. The maid has a Iamb.
3. The sisler has a beaulifuI Iamb.
4. The good sisler has beaulifuI Iambs.
5. The fooIs are sliII bad.
68 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
GRIIK TO INGLISH TRANSLATION

1. .o0\o, o+o+qyo,.
2. .o0\o, o+o+qyo,
3. oo+o, o.ivo,.
4. oo+o, o.ivo,
5. o.i\o, y.oyo,.
6. o.i\o, y.oyo,
7. y.oyo, ioio,
8. io+o, oyo0o,.
9. o+o, .o+i 0vq+o,.
10. y.oyo, .o+i o+o,.
11. 0vq+o, ouv .o+iv y.oyo,.
12. oi 0.oi oui .ioi 0vq+oi.
13. oi 0.oi 0vq+oi oui .ioiv.
14. 0qvq 0.o .o+iv.
15. 0qvq ouv 0vq+ oui .o+iv.
Cnapicr 7. Tnc jack!au 69


16. oyo0o, +of y.oyof uio,.
17. .v +o oyo .o+iv +of oyo0of y.oyof uio,.
18. oi .v y.oyoi oyo0oi, oi o. oo+oi o.i\oi.
19. o+o+qyo, .o0\o, o(.i +o, y.oyou,.
20. oi oyo0oi +o, 0.o, 0.o.uouoiv.
21. oi ioioi +o, 0.o, ou 0.o.uouoiv.
22. +oi, oyo0oi, v.uouoiv oi 0.oi.
23. +oi, ioioi, oi 0.oi .ouoi ouoo,.
24. oyoy +of oof oui .o+i io\q.
25. oio_o oyoy u.i ouoov +o oo.
26. oo, yuvo(.i o++.i +. +o, o.+o,.
27. oyoy ouv oyo0q .o+iv.
28. oo, vfv .o+iv oyo0o, o+o,.
29. io\ +ov oo.\ov o\q.
30. o\ io\ +o, 0.o, +..i.
70 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
CHAPTER 8: THE KID

IAROXYTONI NOUNS

Iaroxylone o, DecIension
sing. I.
Nom. \oyo, oi \oyoi
Gen. +of \oyou +ov \oyov
Dal. +o \oyo +oi, \oyoi,
Acc. +ov \oyov +ou, \oyou,

Iaroxylone q DecIension
sing. I.
Nom. q +._vq oi +._voi
Gen. +q, +._vq, +ov +._vov
Dal. + +._v +oi, +._voi,
Acc. +qv +._vqv +o, +._vo,

Nolice lhal lhe accenl of feminine aroxylone nouns aears on lhe
uIlima in lhe genilive IuraI.

Iaroxylone Neuler ov DecIension
sing. I.
Nom. +o .yov +o .yo
Gen. +of .you +ov .yov
Dal. +o .yo +oi, .yoi,
Acc. +o .yov +o .yo
Cnapicr 8. Tnc Ki! 71
IAROXYTONI AD}ICTIVIS

Iaroxylone o,, -q, -ov Ad|eclive DecIension
sing.
masc. fem. neul.
Nom. i\o, i\q i\ov
Gen. i\ou i\q, i\ou
Dal. i\o i\ i\o
Acc. i\ov i\qv i\ov
I.
Nom. i\oi i\oi i\o
Gen. i\ov i\ov i\ov
Dal. i\oi, i\oi, i\oi,
Acc. i\ou, i\o, i\o

Iaroxylone o,, -o,-ov Ad|eclive DecIension
sing.
masc. fem. neul.
Nom. v.o, v.o v.ov
Gen. v.ou v.o, v.ou
Dal. v.o v.o v.o
Acc. v.ov v.ov v.ov
I.
Nom. v.oi v.oi v.o
Gen. v.ov v.ov v.ov
Dal. v.oi, v.oi, v.oi,
Acc. v.ou, v.o, v.o
72 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
IAROXYTONI NOUNS AND INCLITICS

As seen in chaler 5, lhe monosyIIabic encIilics +. and y. do nol aIler
lhe accenlualion of a receding aroxylone vord. isyIIabic encIilics, such
as lhe bisyIIabic forms of .ii, are lhemseIves accenlualed vhen lhey
foIIov aroxylone vords. A bisyIIabic encIilic vord foIIoving a
aroxylone vord viII become ilseIf an oxylone vord. Il viII lhus have an
acule accenl vhen foIIoved by a ause, or a grave accenl vhen foIIoved
by anolher vord.
.v +o oyo +o o.voov .o+iv. The lree is in lhe fieId.
+o o.voov .o+iv .v +o oyo. The lree is in lhe fieId.

VOCAULARY

oiq, oiq, +o oinl, edge, li

oo+o,, oo+of - arrov

o.voov, o.voou +o lree
.yov, .you +o aclion, deed
oioiov, oioiou +o chiId
+.ivov, +.ivou +o kid, offsring
+oLov, +oLou +o bov

+oL.uo shool (vilh a bov)

v.o,, v.o, v.ov nev, young
i\o,, i\q, i\ov dear, friendIy
Cnapicr 8. Tnc Ki! 73
MORIHOLOGY IXIRCISIS

A. TransIale lhe foIIoving noun forms and hrases.
1. + oi 6. +ou, oo+ou,
2. +of o.voou 7. +oi, .yoi,
3. +o i\o oioio 8. +ov v.ov +.ivov
4. +o .yov 9. oi oo+oi
5. +q, oiq, 10. +qv +of oo+of oiqv

. TransIale lhe foIIoving verb forms.
1. +oL.u.i, 3. +oL.uo.v
2. +oL.u.+. 4. +oL.uouoi

C. ComIele lhe accenlualion of lhe foIIoving hrases.
1. o.voo +. 6. +.ivov .o+i
2. .v +o o.voo .ii 7. +.ivov .i
3. oioiov .ii 8. +.ivo .o.v
4. oo +oi, o.vooi, .o+. 9. .v + oiio +ov o.voov .ioiv
5. .v + oi +of o.voou .o+iv.

D. TransIale inlo Ancienl Greek
1. lhe lrees (direcl ob|ecl) 6. of lhe deeds
2. lo or for lhe kid 7. of lhe chiId
3. lhe bovs (sub|ecl) 8. lo or for lhe chiIdren
4. of lhe lrees 9. lhe li (direcl ob|ecl)
5. lhe arrov (direcl ob|ecl) 10. lhe young kid (sub|ecl)
74 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
MODIL SINTINCIS

1. +o +of y.oyof uio .o+i +oLov.
The farmer's son has a bov.
2. +o oioiov +oL.u.i +o +.ivov +of iiof.
The chiId shools lhe kid of lhe ram.
3. q oiq +of oo+of \o+.i +qv _q\qv +of v.ou iiof.
The li of lhe arrov in|ures lhe young ram's hoof.
4. +o +.ivov o.uo.i o, +o o.voo.
The kid rushes lovards lhe lrees.
5. q oiio +ov o.voov iu+.i +o +.ivov.
The shade of lhe lrees hides lhe kid.
6. q oo.\q o_o\o(.i .v + +ov o.voov oiio.
The sisler is resling in lhe shade of lhe lrees.
7. q oo.\q o++.i io\ov .yov.
The sisler does a nobIe deed.
8. q oo.\q 0.o.u.i +qv +.ivou _q\qv.
The sisler lreals lhe kid's hoof.
Cnapicr 8. Tnc Ki! 75
GRIIK TO INGLISH SINTINCIS

1. +oi, +ov y.oyov uioi, .o+i +oLo.
2. +oLov .o+i +o +of y.oyof oo.\o.
3. +o oioio +o +of iiof +.ivov +oL.uouoiv.
4. +oL.u.+. +o +ov iiov +.ivo.
5. oi +ov oo+ov oioi +o, +ov +.ivov _q\ov \o+ouoiv.
6. oo+o, +qv +q, _q\q, oiqv \o+.i.
7. oi v.oi iioi o, +o o.voov o.uoouoiv.
8. o.uoo.v o, +o o.voov.
9. +ou, v.ou, iiou, iu+.i q +of o.voou oiio.
10. +o o.voo iu+.i +o, ovo,.
11. q oo.\q oo +o o.voo o_o\o(.i.
12. oi oo.\oi .v + oiio o_o\o(ouoiv.
13. q +of oioiou oo.\q o++.i io\o .yo.
14. +o .yov +q, oo.\q, io\ov .o+iv.
15. +o, _q\o, +ov +.ivov 0.o.uo.v.

INGLISH TO GRIIK TRANSLATION

1. The farmer's brolher shools lhe lree.
2. The li of lhe arrov does nol hurl lhe lree.
3. We do nobIe deeds.
4. The kids are young.
5. The chiId is in lhe lree.
76 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
CHAPTER 9: THE IMPERFECT TEN5E

CON}UGATION Verb slem
+ augmenl + ersonaI endings

sing. I.
1 -ov -o.v
2 -., -.+.
3 -. -ov

sing. I.
1 .\uov .\uo.v
2 .\u., .\u.+.
3 .\u. .\uov

sing. I.
1 .yoov .yoo.v
2 .yo., .yo.+.
3 .yo. .yoov

sing. I.
1 .oo(ov .oo(o.v
2 .oo(., .oo(.+.
3 .oo(. .oo(ov

sing. I.
1 .oioiov .oioio.v
2 .oioi., .oioi.+.
3 .oioi. .oioiov
Cnapicr 9. Tnc |npcrjcci Tcnsc 77
The imerfecl lense exresses conlinuous or habiluaI aclion in
asl lime. Il is lransIaled uas !cing, for examIe, .\uov I vas
reIeasing, .yoov I vas vriling. Nolice lhal lhe one Greek verb is
lransIaled vilh a verb hrase in IngIish. The verb .ii is nol used lo
lransIale lhe imerfecl lense of aclion verbs. The imerfecl lense of
.ii is lransIaled uas, ucrc, bul onIy lo idenlify, describe, or Iocale lhe
sub|ecl. In some conlexls, arlicuIarIy vilh lhe adverb oo,
formerIy, lhe imerfecl lense exresses habiluaI aclion and viII be
lransIaled usc! ic !c.
The imerfecl lense of reguIar verbs is formed by adding an
iniliaI . lo lhe verb slem. This is caIIed augncniaiicn, and lhe Ieller .
is caIIed lhe augncni. When a slem beginning vilh a voveI is
augmenled, lhe inliaI voveI is Ienglhened. Ior examIe, o becomes
q: lhe imerfecl of oy.uo is qy.uov. The imerfecl of \i(o is
o\i(ov.
The imerfecl lense uses differenl endings lhan lhe resenl
lense. Nolice lhal lhe firsl erson singuIar and lhird erson IuraI
forms of lhe imerfecl lense are bolh -ov.
The endings of aII forms have finaI syIIabIes lhal are shorl. This
means lhal aII forms of lhe imerfecl viII have a shorl uIlima.
Therefore, lhe accenl of aII forms of lhe imerfecl viII be on lhe
anleenuIl. ecause lhe firsl and second erson IuraI endings have
lvo syIIabIes, lhe accenl viII nol faII on lhe same syIIabIe in lhese
forms as in lhe olher forms. Ior aII forms, hovever, lhe accenl viII
be on lhe anleenuIl of lhe vord.
When a verb form in lhe 3
rd
erson singuIar, ending ., comes
al lhe end of a senlence, lhe end of a cIause, or before a vord
beginning vilh a voveI, lhe Ieller nu (movabIe nu) viII be added.
78 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck

The imerfecl lense of .ii is irreguIar.
CON}UGATION OI .ii, IMIIRIICT
sing. I.
1. q/qv q.v
2. qo0o q+.
3. qv qoov
The imerfecl forms of .ii are nnt encIilic.

