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SI
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SI
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v VHCL) v tt) VNAE
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QA
SI
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a r T dc) bM ntE pNCE R ob c@
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QA
SI
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QA
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Muhammad and Pluralism
By: Sean William White*
The clash of civilizations, cultures, tribes,
and religions seems to be prevalent throughout all of history. At the same time, history reYHDOVVLPXOWDQHRXVFRQLFWDQGHIIRUWVWRUHsolve tensions and division feeding animosity
through mediation, diplomacy, and dialogue.
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agreement to be established on just one point,
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territory, religion, or ethnic discrimination.
So what approach is best to mediate issues in
a contemporary world that seems to be driven
by economics, natural resources, and ethnic
or religious ideologies? The Medina CharWHU VHUYHV DV DQ H[DPSOH RI QGLQJ UHVROYH
in a dispute where peace and pluralism were
achieved not through military successes or
ulterior motives but rather through respect,
acceptance, and denunciation of war - aspects
WKDWUHHFWVRPHRIWKHEDVLFWHQHWVRIWKHUHOLgion Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him,
was guiding and promoting. Through an examination of the Medina Charter, I will show
how pluralism was advanced and instated in
0HGLQD DQG WKH UHDVRQV UHHFWLQJ RQ VXFK
a document could help avoid the divide and
misunderstanding plaguing much thought,
rhetoric, and media today between Muslims,
Christians, and Jews all over the world.
When the Prophet was forced to immigrate
to Medina, the population was a mixture
(akhlat) of many different tribes (predominantly Arabic and Jewish), who had been
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strife, and it was for this reason that the
Prophet was summoned there (Peters 1994,
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in Medina (known as Yathrib) meant disputes
were dealt with by the blade on many occasions, which deepened the divides and fueled
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mentality and workings of the tribal system
dispersed through war-torn Arabia, where the
Prophet was striving for peace (Armstrong
2006, 19). The tribe, not a deity, was of supreme value, and each member had to subordinate his or her personal needs and desires
WRWKHZHOOEHLQJRIWKHJURXSDQGWRJKWWR
the death, if necessary, to ensure its survival
(Armstrong 2006, 24). Such a system was, in a
political sense, representative of the little cooperation between the tribes in the Yathrib. In
this region reigned power hungry strategies,
an emphasis on arms and strength in military,
and a belief that clearly mediation was unachievable except by a trustworthy outsider who
had no connections to the issues or the tribes.
1RWRQO\GLGWKH3URSKHWWWKHVHSUHUHTXLsites, but his personal ambition as given to
him by God was also one of spreading peace
and unity, creating a community, or ummah,
made up of diverse groups, through the teachings of the Quran and in the name of Islam.
The Quran states that the Lord teaches
by the pen (96:1-5). This is indicative of
WKH 0HGLQD &KDUWHU LQ WKDW LW LV D UHHFWLRQ
of these verses, which show that God is educating people and changing thought patterns
through discussion. In this case, the discussion resulted in peace achieved through contemplation and through seeking agreements
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the charter and had not been robbed of status or unresolved antagonism from the past.
Many Islamic rituals, philosophies, doctrines, [different interpretations of] sacred
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WH[WVDQGVKULQHVDUHWKHUHVXOWRIIUHTXHQWO\
anguished and self-critical contemplation of
the political events in Islamic society (Armstrong 2006, 14). Islam places great emphasis
on reason - the reasoning of the universe, of
life, and indeed, of religion too. Al-GhazzaOL VDLG'RXEWLVWRQGWUXWK
OL VDLG'RXEWLVWRQGWUXWK
Those who do not have doubt cannot think.
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the philosophical side of Islam, it reverberates from the heart of reason - something that
is central to Islam. Yetkin Yildirim writes
about the use of ones own knowledge and the
absolute approach of reason. If the answer is
neither in the Quran, Sunnah, or Hadith, then
RQHV RZQ UHDVRQLQJ RU LMWLKDG LV UHTXLUHG
(Yildirim 2006, 109-117). So the Prophet,
through the Medina Charter, was practicing
Islam through action. For with reason, discussion, and contemplation, a peace treaty
was created.
The mere formation of the Charter and peace
were tremendous feats, and the content of the
&KDUWHULWVHOIUHHFWVWKLVPDJQLWXGH7KHIRUmation of an ummah through respect and acceptance resulting in pluralism shows us one
of the ways in which the Prophet combated jahiliyyah, or ignorance - the state of mind causing violence and terror (Armstrong 2006, 19).
Examining some of the clauses in the Charter
also shows how the Prophet managed to take
OHDGHUVKLSDQGFUHDWHDODVWLQJSHDFH7KHUVW
clause, They are a single community (ummah), (Sajoo 2009, 94) depicts the ultimate
message and goal of the rest of the charter.
