1. The efflux of which ion causes inhibitory post-synaptic potential? (potassium) 2. What is the effect of glutamate on post-synaptic synapses?

(excitatory) 3. What inhibits the bin ing between myosin an actin? (tropomyosin) !. "esi e mucus# what is the other ma$or solute component of gastric mucosa? (bicarbonate) %. "esi es protecti&e function# what is the other essential purpose for neutrali'ation of gastric chyme for pancreatic $uice? (to pro&i e optimal p( for pancreatic en'ymes) ). What factor suppresses gastrin secretion uring fasting? (*ow gastric p() +. ,tate the ifference in &alue between the partial pressure of -.2 in arterial an &enous bloo . (!)-!/0% mm(g) 1. What is the partial pressure of oxygen of bloo within pulmonary artery? (!/ mm(g) 2. When the left &entricle relaxes# name the ri&ing pressure for bloo flow to periphery? (the iastolic bloo pressure) 1/. What factor explains why s3eletal muscle contraction but not action potential can be summate ? (refractory perio ) 11. ,tate the location of the receptors that monitor osmolarity of 4-5. (hypothalamus) 12. (ow oes the action of anti- iuretic hormone# ma3e the collecting uct permeable to water? 13. When the extracellular &oiume is 12 *# what is the intracellular &olume? (2!*) 1!. What is the so ium concentration of the interstitial flui ? (21/ m6osm7*) 1%. ,tate the site of synthesis of acti&e &itamin 8 an stimulating hormone that is nee e ? (9i ney# parathyroi hormone) 1). :ame the membrane counter-transporter in intestinal smooth muscle that exu es calcium out of the muscle fiber uring relaxation? (calcium-so ium exchanger) 1+. ;n the renal clearance formula# what oes the letter < an the letter = represent? (< is the urine flow rate# = is the concentration of the solute in the urine) 11. >i&e the two pressures an state how they are use to calculate

the isten ing pressure at the al&eoli? (intra-al&eolar pressure minus the intra-pleural pressure) 12. ,tate the name of the principle use to etermine renal plasma flow an the substance that is use (5ic3e?s principle# @A() 2/. ;n the bloo of the &asa recta in the 3i ney# name an organic an nonorganic solute that contributes mainly to highest osmolarity in bloo ? (so ium an ?) 21. 8uring &oluntary mo&ement# name the two types of motor neurons that are acti&ate to the same muscle? (alpha an gamma neuron) 22. At least how many times greater is the intracellular potassium concentration compare to extracellular concentration? (3/) 23. ;n >ra&e?s isease# state the effect on the associate hormone secretion? ( ecreases T,() 2!. =sing ecrease# increase# or no changeB state how an increase in sali&ary flow the so ium concentration an osmolarity of sali&a? (?) 2%. 8uring pregnancy# what factor pre&ents the corpus luteum form regressing? ((->) 2). ;n males# name the target en ocrine cells for luteini'ing hormone? (*ey ig cells) 2+. What action of growth hormone on the li&er promotes elongation of bone? (synthesis of insulin-li3e growth factor) 21. ;n acromegaly# why is the glucose tolerance test abnormal? (growth hormone is anti-insulin) 22. Which non-steroi testicular hormone is in&ersely relate to the sperm count? (inhibin) 3/. :ame the physical barrier forme by the ,ertoli cells that maintains en&ironment for spermatogenesis? (bloo -testis barrier) 31. :ame the hormone that action on symphisis pubis allows expansion of birth canal uring parturition (relaxin) 32. ,tate with reason the change in plasma potassium le&el in transfusion reaction? ((yper3alemia ue to ?) 33. 8uring hypo&olemia# what hormone irectly releases by reflex acti&ate renal sympathetic acti&ity? (renin) 3!. :ame the pepti e neurotransmitter release by &agal ner&e that relaxes lower esophageal sphincter. (<;@)

