CEE 313L Hydraulics Laboratory

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Engineering Mechanics University of Dayton
Fall, 2005

HYDRAULICS LABORATORY MANUAL CEE 313L

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering And Engineering Mechanics University of Dayton Dayton, OH 45469

Don Chase Fall, 2005

Table of Contents
Foreword ................................................................................................................ ii Format of Lab Report............................................................................................. iii Grading System...................................................................................................... iv Guidelines for Writing a Good Discussion and Conclusion ....................................v Four-Step Process ................................................................................................. vi Library Report Topics .......................................................................................... viii Laboratory Cover Sheet ......................................................................................... ix Lab #1: Uncertainty Analysis & Curve Fitting ................................................... 1-1 Lab #2: Fluid Properties...................................................................................... 2-1 Lab #3: Fluid Statics ........................................................................................... 3-1 Lab #4: Flow Meters ........................................................................................... 4-1 Lab #5: Open Channel Calibration ..................................................................... 5-1 Lab #6: Conservation of Linear Momentum....................................................... 6-1 Lab #7: Head Losses in Pipes ............................................................................. 7-1 Lab #8: Minor Losses ......................................................................................... 8-1 Lab #9: Pump Efficiency .................................................................................... 9-1 Lab #10: Open Channel Flow ........................................................................... 10-1 Lab #11: Weirs.................................................................................................. 11-1 Combined Session Project: Flow Nets............................................................. FN-1

Note: Lab chapters are subject to change.

Foreword
The study of fluid mechanics is fundamental to most engineering disciplines. For example, mechanical engineers can use the concepts of fluid viscosity to develop lubricants and chemical engineers can use the concepts of mass transfer (continuity) when examining unit processes. Of course, civil engineers frequently use concepts related to fluid mechanics to help in designing public works and other infrastructure where water is the fluid of interest. The purpose of having students perform experiments in a laboratory setting is multifold. Since students themselves gather the data, reduce the data to generate results, and then compare the results to well-established quantities; then the students may be more willing to accept the well-established values. Secondly lab experiments provide students with the opportunity to use equipment that they may also use when they are practicing professionals. Thirdly, taking measurements in the laboratory will invariably involve measurement error. Thus the lab exposes the students to measurement error and how that error can be understood so that later it may be addressed or minimized. Finally students are exposed to computer solution techniques as they must use software packages to complete their lab assignments. Generally speaking the findings from a lab experiment are presented in the form of a lab report. For this class, one purpose of the lab report is to introduce the student to technical writing. In previous years much effort, on the part of the student, was expended on providing much verbiage in the lab discussion you know, BS. This is not necessary!! When writing lab reports, it is much more important to be brief and to the point. Fewer words, when they make the point, are better!!

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Format of Lab Report

The principal requirements of a good report are clarity, brevity, completeness, good grammar, order, and neatness. The student should always keep these requirements in mind when writing a report. More is not necessarily better - so please choose your words judiciously. All reports shall be completed with the use of a word processor and other software available to the student such as spreadsheets, Matlab, etc. Reports should only occupy one side of 8 1/2 x 11 paper, have margins of one inch on all sides except the binding (left) edge which shall be 1 1/2 inches. Every lab report will include the following parts in the order listed: 1. Cover sheet: A sample cover sheet is furnished in the Hydraulics Lab manual. A cover sheet shall be used for all lab reports. 2. Table of contents: The table of contents should include major items in the report and the page number of the major items in a tabular form. 3. Objective: The objective should be a brief one or two sentence summary indicating the content and scope of the lab experiment. 4. Results: Every report must include a statement of the results. This may be given in tabular and/or graphical form as the nature of the experiment dictates. 5. Discussion: The primary purpose of the discussion is to explain why any deviations from expected or published values exist. In other words, what is the primary source of error and why did it occur. The discussion section shall be limited to no more than two pages. 6. Summary and Conclusions: This section should include a brief summary of the experiment and list the primary sources of error or deviations in the experiment. Also the student should supply any recommendations on how the results can be improved. Conclusions shall be limited to no more than one and one half pages. 7. References: Any references used in the lab reports should be included with every report. 8. Appendix: The appendix shall contain the original or a copy of the original data sheet and shall contain any sample calculations. 9. Data Sheet: An original or photocopy of the data sheet as taken in the laboratory and initialized by the instructor or lab assistant. This data sheet shall contain only raw data obtained in the laboratory and should be presented in tabular format where appropriate.

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10. Sample Calculations: A single example of each unique calculation shall be provided in this section. Sample calculations shall be provided for each unique calculation regardless of the complexity or simplicity of the calculation. Independent and dependent variables should be defined for all equations where appropriate.

Grading System
Lab reports shall be an individual effort. Each lab report will be worth one hundred and sixty (160) points and should include the following: Cover sheet Table of contents Objective Data sheet Discussion Conclusion References Sample Calculations Results and Graphs 10. Technical Writing Total 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 2 3 5 5 30 20 5 25 15 50 160

The course grade includes: 12 Lab Reports 11 Library Reports Individual Participation Final Exam Total 1920 220 260 200 2600

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The grading scale shown in the table below will be used to assign a final grade as shown in the table below. The grading scale shown below has been adopted throughout the CEE Department. If you feel that a grading mistake has been made on lab reports, please notify the instructor so that the problem can be addressed.

