The Princeton HUMAN BRAIN COLORING WORKBOOK Inferior View: An interactive approach to learning Kapil Gupta, M.D.Dedication v In Apprectation of... vi Preface vit CHAPTER 1 The Developing Central Nervous System 1 ‘Chapler1-1 Th Newad be 2 ‘Chapter 1-2 Gverview ol the Bein are] Vertis 4 ‘Chepr 1-3 The Brain Tleneaphelen and Carsrel Hanliphares 8 ‘Gregaer The Bron: Cxrranpholon ore] Mesreaghecdon 6 ‘Chapter 1-5 The Bri: Myeereephaon ond Metonephen 10 146 The Cord 12 ‘Chapter 1-7 Newons ond Glia u“ ‘Chapter 1 ‘Sob Assesment 16 CHAPTER 2 The Heninges a Chegser 2 2 CHAPTER 3 The Cerebral Hemi spheres 21 Cheper1Toperraphy 2 Chapa 32 Gaba Ongonition 2 Crepe 33 Specaland Cortical Amos. Mator System a Grpper 3:4 Speciaimd Goried Amen Saary Sysem a Drepter 35, Specalend Cortical Areas: Bracers and Worniche' 2 ‘Chop 3 SobAumument 2 CHAPIFR 4 The Cranial Nerves 3 Caper) doen u Greper 42 toreticn ond Forrenine x reper #3 ON 1: Ciacory Nerve ond Sora a Chepme 44 CN Opt Nervecned Vind Petaey 4a Crepe 5 ONE Their “ Chop a6 (ON Cover Nerve ae Crepe 67 ON IM Tochleor Nene a Crepe 48 ONE Abtheirn Mare: 2 Chapter 49 ONY Tigeninal Nerve 2 Cheyer 4:10 CNV Feried Nerve a Cheyer 4-11 CN VIE Coches Porton ered Aurtiry Sytem 5 Chopser 4:12 ON Vib Vetaar Porton ond Bokaro B (Chapter 413 ON DC Glomapharynged Nerve a Chop 14 ONC VogusNewe a2 Crp 4:15 ON Spinel Acomsory Nerve oo Chapter 416 CNI8) Hypagloui! Nene: ) Crepe 4 aCHAPTER 5 The Ventricular System and Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation Chopior 5-1 The Verticuor Systm and Carebroaninal Fd Greate, Chapar 5 ‘Sef Assmnement CHAPTER 6 The Limbic System Deptt The linbic Sate reper 6 Sot Assesment CHAPTER 7 The Thalamic Complex Grp 7-1 Tholamus Anatomy and Nude Crepe 7-2 Thole Cernecions Cheper7) | Hypobademun: Aresomy ond Nidal Ceper 7-4 Hypohadormu: Afferent Carnectors Gheper 7-5 Hypobdornux: Slerrt Cornacions Crepes 7:8 Hypothalamic Hypephysedl Ported Sys Crepier 7-7 reper 7 CHAPTER B The Basal Ganglia Choper 1 Lohard Views Gepier 2 Thee Ckrersicnel Views repr 8-1 Projection bars one Herizntel Secon hoped Coven Seton hope 5 Neworad Connacfers Crepar 8 Sob Aseument CHAPTER 9 The Brain Stem Grape? The Widbrain Geyer? 2 The Fors Chapter 9-3 The Media Oblongaia. Chopter 9 Sof Asesument CHAPTER 10 The Cerebellum Chopin 10+) The Combolen: ‘Chapter 10 Seb Aneueent CHAPTER 11 The Cerebrovascular System Chopter 11-1 Port k The Vertebral ond Internal Corot Arteries Chapier 11-2 Port: the Girdle of Willa, Venous Drainage, ond Meringeal Arteries Chager| Sob Assurant CHAPTER 12 Neuronal Conduction ‘Chopiee12+1 The Resting Membrane Peden Chapter 12:2 The Acton Fetenfl, Synapse, onal Neuromuscular Junaiion CHAPTER 13 The Autonomic Kervous System (Greys 1341 The Automonic Nervous System Port! Choper 1342 The Autornoric Nervous Spe Port “x: 110 12 113 tha is 17 8 0 123 12d 128 129 130 192CHAPTER 14 Asconding Neuronal Pathways 135 Crepe 1 Lateral Spinctholomec Potwery 138 142 Donal Cokenn ond 138 CHAPTER 15 Descending Neuronal Pathways: 14) Ghat 15-1 Cortenapined Patroasy a2 Ghepter 15:2 Rabrespinal ore! Tesogpia Pehweya laa Chapter 15:2 Refculspine ene! Vesbbnpind Pash Vas CHAPTER 16 The Human Brain Atlas: Surfaces of the Brain _149 (Chapter 16-1 Lotorad Sule of the Brain: 10 Chop 162 rdorier Surfom of fhe Bron 31 Chapter 163 Supericy Surtece of ho Bein 152 CHAPTER 17 The Human rain Atlas: Serial Corona) Sections __153. Chepter 17-1 Sector fhrough Frontal bedbes Vsa Ghepter 172 Secon fueagh lerpered Hors of eter Vertis 155 Chop 173 Secton fcugh Anteior Commis 156 Chops 174 Section rough Body of tatercd Werte ot iz ‘the bevel cf the Sipperiar Cliches Chapter 17.5 Sexion fweaagh Penerir Hors lore Vries, 158 Ghegie 176 Seer tara Poe 15 CHAPTER 18 The Human Brain Atlas: Serial Sagittal Secttons 161 ‘of the Cerebral Hemisphere Chapter 1B] Wichogitd secon of arid heriaghere 142 ‘Crcle 1852 Sexson frond Arties Thorns Nuch 163 ‘Chapier TES Secfon freaugh Denote Nicks és Na Sector Formers 165 : 4 Seri l Chapter 19-1 Section trough fue Beco the Lcd Vertis 18 Cropter 192 Section trough Gerw oF intemal Come 169 Grogtor 19 Sachon frough Thao 0 Chapler 14 Secon trough Micra wr CHAPTER 20 The Human Brain Atlas: Brain Stem Topography a ‘Chapser 20-1 Donal Surface of Brean Sie fwith cordbalun remewec) wa ‘Chapter 30:2 Verto Surface of Brin Sen ws CHAPTER 21 The Human Spinal Cord Atlas: Transverse ww Sections of the Spinal Cord Chapmee 21-1 Tronparve Secon of Cernic Cord 78 Chapter 21-2 Transerse Section of Thorac Gord We Chater 21-3 Traraversa Section of Lorber Cord 10 Chepier 21-4 __Termarsa Secon of Soc Cord 181 CHAPTER 22 Answer Key to Self-Assessments a3 CHAPTER 23 Index 000 About the Author 193 “4°ine op} eveloping central nervous systemDorn a Chapter 1-1: The inavrockrelopmeny, we wil begin on the 1th doy of deelopeent oy this doy marks the formation of he neural ube [A Its hom the neural ube tho he ere cena r= vous sem (CN; the bron ond spinal ere) develop, The tres main layers of the human embrye, at this point, am cutermaat eetedarm (BI, which is knows or tha neural plote (C) [Color A, B, ond C diferent colors, blending between 8 and color C a darker color thon 8] Cals within the neural plate prolteraie, fering on indentation coled the nevral groore (D], =hich doves fo for the nwurdl ‘ube, with it hollow eantral cama (F}. The incl pois of sure ofthe navel tube ia importa becouse it marks the location of the mack; Irom the point fhe neural tube continues to dose cephalad (howard the head), and caudod loway from the head). [You may wore te.colee F block. J ‘As could be expected, the ros end intermedi ports, respectively. develop inte the cerebral hemisheheres ord brein- ttre, the coudal partion develops ints the spinal card. and the iain weniriche: ewelop from the neural ube cavity. When the neural plots imoginates to form the neural groove, call of the leterol margin of the neuro plate remain isolated frm the rex al tube and lie between it and the eioderm, This group of cals becomes the sural crest (EJ: the rmurol crest goes cee to the nomi gonghs, adele, al port of the aural he in comple by coy 26. Neural Tube Ginical Conrelotes: if the revra! tbe dns wo close, @ verieny of cisecaes cent; Hey ore colecivaly fared 10 as sera! be defects. One example 2f this is ¢ myelocele, conion in which the newal tube fois to chase and 3 part of the spinal’ cord prov rude though the spine af the cree of fis molcioue: When the euro! tbe False else, or Hi mropens, coudaly the rout is:o° cxipocching ofthe spinal cord trough cn wecoved crea of te spinal colin, @ conditoe incwn os myeereningocele, Wher ‘fe naw! tubo fost 19 closa 0! Ie capac and, the rash is 2° absence of the brow ard cakarue, condition Knows ai ane capholy. The enact cowe of nual ribo doles is unhnown, E | © Central canst F ¢ 0 © Neural crest. © Neural tube © heurat plate © Eetodern © Neural grooveQ) = GR S \ c We iy hx OBR, j= ranaverie sections comentDreer One Chapter 1-2: Overview of the Brain and Ventricles (Cree the nevral ie hou cloned, thre cavities keer atts exphel ic end; the forsbrain (A), midbrain (8), ond hindbrain te). [ Color A, 8, ond C different colors, ond set oxide thane colors | These covites ore alia known as the bencephalen, re hes. in the crea cf the midbrain, ond the cervicol fexure lies between tha hindbrain and spina cord, Grae tine, hw forebroin and hindbrain divide barter into two more wenides. The forebrain diedes into he telencephalon [F} ord diencephalon (6) | Color F ond G different shodes of the color that you used to cole A. | ‘The hindbrcin divides inta the metencephalon (H) ond mye- lencephalon (1). [Goer Hf cna diferent shades ofthe color you wand to olor. | The tekercmphakon eventually form the cerebral heniaaheres, the diencepholan develops into the thalamic system, the meter ‘eaphelon gives rise to the pons one cerebaliin, and the myelen: cephan glee rive to the medullo oblongato. This is known ox the Srvesicle stage, ond during this doge @ third Hemet: becomes prominent in the metencephalon. it is known os the pontine flexure (J), You mey recoil thot the venirioues system of the brain devel- opt from the innae cavity of the navrel tubs. Foch of tha covtion col he above suche develops ito © part of the renicalor aps diorceptoles, ridiron, end hindiroir ore the third wertriche (U, cerebral aqueduct [M], ond the Fourth ventricle (M), respecevely [Color KN differeet shades of one solr to demorecte ne: venticukar chomber from the mx. | The coudel covty hema into he carte canal of the xainal coe, ca ha el ee rl et owe al. he ‘wervriclar system contcins carsbroupinel uid (CSE not shown) which cthions the brain and circulates throughout the broin nd spinal cond wikia the whoeochnesd space [his willbe divcvnsed lotr). the majociy of the CSF is manudacrured by netwceks of [blood westals calla the charail plus tht ie within He lasers, third, and fourth ventricles. The choroid placa is Farmed fy the ucton of highly woaculor manacer with the epeedyral lining of she rau tbe Tha eoudal end of he neural tubs bacomes the spinal cord “Thus, by the sixth week the six major divisions of the central ner eat cystam ore evident: ha tnlancephalon, dancephalon, mer vencephalon, metencapriclon, myclencephoton, end spinal cord, Chinicol Coorelotes: fe cays! cpm bmcorme Uline [by tenor or for ary ether reason) the CSF wll conn to beck op be @ kg jam che [) on Mackade, red (2} ts continua secreran hora the chorsid plexes. As o resul, he venice, wwould A op wih an ances od CSE which would repribconty rors0 fe rose within he cranial vaut, ceateg © rumba of problems. This condition s med Ayckocephas. There ore to man fypes of hycboceptals: conminicoteg hydkocerhals ond vewicls imo ihe wbauchrod space, where # buids up, crear ing donguoes pretiuie i ronecermunicateg hyhocephals, CSF fow fam the venticles is blocked. 30 that CSF never reach 1 tre weborochnesd spon; he example we cee marlin, Meare fore, 5 one of nenconenunicenng byckecephots, becouse CSF fa prevented irom leaving ta vonticuor ater © Forebrain (Prosencephalon) A ° © Migbratn (mesencephalon) 8 ° O Minabratn (Reombencephaton) CO © Cephalic fiemure >» «6 © Cervical flexure e 0 Telencephalon F Diencepne lon 6 Metencephelon 4 Hyelencephalon = 1 Letersl ventricte Third ventricle ° ° © Cerebral aqueduct © Fourth vestricle Ponting Fleaure 9 vatJoveral view dorsal view Thres-vesicle tage of neural tubo development lovee! view — dorsal view Fivevesicle ‘of neural tube itDoren One Chapter 1-3: The Brain: Telencephalon and Cerebral Hemispheres The presencephallon [ale Inown os the forebrain) devides into: the refa ond their stalks will give rise 1 the hwo epic nerves [ Color A 0 lighter shade of the color thot you used foe G. J ‘The pair of diverticula (pauches]; one on each side of the 1 are the telencephalen (8); their wolls will become the cerebral hemispheres, and their cavities will become the heteral ventricles (C). The lateral vertices communicate ‘with the third ventricle (B) no te interventricular fora men (E). [ Cole B the same colar 01 in the previous diagram. Calor E 9 lighter shade ol the color you wied fo calor C. Color Do eile ev Shoda than C. } Tha oruerie boundary ofthe prosancephalen, tied went, cd el more by hr terminals 7, The ‘optic veticles, techaically © port of the diencepholon, mark the Aland bane he rr ocd he hae end he col diencephalon (8) [Color G the some color os inthe previous diagram, J In the FFE week, the walls of fhe tlancephaion begin ta seodvce the poretl piles, pontroty to proche the cciptl the falx cerebei (0). Yascula: [slood vessl] masanchyraa joins the epandyiral lining of the medial surioce of the cerebral hemi spherws, ond the ehoreid planes (J) is born. The cell of he forebroin vesicle, which were discussed early, are the osigina of tall ling the Boor of be hrebrcin fn fo corp vim, which separates ints the eoudate nucleus (L) ond the lentiform nucleus (A); the lenskorm nucleus is mack up of tha putamen (M) ard x globus pallidus (0). The head of the coudale nuclews develops into free ports the Moor of the lenerol verwricle; these poms than marge ‘0 form the coudoww's sd fond the omygriatid carmplas. [Color LN, end © differen! shades ol the same color: Use these some tharos to colar in the hwo parts of ML J Eventually the tmoth surloce of the cerebinal hemispheres develops into the cerebral comtex, producing cormaliions ond giving rise to gyriand ski. Gyri may be seen as the mounds and sli as the valleys in the drawing of the keain of six monihs. by the third month is the first mews, the beterel sul 1648 (P) The Hloor ofthe sles dwelops inka sl orme howe ‘2s the (GQ) which eventually becomes covered by the ipsilateral some side) corskral hemisphere, Other sei develop clouar to the ninth month, which is the time of birth, Optic vesicles > Telencephalon Later) ventricles Third ventricle © Interventricalar foramen Lamina terminalis Diencephat on > Olfactory bulb > Falx cerepri > Cherote plexus ppocanpus Lentiform nucleus Putamen Globus paltidus Lateral sulcus > Insule Caudate nucleus‘Ceriral wulews Fourth ventricle Cental canal week embryo c Internal capsule Coronel section through cerebral hemispheres “Te@... ONE Chapter 1-4: The Brain: Diencephalon and Mesencephalon ‘men (C), and the coudel boundary is the posterior cormmissere, which i not shown, [ Color 4. the some color ox wos praviouily used for a, ond color Ba lighter shade of that calor, Color C the same colar as ‘waa previously ured. J The hypethalamic sulews (D) marks the boundary beheeen the tholrws and the ita formed by bor bypatholoms; Ghudinal depressions tha form on the oler plows of the form bbroin, Thickening of the lar plate, inthe lateral wall of the third ventricle, gives rive to the thalamus (E] on ether side. During developmant the tholomi grow dower to each other, narowing the third vewide, ond Wining with each other to form the itetoams nbich isa hewn he aise ine medic [ret shown). Rapid eader growth within the thalorut ives rie to the thakomic nucleor growps. The! [Fis med by the portion f the lor Tone fora he vapholn gon ras ibe ofeclbkos (a), [ Color F alighter shade of the color thot wan used far E. | |midbrein], crises from the midbrain cerebral onvedvet(H). The rot plate ond the okr per gre 0 ha Pecrum H,bich wl tr coi of the separate toch raheres nso superior elles) oie tar caliculit [not shown), locoted on the posterior oxpect ofthe peduncull [L}. The red muclous (M) it belioved