BASIC STEPS TO PERFORM PUSHOVER ANALYSIS IN SAP 2000

5.1 OVERVIEW SAP 2000 is the finite element method based commercial software. The analysis in SAP 2000 involves the following four steps: 1. Modeling 2. Static analysis 3. Designing 4. Pushover analysis 1. Modeling Modeling is the primary task of any analytical study and the result obtained to a large extent depends on the simplification taken during this step. Modeling involves creation of geometry of overall structure by including elements of various components representing respective structural behavior including boundary conditions. In the considered problem, material properties of various elements and loads on various elements and its combinations are defined. steps involved in the modeling are as follows: 1. 2. Units are set for the convenience. Define the properties of various materials used in the models. 3. Define the section properties of various structural elements of the model. 4. Draw the model in the graphical environment. The various

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5.

Define different loads and their combination. Including cases of pushover analysis.

6.

Assign section properties to the model and boundary condition.

7. 8. 9.

Assign the various loads on the structure. Draw tendon elements in PT beam elements. Assign prestressed loads and post tensioning parameters to tendon elements.

10.

Assign nonlinear hinges on beams and columns.

2. Static Analysis Once the model is built, the static analysis is performed after defining the various loads and their combinations. 3. Design In RC frame sections, properties of nonlinear hinges are mainly based on the outcome of the designed section. So, prior to pushover analysis analysis. 4. Pushover Analysis Many nonlinear static analyses are possible. But it is usual to consider only three primary cases that are Push1- gravitational push, Push2- push staring from the end of gravitational push and it is in Xdirection, and the last one is Push3- this also starts from end of the gravitational push but in Y-direction. The following general sequences of steps are involved in performing a static nonlinear analysis: 1.Create a model just like any other analysis. it is necessary to do design. Using appropriate code recommendations, model is first designed for the response to the static

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2.Define frame hinge properties elements.

and

assign them to the frame

3.Define any Load Cases and static and dynamic Analysis Cases that may be needed for steel or concrete design of the frame elements, particularly if default hinges are used. 4.Run the Analysis Cases needed for design. 5.If any concrete hinge properties are based on default values to be computed by the program, you must perform concrete design so that reinforcing steel is determined. 6.If any steel hinge properties are based on default values to be computed by the program for Auto-Select frame section properties, you must perform steel design and accept the sections chosen by the program. 7.Define the Load Cases that are needed for use in the

pushover analysis, including: Gravity loads and other loads that may be acting on the structure before the lateral seismic loads are applied. You may have already defined these Load Cases above for design. Lateral loads that will be used to push the structure. If you are going to use Acceleration Loads or modal loads, you dont need any new Load Cases, although modal loads are required to define a Modal Analysis Case.

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8.Define the nonlinear static Analysis Cases to be used for pushover analysis, including: A sequence of one or more cases that start from zero and apply gravity and other fixed loads using load control. These cases can include staged construction and geometric nonlinearity. One or more pushover cases that start from this sequence and apply lateral pushover loads. These loads should be applied under displacement control. The monitored displacement is usually at the roof level of the structure and will be used to plot the pushover curve. 9. Run the push over Analysis Cases. 10. Review the need. 11. Revise the model as necessary and repeat. moment the pushover results: Plot the pushover curve,

Deflected shape showing the hinge states, force and plots, and print or display any other results you

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5.2 BASIC STEPS 5.2.1 Create a model 1. Create the Basic Grid System In this step, creating the basic grid system. The structural objects are set relative to the grid system. Begin creating the grid system by clicking the File menu > New Model command or the New Model button Fig.5.1 will be displayed. , the form shown in

Fig.5.1 The New Model Initialization form Select the Grid Only button on the form shown in Fig.5.1, form shown in Fig.5.2 will be displayed and in this form, define Grid Dimensions, Story Dimensions and Units.
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Fig.5.2 Building Plan Grid System and Story Data Definition form 2. Define material properties Begin defining various material properties used in the model by clicking the Define menu > Material Properties command, the form shown in Fig.5.3 will be displayed.

Fig.5.3 Define Materials form

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Fig.5.4 Material Property Data form Select the Add New Material Or Modify/Show Material button on the form shown in Fig.5.3, form shown in Fig.5.4 will be displayed and in this form, Define Material Property data. 3. Define section properties Begin defining various section properties used in the model by clicking the Define menu > Frame Sections command, the form shown in Fig.5.5 will be displayed.

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Fig.5.5 Define Frame Properties form Select the Add New Property button on the form shown in Fig.5.5, form shown in Fig.5.6 will be displayed and in this form, Add Frame Section Property.