Weighted Percentage 92.0 100.0 89 91.9 86 88.9 82 85.9 79 81.9 76 78.9 72 75.9 69 71.9 60 68.9 < 60

Final Grade A AB+ B BC+ C CD F

University Grade Point 4.00 3.67 3.33 3.00 2.67 2.33 2.00 1.67 1.00 0.00

Guidelines for Writing a Good Discussion and Conclusion

1. The primary purpose of the Discussion section is to explain any deviation in results from expected values. 2. The primary purpose of the Conclusion section is to summarize the findings and to recommend ways to improve the experimental results. 3. Explain sources of experimental error and be specific when explaining potential sources of error.
Weak explanation: Inaccurate measurements could have led to inaccurate experimental results. Better, more specific explanation: Since the scale used to measure lengths has gradations to the nearest 1/32", the precision in length measurements are 1/64. Therefore, experimental length measurements were limited by the precision of the scale. Weak explanation: Errors in capillary rise could have resulted from dirt. Better, more specific explanation: Using dirty glass plates and tubes could contribute to errors in capillary rise because angles water makes with the glass cannot be assumed to be zero.

4. For sources of error, one must include a statement of how the error can affect the lab results. 5. Use transitions to connect your ideas and make your explanations logical and coherent. (Examples: however, therefore, in conclusion, on the other hand, in addition, also, etc.) 6. Always write in the third person.
1st Person: I took the measurements 2nd Person: We took the measurements 3rd Person: The group took the measurements

7. Usually it is best write using active voice. Passive voice is not as powerful and forceful as active voice. There are some instances though when use of passive voice is acceptable. Exercise care when using passive voice.
Passive: Errors in the measurement of pressure Active: Pressure measurement errors.

8. Keep sentences simple and direct. 9. Be careful of sentence structure, grammar and mechanics.

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THE FOUR-STEP PROCESS FOR IMPROVING GRAMMAR, USAGE, MECHANICS A. The purpose of the following Four-Step Process is to have you demonstrate recognition and understanding of a standard and acceptable norm of grammar, usage or mechanics (GUM) in an area that needs strengthening or changing in a report that you have written. B. Such deviations from the norm distract, slow down, or confuse the reader of your report. C. Places where you can improve are encircled on your report with a code letter and number in the margin. D. The source for finding the code letter and number along with an explanation and a few examples of the norm is the Little Brown Handbook by Fowler and Aaron. CDs containing the Little Brown Handbook will be placed in the Design Studio. E. Your response should be made using the following Four-Step Process: 1. Type of the sentence in your report in which some part has been encircled. For example: The payload for the test and the rocket are 25,000 gallons of water. 2. Write the number and letter and brief description of the instructor referral indicated in your report. For example: 21b. Make the verb agree with its subject. 3. Write your understanding of what needs to be done. For example: I need to change the verb are to is in order for it to agree with its singular subject, payload. 4. Write your revision. For example: The payload for the test and the rocket is 25,000 gallons of water. F. Your response minus the directions given in Section E above should look like the following: 1. Jubilation was felt by all, but more poignantly by those who had worked hard to achieve their goal. 2. 14a. Prefer active verbs. 3. I need to change jubilation was felt to the active voice. 4. Everyone was jubilant, especially those who

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G. The Grammar, Usage, Mechanics (GUM) score for each lab report accounts for 50 of the 160 total points according to the following scale: 46-50 41-45 36-40 31-35 20-30 H report measures up well to the norms of standard grammar, usage, mechanics. report usually measures up well to the norms of standard grammar, usage, mechanics. report needs some adjusting to achieve the norms of standard grammar, usage, mechanics. report needs significant adjustment to achieve the norms of standard grammar, usage, mechanics. report need some adjusting to achieve the norms of standard grammar, usage, mechanics.

If the same code number/letter occurs more than once on a given report, check out all of the instructor references but write out the Four-Step Process for only one of each kind. Your written response to the Four-Step Process is optional. If you do the Four-Step Process for a given report, your GUM grade will revert to the full credit for that particular report. If you choose not to respond with the Four-Step Process, your GUM grade will stand. Please note that any written response is due at the same time that you hand in a lab report a week later, i.e. #1 response when you hand in #3 report, #2 response when you hand in #4 report, etc. Be sure to put your name and the lab report number and title on your response sheet. Also, be sure to submit the appropriate lab report with each Four-Step Process.

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Library Report Topics

The purpose of the library report is to familiarize the student with the experiment being performed. The reports are due on the day that the lab is performed and are worth 20 points each. A report should be a brief summary of the assigned topic and should be at least one page double spaced. References are to be included. 1. No library report needed for Lab #1 2. Fluid Properties 3. Static Pressure 4. Calibration of flow meters 5. Calibration of the channel 6. Jet impact 7. Losses in pipes 8. Minor losses 9. Pump efficiency 10. Critical flow (open channel) 11. Weirs 12. Darcys Law .

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UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON DAYTON, OHIO CEE 313L HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NUMBER TITLE

SUBMITTED BY: GROUP

Date Performed Date Due Date Received GRADE