9-Jacksonian America

Our Federal Union

240-251

Calhoun and Nullification Supported the tariff in 1816 1820s South Carolinians tariff of abomination responsible for stagnation of the economy was the result of South Carolinas exhaustion of farm land Calhouns theory of Nullification Ideas from adison ! "efferson# $irginia and %entuc&y resolutions 1'(8)1'((# citing 10th amendment *rgued that the federal go+ernment created by the states, not courts or congress were final arbiters of the constitutionality of the federal laws Theory of NullificationIf a state concluded that congress had passed an unconstitutional law then it could hold a special con+ention and declare the federal law null and void within the state -ullification doctrine had support of South Carolina artin $an .uren was "ohn C/ Calhoun0s ri+al The Rise of Van Buren .ecame go+ernor of -ew 1or& in 1828 2resigned in 182(3 "ac&son appointed him as secretary of state $an .uren established himself as a member of the cabinet and %itchen cabinet $an .uren0s influence on the president grew as a result of a 4uarrel o+er eti4uette that dro+e a wedge between the president and Calhoun 5eggy 60-eal) daughter of a 7ashington ta+ern

"ohn 8aton ! "efferson stayed with 60-eal 1820, rumors about 60-eal and Senator 8aton spread, married in 1828 "ac&son made 8aton Secretary of 7ar "ac&son chose $an .uren to succeed him to the white house

The Webster-Hayne Debate 9ebate o+er federal policy toward the 7estern lands Senator from Connecticut, suggested that all land sales and sur+eys in the west be temporarily discontinued, to slow the growth of sla+ery :obert 1/ ;ayne said slowing down the growth of the 7est was a way for the 8ast to retain its political and economic power/ hoped he would attract support from westerners in congress to lower the tariff in South Carolina South ! 7est argued they were both +ictims of tyranny of -orth 8ast ;ayne suggested both regions combine and defend themsel+es 9aniel 7ebster) Senator of assachusetts # a 7hig was against ;ayne Challenging ;ayne on the States :ights $S/ -ational 5ower ;ayne brought up <heory of -ullification 7ebster Second :eply to ;ayne= 2>iberty and ?nion, now and fore+er, one and inseparable@=3 <homas "efferson A 6ur Bederal ?nion) It must be preser+ed/= <he union, next to our liberty most dear/= The Nullification Crisis 18C2, -ullificationDCrisis Congressional tariff bill was passed that offered South Carolinians no relief from the 1828 tariff of abominations=

>egislature, state con+ention to nullify tariffs of 1828 ! 18C2# forbid collection of duties w#in state South Carolina elected ;ayne as Eo+ernor South Carolina elected "ohn C Calhoun as Senator "ac&son, -ullificationD <reason 2those implementing it D traitors3 Strengthened federal forts in SC ! ordered warship # re+enue ships to Charleston/ 18CC) Congress con+ened early "ac&son proposed force bill authoriFing the president to use the military to ma&e sure acts of congress were obeyed/ -o states supported SC # SC was di+ided ;enry Clay newly elected Senate Compromise) tariff would be lowered, by 18G2 it would be the same as in 1812 Compromise and Borce .ill passed on same day 2 arch 1, 18CC3 The Removal of the Indians "ac&son wanted to mo+e west beyond

ississippi

White Attitudes Toward The Tribes -ati+esD -obel Sa+ages <ribes had +aluable land, whites wanted it The Black Hawk War Sau& ! Box Indians under >eader .lac& ;aw&

:efused to honor agreement made after 18C2 to cede tribal lands in Illinois Sau& ! Box Indians 9efeated *braham >incoln ser+ed as captain of the militia, but saw no action in the .lac& ;aw& war/ "efferson 9a+is was a lieutenant

The i!e Ci!ili"ed Tribes# <ribes remained in 7estern Eeorgia, *labama, ississippi, and Blorida Chero&ee, Cree&, Seminole, Chic&asaw, ! Choctaw Chero&ee de+eloped) written language, formal constitution 2182'3 :emo+al *ct) Bederal Eo+ernment negotiate treaties with Southern Indians to mo+e them westward 18C0 Congress 5assed the :emo+al *ct Chero&ees appealed to Supreme Court Chero&ee -ation +/ Eeorgia ! 7orchester +/ Eeorgia 218C1, 18C23 Chero&ees :esistance) 18CH, Bederal Eo+ernment extracted treaty from Chero&ees "ac&son sent army led by Eeneral 7infield Scott/ Trails of Tears Chero&ees fled to state line of -orth Carolina Bederal Eo+ernment pro+ided a small reser+ation in the Smo&y ountains Indian <erritory= 27inter 18C83 Called their route <he <rail 7here <hey Cried= Indian Intercourse *ct of 18CG