3%. ;n the 4-># state the expecte effect of &agal stimulation of @C inter&al an si'e of DC, complex. (@C prolongation an DC, unchange ) 3). At the renal proximal tubule# state the location of en'yme that acts of filtere bicarbonate. (brush bor er of proximal tubule) 3+. What is the &alue of the partial pressure of -.2 in al&eolar air an anatomical ea space? (!/ mm(g an / mm(g# is inspire air) 31. (ow a change in &enous return affects the stro3e &olume an en systolic &olume? (stro3e &olume increases an systolic &olume remains same) 32. ;n iabetic glycosuria# lin3 transport maximum in glucose# >5C# an plasma glucose concentration together. (>5C times plasma glucose concentration is greater than transport maximum) !/. ;n terms of spee of a aption# what type of receptors are muscle spin les an pain receptors? (blow slow a apting receptors) !1. ;n s3eletal muscle# which en'yme acti&ity accounts for ifferent spee of contraction between fast an slow muscle type? (AT@ase in myosin hea ) !2. :ame the paracrine hormone that inhibits both insulin an glucagon? (somatostatin) !3. "esi es &agal stimulation# name two other stimuli for gastric secretion. ( istension of antrum or amino aci pepti es) !!. ;f the extracellular flui potassium becomes ) mmol7*# state effect on the resting membrane potential an the pea3 of action potential. (C6@ increases# A@ no change) !%. :ame an state the location of transporter at the thyroi follicular cell that that concentrates io i e. (:;,# on basolateral membrane?) !). :ame the specific name of con ition why watery stool is pro uce in mil3 intolerant person (osmotic iarrhea). !+. Which physical law explains why in the normal lung the smaller al&eolar oes not collapse? (*aw of *aplace) !1. 8uring ehy ration# how many times greater than plasma osmolarity is the most concentrate urine? (! times) !2. What two opposing forces etermine si'e of lung &olume an en of normal expiration? (4lastic recoil of al&eoli an springing outwar of chest wall)

%/. =sing a formula# state relationship between bloo pressure# T@C# heart rate# an stro3e &olume. ("@0T@C x heart rate x stro3e &olume) %1. ,tate the initiation site of action potential at spinal interneuron. (axon hillcoc3) %2. ,tate how the membrane so ium potassium AT@ase irectly contributes C6@. (3 so ium out# 2 potassium in) %3. ,tate the fee bac3 mechanism an stimulus of o&ulation. (stimulus is *(# positi&e fee bac3) %!. ;n gastric atrophy# what essential supplement is gi&en to patient to battle anemia# an how is it gi&en? (&itamin "12# intra&enous) %%. What is the ma$or anion in the glomerular filtrate? (chlori e) %). (ypothyroi ism# what is the effect on the interstitial flui compartment? (myxe ema) %+. What is the target cell for autoantibo y in autoimmune pernicious anemia? (parietal cell) %1. =sing heart soun s as in icators# how woul the systolic perio be efine ? (between the first an secon heart soun ) %2. ;n hypoxia# if the &enous partial pressure is )/ mm(g# what is the li3ely cause? (histotoxic hypoxia) )/. At the escen ing &asa recta# state the irection of mo&ement of both so ium an urea. (both so ium an urea enter &asa recta) )1. 8uring exercise# how oes the increase sympathetic acti&ity increase coronary bloo flow? (sympathetic acti&ity increase catecholamine release which acti&ates car iac metabolism an increases a enosine# causing &aso ilation) )2. ,tate the reason for the physical effect on neurons in syn rome of inappropriate anti- iuretic hormone secretion? (neuronal cell swelling ue to hyponatremia) )3. ,tate two basic ways by which ifferent ion mo&ements can create an excitatory post-synaptic potential. (the closing of potassium channels from going out an ?) )!. ;n smooth muscle cells# name the functional eEui&alent of Flines present in s3eletal muscles. ( ense bo y) )%. Which hormone from a renal cortex is not un er hypothalamic en ocrine control? (al osterone) )). ,tate the importance smooth muscle relaxation action of --9 essential for igestion of fats in uo enum (opening the sphincter of

