EARTHQUAKE RECORDS AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS SEISMOGRAM - a record written by a seismometer in response to ground motions produced by an earthquake, explosion,

or other ground-motion sources. MEASURING INSTRUMENTS : SEISMOMETER SEISMOGRAPH ACCELEROGRAPH SEISMOSCOPE

given point. To record motion in all directions, three seismographs are required. One seismograph is needed to measure vertical motion, and two to record horizontal motion. The two seismographs recording horizontal directions, record in 90degree angles Richter magnitude less than 3.5 3.5-5.4 earthquake effects Generally not felt, but recorded. Often felt, but rarely causes damage. At most slight damage to welldesigned buildings. Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. Can be destructive in areas up to about 100 kilometers across where people live. Major earthquake. Can cause serious damage over larger areas. Great earthquake. Can cause serious damage in areas several hundred kilometers across.

SEISMOMETER -are instruments that measure motions of the ground, including those of seismic waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other seismic sources SEISMOGRAPH -An instrument that measures seismic waves caused by an earthquake. Generally, it consists of a mass attached to a fixed base. During an earthquake, the base moves and the mass does not. The motion of the base with respect to the mass is commonly transformed into an electrical voltage. The electrical voltage is recorded on paper, magnetic tape, or another recording medium. This record is proportional to the motion of the seismometer mass relative to the earth, but it can be mathematically converted to a record of the absolute motion of the ground. THREE MAIN DEVICES OF SEISMOGRAPH Richter Magnitude Scale - A mathematical formula used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake Modified Mercalli Intensity Scalea seismic scale used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake Moment-Magnitude Scale - Used by seismologists to measure the size of earthquakes in terms of the energy released. It is based on the amount of displacement that occurred along a fault zone rather than the measurement of ground motion at a

Under 6.0

6.1-6.9 7.0-7.9 8 or greater

Accelerograph refers to an instrument used for recording acceleration of the ground during an earthquake. It is used to monitor structures for earthquake response. It is commonly called accelerometer. Difference between Accelerograph and Seismograph: accelerograph records ground acceleration while seismograph records ground motion. Accelerogram-graphic record in chart form, produced by an accelerograph in response to seismic ground motions. Accelerograph maintenance it is essential that the instrument be well protected from such environmental conditions as flooding or excessive summer temperatures and from tampering or vandalism.

Accelerograph Installation The accelerograph should be firmly bolted to concrete foundation. The accelerograph which is order of 20 x 20 x40 cm in size, often can be conveniently installed in the corner of small structure, such as an office, instrument room, or storage room. 3.

SEISMOSCOPE

- an instrument that gives a qualitative measure of the oscillatory motion produced by an earthquake or other disturbance of the earth's surface. Unlike the seismograph, it lacks a device to calibrate the time. History of Seismoscope In 132 A.D., a Chinese inventor called Zhang Heng displayed his amazing earthquake-detection machine, or seismoscope, at the court of the Han Dynasty. Zhang's seismoscope was a giant bronze vessel, resembling a samovar almost 6 feet in diameter. Eight dragons snaked face-down along the outside of the barrel, marking the primary compass directions. In each dragon's mouth was a small bronze ball. Beneath the dragons sat eight bronze toads, with their broad mouths gaping to receive the balls. How it works? The instrument was said to resemble a wine jar of diameter six feet . On the outside of the vessel there were eight dragon-heads, facing the eight principal directions of the compass. Below each of the dragon-heads was a toad, with its mouth opened toward the dragon. The mouth of each dragon held a ball. At the occurrence of an earthquake, one of the eight dragon-mouths would release a ball into the open mouth of the toad situated below. The direction of the shaking determined which of the dragons released its ball. The instrument is reported to have detected a four-hundred-mile distant earthquake which was not felt at the location of the seismoscope. The exact mechanism that caused a ball to drop in the event of an earthquake is not known. One theory is that a thin stick was set loosely down the center of the barrel.

An earthquake would cause the stick to topple over in the direction of the seismic shock, triggering one of the dragons to open its mouth and release the bronze ball. The sound of the ball striking the toad's mouth would alert observers to the earthquake. This would give a rough indication of the earthquake's direction of origin, but it did not provide any information about the intensity of the tremors. 4. EARTHQUAKE NETWORK (SEISMIC NETWORK) Seismic Network is a new earthquake monitoring system based on a dense array of low-cost acceleration sensors. It is responsible for the operational guidance and management of the national seismic network, short-term earthquake prediction, earthquake data collection, report processing, scientific journal management, seismological construction, technological research and operations for emergency response . A primary goal of the system is to produce block-by-block measurements of strong shaking during an earthquake. Such "shake maps" can then be used by first responder agencies (e.g., fire department, utilities) to prioritize dispatch to areas of greatest likely damage. Effective emergency response can occur despite damaged telephone services that prevent civilian calls for help from succeeding. PHIVOLCS Seismic Monitoring Network The Philippines has a total of 65 seismic stations, 29 of which are manned, 30 are unmanned, and 6 volcano stations. The central operating station is located at PHIVOLCS Main Office, Diliman, Quezon City. All information is received at the Data Receiving Center (DRC), which is operated 24/7 by the Seismological Observation and Prediction Division (SOEPD).