<he Seminole 7ar)18G2 Eo+ernment abandoned the war

Jackson and the Bank War "ac&sons 6pposition to Concentrated 5ower

Biddle$s %nstitution .an&0s head4uarters in 5hiladelphia, branches in 2( other cities 6nly place fed/ Eo+/ could deposit its own funds, owned 1#H of ban& stoc& -icholas .iddle) 5resident of the ban& 182C *ndrew "ac&son wanted to destroy the prosperous institution/ 2 6ppositions Soft oney=)wanted more currency in circulation/ 6bIected to the ban& of the ?S) it restrained state ban&s from issuing notes freely ;ard oney=) Eold ! Sil+er only basis of money "ac&son supported ;ard oney= -icholas .iddle) 5hiladelphia aristocrat, granted financial fa+ors to men who would help preser+e the .an&/ .iddle and 7ebster de+eloped close friendship 7ebster D .an&0s legal council and director of .oston .ranch/ ;elped win the support of ;enry Clay "ac&son +etoed the recharter bill Clay ran for 5resident, "ac&son 7on

The &onster Destroyed# "ac&son could not legally get rid of the ban& 7ea&ened it) :emo+ed Eo+ernment 9eposits/ 2Secretary of <reasury) it would destabiliFe the financial system3 "ac&son fired the Sec/ <reas/, replaced , fired again Crd Secretary of <reasury A *ttorney Eeneral :oger ./ <aney <aney placed go+ernment deposits in pet ban&s= .iddle called in loans and raised interest rates 7inter 18CC)18CG .iddle was blamed for the recession ;e then began to grant credit .an& 9ied in 18C6) left the country with unstable financial system The Taney Court 18CH "ohn arshall died Chief "ustice :oger ./ <aney ;elped modify arshalls nationalism Charles :i+er .ridge +/ 7arren .ridge 18C' ass/ Companies dispute right to build a bridge <aney) State had right to amend a contract if such action was necessary to ad+ance or abrogate a contract if such action was necessary to ad+ance the well)being of the community Jacksonian Ideal &ey to democracy, expansion economic opportunity/ It would not occur if older corporations could maintain monopolies/ The Chan'in' ace of A(erican )olitics

7higs) the party that wor&ed to limit the &ings power Second 5arty system=

De(ocrats * Whi's 9emocrats) steady expanding economic and political opportunities :ole of go+/ limited# go+ remo+e obstacles and not create them "ac&sonians) rapid economic growth, attac&ing centers of corrupt pri+ilege/ Society the planter, the farmer, the mechanic ! the laborer, all &now that their success depends on their own industry and economy/= >ocofocos) mainly wor&ingmen, small businessmen ! professionals in the -8 7higgery) fa+ored power of the federal go+ernment, encouraging industrial and commercial de+elopment/ Cautious of westward expansion/ 8mbraced industrial future, commercial and manufacturing 9emocrats) oppose legislation establishing ban&s, corporations, moderniFing institutions/ 7higs)strongest merchants and manufacturers of -8, wealthy planters S, farmers of the 7 *d+ocated expanding trade, economic progress 7ealthier than 9emocrats#aristocratic bac&grounds, commercially ambitious 9emocrats) support from smaller merchants, wor&ingmen -8, S planters suspicious of industrial growth/ 7 with southern roots/ Ba+ored agrarian economy, opposed powerful institutions *nti) asonry A -1 , 7higs *nti) ason mo+ement 1820s2to gain the popular +ote3 "ac&son ! $an .uren D asons :eligious ! 8thnic 9i+isions A Eerman, Catholics D 9emocrats # 5rotestant D7hig 7higs Ereat <rium+irate= ;enry Clay, 9aniel 7ebster, "ohn Calhoun 8lection on 18C6) 9emocrats) $an .uren # 7higs) se+eral candidates $an .uren won election