Fig.5.6 Frame Section Properties form

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Select the Concrete from Frame Section Property Type and Select Rectangular button on the form shown in Fig.5.6, form shown in Fig.5.7 will be displayed and in this form, Define Section Property data.

Fig. 5.7 Rectangular Property form 4. Add structural objects Objects, such as columns, beams, and floors, can be drawn manually as follows: Draw Frame Elements: Make sure that in case of drawing columns elevation view is active and in case of drawing beams plan view is active. Click the Draw Frame/Tendon Elements or Click button , or use the Draw
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Basic Steps To Perform Pushover Analysis In SAP 2000

menu > Draw Frame/Tendon Elements > Create Columns in Region. The Properties of Object pop-up box for frame elements shown in Fig.5.8 will be displayed and using this command Draw Frame/Tendon Elements.

Fig.5.8 Properties Of Frame/Tendon Elements Select type of section as Column in case of drawing columns in model and select type of section as Beam in case of drawing beam elements in model. Draw the Floor: Make sure that the Plan View is active. Click the Draw Poly Areas button , or select the Draw menu > Draw Poly Area

Objects > Draw Areas command. The Properties of Object pop-up box for areas shown in Fig.5.9 will be displayed and using this command Draw Area Objects.

Fig.5.9 Properties Of Object Box For Areas Similarly, using Draw menu you can construct other objects like secondary beams, point objects etc.

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Draw Tendons First we need to define Tendon properties, click Define menu > Materials > Add New Material, so the Form as shown in Fig. 5.10 will be displayed. Select Tendon from Material Type and in this form define Tendon Material property.

Fig. 5.10 Tendon property data form Click the Draw Frame/Tendon Elements or Click button , or use

the Draw menu > Frame/Cable/Tendons command to access the Properties of Object form. The Properties of Object pop-up box for frame elements shown in Fig.5.11 will be displayed, 1. Click the Line Object Type drop-down list and select the Tendon option.

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Click on the joint at one end of the beam and then click on the joint at the other end of the beam to draw the tendon. The Tendon Data for Line Object 2 form will display when you release the mouse button.

Fig. 5.11 Properties of Object box for Tendons

Fig. 5.12 Tendon data for Line Object form With the Tendon Data for Line Object form as displayed in Fig. 5.12, click the Parabolic Calculator button to access the Define Parabolic Tendon Layout for Line Object 2 form as shown in Fig. 5.13. In that form,

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Select 1 from the Quick Start drop-down list in the lower left corner of the form. Click the Quick Start button to update the Tendon Layout Data spreadsheet. In the spreadsheet area,
o

Enter the values of elevation of cable from center of beam to generate the parabolic profile in the beam. The values of elevation are defined at a distance of L/20 for each span.

Click the Refresh button to update the spreadsheet area and the graphical display area. Click the Done button to close the Define Parabolic Tendon Layout for Line Object form and redisplay the Tendon Data for Line Object form.

Fig. 5.13 Define Parabolic Tendon Layout for line object form

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With the Tendon Data for Line Object form redisplayed, click the Add button in the Tendon Loads area of the form to access the Tendon Load form. This form is displayed in Fig. 5.14 as Tendon Load Assignment Data form. In that form,

Select the PRESTRESS load case from the Load Case Name drop-down list. Enter value of Tendon End Force edit box. Ensure that all of the Friction and Anchorage Losses and Other Loss Parameters are zero. Type the values of the Curvature Coefficient, Wobble Coefficient, Anchorage Set Slip as specified in the technical note of ADAPT Corporation. Elastic Shortening Stress, Creep Stress, Shrinkage Stress and Steel Relaxation Stress are not used as tendons are modelled as elements in the analysis model. Click the OK buttons on the Tendon Load form and the Tendon Data for Line Object form to close those forms.

Fig. 5.14 Tendon Load Assignment data form

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5. Define hinge properties To Define hinge properties, select frame member and then click the Assign menu > Frame > Hinges command the form as shown in Fig.5.15 will be displayed and using this form, you can define Frame Hinge Properties. There are also some defined default hinges are available.