VOCAULARY: ADVIRS
oo, formerIy, reviousIy
+q.ov loday
_0., yeslerday

MORIHOLOGY IXIRCISIS

A. TransIale lhe foIIoving verb forms.
1. qy.u., 11. ve vere singing
2. .i.(. 12. you (I.) vere dancing
3. .o.uoov 13. lhey vere lhroving
4. .v.u. 14. I vas lhroving
5. .+i. 15. he vas sleaIing
6. .oo+o.v 16. you (sing.) vere moIding
7. .o++.+. 17. I vas dancing
8. .u\o++., 18. you (I.) vere galhering
9. .yoo.v 19. he vas saving
10. .+..+. 20. ve vere arranging
Cnapicr 9. Tnc |npcrjcci Tcnsc 79
GRIIK TO INGLISH TRANSLATION

1. _0., ..\ov, +q.ov _o.uo.
2. .io+o\o, + oo oo, ..ov.
3. oi y.oyoi +o, ovo, .i, +qv oyoov .o.uov.
4. q v.o,.
5. v.oi q.v.
6. oi y.oyoi v.oi qoov.
7. oi ioio.yoi +ou, y.oyou, .i.(ov.
8. +ou, yo ioou, oo, .i\.+ov.
9. q ooq .v + oiio .o_o\o(.v.
10. oi ovoi .oo+ov +qv ii0qv.
11. .v +o oyo qo0o,
12. ouooo. .v + oiqv qv.
13. .v + ou\ q+.,
14. voi, .v + ou\ _0., q.v.
15. .oioio.v +o, ovo,.

INGLISH TO GRIIK TRANSLATION

1. Were you (I.) hunling rams`
2. Yes, ve vere hunling rams yeslerday.
3. IormerIy, lhe farmer used lo hunl rams.
4. The lovnsmen vere nobIe.
5. You (sing.) vere nobIe.
80 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
CHAPTER 10: THE FUTURE TEN5E

IIRST TWO IRINCIIAL IARTS OI VIRS

Verb slems ending vilh u

oy.uo, oy.uoo hunl, calch
o.uo, o.uoo drench
0uo, 0uoo sacrifice
0.o.uo, 0.o.uoo serve, honor
\uo, \uoo reIease, deslroy
v.uo, v.uoo nod, assenl lo
ouo, ouoo make slo
o.uo, o.uoo make go
+oL.uo, +oL.uoo shool
_o.uo, _o.uoo dance

Verb slems ending vilh ( (or o)

oyoo(o, oyoooo visil lhe markel
o0oi(o, o0oioo galher, coIIecl
oo(o, oooo seize, Iunder
yuvo(o, yuvooo lrain, raclice
\i(o, \ioo equi, reare
i.(o, i.oo ress, oress
oo(o, oooo save
o.uoo, o.uoo hurry, rush
Cnapicr 10. Tnc |uiurc Tcnsc 81
Verb Slems ending vilh , , +, or

o.io, o.io exchange, lrade
yoo, yoo vrile, drav
oo+o, ooo devour
i\.+o, i\.o sleaI
iu+o, iuo conceaI, hide
.\o, .\o sing
.o, .o send
i+o, io lhrov, hurI
+.o, +.o deIighl, Iease
+.o, 0.o feed, nourish
+io, +io rub, lhresh
+u+o, +uo smack, slrike


Verb slems ending vilh i or ++

o\\o++o, o\\oLo change, aIler
oioio, oioLo chase, ursue
o++o, oLo do, make
+o++o, +oLo order, arrange
u\o++o, u\oLo guard

\o++o, \ooo shae, moId
82 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
IUTURI TINSI
Second rinciaI arl
+ ersonaI endings
sing. I
1 -o -o.v
2 -.i, -.+.
3 -.i -ouoi

sing. I.
1 \uoo \uoo.v
2 \uo.i, \uo.+.
3 \uo.i \uoouoi

sing. I.
1 yoo yoo.v
2 yo.i, yo.+.
3 yo.i yoouoi

sing. I.
1 oooo oooo.v
2 ooo.i, ooo.+.
3 ooo.i oooouoi

sing. I.
1 oioLo oioLo.v
2 oioL.i, oioL.+.
3 oioL.i oioLouoi
Cnapicr 10. Tnc |uiurc Tcnsc 83
The fulure form is based on a form of lhe verb slem caIIed lhe
scccn! principa| pari. The form of lhe verb slem aIready resenled,
and used in lhe resenl and imerfecl lenses, is caIIed lhe jirsi
principa| pari. Ior lhe verbs ve have sludied, lhe second rinciaI
arl is formed by adding a sigma lo lhe verb slem. When lhe verb
slem ends vilh a consonanl, il may combine vilh lhe added sigma.
Thus, verb slems ending in , , or in lhe firsl rinciaI arl have
in lhe second rinciaI arl. Verb slems ending in i or ++ in lhe firsl
rinciaI arl have L in lhe second rinciaI arl. (Nolice, hovever,
lhal o++o is an excelion, vilh o in lhe fulure.)
The fulure lense uses lhe same endings as lhe resenl lense,
and viII shov lhe same accenlualion as lhe resenl.
The fulure lense exresses an aclion lo occur in lhe fulure. Il is
lransIaled in IngIish as ui|| !c, for examIe, \uoo I viII reIease,
yoo I viII vrile. Nolice lhal one Greek vord is lransIaled by a
hrase in IngIish.
The fulure lense of .ii is lransIaled ui|| |c, and is used onIy lo
idenlify, describe, or Iocale ils sub|ecl.

CON}UGATION OI .ii, .oooi, IUTURI

sing. I.
1. .oooi .oo.0o
2. .o/.o.i .o.o0.
3. .o+oi .oov+oi
84 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
VOCAULARY: ADVIRS
o.i aIvays
ouiov lomorrov
.u0u, soon

MORIHOLOGY IXIRCISIS
A. TransIale lhe foIIoving verb forms.
1. 0uo.i 11. o.i.+.
2. iu.i, 12. 0..i
3. +uouoi 13. .\o.v
4. +oL.uo.i 14. o.uo.i,
5. ouoo 15. _o.uoouoi
6. oyooo.i 16. o0oioo.v
7. \io.i, 17. o.uoo
8. io.v 18. +..i
9. yo.+. 19. ..i,
10. oioLouoi 20. \oo.i,

. TransIale inlo Ancienl Greek.
1. you (sing.) viII vrile 6. he viII nod
2. lhey viII Iunder 7. il viII save
3. il viII drench 8. lhey viII devour
4. ve viII dance 9. you (I.) viII hurry
5. I viII change 10. ve viII be
Cnapicr 10. Tnc |uiurc Tcnsc 85
GRIIK TO INGLISH TRANSLATION

1. qy.u., iiou,,
2. oui qy.uov, o\\o ouiov oy.uoo.
3. oi 0.oi o.i qoov, ioi o.i .oov+oi.
4. uio, .o+oi y.oyo,.
5. q o\q +qv 0.ov +..i.
6. _o.uoo.v .v + .o+.
7. oi u.+oi .o.uov +ou, oyou,
oi ouv oyoi ioov uoouoiv.
8. o+o+yo, +ou, y.oyou, +oL.i .v +o, oyo,.
9. oi y.oyoi +ov ioov u\oLouoiv.
10. o0oioo \ioo +. +ou, y.oyou,.
11. o+o+ov +v y.oyv \ooo.
12. oi y.oyoi +ou, ioio.you, .u0u, ouoouoiv.
13. ouoov +o, y. ioio.yo, .o.v.
14. q ouoo +qv +v ioio.yv oyoyqv o\\oL.i.
15. oi ioio.yoi yuvooouoi oLouoi +. +o, o.+o,.

INGLISH TO GRIIK TRANSLATION

1. The generaI viII soon save lhe farmers.
2. We viII save lhe cros.
3. You (I.) viII sing in lhe feasl lomorrov.
4. I viII aIvays be a farmer.
5. The |ackdav viII sliII be mean.
86 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
CHAPTER 11: THE AORI5T TEN5E

IIRST THRII IRINCIIAL IARTS OI VIRS

Verb slems ending vilh u

oy.uo, oy.uoo, qy.uoo hunl, calch
o.uo, o.uoo, .o.uoo drench
0.o.uo, 0.o.uoo, .0.o.uoo serve, honor
0uo, 0uoo, .0uoo sacrifice
\uo, \uoo, .\uoo reIease, deslroy
v.uo, v.uoo, .v.uoo nod, assenl lo
ouo, ouoo, .ouoo make slo
o.uo, o.uoo, .o.uoo make go
+oL.uo, +oL.uoo, .+oL.uoo shool
_o.uo, _o.uoo, ._o.uoo dance

Verb slems ending vilh ( (or o or 0)

oyoo(o, oyoooo, qyoooo visil lhe markel
o0oi(o, o0oioo, q0oioo galher, coIIecl
oo(o, oooo, qooo seize, Iunder
yuvo(o, yuvooo, .yuvooo lrain, raclice
\i(o, \ioo, o\ioo equi, reare
i.(o, i.oo, .i.oo ress, oress
oo(o, oooo, .oooo save
o.uoo, o.uoo, .o.uoo hurry, rush
Cnapicr 11. Tnc Acrisi Tcnsc 87

Verb slems ending vilh , , +, or

o.io, o.io, q.io exchange, lrade
yoo, yoo, .yoo vrile, drav
oo+o, ooo, .ooo devour
i\.+o, i\.o, .i\.o sleaI
iu+o, iuo, .iuo conceaI, hide
.\o, .\o, ..\o sing
.o, .o, ..o send
i+o, io, .io lhrov, hurI
+.o, +.o, .+.o deIighl, Iease
+.o, 0.o, .0.o feed, nourish
+io, +io, .+io rub, lhresh
+u+o, +uo, .+uo smack, slrike

Verb slems ending vilh i, oi, or ++

o\\o++o, o\\oLo, q\\oLo change, aIler
oioio, oioLo, .oioLo chase, ursue
o++o, oLo, .oLo do, make
+o++o, +oLo, .+oLo order, arrange
u\o++o, u\oLo, .u\oLo guard

\o++o, \ooo, .\ooo shae, moId
88 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
AORIST TINSI
Third rinciIe arl (incIuding augmenl)
+ ersonaI ending
sing. I.
1 -o -o.v
2 -o, -o+.
3 -. -ov

sing. I.
1 .\uoo .\uoo.v
2 .\uoo, .\uoo+.
3 .\uo. .\uoov

sing. I.
1 .yoo .yoo.v
2 .yoo, .yoo+.
3 .yo. .yoov

sing. I.
1 .oooo .oooo.v
2 .oooo, .oooo+.
3 .ooo. .oooov

sing. I.
1 .oioLo .oioLo.v
2 .oioLo, .oioLo+.
3 .oioL. .oioLov
Cnapicr 11. Tnc Acrisi Tcnsc 89
The aorisl lense is formed from lhe lhird rinciaI arl of lhe verb.
Ior lhe verbs ve have sludied, lhe lhird rinciaI arl is formed by adding
an augmenl lo lhe beginning of lhe slem, as in lhe imerfecl lense, and a
sigma lo lhe end of lhe slem, as in lhe fulure lense. The aorisl lense uses ils
ovn sel of endings, nolice lhal five of lhe forms incIude o in lhe ending.
The endings aII end in shorl voveIs, vhich means lhal lhe accenlualion
viII be lhe same as il is in lhe imerfecl lense. The accenl viII aIvays
aear on lhe anleenuIl of lhe verb.
The aorisl lense is lhe simIe asl lense. Il is lransIaled as !i!, for
examIe, .\uoo I reIeased, .yoo I vrole.
There is no aorisl lense of lhe verb .ii.