to crise from. the alor plot, ond the origins of te substantia: nigra (NM) reroin wncleor, (Use diferent colors for HIM. Yow may want bo color M rad, to help you remember its name. | Third ventricle a Thalasus © GChoratd pleaus of the tnird wentricle 8 O Interventricular foraten O Mypothalanic quleus 0D Tectua Hypothalamus FOO Cece Wuclel of the third cranial nerve Infundt pul um 6 Basis peduncul i © Red nucleus 4 Cerebral aqueduct 4 O Substantia migra N‘Coronel sections Hrrovgh tha diencephalonChapter 1-5: The Brain: Myelencephalon and Metencephalon ‘The myplereepholon orites from the hindbrain vesicle ond then ives rive to the meckila dblongata, which is the caudalmost cf he broin. Due to higher levels than they woul! oterwise. Thereloe, the shar plate (B) ends up lying loteral tothe bosall plate (C), ond he sulcus fimitans (0) separates them. Located on the floor of the leurs veriricle the neurons ofthe beso plots dillererticie into the motor sere rude of eranel nerves IX, X, Hl, ene The nerves ofthe olor plore develop inte he sensory nerve nuclei of croniol nerves , Vil, OX, cd Xo well os these other nuclei: the arocle rucevs, aneate rudevs, and olivary muddeus (f) 1h oot ploy (compo oto ia le rendre sndlernacth a shaw of pls mower; togpthee these frm a sla prelereipen oesirlnkartwnreimeytirgans ‘cle to farm the chereid plexus (F). [ Gober 8, C, D, ond E diferent colors. Color F @ lighter shode ofthe eoler used for A] Barienn ths eur and fithimoneh of fetal development wo. ‘openings (or kraman! in he roo plate develop te low comme: com betes ha Koh oars one he. suboochecd igoce. One of fase Frcmira develops at a pair this pie oF leramina is knew asthe Karama of lich. The er foramen feacpene coed re of Meparetil b so ‘and discussed in the chapter on Mcaceniangesrare pant tO) od fa orcah Lim. The pos arises from the ventral aspect of the maton: ‘epholan, ond te corebelum arts from the dorsal expec the The dortal portion of te pons, which in coled the tegen, arte een the bat late ond as Boe oF © Fourth vert © Alor plate Pons. © gasal plate © Sulcus Vimtrans Chorotd plexus Ponting quclet ‘he fourth ventela. Aha ersing trem the baxal plane ore the motor nuclei of cronicl nerves ¥, Vi, and VIL The pontine ‘nuclei (H) arise from the olor plot, os do the santory rucai of croniel perves ¥ ond Vl, cre the veribular and cochlear mucha of cranial nerve Vil [ Coler Ho lighter shade of he color used for. | The ceiebellen is formed by the joing of the thombic lips (1, hich bud off rom the slor plots, and extend poster rly over the reeof parte (J: the lps jain in the midline ond their Fusion forms the por of the cerabelum known ox the vermis 1K). The rencining poi of lier regions give ris fo the ese bellor hemispheres (t). The oppecronce cf ha corskelim ixczrnmr evident yt thie mdb: tha ame cof the fourth month, fissures begin to haan, the first of which isthe posterior fisure [not shown). The posterior Fissure marks eo ically sigrificon’ Essundleviex: (I) it eaparaies the coud maul ciped of the cerebellum, horioring the Recculus (M) from its more rostral regmens, aad [7] t veporctes the medlus {from the ret of tha vermis. Nawesblath give Hie to the ae cerebellor nude, [ Color K, L, M, ond M similor colors or different shades of ene color. | Vera's r Cerebellar hemi spheres L " " ooo0 Rhoabic Ips oo000 © Olivary nucteua Roof plate -10-rons fom tho anteriar portion of Development of the pons and carebellum from the ‘onterior partion of the metencephalonQQ. ONE Chapter 1-6: The Spinal Cord White the neural tube is being formed, © deprestion develops on ‘eoch side of Loman, or canal cavity, hal separates it into dae sol ond ventral sections. Tis longitidincl depression is coled the sulews limiters (C). The dorsal section is termed the lar Plate (A) ond the ventral section is termed the basal plate (8). [Color A and B different cotors. J The ccr plots ia involved with teniary function, and its mev- ons give rsa to tha spinal cords dersad horn (Dj. The box pote is not involved with the eraction ef brain regions thot bs antes te he radar: it inveived with maior conduetion end ‘i peurons occupy the spinal cord's wentral horn (E). {Color D ond E diferent saci of the cme cc. } ‘Other neworm of fe banal pte devel into inferewora, wshich one unique iv hes thee oxce. ore confined to the spinal cord. The mania layer (F) formed by reursblats that ig fale in the wells ofthe neural ube, gives risa to he grary mat 98 (G) of the spinal cord, The marginal layer (H), which is also formed from developing neuroblasn, contains nd descending cncrs, hich are later myelinated, Faring te ‘erhite matter {I} of the spinal cord, Aer the thir moet, the cortege and bones grow more pity than the ypinol cord, and the iplral cord, which intially spanned the entre verter col sume, row ands up othe third lanbar verte. The coxdal most porn of fe spinel card is hnown os the corut meckllaris, and Irom this edmich o Fae econ ot the Bhs orice [| my help you remember the siractures if you color Ia 7 ar end Gada see | as ‘he spinal cond eereh from the foramen maguen on the apect of the skull, tothe lower border of the First haw: bor vertebra {L:1}. I es within the spinal column, whose: 33 ver ebro cre divided io the following mmetoms: 7 carved, 12 tha- race, S lumbar, 4 soc, ond 4 coctygecl. Mixed spinal nerves (J) re formed from the union of dersal nerve roots (0 ord ventral narve roots (L). There ore 1 poin of spinal eros. ond they divide the spinal card irra S segments: B cerv al, 12 thorock, 5 lumbar, 5 xosral, and 1 coxcypecl The cor eg of he sina coed ore the sane ox thone othe bein, rm ‘erm ts cutermest ple mater (M), arachnoid (M), one dura mater (0). ( Use different shades of the some colar for NO: Motke Mth ‘ighteat, M darker, and the dorkes!. ) © Alar plate AO Mantle layer FO Dorsal nerve roots k © dasa! plate & © Gray matter G © Wentral nerve roots t © Sulcus Mattans © © Marging) layer HO Pia mater " © dorsal hora DO whit er 1 © aractnotd " © Ventral horn £ @ Mised spinal nerves JG Dura mater 0Transverse sections of the spinal cord with progressive maturation “Anterior view of spinal cardDr on hapter 1-7; ‘There ore two principal ealllor of the rervaus sy ‘een neurons ond lia. Th raul plate, ard early on, the eur rnaurablo's ond saindleshapad gliokloss, Fuster nauroblets ‘are formed first ard make up the morte loyer of the neural tube, developing into bipalar neuroblasts (A). One of the cyt- Plowic processes of the call sireiches to form the axon ond the hee develops © complex donde neta I i now considered multipolar neuroblast (B) ond wil develo ints 3 nee. [ Color A ond B different shacies ofthe same olor. | Globes may ‘nla oskacyim, oligedendra- cp apes nd protoplasmic astrocytes (E} ond fibrous moees [Color C ond D diferent color: cclor E and F diferent shades the sare cor. | sa Feo eye pdr hoy ste ord ‘otkocyet predominate in tha white meter: es hnckeral Sfcees br lnote been be mn ype ‘Asmocyes act 05 phagocytes and form scars in he brats i rape bo inary bv ‘addition, their Foot processes ob! cerebral capilories ard, tere foes, od in the dimelapmact’ of the bloodbeain beset Oligedandroeytes are responible fae forming the myalin sheath round axons in the CMS. The counterport af the aligodendr- pte is the Scrorane cell which mpeinates-cxors of the periph eral nervous npem [FNS]. One cillermce between the ryelrar Neurons and Glia tors is thot on dligedendracyte con envelope mare hon ane ‘axon, whernos © Schwan call can only mysinate cre mien. As ond oc os © borier between the venticulor uid ond the broin pastenchya ‘Clinical Cormelates: 41 wos previously ducussed, Schwern cols ond cligadendhocyes rayelincte rors: of Fre FMVS ond CNS, sone Soe e main saoh seve oxic aor he mle shoot gecty reduces ho ‘Prcd homed kctan The pooyns dah aintas cae cdot of he CNS is mliple cleats, civduols who afer hom cnuple sclerosis experience inierniten tous of moicr weak ais, impared vison, ard remax A demeinaton af axcas of he PNIS occurs ino condition knowe as Guilloin Bord Spices, THs conchton i mid mipaty inkecson Hes pe duces lover end upper imi wockness © Bipolar neuroblast = & © Wwltipolar neuroblast B © Oligedendrocyte c © Ependyme) cell 0 O Protoplasmic astracyte E © Fibrous astrocyte F 14CHAPTER (1] THE DEVELOPING CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM self assessment Inthis ond every subsequent self ostessmant inthis book, the question format is that of exeeded matching ‘Alt of choices it given af the top, wih questions ot the bonom. Match the quexton with the cppropiaa choice, Note thot fhe choices ocurber the quesians. Each lier many be wed crce, mar thon once, of ‘et. ll, Good tuck! wOZErp Ry -TOsmoON wy Alor plate Corvicol Hesume Cophalic fxure Neurol tube . Site of cerebrospinal fluid production . Stalk of this structure is the optic nerve |. Gives rise to the cerebellum . Anterior boundary of structure that gives rise to entire CNS . Meurans of this structure give rise to dorial horn of spinal cord -16-D).. TWO the. meningesDre reo Chapter 2-1: The Meninges The ONS, which includes the beoin ond spinal cod, is covered by tres manbrones: the culermcat dure mater (A), ibe inca ‘red pia mater (B), ond tee middle arachnoid (C), hich is inrbetamen the ether tac reriranes. the tee innermost layers, oradncid ond pia, oe ofan ccllactvaly rabrred ts the lap: Jomeninges. The dura mater is the srorges! oF oll sree, od is blapwed: ih cuter pariestiol lryer (Aq) ochares to the underurfoce of the cronium and is imer meningeal layer (Ag) is continous with the duro layer, which camwers the spinal cord. Tha inner meningeal lnyer give rise the falx corebel (D1. which divides be tres cerebral hemiacheres, [ Color AC different colors. Color A, Ay, ond Ag difterent shades of the same calor. | The mreningeo! layer also gives tie bo the ertorum cone Ihc it ot shonin. The tetera carol raporatos the caro: boeluen fovr te cavaherl hem sphere ond allows communication bbetenen these her compartments through a sructre called the Jerioral incinwre (not shown). The wenovs sine, one of which is the dural sinus (E), fs inrberween the tae layers of the duro smote They collect the wana drainage ond cersbrcspinal Bud cl he brain ana drain into the infernal jugular weins ofthe neck. The durometer receives lity blood supply from the middle meriegeal ony, which ia branch of the maxillory ortery. Tha pic moter isthe ayer that is most intimately adherent the brain cd spinal cor uo mach sa tht it coxa lllows the brain's commours, This vosculer membrana forms the tela choroidea ond the chovcid plezus. In reas where vessel enter or ex he brain, the pia imaginctes fo form « space betomen ‘al ond the vessel culled the partvascular spoce (F). [Goler FG, ond H dark colors. | The orochnold fs for the mast pon avascular ond les between the dura ond the pi: itis separated kom the dey ‘he subdural space 1G), ord leon he pia by he subparach- ‘nid space (H). the arochnoid ond pio ore both composed of Neca cotrtive Kasi. Tha oracle a homed te tha pc bp tha swabtke erachnaid trabeculae (I). The orachncid cho ror «ts clong the croniol ad spinal rar rook. The siarachnoic souce is fhe compared tht lesen, te rechsing cme: troapinal Rast indirect communication with the fourth ven- rile via thea foramina: the foramen of agence ond the paired foraina of Lnchka (Gnicol Conrebates: Tire is potently o space betwee the duro ond the cam: ib brown a @ “pokonkal” pace becouse # does not realy exat unless Hee is pathology. Fo insnce, a stong blow io the tide ofthe head could come a corto of he maddie menegea! atey, whch wuld load fo ood occuruiaton in fre soace thot was created This is inowe a on epichedl hermatota, A low toe Hor’ oF book of he hace, oF & sudden sop Fam accelerator i cho dangemus, For ‘excmale. facreone were ip run shoal! inloe brick wal, head fst he sucker sep might couse a shang fers on the vessels cof fe brn os @ ree of fe brain swcaing tock and forth in the head. The weasel tat wens altected wovid mor! they be the veias that ext the brain pareaciyana and cain ina He dural sinus, These vnisels word be subject 2 0 sheoving force ond fea, producing an accumuleion of blood in te subdiea! apoce oF @ aubdral hematoma. The danger of intact emotamas are fot they grow in sine ced ext 0 pressate on the uncerying broin that is potently fata Dura mater Pia mater a oo Arachnoid Pertostial layer ea00 Meninges! layer: Fale cerebrd boo © Dural sinus gO Subdural snace Subarachnold space 4 O arachnoid trabeculse | scular space F Ms -18-CHAPTER [2] e-TOnmoowPr THE WEN INGES self assessme Dura mater Arachnoid Pio moter Falx cenetori Subdural space Perivascular space Suborachnoid spoce Arachnoid trobeculoe: . Foranen of Magendie . Foramen of Luschka Areo of cerebrospinal fluid circulation , This membrane is bilayered . Divides cerebral hemispheres |. Structure separated from the brain's outermost covering by subdural space . Sheoring of bridging veins initioly causes bleeding into this comporlment -20-the cerebral hemispheres@... THREE Chapter 3-1; Topography The worloce of the brain is Ball of ei ond gyri, Three mulc—the central sulcus (A), lateral sulcus (B), ord paristo- occipital sulcus (C)}— divide the corebrum into its four lobes: ihe frontal (D), parietal (F), temporal (F), ord orcipital lobes (2). [race the adi ving dark cols, ond use Bgl calor ts eoler inthe grt] The Hrontl obe estends Fram the Frantal poke to the central sulous and lies anieraperir fo the labo cus, Al fe botom | cof the lateral sulews is on orc of cortex: knows os the imsuba: {MD which con only be sean ifthe lateral soleus is epanac. The supecalaeral surdace of the fravtol labs contain Bree major sulei—she precentral sulcus (I), te superior frontal sul- ‘cus (J), ond the infarior frontal sulcus (Jy}—ehich divide the lobe into 4 gyri: the precentral gyrus (K), the superior frontal gyrus {t), 68 middle frantal gyrus (Ly), ond the interior frontal gyrus (lq! [Trace J ond Jy in diferent shades of the sare calor; Color L, Ly.ond la dfloront shader of the some color. | “The parietal lobe Ines posterior fo the cemrol when, saperior to the blero sult, ond extends posterity tothe poriekanecip- ital sulcus. tts Ioterel nerfoco consis ef te major suki—tha Posteentval sulcus (M) ord the intraparietal sulcus (Mt}—ord thee moje gy: he posteentnal gyrus (0), he supe ‘or parietal lobule (P). cod te inferior parietel lobule ru. “the lmporl le fe inl fo th lvl