9-Jacksonian America
Van Buren & The Panic of 1837

251-259

9-Jacksonian America
Andrew Jackson retired 1837

251-259

Canal & Railroads builders peak of activity. Prices risin ! "oney plentiful! easy credit! banks increased t#eir loans & notes not payin attention to t#eir cas# reserves. 183$%1837 land businesses boo"in % t#e sale of lands&"oney fro" t#e tariff in 1833 overn"ent #as a bud et surplus! national debt was reducin 183'% Con ress passed (istribution Act% re)uirin t#e federal overn"ent to pay surplus funds to t#e states eac# year in * )uarterly install"ents% it sti"ulated t#e econo"y +specie circular,% 183' Jefferson - w#en payin for public lands old and silver only accepted! or currency securely backed up by old or silver Panic of 1837% .anks & .usinesses failed! une"ploy"ent rew! .read riots! prices fell /prices of land0 railroad&canal pro1ects failed. 2tates wit# debt didn3t pay interests on t#eir bonds .ot# parties responsible also 4uropeans 4uropeans investors wit#drew funds fro" A"erica Crop failures Panic occurred durin de"ocratic ad"inistration! /opposed overn"ent intervention0 5ndependent 6reasury% +2ubtreasury, overn"ent places its funds in an independent treasury in 7as#in ton and in subtreasuries in ot#er cities. 8o private banks would #ave t#e overn"ent3s "oney. /9ost i"portant and controversial ac#ieve"ents by :an .uren0

The Log Cabin Campaign (ece"ber 183;% 7#i s #ad 1st 8ational no"inatin convention in <arrisbur ! Pennsylvania P% 7illia" <enry <arrison! :P% Jo#n 6yler of :ir inia. <arrison% renowned solider! 5ndian fi #ter! popular national fi ure (e"ocrats no"inee% :an .uren! failed to no"inate a :P 18*=s Ca"pai n first in +Penny press, new way to infor" people 7#i s> party of t#e co""on people ! (e"ocrats> Party of t#e Co""on people 7#i s% portrayed <arrison as wealt#y "e"ber frontier elite! si"ple "an of t#e people w#o loved lo cabins and #ard cider. Accused :an .uren% aloof aristocrat! used colo ne! drank c#a"pa ne! ate fro" old plates

9-Jacksonian America
The Frustration of the Whigs <arrison died of pneu"onia one "ont# after takin office.

251-259

6yler> for"er (e"ocrat! abolis#ed :an .uren3s 5ndependent treasury syste" & raisin tariff rates. Refused to rec#arter bank. /Cal#oun replaced 7ebster0 Whig Dip omac! 1837% eastern Canada launc#ed rebellion a ainst t#e .ritis# colonial overn"ent. Rebels c#arted t#e Caroline! A"erican s#ip. .ritis# sei?ed t#e s#ip and burned it killin 1 A"erican Ale@ander 9cAeod% Canadian! c#ar ed wit# "urder of t#e A"erican. .rit. Bov. 9cAeod could not be c#ar ed wit# "urder because it was done under orders. Corei n secretary! t#e bellicose Aord Pal"erston! de"anded #is relase and t#reatened e@ecution > +i""ediate and fri #tful war, Aroostook 7ar% dispute! boundary Canada & 9aine /lu"ber1acks0 18*1% Creole /A"erican s#ip0 :ir inia to 8ew Drleans wit# slaves! t#e slaves took possession on t#e boat and went to .a#a"as /brits declared t#ere slaves>Cree0 18*E% Aord As#burton /.rit0 to ne otiate wit# 9aine about boundary 7ebster and reps fro" 9aine and 9assac#usetts! 7ebster%As#burton 6reaty 18*E! establis#ed nort#ern boundary /Canada0 6yler ad"inistration% 1st diplo"atic relations wit# c#ina Caleb Cus#in /co""issioner0 ne otiated treaty ivin F2 so"e part in C#ina trade! also +e@traterritoriality,/ri #t! A"ericans accused of cri"es in C#ina to be tried by A"erican officials 6reaty of 7an <ya% 18**

10-Americas Economic Revolution

The Changing merican !o"ulation The A(erican )o+ulation, -./0--.10

260-274

C trends) 5opulation increasing rapidly, mo+ing from county to industrialiFing cities, migrating west/ Impro+ements of public health/ ;igh birth rates/ Immigration slowed because of 8uropean wars Influx of Irish Catholics 8uropean immigration flowed into -8 growing cities/ 1810, -ew 1or&D largest city , 8rie canal ga+e city access to the interior state/ %((i'ration * 2rban 3rowth, -.10--.40 :apid ?rbaniFation 7est) <he booming agricultural economy 2?rban growth3 aIor port cities) St/ >ouis, 5ittsburgh, Cincinnati, >ouis+ille/ Center of trade that connected farmers of the idwest/ 2Cities by the ississippi3 ississippi :i+er to Ereat >a&es, superseded ri+er ports/ A .uffalo, 9etroit, *fter 18C0s shipping from