. i to release pancreatic en'ymes) )+. ;n s3eletal muscle fiber# name the basic contractile unit? (sacromere) )1. ;n -ushing?s ,yn rome# ue to abnormality in a renal glan # state in change in associate pituitary hormones? (increase in A-T() )2. :ame the two ma$or ions secrete into sali&a. (potassium an bicarbonate) +/. What is the most abun ant non-neuronal cells in -:,? (astrocytes) +1. What transport mechanism is part of iluting segment of nephron? (so ium-chlori e co-transporter) +2. "esi es an oxygen an -.2 transport# state two other functions of hemoglobin. (bin to :. an buffering system) +3. Which specific neural acti&ity coul be in&ol&e in &aso ilation in s3eletal muscle on the onset of exercise? (sympathetic &aso ilator# cholinergic ner&e) +!. ;n hyperthyroi ism# what change in systemic hemo ynamic parameter lea s to increase &enous return? ( ecrease total peripheral resistance) +%. ;n s3eletal muscle what characteristic of muscle is efine by egree of resistance it offers to stretch? (muscle tone) +). When total hy rogen excretion in urine is increase # state its two ma$or forms of urine. ( ihy rogen phosphate an ammonium) ++. ,tate how ilation of post-glomerular efferent arteriole affects filtration fraction. ( ecrease) +1. What is the family name gi&en to se&eral gastrointestintal hormones that stimulate insulin secretion? (incretin) +2. A solution contains 1// mmol7* of so ium chlori e an 1// mmol7* of urea# state osmolarity an tonicity. (3// m.sm7*# hypotonic) 1/. :ame the ma$or hypothalamic hormone in&ol&e in control of spermatogenesis. (>nC() 11. :ame the membrane transporter responsible for maintain intracellular potassium concentration. (:a79 AT@ase) 12. At which part of car iac cycle oes greater ecrease in intra&entricular pressure occur? (?) 13. At rest# what G of renal plasma flow is not filtere ? (1/G)

1!. What two lung &olumes ma3e up the functional resi ual compacity? (expiratory reser&e &olume an resi ual &olume) 1%. ;n the 4-># if the CC inter&al is /.% secon s# what is heart rate? (12/ beats7min) 1). ;n the s3eletal muscle# name the two ,tarling forces that oppose capillary filtration. (initerstitial hy orstatic pressure an capillary oncotic pressure) 1+. :ame the specific ner&e an neurotransmitter that triggers sweating. (cholinergic sympathetic ner&es) 11. ,tate in ecreasing or er of &olume# the interstitial flui &olume# intracellular &olume# plasma &olume. (;ntracellular# interstitial# plasma) 12. ;n primary a renal insufficiency# state the change in associate hypothalamic hormone. (increase -C() 2/. ,tate the location of the regulatory center that stimulates the peristalsis in esophagus uring fee ing. (me ulla oblongata) 21. ,tate the effect of hyperglycemia an increase plasma amino aci on glucagon secretion. (hyperglycemia inhibits while amino aci s stimulates glucagon) 92. During fasting, which steroid hormone helps maintain plasma glucose level. (cortisol) 23. (ow oes thyroi hormone enhance action of nora renaline in the heart. (upregulation# increase in number of beta receptors) 2!. ;n the 3i ney# in the peritubular capillaries gi&e the &alue of plasma oncotic pressure. (3+ mm(g) 2%. ;n the oxygen-hemoglobin isassociation cur&e# state the unit of @%/ in ex an what it means. (@%/ in ex is where affinity of hemoglobin towar oxygen in half of maximum# unit is mm(g) 2). At rest# in the s3eletal muscle# what is the ma$or &ascular resistance to bloo flow? (sympathetic acti&ity) 2+. ;n a 3i ney of a well hy rate person# gi&e &alue of highest &alue of me ullary interstitial osmolarity. ()//-+// mm.sm) 21. ;n a single inhibitory synapse# how is summation of post synaptic potentials achie&e ? (temporal summation) 22. .ther than hormonal factors# name two bloo parameters that ecrease A8( secretion. ( ecrease osmolarity of bloo # increase bloo &olume) 100. In atrophy of adrenal corte , why does the !lood vessel