ac aed i divided by two suki—the superior tamperal auleua (Gi) cond the inferior temporal suleus (Cp) ‘evo tree yr: the superior temporal gyrus (R), te middle temporal, gyrus (Ry), ond the inferior temporal gyrus (Rp). The occipital labe les poutrior tothe partetooccpitl when [ Troce all ofthe Gis cfferentshoces ofthe some color do the seme hen coloring all ofa i ond Rs] The front lobe contsins the profronel ares, which ix imecived in motor planning. concentration, ane! affective ber ior io contains the motor oreo, whichis imeched in the prox biting ond execution of motee function. The pariatel loba can rina the primary somaoiensery rec, wbich receives sensory ingatfrom ta body. The terporal lobe is mode up of « lieel end inackal por- ion; the kxeral portion serves ms the primary senscry creo: x ouditory ond veutbulor newt, and the medial portion evolved: in memory. The cctipital lobe verwes a1 tha vin cortex. © Genteal suleus A © Inferior frontal © Superior partotal Sulcus a vabule P © Lateral sulcus © Procentral ayeus KO. Jnfertor partetal © Parieto-sccipital janule sulcus © © Superior tronta . ares © Superior temporal 2 Frontal lobe > sulcus 0 © fiddle frontat © Parietal lobe & Gyrus Ly Inferior temporal Tus oy Tempora) lobe F © Inferior front gyrus 2 © Superior temporal © acctpttal lobe 6 gyrus 2 © Postcentral sulcus 4 insula 4 © migdte tenporal © Intrapartetal sulcus gyrus a © Precentral sulews I © Posteentral gyrus 0 =O Infertor temporal © Superior frontel gyrus sulcus@)... THREE Chapter 3-2: Cellular Organization The carbo! cortex is composed of nerve Kisers, neusoglie, bleod vessel, ond ore 10 billion rowers. IN is erganiaed into © sie bayer cellular arrongeman!: te kayers ore mumbared VI rors tha ‘ortermt to tnnertot portion of the cortex. The princiaal pes of cally found in the cerebrol cortex are wt follows: horizontal (A), fusiform (B), stellate (¢), pyramidal (0), ond Martinerti (E) [Color AE dierent colors | Neurons of each layer haw certain functional choracteristis. loyers |. H, ond Ill ore responsible bor most of the intwacortica! sociation fanctions, Layer IV i he ir a receive sion inet hom here the seniory input evs So other areas of te corn, layer V newrens cowvein axons tha! extend to more estan! pars af the corte, such os he shalom. ond brain ste. ‘Cre enomple of furore calls ore the cells of Cojal, which lie horizontally in the corex ond hove long aoa thor olsa rum her: irl They oe ste io yr npr Lay of cartes, Mort of the fuifoer calls, however, ore found in the dapat ecrtical layer; loper VI. Dancktien pacjes Krom each of the fusiform calls poles: the inferior dendrite orborizes wihin the tome layer, while the wuperior dendrite project to the wucloce ‘the hnidorm cals aon emerges kom is iferior parton, ‘and enters the white momer a a projection fiber The amall ell cals (aus called grande calle) are palygo- inal in shape: hey ore mace up of multiple dendrites ard 2 short axon. Thay occupy ail ayers othe crebrol cores, butane ee ‘cally cbundant in layer IM ‘Tha promi calls have pyramid shoped bodes. Their pax is pointed towards the superficial surface, sand from if arises thick dendrite thot extends toward the pio. This prowetion ix brows as the apical dendrite, From 1 indore expect ori bose dondhites ra projt semi-hariaontaly 1 arbors with is irene date neighbors. bs axon arises from he base of he col badly ‘ond ther project into the deep cortex, or trovels to the white Horizontal cel! Fustferm cell Stellate cet! Pyramidal cells External granular ayer mote oa oF euoriotion liber These is clio 0 gicat vere of pyramidal call at is found in the procera gyn of tha frontal lobe ores celle hn Bats eal, The-cals of Mortincti ore scl ptipolar cals whoge exons ore oriented towords the surlace. They ore present in extent al be cortical layers. Each Inyer of the corabral cortex it unique becowso of it: yon, is srangemert, cred the derity of ibs cols Layer |, the Layer B, the external granular layer (G), contains o number of tightly pocked wallets cells. Their dendrites merrincse ithe males yer ard tier unces tr the deep crt b forge sb of pr dendrites Iravel Bailerger Layer V1, the multiferm layer (XK). contains primerily small and lange fusiform calls. Theis doreriic organization i sim ila to the coe discribe for the jemi cals kaye Toucan coor layers FX lightly, ating erent coors. Internal granular ayer Molecular layer Internal pyramidal layer Multiforn layer External pyramidal ayes =24-@.. THREE Chapter 3-3; Specialized Cortical Areas: Motor System ‘The earabca corti vided ints furctionad regions the owe fereniated bosed on their cytological architecture. These oreas core known 26 Brodmann’ areas, ond there are $2 cf tha in all rot of hort ae illyoramd on the accorponying page, We will bcos the re enon in eta ‘The * (A) in designated Bredmanns ores 4 oral islaeated in fe pavetior hal le procera gma. At yas can bw te parts of the bedy ore teas of fe pinary nator cov, he lg nd Nct eed the longiuelinal fissure ane the fou ist the botom, necr te lot seal seus. Whe, you mary nk, ore te cilrond pots ofthe body 20 vari in size om the homunculus? Thos fir quetfion. The Lormer in thot the those ports of the body thot require a greater shillond provision of mowanaentill how 0 gracter parton ofthe primary moter eorex dred to them. For kntence, fingers require fine meter coordination (us. for playing plana, picking up objects, or threading o naadle) and, terwiors, since mare sil is ireolved in such movements, the hord and fingers are alloted sigenercus parker althe primary motes certex Conary tha muscles of the munk are not required te cory wat fine ond high fy shied movements cond, on rent, moka vp o smaller parton of th primary motor cortex. The wsaction of contd ef the pre rreny cortex cn the different jaors ofthe body can be described in the bollowing way: simsdating cna pint in the hand ares of the primary mator corks heads fo the contraction of a inghe mt~ le for even © portion of a asda) el he hand, whereas, sen leting one point af the irk region on the primary motor cortex reads in the shulotion af w group of muscles. As you can see, ins fro good reonon ths the dol which hon maces cn the. premary motor cortex is much greater thon tat fe runk males. The meter hranedhn shown in great dati the degen to hich each part of thn bowl is repre: — a © Peieary sotor cortex o f | \ Dranotar area sented inthe primary motor cortex So ox you eon sm, the pri. mary motor cortex comes out the movement of ciflerent arts of tho body, bat in doing +0, @ raconer cisittones [in the form of ial om fe pramat are, vnvary cotter, bosal ganglo, hale cred creole The:* (B) i Brodkrane’s aren 6, ond it primarily senupios the ‘entorior hal of the precertol gyrus. works in concert with the primory motor area, boxal ganglia. ond thalamus. For instance, iF the pramolee area ware requited to enc the mrenemen! of spociTic part of the bey, # would send a signal a the basal gos (gh ond this signal woud then tral oe Haars ere lack {fo the primary motor corte; but the premotor area could alo sere 9 signe directly 1 the primary motor cork, The: () lies ayperior to the premoter creo ond drops inte thalongitucinal fissure, es.con be seen on thecratirsectiondl dic ron. Sfimukzton of this area wwally res in bilotedd ewer lew coniroctons, ot opsceed to wnilotera) contradions:¢ shongee stinulvs to this.orea is reepired to produce total musculor cone macfon {Color A, 8, and C siren’ shades af the sarne color; mokwe A the dashed of the shades, and the cthers lighter shades. | 8 Supplamantary motor ares Cof, ond the degree to which swseles of the bedy are represanied in the mo‘or The disinbuticn ‘cere -27-Chapter 3-4: Specialized Cortical Areas: Sensory Ihe primary cortex (A) is made up of Brodmonn’s cmos 3, 1. ond 2, ond it bocated in the portcentral gyi. The ervcrrecaiven ieaosy put from lle felons: vera Pour Lael ond madol mia fond EM pa ‘Mo of he eaary input that recaives eames fromthe appetite sila ofthe badly Abrex! cll sensory ils, wih tha exception cf lhocary implanes, travel to specific orear of the cerebral cor as wa thelamaceetcl proyectint. Ia wey that sila tothe moter cortex, the kemery sytem can be topogmphicnlly erga: nized; sae the homunculus of the posicentral gyrvs thats shawn on the accompanying raga Thm aro clio tp each of the bealy Por in he diogrer dretly prapartional tothe deny oF kan- tary recoptors in thane body parts. Soe tha Fps occupy the (grectes? oreo in the sesary horace you may deelvee they Pant here the greaines number of uamiory vecepton—hey do: One way to determine the physiology of a prxtcukr oreo of the bed iso exomine the impact of excising the orgen in uaa: ton; far insane, the flange she rows of excising the p= mary somamosensory corre [1] en inakibty wo evehoate texture of rraterils, (2)c° inabilily to determiow shapes of objects factere: ognesia), [3] on inability to ocawately laccliae sensahons that eeu ono spaclite portal ta boely: (4) on Ini to claemina different dogrees of pressure sensction, There is alo a secondary vomalosentory orec, but its unchon remains unclear, © Primsry somatosensory cortee A System ‘The somatosensory association cortex (B} i) mode vp of Brodmann’s areas. 5 and 7 ond is located in the syperion iporietal lobule, This crea mecalves snnsory input hem the prima- ry somatneniory cortex, thalamic eudke, abory corte, ond vinuel cores; ater receiving these sgn, it integrates them. For instore, it slows ut to held nn object in our hore cd itary it wnirg only our sae of tov. [Color A and 8 diferent shades of tha some color; make A the darker ol the toe shades. | © Somatosensory association cortex @ -2B-The dismibution of sensory fibers in the posteentral gyius@.. THREE Chapter 3-5: Specialized Cortical Areas: Broca’s and Wernicke’s Tha nt ab hah dinar haar fran cred be bavi son. lt komenion nce a region of the exrebrol cortex known os Broca’s area (A (Brodmann’s oreo 4d) is Leste in tha inkrice parton of the ‘ol speech, its tig that i pills. over int the premotor area. le fect, Beoca’s area produces speech by actualy stimulating the ‘muscles that ore invobved in speech {the laryngeel mance) 2 contro Language interpretation and comprehension i accomplished bby Weeniekea’s area (B) (Brodnana’s ares 22), which is cet ed in thw posterior portion of fe superior empcral lobe, Since this crea is tooled with language comprehension, is Bing fakes hd ery try cnt vt be ir [.Coloe A. ond 8 diflerent shades of the some color | Glnical Coerelotes: A achasio is 9 panned in one's abity fo peak ar undentand wards, ether sacken ar wifes, de to @ leiien a he brain, Ditheuly 8 spacking words is rt apbosia chen temed eqressive, moter, oF Broca’s aphauia—ol tree ferrm ore wed! interchongecbly Jn this covcttion, the person hax ro problem mentally srrelaing ha wards end axgan.ning am fino o erence, but when heres 22 spook them, cfr + ced i noise: rather than the weed. The meson ie Ally cwcne of wher is hagpening and. tus, becomes irusmoted The lesion ‘hot causes this inpoliment is focoted in roca’s oreo. tahoukd be understood fot, hie most her dois ava ave mie ond severe frm of this phonic: Ine mies fom of Broca’s phar 183, the prion may be able fo speck some sentences bet may place he accent nthe wrong syllables, ker instance Bocther ye of aphasis is masked by te ably to compe herd the meaning of words; writen or spoken, Diéierent torrs oe abo oped! to his ype of aphasia: receptive, sensory, oF Werickas aokatia in thi condion, the person hax 90 probe ‘ype of aphasia seer ic be unawoe of their problem ond do net srdersand anyhing the is soi 1 thom 5 area -30-Secondary wiswal Primary HOY oxdiory The mojar extacialion area of the carebral cortex Specific furchonal areas in the cerebral cortex -31-CHAPTER PAL - TAN ee THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES 7 3 = ~ self assessment Central sulcus. Precentral gyrus Posteentral sulcus Precentral sulcus Insula External gronulor bayer Internal pyramidal layer Molecular layer Broca’s. area Wernicke's area Lotercl sulous . Horizontal fissure just superior fo temporal lobe: Harbors the primary sometosensory cortex }. Damoge to this area results in the inability to understand words cand phroses ‘Most superficial layer of cerebral cortex . Can be seen by opening lateral suleus -92-(Mh). FOUR the - cranial nervesChapter 4-1; An Overview There ore 12 poirs of eroiol nares: they ore numbered in cedar from fhe srferior tothe potatoe port a he bron Each of these pairs of cranial raves posses trough o ipectic foramen, or opening, inv the ubull and 10 of the 12 originate from the brain stem. Some al fhe nerves contsin only seruocy fiber, while oth- rs contain mator fibers ond the reat contain both sensory anal moter fibers; they are respectively known os tamuory, mater, ond ‘mised nerves. The cell bates of sensory Rhers ore located out side the becin, but the call bbes of motor bers re aud with in specific nuclei within the broin—thesa nuciai ore called the cra nial nerve nucei. [Color each of the crariel nerves;a different color. | The 12 cronidl nerves cra as follows: DG Glassopharyngeal (I) Xk Spinal Accessory () XI Hypoglossal (L) © Olfactory nerve Optic nerve Oculonctor nerve nary ° Trochteer nerve Trigentnal nerve ner © Abducens nerve Fo © factal nerve Vestibul ocochlaae The alloctary optic, and westabecachlene rerwes ore purely senvory, The ceulemater, wochleor abdveans, spinal sccemory, ‘ond hypaglonal nerves are purely motor, The trigeminal, facial, glossephoryrged, ond vogus are mined serves! they contain both sensory ond mator fibers. Rersembering this information ‘cam be dificult, 1@ here re «couple of mnemonic devices that sgt bp hi te Fo oe ol bpp rename be nerves in the coerect order, and the xecond one will help you recall which crorval nares ace seraocy [8], which ore mote (MI, card which ara bo (8). h, Oh, Oh, To, Touch, And, Feel, Very, Groen, Vegetal, AH ‘Some, Say, Monry, Phony, But, My, Brother, Says, Barer, Besins, Marter, More © Glassopmaryngeal -34-Chapter 4-2: Location and Foramina (Gn pages 38-39 is a chort hat summarizes the chanocterstics of the cranial nerwes; fe Fr! colyrnn lia the nama of the nerve, the second column lis the type of fibers thot make up the nerve Fret, sensory, ce both], the thd Fists the Foeomen though which the nerve poses, ond the fourth column consins on ‘abbreviated list of the nerwe's functions, ‘Here ore 0 couple of ways to remember