ilwau&ee, Cle+eland, most important D Chicago/ Surging Immigration 18G0s)18H0s 8ngland, Brance, Italy, Scandina+ia, 5oland ;olland, most from Ireland and Eermany/ Eerman Immigrants) in Eermany industrial re+olution caused po+erty ! collapse of liberal re+olution 18G8, persuaded Eermans to Immigrate Settled in -orthwest and became farmers, or businessmen in the west/ Eermans had some money, they were Eerman families or single men Irish Immigrants) in Ireland, oppressi+eness, greatest disaster potato famine= 18GH)18G(/ Settled in eastern cities

10-Americas Economic Revolution

Irish had no money and were mostly young, single women, became factory wor&ers

260-274

The Rise of Nati!is( -ew Immigration pro+ided for cheap labor and low wages/ 7est hoped for immigrants to mo+e there) expand the populationA made a mar&et, land#goods 5olitical leaders wanted immigrants to increase the political influence of the region/ 7estern states soon permitted foreign)born to become +oters as soon as they declared their intention of see&ing citiFenship ! had resided in the state for a year/ -ati+ism=) defense of the nati+e)born people ! a hostility to the foreign)born, desire to stop or slow immigration/ :esultsD racism, immigrants were inherently inferior to older)stoc& *mericans $iewed immigrants with same preIudice and low ability as the *frican *mericans and Indians/ -ew comers were socially unfit/ $iewed as Iob stealers because they wor&ed for low wages/ *lien enace= A Secret society that were against immigrants -ati+e *merican *ssociation) agitating against immigration in 18C'/ 18GH, held a con+ention in 5hiladelphia and formed the -ati+e *merican 5arty 18H0) the order of the Star)Spangled .anner demands banning Catholics or foreign)born from holding public office/ >iterary tests for +oting/ Secret code D I &now nothing= became the %now)nothings= group/ Bocused on party politics after 18H2 election/ 2declined in18HG3 Trans"ortation# Communications# $ Technolog% The Canal A'e

10-Americas Economic Revolution

1'(0)1820s turnpi&e era J of steam boats grew corn ! wheat from -8, cotton ! tobacco from S )K -ew 6rleans) carried passengers Barmers pay less to transport goods# 8astern consumers pay less Canals were cheaper to transport goods Canal building was the Iob of the states/ -8 too& lead in constructing them 9e 7itt Clinton) go+ernor of -1 in 181' 2canal digging began in 181' in -13 8rie Canal) G0 ft wide, G0 ft deep/ 80 loc&, opened in 6ctober 182H Ea+e direct access to Chicago, -1 could then replace -ew 6rleans

260-274

The 5arly Railroads :ailroads became the primary transportation In+ention of trac&s, steam)powered locomoti+es, de+elopment of railroad cars for passengers 1820) "ohn Ste+ens, locomoti+es and cars around circular trac& in -"/ 182H) Stoc&ton ! 9arlington :ailroad in 8ngland) 1st line to carry general traffic .altimore ! 6hio) 1st company to begin actual operations, 1C)mile trac& -1) ohaw& ! ;udson 18C1) Schenectady )K *lbany :ailroads ! Canals D Competetion/ The Triu(+h of the Rails Chicago became the rail center of the west/ :ailroad financing) many sources 18H0 Senator Stephan */ 9ouglas 2Illinois3 persuaded congress to grant federal lands to aid in the Illinois Central, Chicago )K -ew 6rleans/ Congress assisted many states/

10- Americas Economic Revolution

"nno#ations "n Communications & $ourna ism

274-283

10- Americas Economic Revolution

Ja"es G. Polk presidential no"ination 6ele rap#s was ideal for lon %distance co""unication Pacific 6ele rap# 18'1 8H to 2an Crancisco All lines 1oined and beca"e t#e 7estern Fnion 6ele rap# Co"pany 18*'% Ric#ard <oe invented t#e stea" cylinder rotary press print newspapers fast & c#eap Associated Press% pro"ote cooperative news at#erin by wire.