MRIHOLOGY IXIRCISIS

TransIale lhe foIIoving verb forms.
1. .\uoo+. 11. .+uo.v
2. .io, 12. .+..
3. ..ov 13. .+oLo
4. .u\oL. 14. .oooo,
5. .0.ov 15. .0uoov
6. .o.uo. 16. you (sing.) hunled
7. .0.o.uo. 17. he galhered
8. .+oL.uoov 18. you (I.) nodded
9. .o.uoo.v 19. lhey devoured
10. qyooo. 20. ve sang

90 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
GRIIK TO INGLISH TRANSLATION
1. +o y.oyo qv _uoo,.
2. y.oyo, .iu. +ov _uoov .v + oiqv.
3. y.oyo, u\oLo +ov .ov _uoov.
4. ioio.yo, +ov +of y.oyof _uoov oui .i\..v.
5. +o +of oo+of uio qv o\+ov.
6. +o oioiov .i+. +o o\+ov o, +o o.voo.
7. +o o.voo oo +o o+oo qv.
8. uio, +o o\+ov .i.v .i, +ov o+oov.
9. oo+o, +o o\+ov .ooo.v.
10. oi ioio.yoi +ou, ioou, qo(ov.
11. o+o+qyo, +ou, y.oyou, q0oio.v,
oi yo ioio.yoi +ou, y.oyou, .i.(ov.
12. oi oooi +ov uov .+iov,
o\\o oi ovoi ooouoi +ov uov.
13. o.+o, qv .v + oi +ou o.voou.
14. io\oio, .o.uo.v .i +of ouovof.
Cnapicr 11. Tnc Acrisi Tcnsc 91
15. oi +of io\oiof _q\oi .+uov +qv +of o.+of i.o\qv.
16. io\oio, .i. +o +of o.+of +.o o, +ou, oyou,.
17. o y. o.+o, qv i\o,.
18. .+uo, +ov oov oo.\ov,
19. ouooo. .v +o oyo qv,
o. oo.\o, .o, .v + ou\ o.i .o+iv.
20. o y. ioio.yoi +ov oov oo.\ov .+uov,
21. ouooo. +ov .ov oo.\ov .+uo,.
22. vfv +qv oqv i.o\qv +uo.
23. iio, .oioi. +qv ovqv .i +v oyv.
24. ovq .o.uo. o, +qv ou\qv.
25. .v + ou\ qv oiqvq.
26. .v + oiqv y.oyo, .o_o\o(.v.
27. +, ov, \q_q .\uo. +qv +of y.oyof o_o\qv.
28. +o y.oyo qv o\+ov.
29. y.oyo, .i. +o o\+ov o, +ov iiov.
30. +o o\+ov +qv +of iiof i.o\qv .+u.v.
92 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
31. \qyq +ov iiov .ouo.v.
32. ovq .o.uo.v .i, +qv oiqvqv.
33. .i\.o, +qv .qv .io+o\qv,
34. +qv .io+o\qv .v + oiqv .iuo.
35. vfv, .i +, oiqv, o.uo.i,.
36. +qv oqv .io+o\qv oui .i\.o.
37. ovq .v + oiqv qv.
38. ovq +qv .io+o\qv .oo+.v.
39. +qv ovqv .i, +ov oyov .oioLo.
40. +qv oqv .io+o\qv .oooo.
41. +ov .ov +uov .ooo,,
42. ouooo. ou +ov y. oov, o\\o +ov .ov +uov oo+o.
43. qy.u.+. iiou,,
44. voi, qy.uo.v ioi .+oL.uoo.v iiov.
45. .yoo, .io+o\qv,
46. voi. .io+o\qv .yoo ioi + . oo.\ ..o.
47. oi ooi .ooov +qv ii0qv ioi +ou, oo.\ou, .+uov.
Cnapicr 11. Tnc Acrisi Tcnsc 93
48. oo.\o, .o0\o, +ou, oou, .oioL.v .i +, o+,.
49. oioLo +ou, oou, .i, +ov o+oov.
50. o+oo, o.uo.i +ou, oou,.

INGLISH TO GRIIK TRANSLATION

1. id you (I.) feed lhe Iambs
2. Yes, ve fed lhe Iambs.
3. ere you (sing.) in lhe fieIds yeslerday
4. Yes, I vas chasing lhe ackdavs.
5. The ackdavs did nol devour my cro yeslerday.
6. iII you (s.) guard lhe fieIds loday
7. y brolher is guarding lhe fieIds nov.
8. id you (I.) dance in lhe feasl
9. e vere dancing and singing.
10. e aIvays Iease lhe goddess.
94 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
CHAPTER 12: THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT TEN5E5

IIRST IOUR IRINCIIAL IARTS OI VIRS

Verbs Slem: -uo
oy.uo, oy.uoo, qy.uoo, qy.uio hunl, calch
o.uo, o.uoo, .o.uoo, o.o.uio drench
0.o.uo, 0.o.uoo, .0.o.uoo, +.0.o.uio serve, honor
0uo, 0uoo, .0uoo, +.0uio sacrifice
\uo, \uoo, .\uoo, \.\uio reIease, deslroy
v.uo, v.uoo, .v.uoo, v.v.uio nod, assenl lo
ouo, ouoo, .ouoo, .ouio make slo
o.uo, o.uoo, .o.uoo, .o.uio make go
+oL.uo, +oL.uoo, .+oL.uoo, +.+oL.uio shool
_o.uo, _o.uoo, ._o.uoo, i._o.uio dance


Verb Slem: -(o (or oo)
oyoo(o, oyoooo, qyoooo, qyooio visil lhe markel
o0oi(o, o0oioo, q0oioo, q0oiio galher, coIIecl
oo(o, oooo, qooo, qoio seize, Iunder
yuvo(o, yuvooo, .yuvooo, y.yuvoio lrain, raclice
\i(o, \ioo, o\ioo, o\iio equi, reare
i.(o, i.oo, .i.oo, .i.io ress, oress
oo(o, oooo, .oooo, o.ooio save
o.uoo, o.uoo, .o.uoo, .o.uio hurry, rush
Cnapicr 12. Tnc Pcrjcci an! P|upcrjcci Tcnscs 95

Verb Slem: -o, -o, -+o, -o

o.io, o.io, q.io, -- exchange, lrade
yoo, yoo, .yoo, y.yoo vrile, drav
oo+o, ooo, .ooo, -- devour
i\.+o, i\.o, .i\.o, i.i\oo sleaI
iu+o, iuo, .iuo, i.iuo conceaI, hide
.\o, .\o, ..\o, -- sing
.o, .o, ..o, .oo send
i+o, io, .io, .io lhrov, hurI
+.o, +.o, .+.o, -- deIighl, Iease
+.o, 0.o, .0.o, +.+oo feed, nourish
+io, +io, .+io, +.+io rub, lhresh
+u+o, +uo, .+uo, +.+uo smack, slrike

Verb Slem: -io, -++o

o\\o++o, o\\oLo, q\\oLo, q\\o_o change, aIler
oioio, oioLo, .oioLo, o.oio_o chase, ursue
o++o, oLo, .oLo, .o_o do, make
+o++o, +oLo, .+oLo, +.+o_o order, arrange
u\o++o, u\oLo, .u\oLo, .u\o_o guard

\o++o, \ooo, .\ooo, .\oio moId, form
96 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck

IIRIICT TINSI

sing. I.
1 -o -o.v
2 -o, -o+.
3 -. -ooi

sing. I.
1 \.\uio \.\uio.v
2 \.\uio, \.\uio+.
3 \.\ui. \.\uiooi

sing. I.
1 y.yoo y.yoo.v
2 y.yoo, y.yoo+.
3 y.yo. y.yoooi


ILUIIRIICT TINSI
sing. I.
1 -q -..v
2 -q, -.+.
3 -.i -.oov

sing. I.
1 .\.\uiq .\.\ui..v
2 .\.\uiq, .\.\ui.+.
3 .\.\ui.i .\.\ui.oov

sing. I.
1 .y.yoq .y.yo..v
2 .y.yoq, .y.yo.+.
3 .y.yo.i .y.yo.oov

Iourlh rinciIe arl
+ ersonaI endings





sing. I.
1 o.ooio o.ooio.v
2 o.ooio, o.ooio+.
3 o.ooi. o.ooiooi

sing. I.
1 o.oio_o o.oio_o.v
2 o.oio_o, o.oio_o+.
3 o.oio_. o.oio_ooi


Iourlh rinciIe arl
+ augmenl
+ ersonaI endings



sing. I.
1 .o.ooiq .o.ooi..v
2 .o.ooiq, .o.ooi.+.
3 .o.ooi.i .o.ooi.oov

sing. I.
1 .o.oio_q .o.oio_..v
2 .o.oio_q, .o.oio_.+.
3 .o.oio_.i .o.oio_.oov
Cnapicr 12. Tnc Pcrjcci an! P|upcrjcci Tcnscs 97
The erfecl and Iuerfecl lenses are bolh formed from lhe
fourlh rinciaI arl. Ior lhe verbs ve have sludied, lhe fourlh
rinciaI arl is formed by rc!up|icaiicn of lhe slem. Ior verbs
beginning vilh a consonanl, lhis means lhal an addilionaI syIIabIe is
added lo lhe beginning of lhe slem, consisling of lhe firsl Ieller of lhe
slem and lhe voveI .. Ior examIe, \u- becomes \.\u-, yo-
becomes y.yo-. (A slem beginning vilh 0 is reduIicaled vilh +,
and a slem beginning vilh _ is reduIicaled vilh i.) If lhe verb
begins vilh a voveI, lhen lhe reduIicaled form is lhe same as lhe
augmenled form used in lhe imerfecl and aorisl.
There is aIso a consonanl change al lhe end of lhe verb slem.
Verbs lhal have o in lhe second and lhird rinciaI arls viII have i
in lhe fourlh rinciaI arl, verbs lhal have in lhe second and lhird
rinciaI arls viII have in lhe fourlh rinciaI arl, verbs lhal
have L in lhe second and lhird rinciaI arls viII have _ in lhe
fourlh rinciaI arl.
There may be a voveI change in lhe slem, verbs lhal have . in
lhe slem may have o in lhe fourlh rinciaI arl.
The endings of lhe erfecl lense are lhe same as lhose of lhe
aorisl, excel for lhe lhird erson IuraI. The accenl viII aIvays be
on lhe anleenuIl.
98 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
The Iuerfecl lense is formed by adding an augmenl lo lhe
reduIicaled slem of lhe fourlh rinciaI arl. The Iuerfecl lense
uses ils ovn endings. The singuIar forms aII have Iong voveIs, lhey
are, in facl, Ienglhened forms of lhe erfecl singuIar endings. The
IuraI Iuerfecl endings are aII bisyIIabic, ending vilh shorl voveIs.
Therefore, lhe accenlualion viII be lhe same as in lhe resenl and
fulure lenses. Ior verbs beginning vilh voveIs, onIy lhe ending
dislinguishes lhe Iuerfecl from lhe erfecl.
The erfecl lense exresses a comIeled aclion. Il is lransIaled
nas !cnc, for examIe, \.\uio I have reIeased, y.yoo I have
vrillen. The Iuerfecl lense exresses aclion comIeled in asl
lime. Il is lransIaled na! !cnc, for examIe, .\.\uiq I had reIeased,
.y.yoq I had vrillen.