the: locations of the cranial nerves. First divide the bate of the brain into 3 parts, mmoking pers gerval, Naw you have the area anterior tothe pont (pot 1, the pons themsales [port 2). ond the rex posterior fo the pons (port 3). The cransal nerves tate anterior tothe basi- bor pan ore cranial nerves It, and those that hein or odhcert {otha pons ore cranial narver FV-Vil;thoas lying pewter tthe oes ore cranial nerves DX This cegenization should make serve to you kecovse, os we sthed acre, the cranial nerves re ee a ae oe eee ee Coe [Color eoch cranial nerve the sama color [or a different shade of he sare coor) cx fe Foroman trough which it passes.) Cribriforn plate Foramen rotundun Internal acoustic neatus Optic nerve ‘ Foramen ovale Glossopharyngest Optic canal Abducens nerve nares Oculonotor nerve Facial nerve Jugubar foranen Supertor orbital Internal acoustic agus nerve fissure neatus Spinal accessory Troenleer nerve Facial canal nerve Superior orbital Stylomastotd Jugular foramen fissure forsaen : Hypoglossal nerve Trigeminal nerve £ Vest ibul ocochlear nerve 4 Hypoglessal canal Supertor orbital fissure -36-@. Four Table of Cranial Nerve Locations and Foramina a a a -38-sonngine ‘SwollowingChapter 4-3: CN I: The ctloctxy nerve [CN I) is ina in the sere of smell. sexterds ham tha olfactory mambrone, which i a special zed sag ment of epithelium thot contains olfactory receptor cals and iat ine epee por ofthe noni. Mucus i cain onto be cla: Feepor cl [8] a sr re ch two dozen or so olfactory cilia (C) tha! enter the mucus of the oval covty: he boxol end of the olfoctony receptor cell give tise toa thin, unmpelinoted elfaetory axon (D). The cilia pick vp the smal inthe ice tua th elfacary ells, onde odor coues a depclaization ofthe cllacory membrane. The ‘wnmyslincted exon collectively penetrate a Schwan coll (8) envelope ond ene the erlbrifarm plate (F) as the cllocary inarva. Once they pas rough the cribsiaem plot, thay ener the tanlerior end ofthe olfastary Ibull (G2) on the other side. Thay ferminote bs specific rourded teerincls in the olfactory bulb Leow ot glomarull (H), Alte terminating ia he glomarul oe. ‘he dendrites of mitral cells (I) ond tufted cells (J), both of which send axons down into the ‘tract (K); these oro. basicoly the projection neurons of he afociory bulb. The gron ‘whe coll [L) receives excitotory input rom the mere cells ond, in then, Feedback inhibits the miral cols. The poriglemarular ‘coll (MA) als eis ered call. [Color AM different echoes. Color and F light colors. I Olfactory Nerve and Smel1 Where the: ost epproaches the anterior pert: rated substance (N), it divides ints ¢ lateral olfactory trial (O) ond o medial elfactory stria (F). The loles! -coctory trio projec to what one cated the prepinclorn ond penorrgdeled ragicns: this otra 1s known onthe privy alloc tory cortex. The medial afoctery sia contains Sibers tho! eras he-anterier commissure (GQ) ts str te olfactory bulb on the opposite side, os well os bers thot enter the subcalloseal ree [R) ord septal nuctel (8) [ Color © and P diferent shades of the same eslor and color the other areos, blending between them. | Glnicel Coerslates: Sizi! Hoctro © otaciory groove meni gionas Pypes of brain tenor] mar damage the ofactory reve resabing i ot boss of soall This is now as onoamia, —\ © olfactory glands —-& =O OIfactory bul & © Anterior parterates substance © aifactory receptor © Gloreruti 4 cells 8 D Lateral olfactory © Hitral cots ' stria ° @ aifactory cilia c © Tufted certs » 9 olfactory O Unmyet nat ra P Olfactory axon DO Alfactory tract « D anterior commissure 0 © Schwann cell FE © Granule cell L © Subeallosal eres -R | © Cribriform plate =F — Feriglonerular cell # . D Septal nuctet 5-41-Chapter 4-4: CN I]: Optic Nerve and Visual Pathways Viaoon ia the demain of the optic nerve. The viswol pathway will be discunted shortly. But fil, a weed on viol fl, let's divide the retina into neacl and tornporal halen with ‘respect to witual elds. The nasal hol is the medial hal, and the teerporel ho is the loro! ho, The following point is exremaly impartont: For soch retin, the visual filed of the nase retin es inthe terparal recon, white the visual fd ofthe temporal ‘ana es inthe nasal direction. Therefore, Hoa lft vivo Feld wail bbe subserved by she leh nasal retina end the right manporol ret 1a, ond right viol ld sil be subsarved by the right reno retina ond the belt termporcl refing. The temporal refina and the Jeerperelvizvel held oe natthe somo, Fr ingance, th right ter ‘poral ring in simply the loreal ace of he righ retina. The right Jemparel ritual Beld is hot aren of space seen bythe nasal se of ha right retina The optic merves (A) orive ox axons from the kere of a, ol ha pt Sk ond od ot roh be eps cach Ul ty or pe ee from the naval half of each retina crots in the midline, jut! ape rior to the sella trciea, ond enter the optic Ic! on the oppeite tide. The cresting zene is known as the optic chou The fibers from the temporal hol do not cron; they err the ‘ope tract on the some side, The opie act rank and alse modsttes the omoun’ oF infarmaton thor paties 1 be corter (soma fibers poss fa the prelacil region and fhe superior ssolliculua, which ia irwcbeed with waval reflex, ow, las summarise those poms. The laf opie te! erat tfemeson ran hn botenporl ane ond he igre ‘na [hot crossed at the chicum ond entered the optic tract on the opporite side]. the belt epic troct then relays information to the ‘pelonrol frome side) Kxerol genievete body, which, via the opie radiations, relays Information to te ipsilateral ociptl © Optle nerve © Optte chiasm B © D Optte er © Cerebral peduncle Leteral geniculate body ‘cortex. Therefore the leit cexipital cortex sees the right sida of the ‘world, and view versa, [Color 4, B, and C different shades ofthe vom cole. | The primary witual cortex (@) is locoted in he col ‘corre fsuee of he occipital lobes ond i designoied Beodimane's crea 17. Visual iormaien is organized ithe excite lobe in sweh a way that ha signa coming from tha canal retina project ‘othe occipital poles (the edge of he occipital bes) ond he sig: ‘oc rom the peripheral efna project 10-0reas more oaterie 19 the eccipito poles. Therefore, the moe peripheral the sual sig- nal, the mare entice ths the occipital pales) i wll project. The ‘visuel cssociation cortex lias around the primary visual coten ‘ond in Beodkrones area 18. (Ginical Coerehotes: Uerage 10 a segmint ofthe viua! patiay will aut in @ visual Feld loss For iastanes, o plhutary Renor that compresses the coke chiaam wil vexut inthe compeesiion ol te bars crossing in fe aptc chiasm—fbars fom the naval ris of each aye. Now, what ype of aval Feld daleer wot result fort compression of naive fibers a the nasa! refina? Now may recal Ha! the vaval held of the nasal vata is the temporal rection. AG 6 reiut, one biity mo sew on He apc! fed of vision wel be unpaved. Ths is called beerporal hamionopsa [Nite thal fe ulscrder ts named acceraing tothe prartcxlar vir al Feld los, not the nen hibe's comaged. Theveloe. tis conch on wens not rammed kinasal kemioropsia, becae hough # wor fhe nascl Albers thor were otteced, te ofected Feld of wlan wes fee ems! ek lof consider anather example say Hat the ight ope Rat hor opie nerve) bacomes damaged. What wsual held would be Ibo? Well he right opt toc! carries the rosal retinal kibers fram a lo rokns and te temporal eeal fbaes hem the Agh rans ‘As a rea, yuu mould hove a ierspora visu! fed fous in the ba ‘72 ond @ nso vi Held Loss the ight eye, This is kncner ce akeh horemyrous hemianeysia, Comenely 2 det ofthe Jaf opac Fact would rex Ja a ight homarymous hamsonoptia Inury i an opie nerve cans bindness in tes eye ox the sama side © Dptic radiation © Pefeary visual cortex 6 -A2-Fields of vision foBlab ree rove Chapter 4-5: CN II: The Retina The Fatt is the lighhienute suctsre of the tye and a irwobed in moe lermaten Ih cute layer foems the piggrented epctl- um, ond its mar layer forma the neural porion. The neural por tion consist ef trea layer of eal: « hayer the! contin the reeds 1A] ond comes (B), 0 lope of bipolar cells (€), ord o bayer el ganglion calla) Rach ond rose ora phatorecepions ot re responsible for vision. Rods ore very sensitive 49 ight ond perm iin ave ce ge, ide ces re ied fr eat ‘ond provide the sharpness af vision, but they require goad light: ing to Renction. The cone: ore concentrated in the Feweo, which ine depression in the center fe rogice called the macula, which ison ree hace in the central retina. The meus carta the highest concenirction of cones ond, therefore, #is the crea of sherpa! eval city The rods or locate i increasing romrbers you mows towrd the pariphary of tha retin, ond the comet deceeas i norer The bipola cal corewet the rods aed corns tothe gorglcn edlh; they sore cxans inte thm epic nerve. The pint sehece the optic nara looses the ye i called the optic dak, # con be viwalized trough an ophthalmoscope. This por ix ‘obo known os the blind spot, because # conicins no rods of cores. Crber ineerinking cal, in edition re the ones merscned obows, ore the horizontal cells (F] ond he omocrine cells " [ Use eileren’ colors for 4:F; mak A a dorkor enor than 8: | Oo Rods A © bipolar cells | 9 Cones a © Ganglion cells -Ag- © wortzontel cells O amerine cells t FrAnatomy of the retinaChapter 4-6: CN IIT: The aeviomoter, wexlesr. one bares nerve ore ol inohved ia extooeuler mavemanh, or movements of the eye, and must work in concert, For thi reason, they wil be ciscvased in succession bealre we go on bo cranial neree W. Fal, yo should understand the macs of the eye ond how (heyy work The lateral rectus (A) meves tha eye laterally, the medial rectes (B] moves the ye medlly [his is known on adduction—movemen! toward the bodyl. the superier rectus {C) moves the eye up ond out, the inferior rectus (B] mower ‘ha eye down and out, he superior oblique [E) nove ha aye down ond in, the inferior oblique (F) moves the oye up.ond in Anather macs, the levator palpebros superioris (G) lerotes the upper eyelid. [ Color AG difornt colo. | The oculomotor nerve (H) is 2 motor nerve thot inner: votes the bilowing muscles: the levotor polpebroe superiors, the sperion rect, the inherie rac, He md rectus, ane hE tHer ehhque, Exeantely, i: lanerwaies ol of the ertreeevlar wus dis cae arr cede spa abn. Thiele They fen go onto enter the superior echital Fasure ond innervate its specific muscles Lateral rectus jal rectus superior! Superlor rectus Inferior oblique Levator palpebrae $ Oculomotor Nerve The cculomanos rare obo has an accessory mots redeus, celled the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (M), which is located powetior ta he oculomaler nucleus Bend ou! porcsmpathet ic ber thot rier the cculomcior nerve and travel tothe ilory qeegton. They srcpse wih other nears that seed bert ‘trough the ciliary nerves (NM), which go on to innervote the aillory muscles (O} ond iphincter pupillas muscles. [ Color K ond At differen shod of the tome cole. | (Clinical Camrelates: Comaze tthe oculoreter nerve Kars chee reacts fn very defined symptoms, For istonoe, derenction floss of rrerrokon) of the med eck muls in an eye Hot cvs bolerally Ths coeurs becouse the action of the lateral ects hich pus te eye koeraly| goes enoppoied. D tobe hers ivenotng te lew: palsebroe superns would rest eyedtoop, tnown as plows Oculonater nucleus Superiar colliculus Edinger -westohal Oculonoter nerve nucleus: Inferior rectus CAT ary ganglion Superior oblique Sehincter puoi lee © Ctttary nerves © Ciliary muscles -46-Chapter 4-7; CN IV: Trochlear Nerve The tachinar nerve innervctes the superior oblique (A). dal tha eye. cla is ected putea the eevee for mucheus (8), at the lavel of the inferior colliculus (C). dona mfare of he an sue, nd oe point, it ovals onterialy oroved the cerebral pedunde. through the lateral wall of the caverovs sirwa, ond then enters the orbit Hough the superior orbit fauute, to reach the superior ablique muscle [Color A, 8 and C aifferent colors. | Ginical Comrelates: J losice ofthe tackle nerve woul! ofect fhe cre mice it inmenvater—tre supericr oblque: Recal tha te se pericr oblique muscle moves the mye done and iA 0 rs domago ta the nochlog: now would neaton the downer rrowerant of te eye whe th aye wos homme! iver This ‘would couse the patient m: have double wiion fdiplonsa), and! tince he dfoct i in movererr in he warical dvecoon, it Lnows a3 vertical diplpic, Damage fo te tochleor nerve is the ‘mos! common couse of synpicrete vetcal diplope. Che cles ympion of fis dcrdor is that the patieré mary complain of a dditeaty i descending sos, bis defect, potent ofan RE thait aod tothe opposite dein 09 eahemps to compomsaty hxthee drplegea, © Superior oblique A _ Meulomoter nucleus B © Inferior colliculus ¢ -48-\ dda ree rour Chapter 4-3: CN VI: ‘As we stated earlier, cranial nerve WI it discussed conampors: wih cranial nerwes I ond IY ford bafore craniol nerve Vi since, and Vall have simdar Kncians, Tha ebdveons nerve innervation the keteral rechas: iJ mst de of the oye, which reoves the eye lteraly, This ia kw ox chdacice the nowenent ine divecion omy from fe body. The ‘abducens nucieus (8) is located in the pans, necr the mealing cond benecth the floor ol the fourth wertricle, The abcuenns new eave: is nucleus and travels oniioy through the pons ts ‘emerge in the pontomedyllary junction. From here # excends Lonterig 1 Ha pons end puss over tha ops ofthe patos port cof he temworal bore, through the lateral wall of the coverncu sinus, ond finally feowgh the superior bic Fsure to errate the loteral rectus muscle. [ Color ond B ciferent colors. | A enarane doviee hat will hulp you severbae whack porte: it in inmervered by cremicd nerve 4. Tha namoining macias ol te eye re ievervatel by caval nerve 3, Now that the cranial serves ‘oro waaay reprouenie by roman eumerc, ond ware represen bby murbans here only irate dap runemonic, © Lateral rectus a Abducens Nerve ‘Cinical Correlates: Cxrnage ts he abdcons nerve cosies & palrcton of te bowel mca, This sulin toe folowing: (1) 2 rabilly te abduct the eve, ond (2) media! devioton of te ye doa 1 eroppoued macho! mictut acho © abducens qucteus 4 -50-Chapter 4-9: CN V: ‘he rigerinal serve is he lrgent ofall he cranial nerve; it cor tains both sensory ond motor nerve Fiber. caries sensory information from mou! of the heod (sense of pain, temperatura, touch, and positon), and provides motor fanervaion to the mai