274-283

18**% 2a"uel C. .. 9orse! successfully fro" .alti"ore to 7as#in ton sent news of

9a1or "etropolitan newspapers 8H > <orace Breenley3s 6ribune& Ja"es Bordon .ennett3s <erald& <enry J. Ray"ond3s 6i"es Journalis" unified A"erica Journalis" in 18*=s% 18$=s fueled sectional discord Papers in 8 ! reinforcin 2 sense of sub1u ation

Commerce & Industry 9id 1; century F2 developed "odern capitalist econo"y & advanced industrial capacity

The %&pansion of Business' 18()*18+) 18E=s%183=s business rew rapidly because of population rowt# and ease of transportation darin i"a ination & rut#lessness of a new eneration of entrepreneurs C#an e in retail distribution of oods Aar er cities% rocery stores

10- Americas Economic Revolution

2"aller villa es - eneral stores Dr ani?ation of business c#an ed Ai"ited partners#ips

274-283

Corporations be an to develop in 183=s / roup could secure c#arter by payin fee0 8ew laws > syste" of liability% stock#olders risked losin only t#e value of t#eir own invest"ent if a corporation s#ould fail! and t#ey are not liable for t#e corporations lar er losses. Rise of corporations "ade it possible for a lar er "anufacturin and business enterprises .usiness relied on credit. .anks be an to fail because t#ey circulated too "uc# currency The %mergence of the Factor! 2#oe factories - 4astern 9assac#usetts 18*=%18'= dra"atic rowt# in factories 84 plants so lar e t#at t#e re ion produced "ore t#an E&3s of t#e nations "anufactured oods ,-#ances in Techno og! Bovern"ent supported researc# and develop"ent of "ac#ine tools 2prin field! 9assac#usetts developed% turret lat#e /cuttin screws and ot#er "etal parts0 "illin "ac#ine /beca"e critical in "akin t#e sewin "ac#ine0 F2 tec#nolo y beca"e better t#an 4uropean tec#nolo y 5nterc#an eable Parts% 4li 7#itney & 2i"eon 8ort# tried to introduce into un factories. Revolutioni?ed watc# and clock "akin ! loco"otives! far" tools etc. Coal was replacin wood and water 183=% $** inventions were patented 18$=% ;;3 18'=% *!778

10- Americas Economic Revolution

rubber /treatin it to ive it reater stren t# and elasticity0 18*'% 4lias <owe! 9assac#usetts! constructed a sewin "ac#ine! 5saac 2in er "ade i"prove"ents /<owe%2in er 9ac#ine0 7ater power was t#e "ost i"portant source of power in "anufacturin 2o"e factories #ad to close in t#e winter Men & Women at Work

274-283

183;% C#arles Boodyear% 8ew 4n land #ardware "erc#ant! discovered vulcani?in

18*=% rowin i""i rant population beca"e "ost i"portant source of workers .ecruiting a /ati#e Wor0force 6#e develop"ent of new tools and fertile far" lands - increased food production 8ew far"in "et#ods less labor intensive Cood could be i"ported fro" re ion to re ion E 2yste"s of recruit"ent w#ole fa"ilies fro" far" to "ill enlistin youn wo"en Aowell or 7alt#a" 2yste" Aowell syste" depended on youn un"arried wo"en Conditions were #orrifyin (ifficulty ad1ustin to factory life 183*% 9ill workers in Aowell or ani?ed a union

10- Americas Economic Revolution

t#e Cactory Birls Association recession of 1837 destroyed t#e or ani?ation

274-283

2ara# .a ley! created t#e Ce"ale Aabor Refor" Association - de"anded 1=#r work day and i"prove"ents of workin conditions

The "mmigrant Wor0force Aow wa es 6#ey could not support t#eir fa"ilies! t#ey lived in s#anties w#ic# t#reatened t#eir #ealt# <ars# 7orkin Conditions The Factor! 1!stem & the ,rtisan Tra-ition Cactory syste" t#reatened Artisans 6#ey were unable to co"pete wit# factory oods 8ational 6rade Fnions! skilled workers for"ed societies for "utual aid 2et up trade unions ! econo"ies of cities were interconnected 183*% dele ates fro" ' cities founded t#e 8ational 6raders3 Fnion 183'% t#e printers & cordwainers set up t#eir own national craft unions leaders stru led /courts said - co"bination a"on workers> ille al conspiracy0

Fighting for Contro 8ew <a"ps#ire 18*7 & Pennsylvania 18*8 passed 1= #r laws! li"itin work da! unless workers a reed to +e@press contract, 9assac#usetts! 8ew <a"ps#ire! Pennsylvania passed c#ild labor re ulatin laws /didn3t #elp "uc#0

10- Americas Economic Revolution

18*E% Co""onwealt# v. <unt declared unions lawful or ani?ations and strikin was lawful Fnion "ove"ent ineffective in 18*=s%18$=s 183=s Artisans #ad reater success t#an t#e factory workers 2killed workers created 8ational 6ypo rap#ical Fnion% 18$E 2tone cutters%18$3 <at Cinis#ers%18$* 9olders & t#e 9ac#inists% 18$; 18$=s 7o"en be an establis#in Protective Fnions

274-283

A"ericas 7orkin Class was divided. 8u"erous factories! et#nic divisions etc.