!ecome hyporesponsive to vessel constrictor action" (!ecause of cortisol) 1/1. 8uring car iac cycle what accounts for reacti&e hyperemia of bloo flow to &entricles? (?) 102. #elative to atmosphere, what is value of alveolar air pressure at functional residual capacity" ($ero, same as atmosphere) 1/3. (ow oes prior &oluntary hyper&entilation enable longer water breath hol ing? (in uce hypocapnia) 10%. &esides arterial !lood pressure of '(2, state two other conditions at which )*0 inde is defined. (ph and temperature) 1/%. What action of hemoglobin promotes formation of bicarbonate ions? (buffering of hy rogen ions shifts irections) 10+. ,ame the pancreatic hormone that whose secretion is stimulated !y adrenaline. (glucagon) 1/+. What explains the fact that smooth muscle exhibits plasticity with no length-tension relationship? (no sacromere) 1/1. Where are the potassium sensors source locate that regulate al osterone secretion? ('ona glomerulosa) 1/2. :ame the paracrine pepti e that ecreases gastric aci secretion. (somatostatin) 11/. 8uring exercise# besi es &aso ilation in s3eletal muscles# what other e&ents also contributes to ecrease in T@C? (cutaneous &essel ilation) 111. ;n the stomach# name the intracellular en'yme whose action lea s to post-pran ial increase in plasma bicarbonate (carbonic anhy rase) 112. The partial pressure of -.2 an oxygen in right &entricle? (-.2 is !)# oxygen is !/) 113. ;n renal autoregulation# state the two parameters that are not controlle . (renal bloo flow# an filtration rate) 11!. ;n the proximal tubule# name the ma$or solute that bin s secrete hy rogen ions (bicarbonate ion) 11%. What is the specific action of tetanus toxin on chemical synapse? (bloc3s release of inhibitory >A"A) 11). :ame the mechanism that results in high &olume flow rate when mannitol is gi&en to a patient? (osmotic iuresis)

11+. ,tate how a ecrease bloo p( affects plasma calcium. (hypercalcemia) 111. ,ynthesis of which a renal hormone is enhance by cortisol?s effect on upregulation of 3ey en'yme in it?s synthetic pathway? (@:6T) 112. What specific isor er that causes muscular wea3ness in myasthenia gra&is? (antibo ies bloc3 acetylcholine receptors) 12/. "ase on a eEuate stimulus# what type of receptors are in&ol&e in myogenic response uring autoregulation of bloo flow? (stretch receptors) 121. :ame the aci -base problem that e&elops when the pancreatic beta cells are amage . (metabolic aci osis) 122. (ow oes so ium citrate affect in &itro bloo clotting? (anticoagulent# chelating calcium ions) 123. ;n &enous bloo # which part of the bloo oxygen content etermines oxygen partial pressure? ( issol&e oxygen) 12!. ;n a single ay# name ma$or aci pro uce in bo y. (carbonic aci ) 12%. ;n an emergency# when al&eolar &entilation has to impro&e by tracheostomy# state change in lung &olume that is altere by operation? (re uce anatomical ea space) 12). Why is mean arterial bloo pressure not simply calculate a&erage of systolic an iastolic bloo pressure? ( uration of systolic is longer) 12+. Action of which ma$or iurnal hormone explains why fat-rich foo remains in stomach longer? (--9) 121. (ow oes &itamin 8 increase intestinal absorption of calcium? (stimulates synthesis of calcium bin ing protein) 122. ;n the a renal me ulla# name the starting organic substrate which is use to synthesi'e the two ma$or hormones. (tyrosine) 13/. When light enters the eye# which part of pathway refracts eye the most? (cornea) 131. :ame anterior pituitary hormone which is secrete in response to suc3ling reflex. (prolactin) 132. :ame specific type of neurotransmitter receptors that me iates increase &olume of sali&ary secretion. (muscarinic receptor) 133. ,3eletal muscle contraction# besi es increase freEuency of action potential in motor ner&es# how is force of contraction also