cles of mavicoton (chewing! Sensory neurons arse from call bodies that ore located inthe: trigeminal gomgtion (Aj [ana brown on te trlonar gow lien. From here, sensory fibers revel clong three divisions of ‘he Figaninal nerve: (1) the ophthalmic division (B), (2) he iviaton (C), ord (3) the mandibuler division (D). The ophthalmic runs through the coverneus sinus cond ert the orbit vio the superior orbit! Faure to danerrate the upper portion ofthe hace, hs sensory ber teria in the infericr pocten of ihe spinel trigeminal nucleus (8): his uclevs spans the medulla ablongata fond execs into the care- col spinal cord], and is the inferior extension of the principal gopaltine fours, and finally raves to the base of the orbit via tha inberor crbicl binure fo innervate the mile portion of fe oon. seniory Abas tominate in the mic poeion ofthe spinal Irigerinal redeus. The mondibular diction isthe largest each cof he rigeeinal nerve; in addon te ils sersory roc, it coiaing {he motor rect ofthe kigeminal nerve, The sensory rot dows not reverie the corernoes env da the eronin Hrsugh the a men ovale 1 innervote the lower portion of the face. bs semory fibers terrinain in the mzparicr portion of he spinol rucevs, [ Coler A-B different shodes of the xome coker. | Some wenory fibers leave the tigesinal gongton ond ctcend to the principal senory eucleus, which hanales informa tion bout persue ond touch. Crhers descend to the spinal pravre, 08 wall at touch. Propriccaptive mara Hers arte from Trigeminal Nerve «cal bodies of the mesencephalic nucleus (6), 2 cobrna of cals located in the gray matter that wsrourds the cerebral aque duc. The sara of the propracepive fiber inservate fhe ruacies cf mastcciion ond travel tothe irigemincl gaaglon, Axons from the principal tensory ond spinal Wigerinal raced ross the bean Powtcentral gyms; areas 3.1.2 of the cerebral corte). [ Color E.G diferent shades of the sare color. | ‘The motor nerve fibers orisa from the motor nudlevs, which lies in the pons, metal tthe principcl vansoey nucleus. These bers cross hrough the brachium porvis unclemecsththe ‘and pas Spi vr teint dn oe saad bls (jw. The lateral parygoid muscle lows tha mandible Jo pen and move from sida kz sce. The tenor tympani rscle dampens the vibration of the tympanic membrane jecrdrum| in ‘responsive to excessive toued [Color HK different shades of red ond pink | (Clinical Comelates: A weilkscw cieenl condton ossaciated with the Bigerinal nerve is tigerinal nevealgio. His @ condition then cosas roniant bu severe, pain, mosly ia the sacond are tind (raxary and rmardibelar| Eronches ofthe higeminal reve, ® ually oflech only one side ofthe kee ond dows not result in a kas of semscry ox mtx fercon, The conse of is coraion it unknown o Trigeminal gangton Spinal tri diviston Opnenaiinte aiviston ° Principal nucleus NaxiTlary division Mandibular aiviston Mosencephal geminal Masseter Tenporalis sensory Pterygotds He nucleus & Tensor tympant| [eLubsd audChapter 4-10: CN VIT: The Facial merwe (A) contains sensory, mck, and paragon patwtic nerve fibers. tn sensory componert ia @ small segment celled the nervus intermediva (B]; fis segment medictes Sa secre Fem hor oi ol engin [Color A one B diferent shades of the same color Color CE different shades. of red. The call bade of the sansory Fibers ha clay tte lini he ‘geniculate ganglion (F), which is located in the petrous part cof the temporal bore. Aone leaving the geniculate ganglion trove to the pons as 0 port of the nevus intermadive, and then repel eat deacon of the sliery potion ofthis nucleus isthe sensory nha wae siecle tees ber oan Relies ond orcend to he ventral poreronedial (VPM) mucleue of the {folornin onthe appari side; ror here the Sra tere! trough the internal capsule to the somotosensory cortex (Beodmane’s ‘orwos 3,1,2; the portoenwal gy The motor root of the Fackal merwe (H) orses rom the motor nucleus of tha facial nerve (I), whichis located in the posterclateral agmertin ofthe pons, lawrel te he obducent recht, Anon leaving this rucheus Wawel in @ cine orcund the abducens nucleus ond then pati tothe pons, wulocing medial te the restbalocechlacr nacre, Facial nerve Nervus internectus Geniculate ganglion Platysns Buceinator Nucleus of the solitary tract Facial Nerve The sensory ond mater roots combined make up the facial parva The facil nerve: arises from the pont ond, with te cochlear nerve, esters the internal acoustic meatvs (J). From this point, & poses ito the innwe wor vio the Facial eonol ford forms the gariculale gongion. The facial nerve then travels behind the pyremid, exits the skull trough the sylemoxtod fora: man, ond potas through tha paratid gland te give off § kronch- ves Ft supply its lfoctor muscles. The poranenpathetic fibers of he facil pares ore from the suparioe udlaut (XK). These fibers jon the motor Bbars in supplying the muscles of Social expression ond ‘risa from the pons to innervate submanilory, submondib- lor, ond lncriwel glands [ Color G, H, |, ond K differant shades of similor eclors. | Clinical Correlates: A weltincnri dacrder involving the Kael verve is Bes poly. in Bal’s picky, potent experience weakness of bof upper and lower facial muscles. Capancing on the site of hia! nerve damage, patent may alte expenince ater problems, such 0s 0 decrease in lacrmanon cad tase senso The couse of tis condition i wninowe, Posterior belly Motor nucleus af Of the digastric the facial nerve Internal acoustic meatus. Supertor salivatory nucleus Motor root of the facial nerveThe Facial Nerve: CN ViiChapter 4-11; CN VIII: Cochlear Portion and Auditory System The restbviocochleat nerve, no surprisingly, contains vestibular cand cochlear portions. The cochlear portion, which is iwoled in hecring, wil be discvised here along withthe audthory system. The cochlea (A) of te incwr ecr is embedded in the petross port af the lemaara! bose, ard eanssts ofthe uid filled tubes celle nko roughly 2.1/2 turns Ut resembles 0 ancl all the wey toi ope he ‘The dren bbws ore tee scala ‘veutibull (B), the scala media (C), ond the scala tympo- tii (0). Tha first tw one saparoted by Beisarar’t membrane; ta farmer rec cre separcied by the basement membrane (E). The tcako vestbuli ends of hw evel window {F) (# the base ol he cochlea), ond contains 0 Fuld known 23 perm, which is similar in composition to cerebroxpinal Bold: the sec typ niends ctthe round windows (G), and it oli filed with par- ihmph. The scala medio is fled with o fhid brown ox ‘eodalymph, which contain o hgh concentration of poteiiun ond a low concentration af san [Calor 8. C. ond 0 different shades of the same calor: do the same for F end G. | The basilar membrane horbors the organ ef Corti (H), which it located in: the cochlear duct ond contains one tow of ‘motion sensitive, inser and three rows of marc enstive, ter hair call, These hair cels are extenialy oudtary receptors hat generate action potentials in responae te sound vibrahons. that move the besiier membrane. From the bose of the cochlea, wer «ling ta the haticorema, te length ol the hair eels progressive: ly increasa while the gicmater of the hair cal decrease, This rangement moduains the frequency at which the hair coll ‘vibrate; the.ones ot the bose vibrate ot high frequency, ond these: vibeotions cre ransrined by the wpe of the mide wor tthe seca vasa ot the oval winds, where the pes is cenmected Sound wibratons produce movement of the shages, inward move ment moves the fiuéd into the scala vestibul and medio, and ot ward mowamant moves the Buid out, Co: » Tea Scala westibuls Scala meate © organ of Scala tympand Basenent: menbrane Oval window F oO Round window The buses of fe halt calls ore embecklee! in webs of nerve ‘endings in the cochlear portion of the vestibulesethlear mere (I). the call bodies of the ocoustc nerve are lected in (he spiral ganglion (4) of he modiolus (IK) (the bony seg: rent around which he eochlen cos sell These fers then tear lta the brain stem and synapse in the erierior and posterice scchlear nucle in the upper medula. From her, fibers of the cachinar nucle’ kovel tothe ilerior colicus through severol dif erent pathways. Same cxnea craks the ater side of ha bron sem 10 the superiar olvary nucleus, while athers travel t0 the swperior ovary muclavs of he tome side; many Ber then tree «ad up the lateral lemniscus to the inderior colliculus. From the inke- or called he Bers wave ta ond syne in fhe medial gic late nucleus, ond than axierd ‘athe oudicory cortx in ha nape vor temporal gyra. [Color K ght color | Thenelore, sound waves bowel ocront the NeMpaanie mem Ibrane (L} (eardrum) of the outer sor int the middle car: Here the oxsiles of the midele sor, ineus (AA), malleus (MI, ond stapes (0), ronan end emplily sound weve: the heotplate of the oper shoots the sound waves cerous the ewol window ike she senda vestioui’s perlymgh. Movement of the periymeph pro: dices waves of Rid that cose vibration ob the basdar mer Ibrane. This stimulates the hair cll, producing nerve impulies that ore first renamed 1 the spiral gangian end then tervel ts the eudiory cortex inthe superior erpocel gyrus | Color M, M, ond © different shades cf fhe soma eclar: | Gnical Correlates: lesions of cochlaor ponion of the ver Iocochlear nerve mut in deatress. Spiral ganglten q Modialus « Cortt no 2 Mateus | °The labyrinthine and cocleor apparatis, rotated downChapter 4-12: CN VIII: Vestibular Portion and Balance The versbulocochlacr nara i a sensory nerve thot conte oft portion, he vestibular portion of vestibulocachlear cemveys seund inlermotion from the cochlea of the inner eer: The vestibular and cochienr portions ort attached to the brain ser: thay trovel toguher © he internal acoustic meatus (C)-ord then diverge ond continwe diBeren perfons ofthe inner eat [ Calor A ond 8 different shades of the same color | The vesitulor opporahie of fe inner oor is iwolred with spaciel orientoton and equlibrum. ts composed of he ante rior vemicirulor ronal (D), $a posterior cemicireular canal (E}, he lateral semicircular canal (F), he viricle (G1, ond the seceule [H), The threo semicircular canala are located ct eppecuimately right angles to sach ether, ka the Hee planes of spoce. Tha wells of beth the urge and saceule contin © thickened area celled the anecubar (I), which is ereahoed with lneor eceelerosen, Gach venicnculor conal opens wp Glossapharyngeal ° nerve a the t Parotic gland Bo serve © Mucteus of Spinal nucleus of fnal nerve Infertor ganglian of ° the glossepharyngeal © Superter ganglion of the glossopharyngeal? nerve the solitary tract r Glossopharyngeal Nerve journey to the basa af he tongue, wherw& dives inte bronches ‘ond supplies the tongon's efector micas, [Color 0, f,.G, and H diflerect shades of the same for sisnilor) woos. J ‘Cinco! Comelates: lesions ovalnng te glosssehoyegea! ceive esl in syretoms such as © boss of sensovces om the phys, Ibs f He gag oll. and lots oF ou horn te posterior tid of she tongue © mucleus ambiguus © Infertor saltvatory nucleus £ © Grice gangttoaThe glossopharyngeal nerve -61-Chapter 4-14: CN X: The vogue nerve (A) corset beth motor end ventory nerve hers. The motor Rhers innervate the vscara of the neck, thorax, and abdomen; they innervate irate muscles of the st pote, ppharyra, lanan, ard wre, The sensoey fiber innervate the lax yx ond pharynx, os well as the exernol ocovslic meni, the erga werbrone, ond the thera c and obdominal w cera. it neck viscera, foracic viscera, and ebdomina! viscera we to te lel colic Howre, Tha meter fibers supplying he sah palote, lary, ond phos rior ganglion of the vagus nerve (F} [alis known os the ixador gonglon), and the centel processes of the superior gar lion terminaie in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal arve (G). The sensory Bers het conway hae ilormetion fam the epighotis have their cell bodies in the inierioe ganglion of the: wogys nerve, ond the central processes terminate in the nucleus ofthe salitory roe, [ Color 8, C, £, ond G different shades of the tome [or timilor] ‘or; do the samme for D and FJ O vagus nerve a) O Nucleus ambiguus = 8 © Dersal motor nucleus © Ipfertor gangiien af | O he vagus nerve © Nucleus of the 2 se itary tract Vagus Nerve The wogut nerve eich. the upper medulla from the pottolivary soleus i the Frm of rx thet quickly join, ord then exis he ‘canvum, along with cranial nerves If and XI, through the: jugar lor foramen, where the superior and inkrier vagal ganglia are found The nerve clescends in the neck within the corotid thmoth long with the idtenol jugular vein, he commen consid artery cond the internal carat ertery. (Clinical Correlates: sions of te vagus nar produce weak est ofthe pharyngeal ond laryngea! muscles, las of he cough soles, aed longa! oreshews Superior gang! ian of he vagus nerve F 1 nucleus of the trigetinal nerve G 4 =62-Chapter 4-15: CN XI: ‘the spinal aceassory nerve (A) it © moter narve;itis called the ipinad occenary nerve becouse it is formed from the joining: of spinal ond accessory roots; specially the spinal raat (C) cond the [accettory) cranial roots (B). The spinal root rupees fe trepesivs muscle (D) ond stemorleidernastold musele (E}, and the cranial root supplies th laryngeal munca (bith the exception ofthe cricoteyraid mace vie the recurrent reve, The spinal root begins an rootlets in the ipinal medlevs, loca ed inthe ontrice horn of corvical segments CI-CS ofthe spinal cord. Thesn spinal rected ext the ypinal core beweon the dor sel ond ventral spinal nerve roots, ond then jin to form en cacending nerve funk [he ipincl oct] behind the denice ig- coment The spinal root then enters the skull vis the foramen megnum (Fl. where it unites wih the cronial ract. Both roots lear the shal through the jugular foreman, and go on bo donee: vote thei respective alfector munch, [Color A, 8, ond C different shades of the some color. Color D ‘ond E diferent shades of red. | The cranial (aceesiory) reat is forme! fren nerve Fer org inating in the nucleus samibiguue (G). Tha cezamcry rosa rere rom the sdohery porn of he mete long with fhe roolles of the glosophonnged ond vagus nerves. the ‘oceessery roca he join to form tha oceeseary rt, whith then joins the spinal root to form the spinal accentory nares. The spinal cccemory nerve leaves the canon trough the feramen, and bere the roots separate: the cranial root joint he vogut nerve and provides the mojorty of the moter fibers of he phoryrgeal ond recurrent leryngeo! yegirans ofthe wigs