11- otton! "laver#! $ %&e 'l( "out&

The Cotton Economy

297-307

4cono"ic power s#ift fro" +upper 2out#, to +lower 2out#,! rowin cotton industry The .ise of the Cotton 2ing +upper 2out#, relied on cultivation of tobacco. /Fnstable crop! fluctuatin price.0 prices fre)uent to depressions 18E=s%18$=s! tobacco e@#austed t#e land 183=s% :ir inia! 9aryland! 8ort# Carolina s#ifted to 7#eat! tobacco "oved westward /pied"ont area0 2out# Carolina! Beor ia! Clorida - cultivated rice! stable&lucrative crop. 2u ar rowers alon Bulf Coast! only wealt#y planters! #ad co"petition fro" Caribbean. 2out#ern Aouisiana & 4astern 6e@as. Aon %2taple /2ea 5sland0 Cotton% Aucrative! only rew in li"ited area of sout#east. 2#ort%staple cotton% <arder coarser strain of cotton! could row in variety of cli"ates. 2eeds were difficult to re"ove fro" fiber. /17;3 Cotton Bin solved t#at0 (e"and for Cotton was rapid% Browt# of te@tile industry in .ritain 18E=s! 183=s and in 8ew 4n land 18*=s! 18$=s. 9any "en and wo"en "oved to uncultivated lands after t#e tribes were relocated to row cotton .e innin in t#e 18E=s cotton production spread rapidly. 2out# Carolina! Beor ia. Production "oved westward! Alaba"a! 9ississippi ! 8ort#ern Aouisiana! 6e@as and Arkansas. +Cotton is Gin ,% sout#ern politicians Cotton production do"inated t#e +lower sout#, +deep sout#, %I +cotton kin do", /4@pansion of 2lavery0 18E= & 18'= t#e J slaves rew tre"endously in Alaba"a! 9ississippi! :ir inia 6#e 2ale of slaves beca"e an i"portant econo"ic activity. <elped co"pensate for declinin value in crops. 1outhern Tra-e an- "n-ustr!

11- otton! "laver#! $ %&e 'l( "out&

7eak 9anufacturin 2ector

297-307

Browin activity in flour "illin and te@tile! iron "anufacturin % upper sout# 6rede ar 5ron 7orks! Ric#"ond co"pared to t#e 84 9ills 2out# developed a nonfar" co""ercial sector! serve t#e need of plantation econo"y 5"portant% .rokers +factors, "arketed t#e planters3 crops. Aived in 8ew Drleans! C#arleston! 9obile! 2avanna#. 6ried to find buyers for cotton and ot#er crops. Also were bankers for t#e planters! t#ey provided planters credit. 2out#% (octors! editors! lawyers & ot#er! closely tied! dependent on plantation econo"y (epended on t#e 8ort#3s "anufacturin and econo"ic syste". 5nade)uate Re ional 6ransportation 2yste"% in t#e sout#! no canals! no railroads! roads were crude. Fnlike t#e nort# durin t#e antebellu" period. Railroad was ineffective w#en it ca"e to connectin trade routes across t#e state. C#arleston! Atlanta! 2avanna# & 8orfolk #ad direct connections wit# 9e"p#is 5ndependent lines between D#io River and 8ew Drleans . 9ost lines were s#ort and local. 6ransportation was "ainly used for water. Planters s#ipped t#eir crops by river or sea. Albert Pike! Arkansas Journalist% +Cro" t#e rattle wit# w#ic# t#e nurse tickles t#e ear of a c#ild born in t#e 2out# to t#e s#roud t#at covers t#e cold fro" t#e dead! everyt#in co"es to us fro" t#e 8ort#, Ja"es .. (. (e .ow - Resident 8ew Drleans! "ost pro"inent advocate of t#e sout#ern econo"ic independence. Publis#ed a "a a?ine De Bows Review advocatin sout#ern co""ercial and a ricultural e@pansion. Counded 18*' lasted until 188= 7anted sout#ern econo"ic independence of t#e 8ort# warned constantly of t#e dan ers of t#e colonial relations#ip between t#e sections /8 & 20 5rony - Printed in 8ew Hork because 8ew Drleans #ad no Printers ade)uate 1ources of 1outhern Difference

