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Application
The Two Transistor Forward Converter belongs to the primary switched converter family since there is isolation between input and output. It is suitable for output powers up to several hundred Watts.
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Function principals
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Illustration 1: Two Transistor Forward Converter For the following analysis it will be assumed that the transistor is simplified as an ideal switch and the diode has no forward voltage drop. In the program itself, the diode will take into account a forward voltage drop VF = 0.7V. The two transistors are simultaneously turned on and off by a pulse-width-modulated control voltage. The forward converter transfers the energy during the on-time of the transistor. During this time the voltage V1 is equal to the input voltage Vin. The winding N2 is in the same direction as N1. When the transistor is on the voltage V2 at N2 is given by V2 = Vin N1/N2. The voltage V2 charges the output capacitor Cout through the inductor L. During the off-time of the transistor the secondary winding N2 is without current. The inductor L draws its current through the diode D3. The value of the voltage V3 is equal to zero at this time (exactly 0.7V). During the off-time of the transistor, the magnetic flux of the transformer has to reduce to zero. The transformer core is demagnetized via N1 and the primary diodes, to the input voltage Vin. Therefore the demagnetisation needs the same time interval as the on-time of the transistor. For this the minimum off-time has to be as long as the on-time. This means that the maximum duty cycle t1/T for this converter may never be higher than 50%. The voltage V3 is therefore a pulse-width-modulated voltage which jumps between 0 and VinN2/N1. The Low-Pass filter, formed by the inductor and the output capacitor, produces an average value from V3. For continuous mode (IL never becomes zero) this leads to:
Due to the fact that the duty cycle t1/T cannot be greater that 50%, a condition for the turns ratio emerges:
In the program, this value is multiplied by a factor of 0.95, so that the proposed value for N1/N2 includes a small margin which guarantees the demagnetisation of the core, when the input voltage is minimal, (remember: at minimum input voltage the duty cycle reaches its maximum). For the calculation of the inductor L, the same rules as for the Buck Converter can be used. One also distinguishes between discontinuous and continuous mode, depending on whether or not the inductor current falls to zero during the off-time of the transistor. During continuous operation:
The output voltage depends only on the duty cycle and the input voltage, it is load independent. The inductor current IL has a triangular shape and its average value is determined by the load. The change in inductor current IL is dependent on
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L and can be calculated with the help of Faraday's Law. During continuous mode, with Vout = Vin (N2/N1) t1/T and a chosen switching frequency f it can be shown that:
The change in inductor current is load independent. The output current Iout is taken to be the average value of the inductor current IL. At low load current, namely if Iout < IL/2, the inductor current IL falls to zero during every switching cycle. This mode is called continuous mode (see illustration 2). For this mode the calculations above are not valid. In that moment, when the inductor current becomes zero, the voltage V3 jumps to the value of Vout. The diode-junction capacitance forms a resonant circuit with the inductance, which is activated by the voltage jump across the diode D3. The voltage V3 then oscillates and fades away.
Continuous Mode
Discontinuous Mode
Tips
The larger the chosen value of the inductor L, the smaller the current ripple IL. However this results in a physically larger and heavier inductor.
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The higher the chosen value of the switching frequency f , the smaller the size of the inductor. However the switching losses of the transistor also become larger as f increases. The smallest possible physical size for the inductor is achieved when IL = 2Iout at Vin_max. However, the switching losses at the transistors are at their highest in this state. Choose IL so that it is not too big. The suggestions proposed by us have adequately small current ripple along with physically small inductor size. With a larger current ripple, the voltage ripple of the output voltage Vout becomes clearly bigger while the physical size of the inductor decreases marginally. It is best not to alter the turns ratio N1/N2 proposed by us.
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(the factor of 0.95 is taken into account to allow for the fact that the duty cycle t1/T = 0.5 cannot be completely reached).
VF = 0.7 (Diode Forward-voltage) IL = 0.4Iout For the calculation of the curve-shapes, and also for the calculation of "IL for Vin_max", two cases have to be distinguished, i.e. continuous mode and discontinuous mode:
From this it follows that: a. For IL< 2Iout the converter is in continuous mode and it follows that:
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b. For IL> 2Iout the converter is in discontinuous mode and it follows that:
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