VOCAULARY
ADVIRS
qoq aIready
ouo nol yel

CON}UNCTIONS
.+o lhen, nexl
..i since, afler
..i+o lhereuon, lhen, nexl
Cnapicr 12. Tnc Pcrjcci an! P|upcrjcci Tcnscs 99
MORIHOLOGY IXIRCISIS
A. TransIale lhe foIIoving verb forms.
1. y.yoo, 16. .oo.v
2. .y.yoq, 17. ..o..v
3. qyooi. 18. i.i\oooi
4. qyooi.i 19. .i.i\o.oov
5. o.oio_. 20. .ouio+.
6. .o.oio_.i 21. ..oui.+.
7. i._o.uio.v 22. .o_o,
8. i._o.uio 23. .o_o+.
9. .i._o.ui..v 24. ..o_q,
10. .i._o.uiq 25. ..o_.+.
11. +.+oL.ui. 26. .\oi.
12. .+.+oL.ui..v 27. ..\oi.oov
13. q\\o_o, 28. +.+o_ooi
14. q\\o_q, 29. +.+o_o+.
15. v.v.ui. 30. .+.+o_..v

. TransIale inlo Ancienl Greek
1. I have chased 6. ve have galhered
2. ve have chased 7. ve had galhered
3. you (sing.) had chased 8. lhey have seized
4. he has saved 9. lhey had seized
5. he had saved 10. il has drenched
100 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
GRIIK TO INGLISH TRANSLATION

1. o+o+qyo, +ov ioov o.ooi.v.
2. y.oyo, +qv ovqv o.ooi.v.
3. +.+o. +o, ovo, y.oyo,,
4. y.oyo, +o, ovo, ou +..i,
qoq yo +o, ovo, +.+oo.v.
5. io\q q +of uiof oyoyq,
yo uio, o.i y.yuvoi. .o_. +. +o, o.+o,.
6. y.yuvoio+. +o, o.+o,,
7. voi, +o, o.+o, o.i .o_o.v.
8. oi ioio.yoi +ov ioov oui .i\.ov,
yo o+o+qyo, +ov o+o+ov .+.+o_.i .v +oi, oyoi,.
9. oi oyoi uoouoi +ov ioov,
yo .+o, +o, oyo, o.o.ui.v.
10. oi 0.oi +oi, oo+oi, v.uoouoiv,
oi yo oo+oi +oi, 0.oi, +.0uiooiv.
11. oi 0.oi +oi, ioio.yoi, oui .v.uoov,
oi yo ioio.yoi +o, 0.o, oui .+.0.o.ui.oov.
12. oo+o, .io+o\qv y.yo.v, ioi ..i + o+o+qy.
Cnapicr 12. Tnc Pcrjcci an! P|upcrjcci Tcnscs 101
13. oo.\o, +qv .io+o\qv oui ...v,
.io+o\qv yo ouo .y.yo.i.
14. oi oo.\oi .io+o\o, .ouoiv,
+o, yo .io+o\o, qoq y.yoooiv.
15. q 0.o ouoov + o ..i,
q yo +of oof oyoyq +qv +, 0., qoovqv \.\ui.v.
16. oi oo+oi +o, .o, ovo, oyoo(ouoiv,
..i io\o, ovo, +.+oo.
17. oi oo+oi qyoooov +o, ovo,,
.+o .o.uoov o, +o i.ov.
18. ..i+o ..\ov + 0..

INGLISH TO GRIIK TRANSLATION

1. I have aIready fed lhe Iambs.
2. Have you vrillen lhe Ieller
3. The brolhers chased lhe fooI,
for lhe fooI had hil lhe brolhers heads.
4. The viIIain has sloIen my goId.
5. I had nol yel hidden lhe goId.
102 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
CHAPTER 13: THE LYRE

CONTRACT VIRS

A conlracl verb in lhe resenl lense has a circumfIex accenl on
uIlima in lhe singuIar, on lhe enuIl in lhe IuraI. This circumfIex
accenl indicales lhal lhe voveI ., vhich ended lhe verb slem, has
conlracled, or combined lo form a dihlhong vilh, lhe voveI(s) of
lhe lense ending. The voveI . conlracls vilh lhe voveIs of lhe
ersonaI endings as foIIovs:

. + . .i . + o ou . + o o
. + .i .i . + ou ou


CON}UGATION OI THI CONTRACT VIR oi.o

IRISINT
sing. I.
1. oio oiof.v
2. oi.i, oi.i+.
3. oi.i oiofoi

The accenlualion in lhe imerfecl aIso shovs conlraclion:
IMIIRIICT
sing. I.
1. .oiouv .oiof.v
2. .oi.i, .oi.i+.
3. .oi.i .oiouv
Cnapicr 13. Tnc Iqrc 103

In lhe olher lenses, lhe accenlualion is reguIar.

IUTURI
sing. I.
1. oiqoo oiqoo.v
2. oiqo.i, oiqo.+.
3. oiqo.i oiqoouoi

AORIST
sing. I.
1. .oiqoo .oiqoo.v
2. .oiqoo, .oiqoo+.
3. .oiqo. .oiqoov

IIRIICT
sing. I.
1. .oiqio .oiqio.v
2. .oiqio, .oiqio+.
3. .oiqi. .oiqiooi

ILUIIRIICT
sing. I.
1. ..oiqiq ..oiqi..v
2. ..oiqiq, ..oiqi.+.
3. ..oiqi.i ..oiqi.oov
104 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
VOCAULARY

NOUNS
oqiouyo,, oqiouyof - craflsman

oovio, oovio, - q harmony
\uo, \uo, - q Iyre
(as seen in chaler 8, aroxylone feminine nouns in lhe genilive
IuraI have a circumfIex accenl on lhe uIlima.)

ovq, ovq, - q voice, sound
_ooq, _ooq, - q slring, cord



VIRS
iouo, iouoo, .iouoo, i.iouio slrike, hil, knock
oo(o, oooo, qooo, qoio fil logelher, buiId, lune
fix, |oin, lune
oi.o, oiqoo, .oiqoo, .oiqio make, roduce, cause

AD}ICTIVIS
oyo0o,, oyo0q, oyo0ov good
ioio,, ioiq, ioiov bad
ouoiio,, ouoiiq, ouoiiov musicaI: (in masc., musician:
in fem., musicaI arl, music)

Cnapicr 13. Tnc Iqrc 105
MORIHOLOGY IXIRCISIS

A. TransIale lhe foIIoving noun forms.

1. +qv ooviov 6. +o, \uo,
2. +q, ovq, 7. +q, \uo,
3. +oi, _oooi, 8. oi oqiouyoi
4. +o, oovio, 9. +ov \uov
5. +ov _ooov 10. +ou, oqioyou,

. TransIale lhe foIIoving verb forms.

1. iouo.i, 6. oi.i,
2. .iou., 7. .oi.i,
3. .iouoo, 8. .oiqoo,
4. qoio, 9. .oiqio,
5. qoiq, 10. ..oiqiq,

C. TransIale inlo Ancienl Greek

Nouns Verbs
1. of lhe Iyres 1. ve viII lune
2. lo or for lhe slring 2. ve vere luning
3. lhe craflsman (d.o.) 3. ve luned
4. of lhe harmony 4. ve have luned
5. lhe voices (sub|ecl) 5. ve had luned
106 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
MDIL SINTINCIS

1. oo+o, .o+i oqiouyo,.
The lovnsman is a craflsman.
2. oqiouyo, oi.i +qv \uov.
The craflsman makes a Iyre.
3. +of y.oyof uio, oyoo(.i +qv \uov.
The farmer's son buys lhe Iyre.
4. +o oioiov iou.i +o, _ooo, +q, \uo,.
The chiId slrikes lhe slrings of lhe Iyre.
5. q ovq +ov _ooov oui .o+i io\q.
The sound of lhe slrings is nol beaulifuI.
6. ouoiio, oo(.i +o, _ooo,.
The musician lunes lhe slrings.
7. oi _oooi vfv oiofoi io\qv ooviov.
The slrings nov make a beaulifuI harmony.

8. io\o, o++.i io\o .yo.
The nobIe man does nobIe deeds.
9. oyo0o, o++.i oyo0o .yo.
The good man does good deeds.
10. ioio, o++.i ioio .yo.
The bad man does bad deeds.
Cnapicr 13. Tnc Iqrc 107
GRIIK TO INGLISH TRANSLATION

1. oqiouyo, .,
2. voi, oqiouyo, .ii.
3. \uo, oio.
4. oo+o, \uov oyooo.i, ..i io\qv \uov .oiqi.v.
5. oi _oooi +q, \uo, io\qv ooviov oui .oiqoov,
yo ouoiio, +o, _ooo, ouo qoi.i.
6. oi _oooi vfv oiofoiv ooviov,
..i ouoiio, +o, _ooo, qoi.v.
7. oo+o, .iouo. +o, _ooo,, .+o ..\. + 0.o.
8. q +q, \uo, ovq .+.. +qv 0.ov.
9. .iouoo, +o, _ooo, +q, \uo,,
10. ouooo. +o, \uo, oui .iouoo.
11. oi uioi +o, \uo, iouoouoiv.
12. ooo.i ouoiio, +o, _ooo,,
13. oqiouyo, qoq qo_. +o, _ooo,.
14. .o0\oi .o.v.
15. .o0\o .yo o++o.v.

INGLISH TO GRIIK TRANSLATION

1. We viII be good.
2. We viII do good deeds.
3. I viII buiId a beaulifuI Iyre.
4. I have luned lhe slrings of my Iyre.
5. The Iyre has a beaulifuI sound.
108 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
CHAPTER 14: THE FOOL AND THE DONKEY

VOCAULARY

iooio, iooio, - q hearl

o+o,, o+ou - bread
o,, ou - horse
\i0o,, \i0ou - rock, slone
\oyo,, \oyou - vord, seech, accounl
ovo,, ovou - donkey

Lu\ov, Lu\ou +o iece of vood
_uoiov, _uoiou +o goId coin

io+.uo, io+.uoo, .io+.uoo, .io+.uio(+ dal.) lrusl

.uoo, .uoo, ..uoo, -- deceive, cheal
.i0o, .ioo, ..ioo, ..iio ersuade

o.ivo,, o.ivq, o.ivov cIever, lerribIe
io_uo,, io_uo, io_uov slrong
ovqo,, ovqo, ovqov vorlhIess, base
ooo,, ooq, ooov vise
_qo+o,, _qo+q, _qo+ov usefuI, \i0o, _qo+o,
recious slone, |eveI

i\o,, i\q, i\ov dear, friendIy

o\o very
\iov excessiveIy, loo

ioi and, even

ouv (+ dal.) vilh
Cnapicr 14. Tnc |cc| an! inc Ocnkcq 109
MORIHOLOGY IXIRCISIS

A. TransIale lhe foIIoving noun forms.
1. +ov o+ov 6. +q, _ooio,
2. +ou, ou, 7. +o, _ooio,
3. +ov \oyov 8. +o ovo
4. +ov iooiov 9. +oi, \i0oi,
5. +o Lu\o 10. +of _uoiou

. TransIale lhe foIIoving verb forms.
1. io+.uoo.v 6. .i0.+.
2. .io+.uov 7. .io.+.
3. .io+.uoov 8. ..ioo+.
4. .io+.uio.v 9. ..iio+.
5. ..io+.ui..v 10. .uo.+.

