Generally, the finite element models are approximations of the actual head in terms of geometrical or material characteristics and

are much simpler than the actual head. Ruan et al. [5]studied impact response of the human head with a three-dimensional finite element model of head having essential features of a 50th percentile human head. hey conducted a parametric study of the head response !y varying impact site and the material properties of the head. "illinger et al. [#] validated the $niversity %ouis &asteur '$%&( model with pu!lished experimental cadaver tests. "illinger et al. [)] used numerical modelling to propose the head tolerance limits !y replicating the real world accidents. he proposed tolerance limits are* intra-cere!ral von +ises stress of a!out ,0 -&a for concussion in the !rain. +any models of of finite element human heads are developed !y different $niversities. .leiven and /ardy [0] developed a finite element model of the human head which contains eleven pairs of para sagittal !ridging veins and other parts. /organ and Gilchrist [1] constructed 23 model of human head impact during pedestrian accidents. 4ong et al. [50] have constructed a 67 23 model of the human head and used a 8tructural 9ntensity '89( approach to study the power flow distri!ution inside the head in frontal, rear and side impacts. .leiven [55] analysed the effect of different loading directions and duration of impact. /is study shows a significant correlation in intracranial pressure data for short impacts. +any researchers have carried out drop tests using a rigid headform to understand the !asic impact characteristics of helmets. &atel et al [5,] conducted impact tests on the helmet and measured the impact forces on the helmet and suggested a new design to reduce the impact forces on the helmet. 4ellmer [56] had done impact experiments with different drop velocities and different impact points and o!served that the shoc- a!sorption is more affected !y the thic-ness of the foam. Gilchrist and +ills [5:] used a one-dimensional analytical model to examine the dynamic response of helmets. ;rands et al. [55] carried out numerical simulations using three-dimensional finite element helmet model. /e used acceleration time history of the head form as the criterion.<hang et al. [5#] simulated impact at different velocities different mechanical properties of shell and the foam and concluded that at low velocities, stiffness of shell and density of liner should !e low to diminish the contact force when compared to a higher velocity./alldin et al.