It marked the creation of a community, and
the Charter served as a unifying document in
a city of diverse groups, cultures, religions,
and languages. The Prophet came to Medina
with tolerance - an aspect of Islam which is
fundamental to the manner in which the religion operates in foreign lands. It is for this
tolerance in the Islamic view that Muslims
have looked at the religion of the people in
WKHODQGVWKH\FRQTXHUHGZLWKUHVSHFW WKH\
did not intervene with their beliefs nor touch
`E s
their churches (Can 2005, 172). Clause 25
epitomizes the level of tolerance in the charter and also serves as an example of Islam in
practice. The Jews ... are a community (ummah) along with the believers. To the Jews
their religion (din) and to the Muslims their
religion (Sajoo 2009, 96) This statement
ties in with the verse from the Quran (2:256)
which says, There is no compulsion in religion. For in the eyes of God, as it says in the
Quran ... those who believe ... Jews, Christians, and Sabaeans ... and does right - surely
their reward is with their Lord (2:62).
7KH0HGLQD&KDUWHUUHHFWVSOXUDOLVPERWK
in the content and in the history of the document. F. E. Peters explains that the contracting parties, although they did not embrace
Islam, did recognize the Prophets authority,
accepting him as the community leader and
abiding by his political judgments (Peters
1994, 199). As there is no account of an uprising in history books and because the Prophet
was there at the suggestion of the tribes, we
know that he was never rejected. Because of
the laws he introduced, the existing groups
clearly did not feel threatened by his new
presence or his new governance. The society
was pluralistic, and it was not repressive. The
Prophet - as clause 25 shows - never imposed
Islam upon the people of Medina, which
meant that they could still practice without
disruption their religions and customs, aspects of life that were important to them. He
did not create an ummah through denouncing
all ways of life except for Islam or by recogQL]LQJ,VODPDVWKHVLQJXODUUHOLJLRQ LQVWHDG
he united all inhabitants of the city under one
banner of ethical living and moral principles
- commonalities between all humans and all
religions.
The Prophet drew upon the essence of unity,
respect, tolerance, and love to combine and
create a pluralistic community. Clause 40
H[HPSOLHVWKLV 7KHSURWHFWHGQHLJKERU
(jar) is as the man himself so long as he does
no harm and does not act treacherously (Sajoo 2009, 97). People were safe and respected
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and free to exert their beliefs and would be
protected in doing so. This protection, however, could not shield them from treachery or
wrong doing.
7KH0HGLQD&KDUWHULVDUJXDEO\WKHUVWFRQstitution ever written incorporating religion
and politics (Yildirim 2006, 109-117). And
even though the politics of the region have
changed since it was written - in recent times
for the worst - Islams values have continued
to spread and are lived throughout the whole
Muslim world. Despite the hold of power that
some governments still have over their people, the true face of Islam shines through in
how people live, communicate, and approach
life. I speak from personal experiences when
I traveled through Iran, Turkey, and Northern
,UDTLQ-DQXDU\ $QGGHVSLWHZKDWWKH
media had to say about the people in those
lands, my time there was spent in the houses
of complete strangers, who showered me with
hospitality that transcended any I had experienced before. Although the governing body
has changed, the points of the Medina Charter and tenets of Islam preached by Prophet
Muhammad still exist amongst the people.
My heritage was accepted with curiosity and
respect - just as the Prophet implemented in
Medina between the tribes. My place in the
society was welcomed with honest enthusiasm, and I felt a part of a community - like
the community that Prophet implemented in
Medina. I was exposed to mainstream Islam,
which we hear so little about in the West due to
the confusion which unjustly joins Islam and
extremism together. I saw tolerant Muslims
who saw me as another person who wanted
peace and respect - not treachery. This is what
the Prophet also accomplished in Medina - a
community which was not based upon religion or ethnicity but one built on unity and
acceptance. One built on tolerance. One built
on peace. It seems the Prophet was aware that
spirituality and faith cannot be governed, and
for this reason alone, he sought unity and respect as opposed to discriminating between
tribes and their beliefs.
`E s
In contemporary times, an analysis of the
Medina Charter can give us insight into Islam
and religious pluralism (Sachedina 2001).
0HGLQD PDUNHG WKH UVW UHDO RFFXUUHQFH RI
coexistence between religions and groups
in Islam and mirrors the Quran which in its
entirety provides ample material for extrapolating a pluralistic and inclusive theology of
religions (Sachedina 2001, 26). The Quran
LVWKHXQTXHVWLRQDEOHDQGWKHDEVROXWH WKHUHfore, it is the key to understanding religious
pluralism in Islam. Clause 39 of the Medina
Charter says, The valley of Yathrib is sacred
for the people of this document (Sajoo 2009,
97). And so too is the universe, which is sacred to all of humanity. The Quran reveals
that the people are one community (2:213),
so if we are one (which we are) in the world,
in the universe, then regardless of religion, it
is Gods mercy and compassion which will
save us. By differentiating between beliefs,
we neglect that under one sun we all pray to
a greater entity, a greater being. We were all
created by God, so unity seems imperative
and practical.