C. TransIale inlo Ancienl Greek
Nouns and Ad|eclives Verbs
1. of lhe slone 1. he ersuaded
2. lhe slrong hearls (sub.) 2. he viII deceive
3. lhe usefuI bread (sub.) 3. he has ersuaded
4. lhe cIever vords (d.o.) 4. he deceived
5. lhe slrong horse (d.o.) 5. he has beIieved
110 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
1. io_uo, o, .o+i +o oo.
The fooI has a slrong horse.
2. ioio.yo, .uo.i +ov oov.
The viIIain deceives lhe fooI.
3. ioio.yo, \o++.i o.ivov \oyov.
The viIIain fashions a cIever seech.
4. ioio.yo, .o, ovo, .o+i ooo,.
The viIIain: My donkey is vise.
5. ovo, o\\o++.i +ov uov .i, +ov o+ov,
ioi +o Lu\o .i, +uov.
The donkey changes vheal inlo bread
and ieces of vood inlo cheese.
6. o+o, ioi +uo, .ioi o\o i\oi +o 0uo +of oof.
read and cheese are very dear lo lhe aelile of lhe fooI.
7. oo, io+.u.i +o \oyo +of ioiof.
The fooI beIieves lhe seech of lhe bad man.
8. ioio.yo, ovo, .o, ioi o\\o++.i +ou, \i0ou, .i, +o
_uoio.
The viIIain: My donkey even changes slones inlo goId coins.
9. _uoo, .o+i \iov i\o, + iooio +of oof.
GoId is excessiveIy dear lo lhe hearl of lhe fooI.
10. ioio, \oyo, .i0.i +ov oov.
The eviI seech ersuades lhe fooI.
11. oo, o.i.i +ov io_uov ov +of ovqof ovou.
The fooI lrades lhe slrong horse for lhe vorlhIess donkey.
12. oo, +o++.i +ov ovov .v + ou\ ouv +o uo, +oi, Lu\oi,,
ioi +oi, \i0oi,.
The fooI sels lhe donkey in lhe courlyard vilh vheal, ieces of
vood, and slones.
13. ovo, oo+.i +ov uov.
The donkey devours lhe vheal.
14. ovo, +u+.i +o Lu\o ioi +ou, \i0ou, + _q\.
The donkey hils lhe ieces of vood and lhe slones vilh his hoof.
Cnapicr 14. Tnc |cc| an! inc Ocnkcq 111
GRIIK TO INGLISH TRANSLATION
1. io_uo, .o, o,.
2. .uoo.v +ou, oou,.
3. o.ivov \oyov \ooo.v.
4. oi ooi io+.uoouoi +oi, \oyoi,.
5. oi \oyoi .ioouoi +ou, oou,.
6. ovo, .o, Lu\ov .i, o+ov o\\o++.i.
7. +o oo 0uo i\o, .o+i o+o,,
8. ouooo. o\\o o y. +uo, .o+i o\o i\o,.
9. +uo, .o+i \iov i\o, +o +of oo+of 0uo.
10. q.io+. +ou, ou, +ov ovov,
11. oui q.io +ov .ov ov,
o oo.\o, q.i. +ov ov +of oio_of ovou.
12. +oL.i +ov ov .v + ou\.
13. ovo, .v + ou\ .o+oi ouv uo ii0 +..
14. ovo, .oo+. +ov uov +qv +. ii0qv.
15. ovo, .+u. +ou, \i0ou, +o +. Lu\o.

INGLISH TO GRIIK TRANSLATION
1. id you fashion a cIever seech
2. id you fooI lhe farmer
3. e lraded vheal for barIey.
4. arIey is very dear lo lhe farmers hearl.
5. The farmer, al any rale, viII devour lhe barIey.
112 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
AVIRS O MANNIR
Adverbs of manner describe lhe vay in vhich lhe sub|ecl
erforms lhe aclion exressed by lhe verb. Many adverbs of manner
are formed from ad|eclives. The adverb ending o, is added lo lhe
ad|eclive slem. If lhe ad|eclive vas oxylone, lhe adverb viII have a
circumfIex on lhe uIlima. If lhe ad|eclive vas aroxylone, lhe adverb
viII be aroxylone.
oio_o, shamefuIIy
io_uo, slrongIy
ioio, badIy, eviIIy
io\o, haiIy, righlIy
i\o, dearIy, kindIy
The adverb corresonding lo lhe ad|eclive oyo0o, is . veII.
Adverbs of manner are oflen used vilh lhe verb o++o,
vhich can be lransIaled in lhis conlexl as jarc.
. .oLo. ioio, .oLo.
fared veII. fared oorIy.

GRIIK TO INGLISH TRANSLATION

1. y.oyo, io\o, .0.o.u. +ou, 0.ou,.
2. oi ioio.yoi ioio, .i\.ov +ov ioov.
3. o+o+qyo, +ov ioov io_uo, .u\oL.v.
4. oo+o, +ov oov oio_o, ..uo.v.
5. q oo i\o, .0.. +o, ovo,.
Cnapicr 14. Tnc |cc| an! inc Ocnkcq 113
6. ouoiio, . oo. +o, _ooo,.
7. oo+o, qyooo. uov, ioi ..i+o o+ov .oiqo.v.
8. oo+o, .oi.i o+ov, ..i +ov uov qyooi.i.
9. o+o, +ou, +of oo+of uiou, 0..i.
10. v oo+o, o+ov oi.i, o oi.i +uov.
11. v oyoo.i +uov, o o+ov.
12. v o.i.i +ov o+ov +of +uof,
o +of o+ou +ov +uov.
13. 0.o, q\\oL. +v ov .i, +v ov o+of.
14. 0.o, q.i. +v ov +q, o+of oq,.
15. oo, .+u. +v +of 0.of i.o\qv.
16. 0.o, o.uo.i .i, +ov ouovov.
17. 0.o, i.i oo+ov ioi ov+v .i +of ouovof.
18. oo, .o.uo.v .i, +v oiqvqv.
19. oo, .oL. ioio,.
20. q oo+o oio_o, .\o. +v +of oof i.o\qv.

INGLISH TO GRIIK TRANSLATION

1. e fared veII in lhe markelIace.
2. The good lovnsman, al Ieasl, boughl my vheal.
3. The lovnsman righlIy lraded goId for vheal.
4. The lovnsman viII kindIy feed lhe chiIdren.
5. I viII buy lhe beaulifuI Iyre.
114 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
CHAPTER 15: THE 5TUDENT

SHORT o DICLINSION: -q, DICLINSION

Shorl o DecIension Indings
sing. I.
Nom. -o -oi
Gen. -q, -ov
Dal. - -oi,
Acc. -ov -o,
The shorl-o decIension is a varialion of lhe feminine q and o
decIensions. There are no oxylone nouns in lhe shorl-o
decIension.

Iaroxylone Shorl o DecIension
sing. I.
Nom. q ooLo oi ooLoi
Gen. +q, ooLq, +ov ooLov
Dal. + ooL +oi, ooLoi,
Acc. +qv ooLov +o, ooLo,

MascuIine q, DecIension Indings
sing. I.
Nom. -q, -oi
Gen. -ou -ov
Dal. - -oi,
Acc. -qv -o,
Cnapicr 15. Tnc Siu!cni 115
xylone MascuIine q, DecIension
sing. I.
Nom. o0q+q, oi o0q+oi
Gen. +of o0q+of +ov o0q+ov
Dal. +o o0q+ +oi, o0q+oi,
Acc. +ov o0q+qv +ou, o0q+o,

As seen reviousIy, -q and o decIension nouns in lhe genilive
IuraI aIvays have a circumfIex accenl on lhe uIlima. This hoIds lrue
for lhe mascuIine q, decIension nouns as veII.
Anolher ecuIiarily of accenlualion may occur in lhe
nominalive IuraI of aroxylone nouns in lhe q, -o, and q,
decIension. If lhe enuIl has a Iong voveI, lhe accenl in lhe
nominalive IuraI viII be a circumfIex ralher lhan an acule on lhe
enuIl. This occurs because lhe nominalive IuraI ending -oi is
shorl, if a vord accenled on lhe enuIl has a shorl uIlima and a Iong
enuIl, lhe accenl on lhe enuIl viII be a circumfIex. Ior examIe:
Iaroxylone q DecIension (Iong enuIl)
sing. I.
Nom. q .io+qq oi .io+qoi
Gen. +q, .io+qq, +ov .io+qov
Dal. + .io+q +oi, .io+qoi,
Acc. +qv .io+qqv +o, .io+qo,
116 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
Iaroxylone MascuIine q, DecIension
(Iong voveI in enuIl: cf. .io+qq)
sing. I.
Nom. o\i+q, oi o\i+oi
Gen. +of o\i+ou +ov o\i+ov
Dal. +o o\i+ +oi, o\i+oi,
Acc. +ov o\i+qv +ou, o\i+o,

VOCAULARY

_oqyo,, _oqyof - chorus Ieader, conduclor
_oo,, _oof - dance, chorus
uvo,, uvou - hymn, song

y.o.+io, y.o.+io, - q geomelry
ooLo, ooLo, - q oinion, beIief, |udgemenl
.io+qq, .io+qq, - q knovIedge, underslanding,
science
io+oio, io+oio, - q hislory
oiiio, oiiio, - q house
oiiovoio, oiiovoio, - q managemenl, economy
+._vq, +._vq, - q skiII, crafl, arl
i\oooio, i\oooio, - q hiIosohy
u_q, u_q, - q souI

Cnapicr 15. Tnc Siu!cni 117
\qo+q,, \qo+of - lhief, robber
o0q+q,, o0q+of - sludenl
oiq+q,, oiq+of - oel
_o.u+q,, _o.u+of - chorus member, dancer
o\i+q,, o\i+ou - | i j cilizen
o+o+io+q,, o+o+io+ou - soIdier

oioooio, oiooLo, .oiooLo, o.oioo_o leach
(erson laughl and knovIedge laughl bolh in accusalive)

o0qo+iio,, o0qo+iiq, o0qo+iiov malhemalicaI:
(masc. lhe malhemalician)

MORIHOLOGY IXIRCISIS
A. TransIale lhe foIIoving noun forms.
1. +q, io+oio, 6. +qv +._vqv
2. +ov o+o+io+ov 7. +ou, uvou,
3. +o, ooLo, 8. oi _ooi
4. +o _o.u+ 9. +q, .io+qq,
5. +ov ooLov 10. +qv oiiovoiov

. TransIale lhe foIIoving verb forms.
1. oioooi.+. 6. oioooiouoi
2. .oioooi.+. 7. oiooLouoi
3. .oiooLo+. 8. .oiooLov
4. oiooL.i 9. oioooio.v
5. o.oioo_. 10. .oiooLo.v
118 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
MODIL SINTINCIS

1. o0qo+iio, oioooi.i +ov o0q+qv +qv y.o.+iov.
The malhemalician leaches lhe sludenl geomelry.
2. q y.o.+io +..i +qv .io+qqv +of o0q+of.
Geomelry nourishes lhe sludenl's knovIedge.
3. ouoiio, oioooi.i +ov o0q+qv +qv ooviov.
The musician leaches lhe sludenl harmony.
4. q oovio \o++.i +qv +of o0q+of oyoyqv.
Harmony moIds lhe sludenl's conducl.
5. y.oyo, oioooi.i +ov o0q+qv +qv oiiovoiov.
The farmer leaches lhe sludenl managemenl.
6. q oiiovoio +..i +qv +of o0q+of +._vqv.
Managemenl nourishes lhe sludenl's skiII.
7. o+o+qyo, oioooi.i +ov o0q+qv +qv io+oiov.
The generaI leaches lhe sludenl hislory.
8. q io+oio o\\o++.i +qv +of o0q+of ooLov.
Hislory changes lhe sludenl's underslanding.
9. ooo, oioooi.i +ov o0q+qv +qv i\oooiov.
The vise man leaches lhe sludenl hiIosohy.
10. q i\oooio +..i +qv u_qv +of o0q+of.
IhiIosohy nourishes lhe sludenl's souI.
Cnapicr 15. Tnc Siu!cni 119
GRIIK TO INGLISH TRANSLATION

1. o0qo+io, .ii.
2. oiooLo +ou, o0q+o, +qv y.o.+iov,
q yo y.o.+io 0..i +qv +ov o0q+ov .io+qqv.
3. ouoiioi .o.v.
4. +ov o0q+qv oiooLo.v +qv ooviov,
q yo oovio +qv +of o0q+of oyoyqv \oo.i.
5. y.oyoi .o+.,
6. +ou, o0q+o, oiooL.+. +qv oiiovoiov.
7. oi o0q+oi .oov+oi oyo0oi y.oyoi,
q yo oiiovoio +qv +ov o0q+ov +._vqv 0..i.
8. o+o+qyo, ..
9. +ov o0q+qv oiooL.i, +qv io+oiov,
q yo io+oiov +qv +of o0q+of ooLov o\\oL.i.
10. o0q+q, .o0\o, o\i+q, .o+oi.
11. oi oooi oiooLouoi +ou, o0q+o, +qv i\oooiov.
12. q i\oooio io\o, ooo.i +ou, o0q+o,.