Fig.5.15 Define Frame Hinge Properties form Type of hinges: Yielding and post-yielding behaviour can be modelled using discrete user-defined hinges. Currently hinges can only be introduced into frame elements; they can be assigned to a frame element at any location along that element. Uncoupled moment, torsion, axial force and shear hinges are available. There is also a coupled P-M2-M3 hinge which yields based on the interaction of axial force and bending moments at the hinge location. More than one type of hinge can exist at the same location, for example, you might assign both a M3 (moment) and a V2 (shear) hinge to

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the same end of a frame element. Default hinge properties are provided based on FEMA-356 [19] criteria. Default Hinge Properties: A hinge property may use all default properties, or one may partially defines and use only some default properties. Default hinge properties are based upon a simplified set of assumptions that may not be appropriate for all structures. You may want to use default properties as a starting point, and explicitly override properties as needed during the development of your model. Default properties require that the program have detailed knowledge of the Frame Section property used by the element that contains the hinge. This means: The material must have a design type of concrete or steel For concrete Sections: The shape must be rectangular or circular The reinforcing steel must be explicitly defined, or else have already been designed by the program before nonlinear analysis is performed. For steel Sections, the shape must be well defined: General and Nonprismatic Sections cannot be used Auto select Sections can only be used if they have already been designed so that a specific section has been chosen before nonlinear analysis is performed. For situations where design is required, you can still define and assign hinges to Frame elements, but you should not run any nonlinear analyses until after the design has been run. Default properties are available for hinges in the following degrees of freedom: Axial (P) Major shear (V2) Major moment (M3) Coupled P-M2-M3 (PMM)
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Plastic Deformation Curve: For each degree of freedom, one can define a forcedisplacement (moment-rotation) curve that gives the yield value and the plastic deformation following yield. This is done in terms of a curve with values at five points, A-B-C-D-E, as shown in Fig.5.16. You may specify a symmetric curve, or one that differs in the positive and negative direction.

Fig.5.16 The A-B-C-D-E curve for Force vs. Displacement The shape of this curve as shown in Fig.5.16 is intended for pushover analysis. You can use any shape you want. The following points should be noted: Point A is always the origin. Point B represents yielding. No deformation occurs in the hinge up to point B, regardless of the deformation value specified for point B. The displacement (rotation) at point B will be subtracted from the deformations at points C, D, and E. Only the plastic deformation beyond point B will be exhibited by the hinge. Point C represents the ultimate capacity for pushover analysis. However, you may specify a positive slope from C to D for other purposes.
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Basic Steps To Perform Pushover Analysis In SAP 2000

Point D

represents a residual

strength for pushover

analysis. However, you may specify a positive slope from C to D or D to E for other purposes. Point E represents total failure. Beyond point E the hinge will drop load down to point F (not shown) directly below point E on the horizontal axis. If you do not want your hinge to fail this way, be sure to specify a large value for the deformation at point E. One may specify additional deformation measures at points IO (immediate occupancy), LS (life safety), and CP (collapse prevention). These are informational measures that are reported in the analysis results and used for performance-based design. They do not have any effect on the behaviour of the structure. Prior to reaching point B, all deformation is linear and occurs in the Frame element itself, not the hinge. Plastic deformation beyond point B occurs in the hinge in addition to any elastic deformation that may occur in the element. When the hinge unloads elastically, it does so without any plastic deformation, i.e., parallel to slope A-B. Program itself calculate the yield values from the frame section properties. When you display the deflected shape in the graphical user interface for a nonlinear static case, the hinges are plotted as coloured dots indicating their most extreme state or status: B to IO IO to LS LS to CP CP to C C to D D to E E
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The colours used for the different states are indicated on the plot. Hinges that have not experienced any plastic deformation (A to B) are not shown. 6. Assign hinge properties To Assign hinge properties, after selecting the frame elements, click the Assign menu > Frame > Hinges, the form shown in Fig.5.17 will be displayed and using this form, Assign Frame Hinge Properties.

Fig.5.17 Assign Frame Hinges (Pushover) form In this form, select Auto and enter the relative distance of hinges in the frame elements. Auto option is selected from the Hinge Property drop-down list, the Auto Hinge Assignment Data form will display when the Add button is clicked. Use that form to specify the Auto Hinge Type based on tables in FEMA 356 or Caltrans Flexible specifications. The Combined Axial and Flexural (PMM) type of hinges are defined at 0.05L and 0.95L for all the column elements and Flexural

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(M3) hinges are defined at 0.05L, 0.5L and 0.95L for all beam elements where L is the length of the beam element. 8. Define the static load cases To add a static load case, click the Define menu > Load Cases command or click the Define Load Cases button the following actions using that form: 1. Type the name of the load case in the Load edit box. The program does not allow use of duplicate names. 2. Select a load type from the Type drop-down list. 3. Type a self-weight multiplier in the Self-Weight Multiplier edit box. 4. If the load type specified is Quake or Wind, select an option from the Auto Lateral Load drop-down list. 5. Click the Add New Load button. , to access the

Define Static Load Case Names form as shown in Fig.5.18. Complete

Fig. 5.18 Define Load Case Names Form

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9. Assign Structural Loads The load cases defined are required in order to be able to assign loads to points/joints, lines/frames, and areas/shells. The user must first select the object before a load can be assigned to the object. After the object has been selected, click the Assign menu command to access the applicable submenu and assignment options. Table 5.1 identifies the submenus and options.