nero O Spinal accessory ° nerve © Trapertes muscle =D © Sterpocletdomastotd muscle © rantal roots 8 Spinal root Spinal Accessory Nerve ‘Clinical Comelates: Dorags io ha spinal accestory rence rests lin wales: of the semaciedomastoid muscle, which maies i if io ken one's head i He cppeaila side. It ake cones weniness of ke rapaios muscle, wdich makes Bia ro'90 the shoulder [ino shugl These dices woud ocaur on the side whose the lesion cecuenedt I tha prot acceRROry nerve iol was dame! CO Foranen magnum F © Nucleus ambiguus = G -64-Chapter 4-16: CN XII: Hypoglossal Nerve ‘Tha hypoglossal nerws (A) i o.mole nerve. With the excep ‘ion of tha palomglsus, which is applied the vega nave, i spelen the muscle ofthe langue: he inferior longitudinal [ Color 8, C, ond D dllfereen shuscet fred. | The hypogloma! nerve cries fom tha hypoglossal rmucleus (F), which it located in the midline of the medka, barwcthhe Boor of he uh veri Hypoglowal nerve Hoot trove vent ord leans the mclaren the cl aed te Pyromid, then pass reuch the hypoglonsa conal and innervate ‘he muscles of the tongue. (Clnical Comrelates: Doma 1 the lnyroglousal neree or te fypoyhaoa! mckes prodice weokress of the tongue, iowceske ors et the longue, ond deviation ol the tongue, of ond to iter sore side of tra aston, Mowe conta! lesions fobie te love! of fh hypogicss sucies) couse the Yongue I> evict 1 He ‘opposite sido ofthe fsion. © Wypeplossal nerve = # © Transver vertical © Inferiar longitudinal muscle B 66" Superior Tong \tudina muscies Wypoglossad rucieusTha hypoglossal (Xl) nerveCHAPTER Pay -rOmmonee THE CRANTAL NERVES self assessment Olfactory nerve Optic nerve Oculomator nerve: Trochlear nerve Trigeminal nerve Abducens nerve Facial nerve Vestibulocochleor nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve: Vogus nerve Spinal accessory nerve nerve . Moves eyes up, dawn, ond vp/lateral Domage ta this nerve couses Bell’: palsy Associated with the lateral geniculate body Associated with the semicircular canals Arises from semilunar ganglion -68-the | ventricular System and cerebrospinal Fluid. circulationEa Flee @ Chapter 5-1; the Ventr icular System and Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation Tha verticular system oftha brain conzise of tha folowing chom- bers: tea Hateral ventricles (A), « third wentricle (B). o serebrol aqueduct [6], ond ¢ fourth ventricle (B]. The lateral vertices bath howe three horns: he amierior horn of the lateral ventricle (E), the inferior horn of the later- al ventricle (F), ond the posterior harn of the lateral ventricle (G). The resiicular chambers communccate with ene another via foramina: {!) the interventricular foramen (H) ia the opening Brough which the twa lateral wertricles conmmur’: cote, [2} he foramen af Magendie (1) ond te paired fora: men af Luschko: (4) cllew communication betwoon the wen- (rculer ypstere ond the wharacheoid space, which is the com partment in which the cerebrospinal Avid creates Bt impor font to underond that the ascomponing diagram eapreiaets spoces. or caves [Color £, end G differen shades of ie same color. Color the remaining sruceres different colors; make | and J diene? shades of she same color | The ventricles all have a lining colle the sparc the i ‘mode up of cuboidal ell. Carebransinal Suid (CSF) is an essen oly nomcellor liqad with o makoup tht it simior io Bot oF plasma: It contains foie onctnt of sn chloride, well at protein, gucase, end potassium. bs primary Function i a wet ‘@cuthion for the brain, preventing it rom becoring damoged in the cranial vault. When the head undirgams 2 sueean change in movement jos occurs in a sudden sop or occeleretion) or whan it ges hit, the eect of the blow ef fhe brain apaine! the cranial ‘raat is dampened by the cerebrospinal Ruid; the brain singly Hloces with So how is CSF monuloctred? Mast af it is Formed by the choroid plexus, hich ino network of blood wessals laced in the leteral third, end fourth vorticles. W vecreies the CSF from is Pa Lateral ventricles Anterior hot Vateral ven Third ve Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle ateral rent Inferior horn of the Titeral ventricle cell hrough active waniport cra rose of 500 mld; the volume ‘of CSF in the brain is maintained between 90 and 150m. Since 10 much CSF it produced eoch doy, it must be continually neab- sorbed oF its sccumulition within the brows weld eesti intracranial presure hot would sercusly domage the brain. The pothway of CSF from the choroid pleas is ct blows: CSF from the lateral ane hind vorrilas els down fhe cerebral _oqueduct to the fourth ventricle, which alto contributes some CSF, from here, te Red enters te acrucicid space (npecitially, the ciskema magna) through the foromen of Mogens and the eo foramine of Luschka: it then circukates through the cerebrum cond posses into the dual wenows siewses thes is where much CSF is reatnorbed) through ovtpeuchings ol the arachnoid known of erachneld villi (Ki), The arachnoid vill oe at one-way val torbels con! the byrdrovsic pressve, For insane, ifthe pres: sure i the venous system in grecter then she presure in fhe CSF system, the wil remain dosed, end if the CSF presse i higher thon the dural venous prewsure, they open Glnical Coerslotes: condition known as hyebocephals occurs whan there it a blockage in the cirewation or meabsorpion of (CSF Since the role of CF Kermotion remains Faly corse, 0 Blockage in ow resus the occumichion of CF wifi the emma vaut od se dlticn of the verticles. There oe 2inain types of hydrocephalus: Commun cating hydrocephalss tard pomcommunicating bycacepholes, Communication lees 1 hater or no’ the Bloclage olows the venticles to communicate vit he suborachroid snace. In communicating hydiocmchoka, the blockage ocrws ovside af he venticular chores ond the (CSE fs not inhibited hom entering the saborochnoid space, wile in narcomnunicatng hychacephats the bicckage les within the verhiculr chambers temseles; iis blockade prevents fo veer rn of the ° tricle Interventricular E foramen " 1 a © foramen of Magendie P © Foramen of Luschke Posterior horn of the G relePoth of corebrospinal fuid owRe -EOmmoneP> VENTRICULAR SYSTEM AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CIRCULATION Inferior hom of lateral ventricle Anierior horn of lateral ventricle interventricular foramen Ependyma Arochnoid villi Foromen of Magendie Chorid plexus ‘Communicating hydrocephaolis Posterior horn of lateral ventricle Noncommunicating hydrocephalus Cerebral aqueduct «Site of cerebrosginal fluid production . Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed through this structure . This condition would result from blockage of the foramina of Luschka ond Mogendi |. Allows communication between the lateral ventricles Lining of ventricles -72-Ghar the | limbic systemBras Chapter 6-1; The Limbic System The limbic sytem is imolved seth emotion, memory. motimtion, Clinical Conrelotes: ain example of a emoliond divirbonce Fat behovee, and autonomic fretion. bs composed of-e group af mart hom damage 1 one of tha limbic stacey 1s te Kiva ‘srudures that are primorly located on the medial asped of the Bucy syndrome. i caused by a bilateral dexhucion of the cerebral hemisphere. The component ofthe limbic yaternre ar ovivgplais The person cams the eapocity fr ley, becomes lellow: the parahippecampal gyrus (A), the uncus (B),—"ypersemn! and less aggressive, cnet quietly Fevgem tangs (mL [Goer A-K dierent colors. J Memory ond learning are kanctons of tha hispocarepas. The output pathway for the hippocampus is the fornix, end roughly hall ofthe fibers ef the fornix toreninat in the really boc ins. The marnilary bodies then projectte tha anterior nce of the holomut vio the mamemillothalarnic Proct (IC), and the ante flor rocles project to the cingulate gyrus. The Paper circuit i 0 pathway lor memory Hat havels from the hisoccorpal forma fiom, tothe hypatholamus, ond on to the cingulate gyn. ‘The omygdola is iwalved in providing ematton and ute: nomic responses, but it abo recsives a small omount of ollocory ‘The liribic cortex, which is made up ofthe cingulche aya, the porch ppocampel gyri, and the hippocompal farrvahen, is invohed with learning nd briefly teres memory: destruction of the circuitry of the limbic-corte result im hase ofthe: bility fo leorn new information. © Paranippocarpal gyrus # © _Orbitofrontal cortex E —-_antartor nucteus af the khalanus. 1 © uneus BO Mtppecanpus F © Mamnillary bedies = 2 © Subcwllesal gyrus € —-@ Amygaaloia body & Manni Mothalamic © Cinguiate gyrus DO Paroltactory area tract -74-CHARTER C6] Fp TOMO e THE LIMBIC SYSYEM . Projects fo the anterior thalamic nuclei Damage te this structure produces Kliver-Bucy syndrome J. Receives projections from anterior thalamic nuclei Carries output ibers of hippocampus j. Involved with fight/flight, rage reactions -76-the thalamic complexChapter 7-1: Thalamus: ‘The tholamvs is composed primarily of gray mater end i loot sod in each ef the two carebral hamsiphores. bis made up of the dorsal thalorexs, the hypotholersn, the epithalamus, and the subthalors; ogther, there make up the chencephalon. ‘Athoicmet it loccied on siher ede ofthe third ventricle, nel from there it ceeds laterally othe medio border of the poste rier limb of the internal capsule (A). The tos thaler ore connected by 2 band of ge moter thot crosses the third ved: cl, know an the interthalamis odheston (B) (aha called the mons intermedia). the tholemus i: an egg-shaped shucks that lies with i pointed end cing anteriey Anterior t posta- rior it eateeds from fe inraveesricular orcrnen of Monro fo the ppovlerior commiature [na shown: superior 1 inerior # extends from the rool of the third ventricle 10:the radial turfaca ef he thalamus forms portion of the later wall ob the hired wertile, ane the vruckre is covered ly thin hoyers of ‘nbile mater on ith superior and lata tekaces: the lee on tha twperior surface of the Holamaa is celled the stratum xonale, AC), ard the layer covering the laeeel surfaces exfled tha ‘external medullary lamina (D) The thokama ia divided into anterior, lateral, ond medial eg vranns by c thin plate of white mater thet contains nerve thot tel from ene thalamic muclevs to anothers this plote ix tnqwn os the internal medullary lamina (E]. the inkerol edullory loming it 0 Youhoped urucure thar devices the thal rus such thot the nterior muchel (F) of the thio lin loatwoen the tow forks ofthe Y ond th laterad ond mec! nuclt i on ather side of he ste of tha. Scene thalamic uci oli ie within he internal madllory lamina, the largest of which ithe ccantromedion nuceus. The reticular nucleus (G) overies ha tcterel rurfoce of the tholarmes ond separcios thm exterral rmedallory lamina from tha peor Ink o! the intemal capes, The thalamic nuclei ane named eccording '9 thei lecation, Anatomy and Nuclei ‘The tholamic mele con be divided into groups if we use the internal madhllary larnina os the relerence point Lateral tthe internol medullary larsine are tea groups of nucle: ane group Fes below tha cther Let us call he mare dorsal ofthe to groups radial donal (MD) nucleus. Tae anterior-most part of thalam harbor the anterior nuclei VAN), ond the pasterior- most partis Kerrred by tha pune, which is the large of the thalamic ‘pucltar mannan. Finally we have the neo nucle that he in the ven (RGB) ond the medial geiculam bey (MAGE). The tignticonce of these much siicoed by the creas ofthe brain that they pro inc! 9, which wil be discus rast [ Cole the neclei of each group diferent shades of the some: (or simian) cole. | © Posterior Timp the intersal capsule A © externa © tntertnalente Yamin agnesion 8 © Stratum zonale nr) Internal nedul lary Taming edu) lary O Anteriar nuclet F lar nucle GThe thalamic nuclei Fesition of the thalomus. inthe brain -79-Chapter 7-2: Thalamus: Thetholamt isthe principal gateway for all wesory inp, with the exception of smell, Sensory input tothe cerebral cortex commen Irom the brainstem, the spinol ese, the cerebellar, ond parts of the cerebrum. The thalamus is $9 importa ts the carebrol cortex thot almost ery oreo of the cern corins hay its own sabi center in he thalomns. As a result, exciting one specie eegion of the thalamus rents i the activation of @ corresponding specie region in ha cere cortex. is important ts nate thot the ene rmusication between the thalamus ond the cerdbral core is bide rectonel; the thalamus send signals to the carebrol cork, ond the carabtel coves sands sognats bock ts the helena ‘Tu mnajerty of the folic nucle project to tw cerebral sovfax, but fa tholarvic connections with the banal ganglia will be discussed in the besal ganglia choptor [ Use the same color for all the projections of each siructare. | The precise neuronal circuitry of the lokiral group remot wader, but is balipadit howe consectons wth cakes groups ‘within the thalams in acon te is connections to the cerebral sorter, The LD nuclevt hs connections with the ineriae poritl ‘ond posterior cingulte cortex, te UP connect with o lorge por fond he pal cons od pis commch wih mah rom the globus pads reach the WA in the Form of tes rae she nse lenitculoris (C) ond the lenticular fascleulas {D): those fibers are called pollilothckamic Fibers; the name sige nies thot they come from the pallchys end travel tothe thokorovs, ‘rod oo posses through tha VA. one fe VA Pro}eEN No the premotor cortex. The VL receives input from the carsbellrs on well as the gleaa pales and the substantia nigra, ond i projects to the primary motor coriex. The VPL recone: the sensory frock, known os the medial leeniscut, and Connections the spinothalornic tracts [discussed late], ond the VFM receives the tigen ond guvotory ach. The VPL i heed sit of te sensory trocth; the spinotholemic trot and the medial lemmiscus: (discussed loter). The VFL ond VPM both project to the tomalorenvory cork via the povirior limb ofthe interna cop tle. ‘The AN ond MO are both oatocioted with the limbic stem, which is system tht is ivaled with emations, behavior, ond smomory The AM recebres the namsnillthoboeic Wocs, which core fies signals bom the Nppocompis nd projects to the ingle gyrA Ive the crane Kak ofthe interns ces) ned the lm bic cones. The MD receives input From the hypatholerus, the substantia nigra, and the amygdsla; itprojects ta the prefrontal convex. The CM receives input from the globus pallidus, and peo [ect fo the slrictum, rother than the cerebral cortex, The reicueor nucleus i a thin sheet