11- otton! "laver#! $ %&e 'l( "out&

Reasons for colonial dependency

297-307

A riculture was boo"in ! wealt#y sout#erners #ad capital invested in land! t#e sout#ern cli"ate! #ot > less suitable for industrial develop"ent. 2out#erners work #abits! lack stron work et#ic t#at nort# #ad. Cailure to create co""ercial or industrial econo"y (iscoura ed t#e rowt# of cities and industry 7#ite 2out#erners > representatives of a special way of lifeK based on traditional values of c#ivalry! leisure! ele ance. /t#e Cavalier 5"a e0 People #appy free fro" t#e instinct of t#e +Hankees, 9ore concerned wit# refined and racious life t#an rapid rowt# and develop"ent. White Society in the South 2"all "inority owned slaves in sout#% "isleadin The P anter C ass Planter Aristocracy% Cotton "a nates! su ar! rice & tobacco nabobs! w#ites w#o owned *=&$= slaves & 8==L acres of land 6#ey deter"ined political & econo"ic & social life of t#eir re ion. 7ealt#ier planters also owned #o"es in cities w#ere t#ey would be socialites Aiked to co"pare t#e"selves to old upper class 4urope% 6rue aristocrats. /t#ey were not si"ilar at all0 Plantation 9ana e"ent% planters #ad to supervise carefully if t#ey wanted a profit 6idewater! :ir inia% reat aristocrats! fa"ilies w#o #ad occupied wealt# for enerations 9ostly 1ust ca"e into wealt#! 1st eneration Reality and 5"a e% deter"ined to portray as enteel aristocrats. (eter"ined to defend t#eir positions. /defense of slavery stron er w& new0

11- otton! "laver#! $ %&e 'l( "out&

297-307

Aristocratic :alues - avoided coarse occupations /trade and co""erce0

34onor5 9ales adopted a code of c#ivalry% defendin t#eir #onor! t#ru duelin 5dea of #onor% idea of et#ical be#avior and bravery! i"portance of di nity and aut#ority Preston .rooks% 2out# Carolinian con ress"an beat 2enator C#arles 2u"ner! 9assac#usetts #e acted #onorable /united states senate0 8ort# t#ou #t of #i" as a sava e. Cult of <onor% aven in wo"en3s insults was #u e The 31outhern La-!5 <ousewives! #ostesses! co"panions! nurturin "ot#ers. 7#ite "en ave "ore +defense, for t#e wo"en! but w#ite "en were even "ore do"inant Beor e Cit?#u #% i"portant sout# social t#eorist +wo"en! like c#ildren! #ave but one ri #t! and t#at ri #t is to protection. 6#e ri #t to protection involves t#e obli ation to obey., 9ost wo"en lived on far"s! isolated fro" ot#ers 6#ey spun and wove! #elped supervise slave workforce! ,planation "istresses,% orna"ent 2out#ern wo"en #ad less education The P ain Fo 0 6ypical sout#erner% "odest yeo"an far"er% plain folk 2ubsistence far"in 2out#ern education didn3t provide learnin opportunities for t#e poor +<ill People,% lived in Appalac#ian ran e east of 9ississippi in t#e D?arks west of t#e river

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cut off fro" t#e co""ercial world! owned no slaves. Personal freedo" ! older political ideas

297-307

Close Relations wit# t#e Plantation Aristocracy% s"all far"ers depended on local plantation 6o access cotton ins! "arkets! credit Co""it"ent to Paternalis"% traditional "ale do"inated fa"ily structure Bender relations to ensure order and stability. 9en> Fn)uestioned "asters of t#eir #o"e (e raded Classes - +crackers, +sand #illers, +poor w#ite tras#, Aived in swa"ps in cabins! dietary deficiencies! disease. /ate clay0 Ai"ited Class Conflict% 8o opposin to plantation and slavery 8o stren t# to protest! but even t#ou # t#ey were poor t#ey were w#ite! t#ey were still considered t#e rulin race Crederick Aaw Dl"sted% nort#erner w#o visited sout# 18$=s% +Cro" c#ild#ood! t#e one t#in in t#eir condition w#ic# #as "ade life valuable to t#e "ass of w#ites #as been t#at t#e ni ers are yet t#eir inferiors,