Table 5.1 Load commands on assign menu 10. Define Mass Source To define the mass source for Modal Analysis of the frame structure, click the Define menu > Mass Source command to access the Define Mass Source form as shown in Fig.5.19.

Fig.5.19 Define Mass Source form

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12.Define Analysis cases To define the analysis cases, click the Define menu > Analysis cases command to access the Define analysis cases form as shown in Fig.5.20. A separate load case called prestress is defined in the analysis models pertaining to the transfer of axial precompression and load balancing due to post tensioned cables.

Fig.5.20 Define Analysis cases 5.2.2 Run static analysis To run the analysis, click the Analyze menu > Run Analysis command or the Run Analysis button .

After running analysis command, you can see the analysis results and deformed shapes for different load cases in the Display menu. 5.2.3 Design the structure The SAP 2000 design postprocessors include the following: Steel Frame Design Concrete Frame Design Composite Beam Design Steel Joist Design Shear Wall Design
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To perform the design, first run the analysis, then click on the Options menu > Preferences to select the Design Code and then click the Design menu and select the appropriate design from the drop-down menu. The type of design available depends on the type of members used in the model. That is, the user cannot complete a shear wall design if no shear walls have been included in the model. 5.2.4 Pushover analysis 5.2.4.1 Define Static pushover cases PUSH1 is the case in which the gravity loads are applied up to their total force magnitude. It may be noted here that the jacking force applied at ends of the PT cables as per Table 1 is already in effect simultaneously. PUSH2 is defined as the push in the lateral X-direction, and it starts from the end of PUSH1. The X-displacement of the roof level node is monitored up to the magnitude of 0.4 percent of the building height, when push is given as per the earthquake force profile in the X-direction. To get the relevant data at the performance point, the displacement magnitude of the roof level node is restricted to the value of roof displacement obtained at the performance point. To add a static pushover case, click the Define menu > Analysis Cases command, the Define Analysis Cases form as shown in Fig. 5.21 will be displayed.

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Fig.5.21 Define Analysis Cases form Select the Add new Case button on the form shown in Fig.5.21, form shown in Fig.5.22 will be displayed. In this analysis case data form, select Analysis case type as Static, Analysis type as Nonlinear to define data for Static Nonlinear analysis case.

Fig.5.22 Static Nonlinear Case Data form

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5.2.4.1.1 Static pushover analysis parameters Geometric Nonlinearity: When the load acting on a structure and the resulting deflections are small enough, the load-deflection relationship for the structure is linear. This permits the program to form the equilibrium equations using the original (undeformed) geometry of the structure. If the load on the structure and/or the resulting deflections is large, then the load-deflection behaviour may become nonlinear. Several causes of geometric nonlinear behaviour are as follows: 1. P-delta (large-stress) effect: When large stresses (or forces and moments) are present within a structure, equilibrium equations written for the original and the deformed geometries may differ significantly, even if the deformations are very small. 2. Large-displacement effect: When a structure under goes large deformation (in particular, large strains and rotations), the usual engineering stress and strain measures no longer apply, and the equilibrium equations must be written for the deformed geometry. This is true even if the stresses are small. Member (Hinge) Unloading Method: This option is primarily intended for pushover analysis using frame hinge properties that exhibit sharp drops in their load carrying capacity. When a hinge unloads, the program must find a way to remove the load that the hinge was carrying and possibly redistribute it to the rest of the structure. Hinge unloading occurs whenever the stress-strain (force-deformation capacity. or moment-rotation) curve shows a drop in

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Such unloading along a negative slope may be unstable in a static analysis, solution. For static analysis, special methods are needed to solve this unstable problem. Different methods may work better with different problems. Different methods may produce different results with the same problem. SAP 2000 software provides three different methods to solve this problem of hinge unloading as follows: 1. Unload Entire Structure When a hinge reaches a negative-sloped portion of the stress-strain curve, the program continues to try to increase the applied load. If this results in increased strain (decreased stress) the analysis proceeds. If the strain tries to reverse, the program instead reverses the load on the whole structure until the hinge is fully unloaded to the next segment on the stress-strain curve. At this point the program reverts to increasing the load on the structure. Other parts of the structure may now pick up the load that was removed from the unloading hinge. 2. Apply Local Redistribution This method is similar to the first method, except that instead of unloading the entire structure, only the element containing the hinge is unloaded. When a hinge is on a negativesloped portion of the stress-strain curve and the applied load causes the strain to reverse, the program applies a temporary, localized, self-equilibrating, internal load that unloads the element. This causes the hinge to unload. Once the hinge is unloaded, the temporary load is reversed, transferring the removed load to neighboring elements. This process is intended to imitate how local inertia forces might stabilize a rapidly unloading element.
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and