The Medina Charter is very relevant to current tensions existing between the Muslims,
Jews, and Christians. Unfortunately, it seems
that ignorance and fear, suspicion and disrespect plague the interaction and stereotypes
that exist between these three great Abrahamic religions. In the post-September 11th era,
a new wave of antagonism has arisen, and
people around the Western world generally
fear Islam. Sadly, people confuse the actions
of nationalists and fundamentalists, who so
unjustly hide behind a Holy Book claiming
that their intentions are those of God, with
what the actual religion promotes. As Rumi
believed, the essence of all religions is the
same, for they all teach love. The deep philosophical and even deeper spiritual teaching of
Rumi is based on a state of mind that seeks
mutual vision and dialogue, which I hope will
be achieved one day, breaking down the polarized world of different religious thought.
Another verse of the Quran emphasizes
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SI
this need for dialogue, unity, and tolerance:
Surely this community of yours is one comPXQLW\DQG,DP\RXU/RUG VRZRUVKLS0H
(21:92).
The Prophets actions in Medina prompt us
to use reason in our approach to the wide, diverse beliefs of the world - from Europe to
Asia, North, Central, and South America to
Africa and everything in between. It prompts
us to understand how the spiritual space of
the Quran [...] was shared by other religions
(Sachedina 2001, 23). Such an understanding
reveals that Islam is a monotheistic religion
that respects the rights of other faiths (Stewart 1994, 207). In a globalized world where
we are connected so easily, unlike any other
period in history, our mutual understanding of
one another and our beliefs are the most important means to achieve peace and stability.
It is in a contemporary sense, in a globalized
world, that the Medina Charter is of such necessity. Inter-religious discussions took place
with the Prophet in Medina, for Boase writes
about a time when Christians performed their
SUD\HUVLQDPRVTXHDIWHUDPHHWLQJZLWKWKH
Prophet during their visit (Boase 2005, 252).
We can learn how in every country, a community, an ummah, is the single most effective
way to produce a pluralistic state. The Medina Charter was a fusion of attributes which all
world religions teach: peace, love, freedom,
acceptance, and tolerance - resulting in stability.
Peace was achieved in Medina, not through
the might of arms or the scale of wealth, but
through the unyielding principles of Islam tolerance, love, reason, and a belief in God
- whether the God in the Bible, the Quran, or
the Torah. The Medina Charter, arguably the
UVW FKDUWHU HYHU ZULWWHQ VKRZV WKDW ,VODP
rejects the use of compulsion in religion and
violence and that over centuries of human
existence, the most effective way to resolve
FRQLFWVFRPHVWKURXJKPHGLDWLRQ7KH0Hdina Charter is an example that should be disFXVVHGDQGUHIHUUHGWRLQFXUUHQWFRQLFWV
The creation of a community, or ummah,
`E s
offers pluralism to everyone. For people are
not judged on their beliefs, but on their actions. Persecution is the instigator of all tensions, and reason and tolerance is the essence
of all peace. Just as in the streets of Medina,
through tolerance and respect, we too may
one day have a world-wide ummah, where
a passing Christian will say, Peace be upon
you to a Muslim, who will reply, Peace be
upon you too.
__________________________________
* Sean William White has a degree in Islamic history
from Monash University, Melbourne. Complete article
is found on the web site www.IslamiCity.com. Article
Ref: IC1102-4508. Source: The Fountain Magazine.
References
$UPVWURQJ.DUHQ0XKDPPDG $3URSKHW
for Our Time, New York: HarperCollins.
&DQ6HN)XQGDPHQWDOVRI5XPL!V7KRXJKW
New Jersey: The Light, Inc.
/HFNHU0LFKDHO:DTLGL!V$FFRXQWRQWKH6WDWXV
of the Jews of Medina: A Study of a Combined Report, in Uri Rubin (ed), The Life of Muhammad,
Great Yarmouth, 1998.
3HWHUV)( 0XKDPPDGDQGWKH2ULJLQVRI
Islam, New York: SUNY.
5DPDGDQ7DULT7KH0HVVHQJHU 7KH0HDQings of the Life of Muhammad, London: Allen
Lane.
%RDVH 5RJHU (FXPHQLFDO ,VODP $ 0XVOLP 5Hsponse to Religious Pluralism, in Roger Boase
(ed.). 2005.
,VODPDQG*OREDO'LDORJXH(QJODQG$VKJDWH
6DFKHGLQD$EGXOD]L]7KH,VODPLF5RRWVRI
Democratic Pluralism, New York: OUP.
6DHHG$EGXOODK,VODPLF7KRXJKW $Q,QWURGXFWLRQ8. 5RXWOHGJH
6DMRR$P\Q% 0XVOLP(WKLFV (PHUJLQJ
Vistas, London: Institute for Ismaili Studies.
6WHZDUW3-8QIROGLQJ,VODP/HEDQRQ
<LOGLULP <HWNLQ 3HDFH DQG &RQLFW 5HVROXWLRQLQWKH0HGLQD&KDUWHU3HDFH5HYLHZ8.
Routledge, Vol. 18, Issue 1. January 2006.
Notes
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al maghazi. Ed. M. Jones. London, 1966, as taken
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Status of the Jews of Medina: A Study of a ComELQHG5HSRUW!LQ8UL5XELQ HG 7KH/LIHRI0X
hammad, Great Yarmouth, 1998, p. 23.
2.www.ghazali.org
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