of neurons tha covers the lovers! aspect cf the fhclems ond separates the external smedllory orrbva fram the posters Keel he inerral copula. receives input from the rabculcr Kamation [ofthe brainer, ‘ho globus palidus, one the entire cersbrel exrtex, and it projects primerily 0 ather thakamis nucle. The M1G3 ond UGE are collectively termed the metathalamus. The MGB it also Inown on the cudilory relay nuciews ond i receives input from the brachium of te interior colliculus, which in sirucure involved mith the oudaory nyse. The MGB projects {te he cuditory corten ofthe lerpora lobe. The LGA is Krew os ‘2 siwwal ralay nucleus. ond receives. input from tha optic react: it projects to the visual conte, which is looted in thm occipital abe ‘Ghaical Correlates tesicrs of dFevent postions of he Halamic oer produce dflwert ells. lescrs of the sthatoreus olen prcchce berritalies [sow piste 8.2). A lesion of the thalomes Iypecticaly the VPA often causes hss of sensation, mou com smenly poten sania, on fe conraboal side of tbe body © Glebus © Substantia nicra = & i Vidus A -80- © Ansa enticularts CO © Lenticular fascteulus 0 Pars compacta——- Corticostiotal projection sme Striatal projection -81-Chapter 7-3; Hypothalamus: Anatomy and Nuclei ‘The hypothalamus, which form the inlericrmost region of the dercaphclon, i lated ventrol io te clara and i separated rom @ by the hrypothalomic sulcus (JA). Anitericr to osherion, ‘renerch ‘om teaming terminalis (8) i te interpedun- culer Socen {€). hy inkeier boundary is formed by the tulbor inereum (D}. ft forms the lateral ond inferior walls of the third ventile endl, anterior te posterior reaches hom the apie ehi- asm (E} fe caudal mapjn of de mamillary besdies (F) Iter border is Kxred by te intemal copsule. Neighboring c= Ices of fhe hypotholomus include: the optic chica, the pihltory kre the fondo (6) od he erm [Now Pa the pititory gore hes two part: heenterior pituitary {t) ond posterier pituitary (ly); fess ore alsa known as the adeno- hypophysis and neurohypoptysic, mipactinay: [ Color | ord 1) differen shader. of the tome colo, | The uci of the Fypothclares may be divided into three tones: the periventricular zone, the mediol cone, ond the katerol zone. The nuclei in each cf the zones serve specified funchens, hci dae rh jer moe ing on ani: dering direcion, the oudei of the peromniticulot zane irelude the ilewirg port of he preoptic te ws (A) ond ihe pasterior nucleus (N), The sucll of fe ‘medial zone, from anterior te posterior section, inclade the fs wing nose themestol preps nacevt, he-ombertor nucle: Ws (0), dorsomedial nucieus [P), ondite ventromedial imuceus (Q). The ker re ineces the lolli cle: port cht preoptic neces, ore the supreoptic nucleus (R). Note ‘hot the preoptic area it 9 port ofall free zones. [ Color soch of the mudi a diferent color: | The preoptic nuce ie in the perveiricder area, suround- ing the third ventricle. The nucleus, os the name cumphes, lea pus! dorsal 10 te ope chiosm and the proreammnmie: clo ral lis ot boned epenca a rembvare Fe fires. tha ventricles) of the third werdricle. The inkindiblar nucle ts is located in the veriralmost portion of the thd venice, while the posterior puclevy is Laocted chose to the mamilla-y bod- lat. The dorsomedial nucleus borders the third vendre, and the swarenpéec nucleus bes dorsel to the opie ret The xpotratomas plays large le inthe ercloctine ste: it modulates he relmove cf harmanes thal are assertal for the tteough ih ontaciaton wit the piory glond, ‘ond together they form what is called the hypophyseal portal sys teen, hich we ml discuss ip more detail lotr. Drives such ot thins and hunger are controlled by the hypothalamus, ord this ‘coger is cha inched withthe reqution of emotion and behav it capacity biological rhythms, and the nuclei of the madiol zone ace irwaled primarily in hermecstoils and reproduction; those of the fotera! zone ore iwolred wth arousal ond motivation. The preoptic neclei are invalved with the release of ‘gerolbtrog hormones Irom the enti psory glond te be ened bt), ond in empararure regulation The paraventricular ond suprooptic nwcle: will be considered ond, The patewentiicdor mucous simlates the secretion of © Hypothalentc sulcus A Fornin a lamina terminalis 8 =O Interpeduncular fossa =O eo Tuber cinereun 0 Ootic chiasn nucleus 09° £ Hamtllary bodies =F G © Intuneybulun nucleus Anterior pituitary Preoptic nucleus = J ° ° Posterior pituitary T) © ° © Suppachtasmatic 9 9° © Paraventeicular Infundipwlar nuctews 6 Pasterfor nucleus Anterfor nucleus 4 a Borsoredial ucleus | Yentromedial nuclews 0 a Supracptic nucleus -B2-onytocin, hormone fol semdstes irre carbon, hen he ‘ond the body noeds fe hold onto are woter The dorsomedial nucleus ts inwokwed with the stimulation of the gustrointestingl cs, and the ventromedial nucleus harbor © satiety carter, which informa fa body when th hunger for kaod has been vahoted. The inhundibutor jor arevota) ruckus it inched int prodcon of hypcthalomic releasing Foxtons which, ob you will soon she, cre important to te neuron: docrine sytem. The pederiar rude is imohed with slat lng the syrombete system, which ik a division of the autoncey fc nero nie. ond wil be icine ber The sprochioamots radars i inwahed in he cegulation of readin Ahythms ord, ob a eos, races dieet ep from fe eting. The etrice musts is inalved with the parasyer pathetic system, which iv ancther divisicr of the autoncmis ner sous gate The nucle! of the hypothalomus -93-Chapter 7-4: Hypothalamus: Afferent Connections The hyeebctoma is it indegral warty of yes ore, there: differert ° Frecasbon Waves beedo's dpe tbe pared hypotholarwus ‘Tha amygdele-hypothalemie tract (C) arses kom he amygdaloid nucleus (C1) ond exends ar he siria term Inalis (C3) over the thalorst, then projech ho mos! of the hypo- tholomic null anterior tthe mamilary bedios ond, Rnclly,tr- rrimates ie the preoptic area Net thal this is ret another hypo halormic Fink to the limbic system, oF the ommyadola is o limbic shuctre [ Color C, ), nd (different shades ofthe same color | ‘Ths hippecampal-hypothalamic tract (D) antat kom ‘he hippocampus (Dy) and fos the crus of the fornix (Bg), ~hich trols donaly ax ihe body of the fornix (Bg) ond below the corpus callosum (E), cssssing o shops sine lor it, The hippacompa hypatholomic oct lies tupericr tthe thekarnus [F}, and af this point i curves inkrior'y ane wena ly cs the anterior column of the fornix (Da), just alter it _givet ofl branches to he anterior nucleus of the thakarnus (0), Each ofthe anterior chiens ofthe fornix wrer the come spending lcherel wall ofthe hid werdricle ond mast of th fibers sted in the morillory bods. { Color oll ofthe 0% the some color. and color Fond diffrent shades of the some color. | Nedian forebrain c bundle A Hippocampal - Septal nuctet 8 ° a}o-hypotnatante | Hippocampus tract Crus ef tne Amygdaloid nucleus Cy Bocy of tne Stria teraina’ nypothalemic tract fe gO Antersor cotuse of the fornix Dg Corpus callosum = E La 2 ty Tha hams fornix anterter ruclous ef the thalamus a fornixChapter 7-5: Hypothalamus: Efferent Connections | Trace ever A,B, anal Cin diferent colors. | ‘Tha medion forebrain buncke and the devel lng nena ks. cious bath camry signal from the lateral Fypothclars ta the ichisdibuler bypertokwnic nucle is imeived in the predkaran of hypothalamic releasing | rical Comrelaten: Lesions of tho hypoticlorve com cove @ wide onoy of defects, ichalng seep chunsbarces ord cific fas in temperate mguiaton Sree eyo tw eer th the hncion of each ofthe major hypothalamic nucle theald be ob w pads whar ype ol cakes woudl ata potticucr nucleus wee damaged. For nites, f the suprooe- Fe racket were domaged, you woud expoct a deliciency in the secretion of ADH, which resus in a condton known as dis: betas iupidin, Ths lack of ADH proven she afecive reabecrp- For oF watir hom the kidneys ino the inkorarcla’ anton. As a esa, very die uine is produced anal dsbyehation ress \Note Fotis s not 0 be: confined wth diobetes melits, which 0 dieeder of geese metabolim lasions of he pevoptc racks, o pucks thar is romaly- invoked in temperature contol, could prodice hypertame, 03 the emchanisns bor cooking down. which hep martan roma! body temperate would be imported Ofer cisoden imohing the hypotalsres, narely rewoeraberne daceders, om the rest of damage to he hypo ‘tolomictypophy sec! poral nyse © Manat tiotnalamic tract © Manat iieregmental tract © Tuperotmtunaioular tract cHypothalomus: Eerent connections -B7-Chapter 7-6; Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal system The pinuirary gland (A), hich works closely with Hm hyper folorm, is respomible for the weretion of o momber of hor snares thet ae vital to wartous orgs apne. Tha tall oval iglond lies ot the base: of the: brain, in a pocket of the sphenoid bone known os the aaa wurcice. The plkitory gland is che named the hypophyts ond consis of twe divisions, ore anter- a oe poser. The enero ptevory (8) hho kon the odanchypoptiysa, cand ia of mewral origin, @ conkuina axons that arine brow newronn inthe Tha pinitory gland seereies. a numbar of harmon, ell of sficherm ge by pao stood in the hypotholomus. These regulatory hormones ore the hypetholomic relaoing hormones ord hypothalamic ibis ing harmanes. With the exception of prelacf, which is regula ted by or inhibitory hormone, end growth herman (GHI, which responds to both inhibitory ond releasing hormones, the hor menes off the anterior piitary respond to the hypothalamic rlecuing hormanan. They reach te endecior piitory vio the hrypophyseal portal veins (0). inthe onterior pituitary, the group of eal thats respon fr the secretion of cmt here ia hypothalamic regulatory hhermane. Once: stimvloted, the group secreies the hormone, snhich thon act on a specific organ, haown sb rae xen ‘The target orgon ther crete it porticulor hormonal A Redeak non les helhoba mace tos oer sen eration: IF thers is on excess of 0 partculor herman in she blood, that hormone wil feed back ta the hypotchomas and the pivitory end inskuct them to decreas thes roles of secretion. Pituitary gland a 0 © Anterior pitultary 6 © Posterior pituitary ¢ Hygophyseal portal veins © Tefungipulum This proces is colled neptive inedbock, ond nceurs nll r= mmo ania of te boi. for exams, te Inte sscraies thyrotropineleasing horeana (TRH), which acts on the greup of adenahypophyseal eels responsible for secreting the hormone thar TRH regulates —thyroistiralating hormane (TSH TSH in then seeraed by the onterice pituitary andl ack upon is tape ryote fyrid god. the tyr gndten vein Ferman, thyraine, Bl say thot on excmas cf thyeaininthe eodurers aver hts on, yeni edt bok he ‘ond the anterior pitvtory and insivcts them to decrocia thor rate of sacration of TRH ond TSH ‘The following table fats the mojor hypathalomie and ante + phatory releasing and inhbitery hormones ‘As wo ened sarker, the posterior pihbory it of neure! origin cand the anterior pituary a no, the arieior pituitary i connec 1d Jothe hypothalamus via the ported orevlaon, which it 0 nek ‘work of anteriot ond cepillaries hat din int the anterie pts inary fram the hypeshclam: the poral vers bring hypotalary i releosing one inhising howrvones or the hypoteemen te the anterior pikitory. Alto, he onterice pitstory hormones ort mancfocured within the arsetbor puitory, but the posterior pity itory hormenes ore ranatocured inthe Fypothalomes, and ther ramported via the arom, not the blood vous, of the Iehundibsulien (E) (he pictory sole) to he posterior pitty hypeolani Sreation, bu by nerw signals Fam thm hyposhalarnas that ar «dl to the paiterioe pikitary vio @ neuronal tract called the hrype- portal tract (F]. The two principal hormones secreted by the posierice phuitory ore exyncin nd ‘voruprentin (cho colled ontidbyretic hormone ADH], which ore yrthesized by the paraventricular (G) ond supeooptic (HM) hypothalamic nuclei Oxytocin sneulones eontrecsion of te serus during labor ond stimulates contractile cells oF the brecut during mik sjocion. Vesopreusin acs on the kidney to rocksorb, cond thea decrecas the excretion of, sates, ond is therfore obs newn os entiivrec hormone (ADH), [Color G and H dierent-colors. | © Paraven nypotmalaeic sacle! Hypothalantc-nypaptysea) portal tract -B8-TCIM woman canal gland w mcr | eerie oc anges fH pd oop onary aed to alate vation tlie developer, ipa ——" Growth bermene| Lehn releas of geowth hoemone chow fererechbing oe a eH | esc tein Mitre | Pees -89-Chapter 7-7: Epithalamus and Subthalamus The spitholomus st ot the posterior capect of the thalams, underneath he splenium of the corpus callosum (i) The skuctores ofthe epithclames inchide the habenuie (B) ond the pineal bedy (C) The habaruia is a bundle of nerve eels that lies ner the ventral surtoce of the thalamus. b receives input fram the septal nuclei. the ltercl preoptic mci. the anterixthalamr ic nuclei, ond the globus pallidus, vio. o nerve bundle lnown os the strio madullaris (D) The pineal gland [which cesaebles 0 pine cone) les just beneath tee rool of tee third vervihe ane Mode that is 0 single svete 7 irechaed sn the contel ol econ rhythms. ond works n conuncton wh the suprochoamaic muck 1 of the hypothalomus, The pineal gland is virtually devoid of narve calls ond, therefore, dss net cantein central neural con nections. contoins ond secrete a high concentration of melo tenis ond © newotensariter colle) weiner [Color A-D cifeeeet colees. | Tre subthalamic nucleus (E} les sect th thalamus (Fond mecil a He internal rome from the globo palin Whe nbtaonn coo bo coor viewed on grom sation becouse it Fes dewp within the diercepholon. is located ventral to the thalamus, lateral to the cand madial athe iar capa. The sbthol rus, ike the sabstonfa nig, ia conidered « phyickac coor [ponent of the basal gonglia becouse # works with the basal gan- glia modulate motor contra, [ Color E andl F diferent shacks of the sme calor, | Gnkcal Comrelates: As we dacussed previcesly, damage 10 the subtholame ovclevs hos been oone pad acoahen krown os horribalieras, © condition in which the individ! st fees woken’ ond uncontrollable fating movement of the cortralsieo! (opposite limb or limbs © Splenium of the corpus callosum © Nabenuta + Pineal body © Stria nedul -90 O Subkhalanie qucleus larts © ThalamusCaudote nucleus Thakamus with lentiform nucleus removed(Q... EIGHT the basal gangliaChapter 8-1: Lateral Views Thebotal ganglo-re marie of gray meer that lateral othe tholoma; hay