unique

solution

is

not

always

mathematically

guaranteed. In dynamic analysis inertia provides stability and a unique

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This method is often the most effective of the three methods available. 3. Restart Using Secant Stiffness This method is quite different from the first two. Whenever any hinge reaches a negative-sloped portion of the stress-strain curve, all hinges that have become nonlinear are reformed using secant stiffness properties, and the analysis is restarted. This method is the least efficient of the three. Load Application Control: You may choose between a load-controlled or displacementcontrolled nonlinear static analysis. For both options, the pattern of loads acting on the structure is determined by the specified combination of loads. Only the scaling is different. 1. Load Control: Select load control when you know the magnitude of load that will be applied and you expect the structure to be able to support that load. 2. Displacement Control: Select displacement control when you know how far you want the structure to move, but you dont know how much load is required. This is most useful for structures that become unstable and may lose load carrying capacity during the course of the analysis, like static pushover analysis. 3. Conjugate Displacement Control If the analysis is having trouble converging, you can choose the option for the program to use the conjugate displacement for control. The conjugate displacement is a weighted average of all displacements in the structure, each displacement degree of freedom being weighted by the load acting on that degree of

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freedom. In other words, it is a measure of the work done by the applied load. Output Steps: 1. Minimum and Maximum Saved Steps: The Minimum Number of Saved Steps and Maximum Number of Saved Steps provide control over the number of points actually saved in the analysis. If the minimum number of steps saved is too small, you may not have enough points to adequately represent a pushover curve. If the minimum and maximum number of saved steps is too large, then the analysis may consume a considerable amount of disk space, and it may take an excessive amount of time to display results. 2. Save Positive Increments Only: This option is primarily of interest for pushover analysis under displacement control. In the case of extreme nonlinearity, particularly when a frame hinge sheds load, the pushover curve may show negative increments in the monitored displacement while the structure is trying to redistribute the force from a failing component. You may choose whether or not you want to save only the steps having positive increments. The negative increments often make the pushover curve look confusing. However, seeing them can provide insight into the performance of the analysis and the structure. Nonlinear Solution Control: 1. Maximum Total Steps: This is the maximum number of steps allowed in the analysis. It may include saved steps as well as intermediate substeps whose results are not saved. The purpose of setting this value is to give you control over how long the analysis will run.
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2. Maximum Null (Zero) Steps: Null (zero) steps occur during the nonlinear solution procedure when: A frame hinge is trying to unload. An event (yielding, unloading, etc.) triggers another event. Iteration does not converge and a smaller step size is attempted. An excessive number of null steps may indicate that the solution is stalled due to catastrophic failure or numerical sensitivity. You can set the Maximum Null (Zero) Steps so that the solution will terminate early if it is having trouble converging. Set this value equal to the Maximum Total Steps if you do not want the analysis to terminate due to null steps. 3. Maximum Iterations Per Step Iteration is used to make sure that equilibrium is achieved at each step of the analysis. You can control the number of iterations allowed in a step before the program tries using a smaller sub step. The default value of 10 works well in many situations. 4. Iteration Convergence Tolerance: Iteration is used to make sure that equilibrium is achieved at each step of the analysis. You can set the relative convergence tolerance that is used to compare the magnitude of force error with the magnitude of the force acting on the structure. You may need to use significantly smaller values of convergence tolerance to get good results for large-displacements problems than for other types of nonlinearity. Try decreasing values until you get consistent results. 5. Event Lumping Tolerance: The nonlinear solution algorithm uses an event-to-event strategy for the frame hinges. If you have a large number of
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hinges in your model, this could result in a huge number of solution steps. The event lumping tolerance is used to group events together to reduce solution time. 5.2.4.2 Run static nonlinear analysis To run the static nonlinear analysis, click the Analyze menu > Set Analysis cases to run command. After running static nonlinear analysis command, you can see the analysis results and deformed shapes for different pushover cases in the Display menu. Fig.5.23 shows the deformed shape for pushover case with hinges deformation levels.

Fig.5.23 Deformed shape for pushover case with hinges deformation levels

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5.2.4.3 Display Static pushover curve To see the static pushover curve, click the Display menu > Show Static Pushover Curve command, the form as shown in Fig.5.24 will be displayed.

Fig.5.24 Pushover curve form

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