increase . (recruitment of motor units) 13!. <enous return is ri&en by pressure gra ient between mean circulatory filling pressure an which other pressure? (right atrium pressure) 13%. ;n carbon monoxi e toxicity# besi es re ucing oxygen content# how oes gas worsen hypoxia? (pre&ents release of oxygen into peripheral tissues) 13). ;n premature babies# state change an which physical force accounts for breathing ifficulties? (increase al&eolar surface tension) 13+. Which lobe of cerebral cortex in in&ol&e in somatosensory processing? (parietal lobe) 131. ,tate effects on intracellular &olume on rin3ing isotonic glucose an isotonic saline. (increase# remain the same) 132. The autoregulation of cerebral bloo flow# what change an in which hemo ynamic parameter occurs when bloo pressure ecreases. (increase T@C# ecrease ?) 1!/. .n a protein rich meal# which hormone releases gastric chyme into uo enum? (--9) 1!1. 8uring exercise in an athelete# if net capillary filtration rate is 3// ml7minute# what is rate of lymphatic flow rate? (3// ml7min) 1!2. ;n a person at high altitu e# state p( isturbance that occurs. (respiratory al3alosis) 1!3. 8uring hypo&olemia# what is ma$or compensatory effect by sympathetic acti&ity on proximal tubules ( ecrease so ium reabsorption) 1!!. 8uring exercise# besi es muscle contraction what other factors ecrease &enous capacitance? (sympathetic ner&es) 1!%. At rest# after tissue oxygen extraction# what percentage of oxygen bloo in arterial bloo remains? (+%G) 1!). ;n pre-synaptic inhibition# what is change in calcium influx ue to? ( ecrease action potential) 1!+. ;n terms of action potential# how oes bigger receptor potential lea to perception of greater stimulus intensity? (by higher freEuency of stimulation) 1!1. :ame the cells in the enteric ner&ous system which are belie&e to initiate the slow wa&e electrical acti&ity. (-a$al cells) 1!2. :ame the renal mechanism in&ol&ing tubule that compensates

for fluctuations in filtere loa s of so ium an water? (glomerulotubular free bac3) 1%/. ,tate with brief reasons what happens to most of the plasma thyroxine at renal glomerulus. (since thyroxine is boun to plasma proteins# it is not filtere ) 1*1. -tate with reasons what effect would we e pect of atropine on gastric histamine release" (inhi!it, !loc.s muscarinic receptor) 1%2. ;n a lab smooth muscle experiment# state with brief reasons# the expecte effect of applying of solution of cortisol to muscle. (no effect# cortisol has permissi&e effect) 1%3. ,tate effect of ecrease renal bloo flow on mean glomerular oncontic pressure an net filtration pressure. (oncotic pressure will increase# filtration ecrease) 1%!. ;n primary e ema# change in which parameter mainly accounts for ecrease in iffusing capacity of oxygen which physiological law explains this effect? (?) 1**. In the systemic circulation, what e plains the lower resistance to !lood flow at region of small capillaries compared to larger radius arterioles" (larger area) 1%). ;n primary hyperparathyroi ism# state effect on filtere calcium loa an excrete calcium loa (both increase) 1%+. ;n the ro photoreceptors# what is the egree of con&ergence an sensiti&ity to light compare to cone receptors? (higher) 1%1. :ame the ma$or postsynaptic synaptic in&ol&e in long term potentiation? (:68A receptor) 1%2. / dia!etic has plasma glucose of 000 mm gram 1 !ut has not glycosuria" ( i not reach renal glucose threshol ) 1)/. ,tate how gastrin also in irectly stimulates parietal cell secretion? (potentiate effect of histamine) 1)1. :euroglial cells constitute about what percentage of total -:, cells? (2/G) 1)2. Which pituitary hormone &asoconstriction action. (A8() 1)3. ,tate concentration of so ium secretion by acinar cells. (isotonic) 1)!. At the @ wa&e of the 4-># what is the &alue of the membrane potential of &entricles? (-+/ m<) 1)%. ,tate the location of the facilitate glucose transporter at renal