INGLISH TO GRIIK TRANSLATION

1. I laughl lhe sludenl geomelry.
2. You (sing.) vere leaching lhe sludenls hislory.
3. The farmer's sons viII be good cilizens.
120 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
GRIIK TO INGLISH TRANSLATION

1. oiq+q, .yo. uvov.
2. _oqyo, +ou, o\i+o, oioooi.i +ov uvov.
3. _oqyo, oi.i +ou, o\i+o, _o.u+o,.
4. oi o\i+oi .ioiv oyo0oi _o.u+oi.
5. _oqyo, \o++.i _oov o\i+ov.
6. _oqyo, +o++.i +ou, _o.u+o, .v +o _oo.
7. _oo, .\.i _o.uo.i +. +oi, y. 0.oi, .v + .o+.
8. q +of _oof ovq +ou, 0.ou, +..i.
9. +oi, o\i+oi, v.uoouoi oi 0.oi.
10. 0.o, \\o_. +qv +of _oqyof \uov .i, _uoov.
11. o+o+qyo, 0oio. \io. +. +ou, o\i+o,.
12. o+o+qyo, oi.i +ou, o\i+o, o+o+io+o,.
13. oi o\i+oi .ioi o+o+io+oi .o0\oi io_uoi +..
Cnapicr 15. Tnc Siu!cni 121


14. oi o+o+io+oi +ou, oo+ou, +ou, +. y.oyou,
u\ooouoiv.
15. oi io+oi +ou, o+o+io+o, 0.o.uoouoi oouoi +..

122 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
-o Dcc!cnsinn Endings
sing. I.
Nom. -o, -oi
Gen. -ou -ov
Dal. -o -oi,
Acc. -ov -ou,

Thc DcIinitc Artic!c, Mascu!inc
sing. I.
Nom. oi
Gen. +of +ov
Dal. +o +oi,
Acc. +ov +ou,

Oxytnnc o Dcc!cnsinn
sing. I.
0.o, oi 0.oi
+of 0.of +ov 0.ov
+o 0.o +oi, 0.oi,
+ov 0.ov +ou, 0.ou,

Parnxytnnc o Dcc!cnsinn
sing. I.
\oyo, oi \oyoi
+of \oyou +ov \oyov
+o \oyo +oi, \oyoi,
+ov \oyov +ou, \oyou,
-q Dcc!cnsinn Endings
sing. I.
Nom. -q -oi
Gen. -q, -ov
Dal. - -oi,
Acc. -qv -o,

Thc DcIinitc Artic!c, Fcmininc
sing. I.
Nom. q oi
Gen. +q, +ov
Dal. + +oi,
Acc. +qv +o,

Oxytnnc q Dcc!cnsinn
sing. I.
q u_q oi u_oi
+q, u_q, +ov u_ov
+ u_ +oi, u_oi,
+qv u_qv +o, u_o,

Parnxytnnc q Dcc!cnsinn (shorl enuIl)
sing. I.
q +._vq oi +._voi
+q, +._vq, +ov +._vov
+ +._v +oi, +._voi,
+qv +._vqv +o, +._vo,

Parnxytnnc q Dcc!cnsinn (Iong enuIl)
sing. I.
q .io+qq oi .io+qoi
+q, .io+qq, +ov .io+qov
+ .io+q +oi, .io+qoi,
+qv .io+qqv +o, .io+qo,
Occ|cnsicn Para!igns 123
Lnng o Dcc!cnsinn Endings
sing. I.
Nom. -o -oi
Gen. -o, -ov
Dal. -o -oi,
Acc. -ov -o,

Oxytnnc Lnng o Dcc!cnsinn
sing. I.
q 0.o oi 0.oi
+q, 0.o, +ov 0.ov
+ 0.o +oi, 0.oi,
+qv 0.ov +o, 0.o,

Parnxytnnc Lnng o Dcc!cnsinn
sing. I.
q \uo oi \uoi
+q, \uo, +ov \uov
+ \uo +oi, \uoi,
+qv \uov +o, \uo,

5hnrt o Dcc!cnsinn Endings
sing. I.
Nom. -o -oi
Gen. -q, -ov
Dal. - -oi,
Acc. -ov -o,

Parnxytnnc 5hnrt o Dcc!cnsinn
sing. I.
q ooLo oi ooLoi
+q, ooLq, +ov ooLov
+ ooL +oi, ooLoi,
+qv ooLov +o, ooLo,
Mascu!inc q Dcc!cnsinn Endings
sing. I.
Nom. -q, -oi
Gen. -ou -ov
Dal. - -oi,
Acc. -qv -o,

Oxytnnc Mascu!inc q Dcc!cnsinn
sing. I.
o0q+q, oi o0q+oi
+of o0q+of +ov o0q+ov
+o o0q+ +oi, o0q+oi,
+ov o0q+qv +ou, o0q+o,

Parnxytnnc Mascu!inc q Dcc!cnsinn
(Iong voveI in enuIl: cf. .io+qq)
sing. I.
o\i+q, oi o\i+oi
+of o\i+ou +ov o\i+ov
+o o\i+ +oi, o\i+oi,
+ov o\i+qv +ou, o\i+o,


There are no oxylone nouns in lhe shorl
o decIension.

Long o decIension nouns are feminine,
and use lhe feminine definile arlicIe.

Shorl o decIension nouns are feminine,
and use lhe feminine definile arlicIe.

-q, decIension nouns are mascuIine, and
use lhe mascuIine definile arlicIe.
124 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
Ncutcr ov Dcc!cnsinn Endings
sing. I.
Nom. -ov -o
Gen. -ou -ov
Dal. -o -oi,
Acc. -ov -o

Thc DcIinitc Artic!c, Ncutcr
sing. I.
Nom. +o +o
Gen. +of +ov
Dal. +o +oi,
Acc. +o +o

Oxytnnc Ncutcr ov Dcc!cnsinn
sing. I.
+o +.ov +o +.o
+of +.of +ov +.ov
+o +.o +oi, +.oi,
+o +.ov +o +.o

Parnxytnnc Ncutcr ov Dcc!cnsinn
sing. I.
+o .yov +o .yo
+ou .you +ov .yov
+o .yo +oi, .yoi,
+o .yov +o .yo


Oxytnnc o, -q, -ov Ad|cctivc
Dcc!cnsinn

masc. fem. neul.
sing.
io\o, io\q io\ov
io\of io\q, io\of
io\o io\ io\o
io\ov io\qv io\ov

I.
io\oi io\oi io\o
io\ov io\ov io\ov
io\oi, io\oi, io\oi,
io\ou, io\o, io\o

Oxytnnc o, -o, -ov Ad|cctivc
Dcc!cnsinn
masc. fem. neul.
sing.
io_uo, io_uo io_uov
io_uof io_uo, io_uof
io_uo io_uo io_uo
io_uov io_uov io_uov

I.
io_uoi io_uoi io_uo
io_uov io_uov io_uov
io_uoi, io_uoi, io_uoi,
io_uou, io_uo, io_uo

Occ|cnsicn Para!igns 125
Parnxytnnc o, -q, -ov Ad|cctivc
Dcc!cnsinn

masc. fem. neul
sing.
i\o, i\q i\ov
i\ou i\q, i\ou
i\o i\ i\o
i\ov i\qv i\ov

I.
i\oi i\oi i\o
i\ov i\ov i\ov
i\oi, i\oi, i\oi,
i\ou, i\o, i\o

Parnxytnnc o, -o,-ov Ad|cctivc
Dcc!cnsinn
masc. fem. neul.
sing.
v.o, v.o v.ov
v.ou v.o, v.ou
v.o v.o v.o
v.ov v.ov v.ov

I.
v.oi v.oi v.o
v.ov v.ov v.ov
v.oi, v.oi, v.oi,
v.ou, v.o, v.o

. IOSSISSIVI AD}ICTIVI
1. Iirsl Ierson SinguIar
a. Ob|ecl described by lhe ad|eclive is
singu!ar
masc. fem. neul.
.o, .q .ov
.of .q, .of
.o . .o
.ov .qv .ov
b. Ob|ecl described by lhe ad|eclive is
p!ura!
.oi .oi .o
.ov .ov .ov
.oi, .oi, .oi,
.ou, .o, .o

2. Second Ierson SinguIar
a. Ob|ecl described by lhe ad|eclive is
singu!ar
masc. fem. neul.
oo, oq oov
oof oq, oof
oo o oo
oov oqv oov
b. Ob|ecl described by lhe ad|eclive is
p!ura!
ooi ooi oo
oov oov oov
ooi, ooi, ooi,
oou, oo, oo
126 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
IRISINT TINSI

Iirsl rinciIe arl
+ ersonaI endings

sing. I.
1 -o -o.v
2 -.i, -.+.
3 -.i -ouoi

sing. I.
1 \uo \uo.v
2 \u.i, \u.+.
3 \u.i \uouoi

sing. I.
1 yoo yoo.v
2 yo.i, yo.+.
3 yo.i yoouoi

sing. I.
1 oo(o oo(o.v
2 oo(.i, oo(.+.
3 oo(.i oo(ouoi

sing. I.
1 oioio oioio.v
2 oioi.i, oioi.+.
3 oioi.i oioiouoi
IMIIRIICT TINSI

Iirsl rinciIe arl
+ augmenl
+ ersonaI endings
sing. I.
1 -ov -o.v
2 -., -.+.
3 -. -ov

sing. I.
1 .\uov .\uo.v
2 .\u., .\u.+.
3 .\u. .\uov

sing. I.
1 .yoov .yoo.v
2 .yo., .yo.+.
3 .yo. .yoov

sing. I.
1 .oo(ov .oo(o.v
2 .oo(., .oo(.+.
3 .oo(. .oo(ov

sing. I.
1 .oioiov .oioio.v
2 .oioi., .oioi.+.
3 .oioi. .oioiov
Ccnjugaiicn Para!igns 127
IUTURI TINSI

Second rinciIe arl
+ ersonaI endings

sing. I.
1 -o -o.v
2 -.i, -.+.
3 -.i -ouoi

sing. I.
1 \uoo \uoo.v
2 \uo.i, \uo.+.
3 \uo.i \uoouoi

sing. I.
1 yoo yoo.v
2 yo.i, yo.+.
3 yo.i yoouoi

sing. I.
1 oooo oooo.v
2 ooo.i, ooo.+.
3 ooo.i oooouoi

sing. I.
1 oioLo oioLo.v
2 oioL.i, oioL.+.
3 oioL.i oioLouoi
AORIST TINSI

Third rinciIe arl
(incIuding augmenl)
+ ersonaI ending
sing. I.
1 -o -o.v
2 -o, -o+.
3 -. -ov

sing. I.
1 .\uoo .\uoo.v
2 .\uoo, .\uoo+.
3 .\uo. .\uoov

sing. I.
1 .yoo .yoo.v
2 .yoo, .yoo+.
3 .yo. .yoov

sing. I.
1 .oooo .oooo.v
2 .oooo, .oooo+.
3 .ooo. .oooov

sing. I.
1 .oioLo .oioLo.v
2 .oioLo, .oioLo+.
3 .oioL. .oioLov
128 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
IIRIICT TINSI