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307-319

Slavery: The Peculiar Institution 2out#erners referred to slavery as - Peculiar 5nstitutionK (istinctive! special. 5solated .lacks fro" w#ites% African A"ericans developed a culture of t#eir own. 9asters and 2laves dependent on eac# ot#er. Varieties of 1 a#er! 2lave codes forbade t#e" to #old property! leave "asters3 pre"ises wit#out per"ission! be out after dark! carry fire ar"s! could not learn! testify in court. Gillin a slave was not considered a cri"e 4nforce"ents of t#e slave code was spotty 6ask and Ban 2yste"s% lar er plantations task syste" - co""on on rice plantations! slaves were assi ned a particular task Life 6n-er 1 a#er! 9asters ave t#e" w#at t#ey needed to survive 2lave 7o"en #ad t#e tou #est 1obs labored and did #ouse#old c#ores 2lave fa"ilies were constantly broken apart <i # "ortality rates <ouse 2laves #ad an easier ti"e! p#ysically it didn3t re)uire "uc#. 6#ere was a lot of se@ual abuse. 9aster and 2lave. 1 a#er! "n the Cities Autono"y of 2laves% "inin ! lu"berin ! docks! drove wa ons! unskilled 1obs in t#e city

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.lack wo"en outnu"bered black "en

307-319

Free ,frican ,mericans Cew slaves earned "oney and bou #t t#eir freedo" 4li?abet# Geckley earned #er and #er sons freedo" by sewin 2o"e slaves were set free by t#eir "aster 6i #tened Restrictions on free blacks Cears because of 8at 6urners rebellion! fear t#at if set free blacks will turn on t#eir "asters 5t was difficult to "anu"it& free slaves% all sout#ern states forbade free African A"ericans fro" enterin . The 1 a#e Tra-e 2lave 9arkets! auctions 6ransported by trains or by river! by foot (o"estic slave trade! essential to t#e rowt# and prosperity of t#e w#ole syste". 6rade was de#u"ani?in 6#e forei n slave trade% alt#ou # federal law #ad pro#ibited t#e i"portance of slaves fro" 18=8 t#ey were continually s"u led. 7illia" A. Hancey of Alaba"a - 5f it3s ri #t to buy slaves in :ir inia and carry t#e" to 8ew Drleans! w#y is it not ri #t to buy t#e" in Cuba! .ra?il or Africa and carry t#e" t#ereM 6#e convention 18$8 voted to reco""end t#e repeal of t#e laws a ainst slave i"ports but it didn3t #appen. Resistance of s"u lin % 183; a roup of $3 slaves in Cuba took control of t#e A"istad a s#ip t#at was transportin slaves to anot#er part of Cuba :an .uren t#ou #t t#e slaves s#ould be returned 1 a#e .esistance +2a"bo,% be#avior% c#arade assu"ed in t#e presence of w#ites 2lave rebel% re"ained forever rebellious 18== Babriel Prosser% at#ered 1!=== rebellious slaves outside Ric#"ond /failed0 8at 6urners was t#e only lar e scale

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307-319

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ulture $ Re*orm

320-328

The Romantic Im ulse 8ational Cultural Aspirations /ationa ism an- .omanticism in ,merican Painting Literature an- the 7uest for Liberation Literature in the ,ntebe um 1outh The Transcen-enta ists The Defense of /ature Visions of 6topia .e-efining 8en-er .o es The 9ormons

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ulture $ Re*orm

328-344

Remakin! Society 8ew refor" "ove"ents 6e"perance! education! peace! and t#e care of t#e poor! and t#e "entally ill! t#e treat"ent of cri"inals! t#e ri #ts of wo"en .e#i#a ism' 9ora it!' an- :r-er P#ilosop#y of refor" ca"e fro"! opti"istic visions w#o re1ected Calvinist doctrines The Temperance Crusa-e 4ea th Fa-s an- Phreno og! 9e-ica 1cience .eforming %-ucation The "n-ian .eser#ation The %mergence of Feminism The Crusade "!ainst Slavery %ar ! :pposition to 1 a#er!

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ulture $ Re*orm

328-344

8arrison an- ,bo itionism

B ac0 ,bo itionists

,nti*,bo itionism

,bo itionism Di#i-e-

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