proximal tubule. (basolateral si e) 1)). What is the ma$or reason of pulmonary hypertension in resi ents at high altitu e? (hypoxia causes pulmonary &asoconstriction) 1)+. What ifference in physical parameters in tympanic membrane an o&al win ow helps amplify soun transmission? (surface area of tympanic membrane is larger than o&al win ow) 1)1. ,o ium reabsorption in renal collecting uct is a two step process# state the location an mechanism of passi&e step uring so ium reabsorption. (luminal si e# so ium channels) 1)2. "esi es sensory receptor fiel si'e# name other mechanism that increases sensory acuity when sensory impulses are sent from receptors to brain. (lateral inhibition) -emifinals 1+/. ;n s3eletal muscle tissue# what is the ma$or chemical p( buffer in the interstitial flui ? (bicarbonate) 1+1. What membrane process transfers thyroglubulin into follicle cells when thyroi hormone secretion is stimulate ? (en ocytosis) 1+2. The so ium space in icate by the in icator techniEue# what is the &olume of ;-< an T"W? (;-< 2)*# T"W ?) 1+3. ;;n a person stan ing# if the arterial pressure at the certain le&el in the legs increase by 3/ mm(g#m how much woul the &enous pressure at same le&el increase by? (same amount) 1+!. 5or A8(# which specific part of nephron oes it act on to pro uce tubular flui that has osmolariy of 3// m.sm7*? (the cortical collecting uct) 1+%. 8uring inspiration state how oes airway resistance change# an the ma$or pressure change that accounts for this? (resistance ecreases ue to increase in intrapleural pressure) 1+). ,tate briefly why a person feels i''y if he &oluntarily hyper&entilates for a perio of time. (hypocapnia ecreases cerebral circulation of -.2# causing i''iness) 1++. ;n a gentleman lying own on left si e# which lung has better al&eolar &entilation? Which long has better pulmonary bloo flow? (left lung has both better perfusion an &entilation) 1+1. ;n the concept of label lines# state two sensory information enco e by pathway of ascen ing neurons. (sensory mo ality an

sensory location) 1+2. ,tate two moments in car iac cycle when none of &al&es are open. (iso&olumetric contraction an relaxation) 11/. ,tate two paracrine signals from macula ensa that acts on afferent arterioles. (a enosine an a paracrine that affects renin release) 111. :ame the pepti e neurotransmitter that stimulates hormone secretion from antrum > cells in stomach. (gastric releasing pepti e) 2inals 112. ,tate with brief reasons the expecte effect on -:, neurons if the systemic bloo potassium becomes 1 mmol7*. (little effect because of bloo brain barrier) 113. 8uring muscle contraction between slow an fast twitch muscle# which type is recruite first# which type fatigues more easily? (slow type is recruite first# fast type fatigues more easily) 11!. ;n smooth muscle# the cytosolic calcium can increase without change in membrane potential. ,tate two types of ion channels that are in&ol&e an their location. (ligan gate calcium channel on membrane# ;@3-gate calcium channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum) 11%. :ame two bloo parameters that etermine the egree of renal-tubulo-ion secretion. (p-.2 le&el# bloo p() 11). .n a normal iet# ran3 in Euantitati&e or er# the secreti&e# the filtere # an the reabsorbe potassium in the 3i ney. (secreti&e least# reabsorbe mi le# filtere most) 11+. What accounts for positi&e transepithethial potential associate with acti&ity of neutral cotransporter :a7972-l at the *oop of (enle. (potassium ten s to lea3 bac3 to lumen) 111. ;f ecrease sympathetic acti&ity only affects pre-glomerular afferent arteriole# state the effect on filtere so ium loa an filtration fraction. (increase# filtration fraction remains the same) 112. ;f carbonic anhy rase is inhibite # what is the effect on filtere bicarbonate an the urine p(. (filtere bicarbonate is unchange # urine p( is increase ) 12/. ;n terms of si'e of representation in the sensory homunculus# ran3 the three bo y partsH genitalia# heart# face (face largest# genitalia# heart smallest)

121. 5or a blin person rea ing braille# name the specific part of brain that recei&es input from the somatosensory cortex. (Wernic3e?s area) 122. Thyroi hormones increase cell metabolism# state with reason if the partial pressure of -.2 also changes. (thyroi hormone also increases &entilation rate# so p-.2 unchange ) 123. ,tate effect on en ogenous opiates on primary afferent pain sensory ner&e in the spinal cor that re uces pain transmission? (presynaptic inhibition of neurotransmitters li3e substance p)

-onclusionH ;6,@D has a lot of Euestions of renal physiology an so few about neural physiology. :umbers# such as those in&ol&ing partial pressures in the car iac cycle an renal an interstital osmolarities are &ery important.