Iourlh rinciIe arl
+ ersonaI endings

sing. I.
1 -o -o.v
2 -o, -o+.
3 -. -ooi

sing. I.
1 \.\uio \.\uio.v
2 \.\uio, \.\uio+.
3 \.\ui. \.\uiooi

sing. I.
1 y.yoo y.yoo.v
2 y.yoo, y.yoo+.
3 y.yo. y.yoooi

sing. I.
1 o.ooio o.ooio.v
2 o.ooio, o.ooio+.
3 o.ooi. o.ooiooi

sing. I.
1 o.oio_o o.oio_o.v
2 o.oio_o, o.oio_o+.
3 o.oio_. o.oio_ooi
ILUIIRIICT TINSI

Iourlh rinciIe arl
+ augmenl
+ ersonaI endings
sing. I.
1 -q -..v
2 -q, -.+.
3 -.i -.oov

sing. I.
1 .\.\uiq .\.\ui..v
2 .\.\uiq, .\.\ui.+.
3 .\.\ui.i .\.\ui.oov

sing. I.
1 .y.yoq .y.yo..v
2 .y.yoq, .y.yo.+.
3 .y.yo.i .y.yo.oov

sing. I.
1 .o.ooiq .o.ooi..v
2 .o.ooiq, .o.ooi.+.
3 .o.ooi.i .o.ooi.oov

sing. I.
1 .o.oio_q .o.oio_..v
2 .o.oio_q, .o.oio_.+.
3 .o.oio_.i .o.oio_.oov
Ccnjugaiicn Para!igns 129
CON}UGATION OI .ii

IRISINT
sing. I.
1. .ii .o.v
2. . .o+.
3. .o+i .ioi

IMIIRIICT
sing. I.
1. q/qv q.v
2. qo0o q+.
3. qv qoov

IUTURI
sing. I.
1. .oooi .oo.0o
2. .o/.o.i .o.o0.
3. .o+oi .oov+oi





CON}UGATION OI oi.o

IRISINT
sing. I.
1. oio oiof.v
2. oi.i, oi.i+.
3. oi.i oiofoi
IMIIRIICT
sing. I.
1. .oiouv .oiof.v
2. .oi.i, .oi.i+.
3. .oi.i .oiouv
IUTURI
sing. I.
1. oiqoo oiqoo.v
2. oiqo.i, oiqo.+.
3. oiqo.i oiqoouoi
AORIST
sing. I.
1. .oiqoo .oiqoo.v
2. .oiqoo, .oiqoo+.
3. .oiqo. .oiqoov
IIRIICT
sing. I.
1. .oiqio .oiqio.v
2. .oiqio, .oiqio+.
3. .oiqi. .oiqiooi
ILUIIRIICT
sing. I.
1. ..oiqiq ..oiqi..v
2. ..oiqiq, ..oiqi.+.
3. ..oiqi.i ..oiqi.oov
130 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
5IX PRINCIPAL PART5 OF VERB5

Vcrb 5tcm Ends with u

oy.uo, oy.uoo, qy.uoo, qy.uio, -- , qy.u0qv
hunl, calch
o.uo, o.uoo, .o.uoo, o.o.uio, o.o.uoi, .o.u0qv
drench
0uo, 0uoo, .0uoo, +.0uio, +.0uoi, .+u0qv
sacrifice
iouo, iouoo, .iouoo, i.iouio, i.iouoi, .iouo0qv
slrike, hil, knock
\uo, \uoo, .\uoo, \.\uio, \.\uoi, .\u0qv
free, reIease, deslroy
v.uo, v.uoo, .v.uoo, v.v.uio, -- , --
nod, assenl lo
ouo, ouoo, .ouoo, .ouio, .ouoi, .ou0qv
slo, make slo
io+.uo, io+.uoo, .io+.uoo, .io+.uio, .io+.uoi , .io+.u0qv
(+ dal.) lrusl
o.uo, o.uoo, .o.uoo, .o.uio, .o.uoi, .o.u0qv
make go, carry
+oL.uo, +oL.uoo, .+oL.uoo, +.+oL.uio, +.+oL.uoi, .+oL.u0qv
shool al (vilh a bov)
_o.uo, _o.uoo, ._o.uoo, i._o.uio, i._o.uoi, ._o.u0qv
dance

Six Principa| Paris cj Vcr|s 131
Vcrb 5tcm Ends with , n, nx, nr q
o.io, o.io, q.io, -- , -- , q.i0qv
exchange, lrade, give
yoo, yoo, .yoo, y.yoo, y.yooi, .yo0qv
vrile, drav
oo+o, ooo, .ooo, -- , -- , --
devour
i\.+o, i\.o, .i\.o, i.i\oo, i.i\.oi, .i\oqv
sleaI
iu+o, iuo, .iuo, i.iuo, i.iuoi, .iu0qv
conceaI, hide
.\o, .\o, ..\o, -- , -- , --
sing
.o, .o, ..o, .oo, ..oi, ..0qv
send
i+o, io, .io, .io, .ioi, .i0qv
lhrov, hurI
+.o, +.o, .+.o, -- , -- , .+.0qv
deIighl, Iease
+.o, 0.o, .0.o, +.+oo, +.0ooi, .+.0qv
feed, nourish
+io, +io, .+io, +.+io, +.+ioi, .+i0qv
rub, lhresh
+u+o, +uo, .+uo, +.+uo, +.+uoi, .+u0qv
smack, slrike
132 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
Vcrb 5tcm cnds with ( (nr o nr 0)

oyoo(o, oyoooo, qyoooo, qyooio, qyooooi, qyooo0qv
visil lhe markel, sho
o0oi(o, o0oioo, q0oioo, q0oiio, q0oiooi, q0oio0qv
galher, coIIecl
oo(o, oooo, qooo, qoio, qoooi, qoo0qv
fil logelher, buiId, lune
oo(o, oooo, qooo, qoio, qoooi, qoo0qv
seize, Iunder
yuvo(o, yuvooo, .yuvooo, y.yuvoio, y.yuvoooi, .yuvoo0qv
lrain, raclice
\i(o, \ioo, o\ioo, o\iio, o\iooi, o\io0qv
equi, arm, reare
i.(o, i.oo, .i.oo, .i.io, .i.ooi, .i.o0qv
ress, oress, squeeze
oo(o, oooo, .oooo, o.ooio, o.ooooi/ .oo0qv
o.oooi, save
o.uoo, o.uoo, .o.uoo, .o.uio, .o.uooi, --
hurry, rush
.i0o, .ioo, ..ioo, ..iio/ ..iooi, ..io0qv
.oi0o, ersuade



Six Principa| Paris cj Vcr|s 133
Vcrb 5tcm cnds with x, ox, or xx

o\\o++o, o\\oLo, q\\oLo, q\\o_o, q\\oyoi, q\\o_0qv
change, aIler
oioooio, oiooLo, .oiooLo, o.oioo_o, o.oiooyoi, .oioo_0qv
leach
oioio, oioLo, .oioLo, o.oio_o, o.oioyoi, .oio_0qv
chase, ursue
\o++o, \ooo, .\ooo, .\oio, .\oooi, .\oo0qv
shae, moId, form
o++o, oLo, .oLo, .o_o/ .oyoi, .o_0qv
.oyo, do
+o++o, +oLo, .+oLo, +.+o_o, +.+oyoi, .+o_0qv
drav u in order, arrange
u\o++o, u\oLo, .u\oLo, .u\o_o, .u\oyoi, .u\o_0qv
guard

Irrcgu!ar Vcrb ttt
.ii, .oooi, -- , -- , -- , --
be

Cnntract Vcrb notto
oi.o, oiqoo, .oiqoo, .oiqio, .oiqoi, .oiq0qv
make, do
134 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
Xqo (indcc!inab!c) x a!pha
oyo0o,, oyo0q, oyo0ov good
oyoo, oyoo, - q markel-Iace
oyoo(o, oyoooo, qyoooo, qyooio, qyooooi, qyooo0qv
visil lhe markel, sho
oy.uo, oy.uoo, qy.uoo, qy.uio, --, qy.u0qv hunl, calch
oyo,, oyof - fieId, farm, counlry
oyoyq, oyoyq, - q conducl
oo.\q, oo.\q, - q sisler
oo.\o,, oo.\of - brolher
o.i aIvays
o.+o,, o.+of - eagIe
A0qvq, A0qvq, - q Alhena
o0\q+q,, o0\q+of - alhIele
o0oi(o, o0oioo, q0oioo, q0oiio, q0oiooi, q0oio0qv
galher, coIIecl
Aioq,, Aioou - Hades
oi\ouo,, oi\ouou - cal
oio_o,, oio_o, oio_ov shamefuI, ugIy
oiq, oiq, q li, oinl, lo
o\\o bul
o\\o++o, o\\oLo, q\\oLo, q\\o_o, q\\oyoi, q\\o_0qv
change, aIler
o.io, o.io, q.io, -- , -- , q.i0qv
exchange, lrade, give c|jcci in acc. for c|jcci in gcn.
(+ ov+i) lake c|jcci in acc. in exchange for c|jcci in gcn.
ov0oo,, ov0oou - man
oo (+ gen.) from, avay from
Ao\\ov, Ao\\ovo, - AoIIo
Aq,, A.o, - Ares
oo(o, oooo, qooo, qoio, qoooi, qoo0qv
fil logelher, buiId, lune
oo(o, oooo, qooo, qoio, qoooi, qoo0qv
seize, Iunder
G|cssarq 135
A+.i,, A+.ioo, - q Arlemis
o+o,, o+ou - bread (vheal bread)
oo+o,, oo+of - lovnsman
oovio, oovio, - q harmony
ou\q, ou\q, - q courlyard
ouiov lomorrov
Aooi+q, Aooi+q, - q Ahrodile

qxo (indcc!inab!c) x bcta
i\iov, i\iou +o book
\o+o, \oo, .\oo, .\oo, .\ooi, .\o0qv
hurl, harm
\q_q, \q_q, - q bIealing
oq, oq, - q ballIe cry, shoul, song of |oy
o+o,, o+of - morlaI
oo,, oof - aIlar

oo (indcc!inab!c) x gamma
yo (oslosilive con|unclion) for, because
y.oyoio, y.oyoio, - q geograhy
y.o.+io, y.o.+io, - q geomelry
y.oyo,, y.oyof - farmer
yoo, yoo, .yoo, y.yoo, y.yooi, .yo0qv
vrile, drav
yuvo(o, yuvooo, .yuvooo, y.yuvoio, y.yuvoooi, .yuvoo0qv
lrain, raclice

otXxo (indcc!inab!c) x dc!ta
oo+o, ooo, .ooo, -- , -- , -- devour
o. (oslosilive con|unclion) and, bul
o.i\o,, o.i\q, o.i\ov covardIy, mean, base
o.ivo,, o.ivq, o.ivov cIever, dreadfuI
o.voov, o.voou +o lree

136 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
o.uo, o.uoo, .o.uoo, o.o.uio, o.o.uoi, .o.u0qv
drench
Aqq+q, Aqq+.o, - q Demeler
oqiouyo,, oqiouyof - craflsman
oqoio+io, oqoio+io, - q democracy
oioooio, oiooLo, .oiooLo, o.oioo_o, o.oiooyoi, .oioo_0qv
leach
Aiovuoo,, Aiovuoou - Dionysus
oioio, oioLo, .oioLo, o.oio_o, o.oioyoi, .oio_0qv
chase, ursue
ooq, ooq, - q servanl-girI, maid
ooLo, ooLq, - q beIief, reulalion, gIory

qtXov (indcc!inab!c) x cpsi!nn
.yo, .of I
.ii, .oooi, -- , -- , -- , -- be
.i, (+ acc.) inlo
.+o lhen, nexl, lhereuon
.i, .L (+ gen.) from, oul of
.o,, .q, .ov my, mine
.v (+ dal.) in
.o+q, .o+q, - q feasl
..i since, afler
..i+o lhereuon, nexl
.io+qq, .io+qq, - q knovIedge, science
.io+o\q, .io+o\q, - q Ieller
.yov, .you +o lhe vork, deed, aclion
Tq,, Tof - Hermes
.o0\o,, .o0\of - brave, nobIe, of nobIe birlh
To+io, To+io, - q Heslia
.+i yel
.u veII
.u0u, soon

G|cssarq 137
.u_q, .u_q, - q rayer, vov
._0o,, ._0o, ._0ov haled, hosliIe, enemy

(qxo (indcc!inab!c) x zcta
Z.u,, Aio, - Zeus
(oov, (oou +o animaI, Iiving being

qxo (indcc!inab!c) x cta
q or, lhan
q.q eilher.or
qoq aIready, nov, al Iasl
qoovq, qoovq, - q Ieasure
q\.i+ov, q\.i+ou +o eIeclron
q.i,, qov ve
+o, +o, - q Hera
quqio Iureka! (I have found)
+oio+o,, Toio+ou - Hehaeslus

0qxo (indcc!inab!c) x thcta
0.o, 0.o, - q goddess
0.o,, 0.of - god
0vq+o,, 0vq+q, 0vq+ov IiabIe lo dealh, morlaI
0uo,, 0uof - courage, desire,hearl
0uo, 0uoo, .0uoo, +.0uio, +.0uoi, .+u0qv sacrifice

toxo (indcc!inab!c) x inta
io+o,, io+of - doclor
io.o, io.o, - q form, aearance, nolion
i.ov, i.of - +o shrine, (I.) offerings
i.o,, i.o, i.ov hoIy, sacred lo (+ gen.)
o,, ou - lhe horse
io+oio, io+oio, - q hislory
io_uo,, io_uo, io_uov slrong

138 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
xonno (indcc!inab!c) x kappa
ioi and, even
ioi.ioi bolh.and
ioio,, ioiq, ioiov bad, eviI
ioio, badIy, eviIIy
io\o,, io\q, io\ov beaulifuI, nobIe, good
io\o, beaulifuIIy, nobIy
ioio.yo,, ioio.yof - viIIain
ioo,, ioof - fruil, cro
i.o\q, i.o\q, - q head
iio+o,, iio+of - lreasure chesl
i\.+o, i\.o, .i\.o, i.i\oo, i.i\.oi, .i\oqv
sleaI
i\oq, i\oq, - q lhefl
ioivo,, ioivq, ioivov common
io\oio,, io\oiof - |ackdav, crov
iouyq, iouyq, - q cIamor, shouling, oulcry
ii0q, ii0q, - q barIey
iio,, iiof - ram
ii+q,, ii+of - |udge
iouo, iouoo, .iouoo, i.iouio, i.iouoi, .iouo0qv
slrike, hil, knock
iu+o, iuo, .iuo, i.iuo, i.iuoi, .iu0qv
conceaI, hide

Xooo (indcc!inab!c) x !ambda
\qo+q,, \qo+of - lhief, robber
\oyo,, \oyou - lhe vord, seech, reason, ralio
\uo, \uo, - q lhe Iyre
\uo, \uoo, .\uoo, \.\uio, \.\uoi, .\u0qv
free, reIease, deslroy

u (indcc!inab!c) x mu
o0q+q,, o0q+of - sludenl, uiI
G|cssarq 139
o_q, o_q, - q ballIe
.\o, .\o, ..\o, -- , -- , -- sing
.\ooio, .\ooio, - q meIody
.v.o. on one hand, on lhe olher
io0o,, io0of - ay, rofil
o\q, o\q, - q singing
oq, oq, - q shae, form
ouoiiq, ouoiiq, - q music
ouoiio,, ouoiiof - musician
ouoiio,, ouoiiq, ouoiiov musicaI
oo,, oof - fooI


vu (indcc!inab!c) x nu
v.o,, v.o, v.ov nev, young, fresh
v.uo, v.uoo, .v.uoo, v.v.uio, -- , -- nod, assenl lo
vfv nov

Lt (indcc!inab!c) x xi
Lu\ov, Lu\ou +o iece of vood

txgov (indcc!inab!c) x nmicrnn
, q, +o lhe
o,, q, o reIalive ronoun
oo\o,, oo\of - oboI (a smaII coin, 1/6 drachma)
oiiio, oiiio, - q house
oiiovoio, oiiovoio, - q househoId managemenl, economy
O\uio, O\uio, - q Iymia
O\uio, O\uiov + lhe Iymic games
vo,, vou - donkey
\i(o, \ioo, \ioo, \iio, \iooi, \io0qv
eui, arm, reare
ou, oui, ou_ nol
oui.+i no Ionger
14 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
ouv (oslosilive arlicIe) lherefore
ouo nol yel
ouovo,, ouovof - sky, heaven

nt (indcc!inab!c) x pi
oioiov, oioiou +o chiId
o\+o,, o\+q, o\+ov lhrovn, hurIed, brandished
(neul. sing. Iighl ersian sear)
oo (+ gen.) from lhe side of
oo (+ dal.) al lhe side of
oo (+ acc.) lo lhe side of, conlrary lo
oo, formerIy, (vilh imerfecl lense) used lo
ouo, ouoo, .ouoo, .ouio, .ouoi, .ou0qv
make slo, (mid.) slo
.i0o, .ioo, ..ioo, ..iio/.oi0o, ..iooi, ..io0qv
ersuade, (mid.) beIieve, obey
.o, .o, .o, .oo, ..oi, ..0qv
send
i.(o, i.oo, .i.oo, .i.io, .i.ooi, .i.o0qv
ress, oress, sueeze
io+.uo, io+.uoo, .io+.uoo, .io+.uio, .io+.u0qv
(+ dal.) lrusl
\o++o, \ooo, .\ooo, .\oio, .\oooi, .\oo0qv
shae, moId, form
\qyq, \qyq, - q bIov, slroke, shock
oi.o, oiqoo, .oiqoo, .oiqio, .oiqoi, .oiq0qv
make, buiId, do
oiq+q,, oiq+of - oel
o\i+q,, o\i+ou - cilizen
ovqo,, ovqo, ovqov vorlhIess, eviI, base
o.uo, o.uoo, .o.uoo, .o.uio, .o.uoi, .o.u0qv
make go, carry (mid.) go
oo.ioov, oo.ioovo, - oseidon
o+oo,, o+oof - river
G|cssarq 141
o++o, oLo, .oLo, .o_o, .oyoi, .o_0qv
do, make, fare
o, (+ gen.) in lhe eyes of, in lhe name of
o, (+ dal.) near, in addilion lo
o, (+ acc.) lovard
+.ov, +.of - +o fealher
uo,, uof - vheal

go (indcc!inab!c) x rhn
i+o, io, .io, .io, .ioi, .i0qv
lhrov, hurI
u0o,, u0of - rhylhm

oto (indcc!inab!c) x sigma
oiqvq, oiqvq, - q lenl
oo,, oq, oov your, yours
ooo,, ooq, ooov vise, skiIIed
o.uoo, o.uoo, .o.uoo, .o.uio, .o.uooi, --
hurry, rush
o+o+qyo,, o+o+qyof - generaI
o+o+io, o+o+io, - q army
o+o+o,, o+o+of - army
o+o+io+q,, o+o+io+ou - soIdier
ou, oof you (s.)
ouoo, ouoo, - q misforlune, accidenl
ouv (+ dal.) vilh
ouv+oLi,, ouv+oL.o, - q organizalion, synlax
o_o\q, o_o\q, - q Ieisure, free lime, schooI
oo(o, oooo, .oooo, o.ooio, o.ooooi/o.oooi, .oo0qv
save

xou (indcc!inab!c) x tau
+o++o, +oLo, .+oLo, +.+o_o, +.+oyoi, .+o_0qv
drav u in order, arrange
14 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck
+. (encIilic con|unclion) and
+.ivov, +.ivou +o chiId, offsring
+.o, +.o, .+.o, -- , -- , .+.0qv deIighl, Iease
+._vq, +._vq, - q skiII, crafl, lechnicaI abiIily
+q.ov loday
+oL.uo, +oL.uoo, .+oL.uoo, +.+oL.uio, +.+oL.uoi, .+oL.u0qv
shool al (vilh a bov)
+oLov, +oLou +o bov
+o+. lhen, al lhal lime
+.o, 0.o, .0.o, +.+oo, +.0ooi, .+.0qv
feed, nourish
+io, +io, .+io, +.+io, +.+ioi, .+i0qv
rub, lhresh
+u+o, +uo, .+uo, +.+uo, +.+uoi, .+u0qv
smack, slrike
+uo,, +uof - cheese
+u_q, +u_q, - q chance, forlune


u qtXov (indcc!inab!c) x upsi!nn
.+o,, .+of - rainslorm
uio,, uiof - son
.i,, ov you (I.)
uvo,, uvou - hymn
. (+ acc.) over, beyond

qt (indcc!inab!c) x phi
i\o,, i\q, i\ov dear, beIoved, ones ovn
i\oooio, i\oooio, - q hiIosohy
uyq, uyq, - q fIighl
u\o++o, u\oLo, .u\oLo, .u\o_o, .u\oyoi, .u\o_0qv
guard
uo, uoo, .uoo, .uio, .uoi, .u0qv roduce
ovq, ovq, - q voice
G|cssarq 143
_t (indcc!inab!c) x chi
_ooi+q, _ooi+qo, - characler, figure, slam
_q\q, _q\q, - q hoof, laIon
_0., yeslerday
_ooq, _ooq, - q chord, slring
_o.u+q,, _o.u+of - chorus member, dancer
_o.uo, _o.uoo, ._o.uoo, i._o.uio, i._o.uoi, ._o.u0qv
dance
_oqyo,, _oqyof - chorus Ieader, conduclor
_oo,, _oof - dance, chorus
_uoiov, _uoiou +o goId coin
_uoo,, _uoof - goId

qt (indcc!inab!c) x psi
.uoo, .uoo, ..uoo, -- , ..uooi, ..uo0qv
cheal, deceive
u_q, u_q, - q souI

o to (indcc!inab!c) x nmcga
inler|eclion v/vocalive
144 ||cncniarq Ancicni Grcck


accenls 5
lyes of accenl 6
accenlualion of nouns 17
accenlualion of verbs 16
vilh encIilics 49, 72
ad|eclives 53
agreemenl 53
allribulive use 64
redicalive use 65
subslanlive use 54
adverbs
of manner 112
of lime 78, 84, 98
aIhabel 2
anleenuIl 5
brealhing marks 4, 14
con|ugalion 12
consonanls 4
conlracl verbs 102
dalive of ossessor 65

definile arlicIe 10, 24, 52
dihlhongs 8
direcl ob|ecl 11, 18-9, 64
.ii 55, 78, 83
encIilics 48
gender
mascuIine nouns 10
feminine nouns 24
neuler nouns 52
indirecl ob|ecl 28
iola subscril 8
noun cases
11
accusalive 18-9, 28
nominalive 12, 18-9, 64
dalive 28, 65
genilive 27, 28
noun decIensions 122-125
-o, decIension 10
neuler ov decIension 52
-q decIension 24
Iong o decIension 42
shorl o decIension 114
mascuIine q, decIension 114-6
noun slems 42
nu movabIe 14, 55, 77
oxylone 6
aroxylone 6, 70-2
enuIl 5
erisomenon 6
|n!cx 145
oslosilive con|unclions 36
redicale nominalive 57, 64
reosilionaI hrases 28

rocIilics 48
roaroxylone 6
roerisomenon 6
unclualion 19
sub|ecl 12
syIIabificalion 5
uIlima 5
verbs
rinciaI arls 80-83, 86-88,
94-97, 130-133
verb slems 40
verb con|ugalions 126-129
aorisl lense 88-9
imerfecl lense 76-8
erfecl lense 97-8
Iuerfecl lense 97-8
resenl lense 12
voveIs 4
voveI Ienglh 15
vord order 18

You might also like