are present in each of te cneebral harispheres ‘ond ara primarily composed of the folowing studies: the cou: (Al fe puteman (8, a he aos pa ID), ond the coudate and putamen are collectively referred t9 34 the corpus striatum (E}: they are eusniolly « convinces siucure, [Color A. B. and C different colors. | “ive conte nucleus ino Cishapmed vrecture, The to ed of fe oe ot ‘rtericrly and the spine ofthe C pots viewed from the sda. The t5p, raw nd of the C is sain one heed of enodere [beso free end ia the ball of ceuebote (A), one the entre curved portion in betwen is the badly of caudate (Ag). The head of the cox cote es crteriar ta the thelr (F) ond bores the floor of the ‘anterior horn of the lateral ventricle (Q}, tw lody ofthe semudaie forms part of the floor of he body of the lateral ‘ventricle (H); the tol of the coudate occupies the: roof of the inferior horn of the loteral ventricle (I) ond ends in the -copaule (IC), wich iso danse bond of oiterent (going word she CNS) end aBannr (going away from tha CNS) nave bers ‘hot connect th brairsirs and spina! cord ty the oorabrel or [Calor A, ‘Color G, Hand I lilfereet shodes of the same colo, shades of a darter color. | nol copaule is evened in such a way the its wide ose pints loterelly howard the cutside of the brain) ond its opex points imedialy toward the inside of he brain], The globan pallck con be datnguinhed from the putoman by (0) tk more medial loco tion, are [21 is pole enor, which is dust the fot thot it contains 1 greater number af myalinated nerve ber. ‘The basal gonglia or primary iewolved in the regulation of ‘moter conta, and they work dosaly with the corfcospirl frat te perform this feetion—s may be why the internal case 12 close fo the basal ganglia, Afferent connections tothe corpus siricnm ovine hom the corebeol cortex, braintem, ond sJbston tia nigra: acaycholire, xectonin, ced dopamine are the prima- fy amotaninniten vied forthe ronamiteon o neural implies om tens areon, rpcively vert Hes hem fe Corn siriaum trav fo the globus palicka and substantia nigra; the Primary neuroiransmiter used by this polwey is GABA lgemmoomeetaryne avid) The betel gengles eet at compe jor ta the cntebral cones inthe execution of previously exmed mavements ond the planing of comples, new movements. They ‘ore inched inthe regulation of motor actty rather than ini fathon; mato ectiniy a wcll ritited inte motor areca of he cortes. For irsoree, the bosal angle ore invohed in ection such 01 typing and, in deion, thay meskes the foe in which these poreers of macersants ore enacted (i. typing fos vers slow]. There ore difweert eaucol leaps withes the bosol gongho tharnishves an well os batween them and oer part of the heain, snd ih amy oneal te sructres i the sveit beeemes delesve, the esi syshom con be damaged. ‘Cini Corralatins wolknanan mover crc i Porkinson's deems. Parkrson’s reuls hom te cbercranen of fe subsorta age, Since revrons cf te mepostiat| pec Hat raves horn fhe nbsenta noo is fe copas snot] ssa depen, ond utc dogaarine is yainary er ihiney neuroma saben Het adehoarey of dopomiaage: nhbiion which wast om ha diagnneraicn cf fe subarrsc nige—s ae ree eam cl he sygr ters ofPokieons The. sympioms jackal slowed moverent, roy ord terme Hirtington's choveo is o movement disorder thot msuity Ror the loa. of GABA weronng nevrora in tho casdote ond putamen GABA isan inhibitory newotanireter and since shia! cana that [pict 1 the okstus pollcin ond wosowo Mgia would Face asi GABA, a lnar of nhinnn smd. This les oF mb poe dices @ relaive hyperexcted sate thal raul im hypeslivesis fporghvaned muscular actus) ated joy meverens part of he body -94-O Caudute nucleus AO Globus paltiaus © Body of the laters ventricle O Head of comtate A, Lentifore nucleus © Inferior norm of the O TaN of ceudate Ag © Corpus strtatum t Tateral ventricle © fody of ceadate yO Thalamus F -O_ Amygdatold nucleus © Putemen 8 © Anterior horn of the ° 1 cepsute Vateral ventricle & AL EX Pert ofthe bosol ganglia AQ | V -95-fOr Chapter 8-2: Three-Dimensional These picures should provide you with a somewhat J-dimer- sional view of the anctom retafordhips berween the basal gor ia ond fe thalamus, in the top Faure you wil tion te inact oudete is connected fo the pulomen, ond renerber thal only fin port ia not pporaied by the inlarnal capsule. Once ogein, you sae the thalamus (C), cn the some sede ox the caudate relovs [Color A, 8, ond C a diferent color. ‘hm tol of he caudota fuses wit the amypdolaid body (By wich ia cod soe cons faci nde in the unc the anterior endpoint of he porehippacompal gyri tha tempoenl lobe), The omygdls is invelved wrth thas expres: sion of emiion and iso component of fhe imc aya; i has © freat pumber of cannechons with the hypotholamys os well ‘nih the lic cortex ond various cthar area, Stimuletion of the prodices avenonis funetons fat are firher con ‘gangio closely isthe basal ganglia in mer contr that iis consice seed fo be @ fenctional relative thong in mind, howeves, thc the 4co3 onctomic dallation of the betel genglls it leeas ond thot gra called the pare comporko cartoint nawront thet contain the dork pigment melorve, end ils for this renson thot the wobakon= ‘Sa nigra in dosk in color The cals of the pos compacts cle con ‘ain ¢ rich concanhraton of the neurotronsmilter dopamine; yo “rey reco thot dopemine in promnent neureanamiter 9 tha ‘bosal gonghe elreit © Coudate nucleus 8 The? nis c Anyadalotd body D Gubetantia nigra = € Views The middle gure shows the thalamus ober the lertiorm nuclevs-ond amygdaloid body have been removed. This view wil low you fo cpprecie the onctomic rukionshia baleen the Aotomus ond the basal gonglo Another important siructure that, Tn urwaled bry this view tthe subthalamic muckeus (F], which is @ mucleus of the subthalorns that bes inferoposterion to the Boome. The mbthaloren, the the substanto nigra, ix comd: ered 2 phyticloge composant cf the bowel gorglia baecuse i works wah the bona genglia to meus mesar eared lin tha bettors Figure, you will nation a thin sheet of gray mat ter Iatecal tthe pulomen: itis called the eloustram (G}. the al copsue oka seporctes te niu ‘ror the iackor cote. ‘Thersfore, mewing io medal to lateral directon you have the Petimen, the extemal copsuls, fhe churn, the exes cop tule, ond the inlor corer. Note che thot the extemel ond ecreme copies ore compesed of white mater ond thot the cdomueun is componad of grey mater: The wnat Kantion of the ‘rns hi ned yet been deer rived ‘Giaical Correlates: Kiive-Bicy Synchome & ovr wa bn more lays but women men: weil om 2 desmction of the crteeixe segments of brah tengoral bes: fis-abe deoys the omy dalas, which inbobi Wis region. A certain vet of bahowiors ante a rem ol his dcr, such os comple hele, letters bypermencity, Secrased opps vere! ond te need to aromne thas crafy, Domage tthe subthclamic mciovs hos bees hrown to produce 2 cond tan known a emibratira, in which fe indict wens volar? ond uneorsalible fextng reverent ofthe cantarner! forte Serb). In coher ars, 1 the keaton occured in the sutihalarks euch of he i cose Laci heruptere, tes alg movemaess would take pice it he igh es © Subthalantc nucleus © Cloustrun 6 -96-Lotercl view of Thalornus alter removal lentifarm ucleus@... EIGHT Chapter 8-3: Projection Fibers and Horizontal Section The coed white mater of the bein is composed of a for shaped bundle of nerve fibers tha convey empciues bebwpen the ‘cerebral cores ond the brainer, hese fiber ore called projec: tion Bers, end they ore lows ot fe corona radiata (A). Meor the top cf the broinser thesa fibers taper t0, fem the tvernal capsule, which corviaa ol of ha merva fizer to {B), 0 longer pasterlor limb of intemal capsule (By), ond the genu of internal (Bq), The anterior Eb seporcies the head of the caudate from the leniform nuckeus, sahil the powerior Li seporotes the ltarm rules from the thalors, This con be seen encre decry in the horizon section Thabeod ofthe covdate bes medial to the arverior nb, the hal ‘oman lies madi! in the posterior limb, and thm lerfarr nucleus, lies lateral to both limba. The genu ofthe indenal copa is lermad by the impingement of the pointed apex of the wedkae: shoal ler aden ro nee xpad, hich mv ite [Use o different color for and B. Use different shades ofthe same color bor B, By, ond 8a. | Note inthe horizonicl section, the nea (C} ond tail (C4) ‘of the coudewe nucleus. The head of the caudate makes up the floc of the anterior hor of the lateral ventricle [B) and Nee hit rmoton the coud it Dkohed immedlictly odjocse ta ‘heconterior hou ofitha lateral venwile, ln edction, nate that the coudaie les anioror to the thalamus (E). The nelatianchip between the: body of the coudete ond the loterdl veniricla will be Fescvised lover. Nesien the tal of the coudbte, which cesusies the ocd of the inferior hom of she lees! ve-tricle [ct shown! [Use deren shades ofthe some color for C ned C.J ‘Tre putamen (Fond the globus polfidus (G) con olso bbe seen clearly in ta horizontal section. Moten ance ogi tht the internal copeale seperation the caurizte fron the feniform relaus in cll places but at ha acd of tw condone, which is ene ‘ingous with the putamen. ky creas sacton, nate he eloustruen: {H), ond the external capsule (1), which veporates the dour trum from the putamen. Ako note the inaulor cortex (J), vtech ia loucted just boterol to the clovstrum ‘Other sirucwes Isbaled in the cross-sectional diagram incde: he ganu of corpus callosum (K), the cerebellar hemispheres (U), the cerebellar vermis (M), he inferior colliculus (N), the superior colliculus (0), the plneal badly (P), the third ventricle (@), rhs anrerior column of fornix (R}, ord he septum pallucldum (5), These structures care included only to help you cient yoursall: they will bee dit- ceusned late [Use diferent colors fo KS, wih the eacaption of Nand ©: For have hea uve dilfrertshoces of te some cola, } © Corona radiata A © Anterior horn of the © Carevettar Vateral ventricle 0 nani spheres t © Anterior 1imb of Interaal ceptule = BO TAsTamus. EO _ Caravel mist © Postertor imp of © Putenen F Inferior colliculus internal capsule By © Globus & © Supertor colliculus 0 © Genu of internal Cepsule Bp «© Clawsteun H © Pines! body P © Mead of caucate © External capsule = 1 Third ventetcte 8 nucleus © Insular cortex 3 © Anterior column of © Tath of caudate fornix R nucleus CO Genw of corpus callosun & © Septum pellucidum = 5 / -98-Chapter 8-4: In Coronal Section ‘On the opposing page are the bosal gongha in coronal vection. Hoving looked othe complete picts of the basal gonglia an the previous poges shoud help you to understand these coronol sections. Recall thatthe heod of the covdete nucleus terms the floor of the anterior hom of the eral ventricles. Since the top figure it @ section through the anterior horn of the lateral werti- ck, you con see fhe head of the caudate rwelous (A). You con ola i2e the lentiform nucleus (B). which ix seporcted from the cauckre by he anterior limb of the internal cop- ule [C]. immediately odvavert to the head of the covdate lier the snteriar horn of tha lateral ventricle (0), Secase this rorenal section is token From ont anferiae portion of the brain, oucan see the genu of the corpus callosum (E}; fentrion-most porta, where i bends ickeiary [ Cober AVE different colors. Head of the caudate nucleus Boay of the causate nace Posterior 1am of the internal capsule Anterior horn of the Notnibe body of the lateral ventricle [Diy in te bot tore figure, nc ecall hot he body off the coudate nucleus (Aq) forms pt of the Rr of the body of de lateral weil Notice che the bedy of the corpus callosum (Ey), which forms the root of the lateral ventricles. You may recall thar the fall ‘of the cowdate nucleus (8g) foams te roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle (D2). [ Coles cll of the A's different shodes of the some collrs. Do: the some for oll ef the Ci, Dis ond BJ Now lack ot he thalamus (F). and motion that i is repo: voted from he lertiform muclevs by the posterior limb of the: internal capsule (61). Once ogcin, notice the doustrum {G), which ls betwsan the puloman ond te insular cortex {(H), Abo now te subthalamic nucleus (1) ond fe sabe stontie nigre (J) gacy of the cn carpus callosum The! anus us Vetere? ventricle Teil of the caudate nucleus Lentiforn nucleus Anterior Iieb of the Inferior horn ef the latere] ventricle Dz Cleustrum Body of the lateral ventricle Dy Insular cortex Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra Geou of the corpus callosum -100-Chapter 9-1: The Midbrain ‘he broin stem encomponies the midbroin, the pons (A), ord the medulla eblangata [B) and connects the cerebellum ard pons to tha forebeain. Tha mislosin, which is tu smelt poet of ‘he beoin stem, lies between the cerebrum ond the poms; ity rook is kormed by the superior callieul (€) ood the inferior col- liewll (0) Ta eve ed delhi en so have fibers hot tewvel io the lateral geniculate body ‘ond the interior colliculi Senacheryroheond tor foes ‘hot rowel to the medial geniculate body (E)). [Color € end D diferent shades of the some eslor. Do the oma for E ond Ey. ‘As you con s00 inthe bottom diagram, the cerebral eque- duct (@) panes through the midbrain. The lower ard larger portion of the midlbroin contoins the cerebral peduncles (F}, Which ore divided ine the anterior tegmentum (H), and a Sith wrk Soul wah he bl gogla wy petons nant fictions The tegmentm contains ¢ number of tructure, which include the folowing the red nucleus (K], he wochloar nucle: ut [not thown|, the medial longitudinal fasciculus (L), the ‘mation spans cll three segments of te brain ater and is imeobed in covsing arcusal from slew. The oculomotor meree (My) ‘rises kom the interpeduncular faasa (O}, which is coted Ibebveen the crv cernbri, The ervs cers primarily consis of fiber rom descending neuronal roc that project the spinal cand, por, ond Lower brain tem. Cerebellar ouput bers poss through the midbroin, forming the superior corebeller peduncles (P) [Soler J block ond K red. Color Mond My cifferent sheds of the same color: J \Chincal Commoner: One of the wc ih tick coma my eceur fo the midbrain is via an intactoa. An infarct 1s simpy the Chart of Hesad 08 o raaul oY & Blockage oF he Bod sypphy (ie, 0-cht in on exter! thet suppes Hot piece of insue. An inkarcon that damages the hid crane nora in the mica ima poorkcm siges 1och os dplopics double wilon] and peo feyed araop! O Pons A © Cerebral peduncles fF =O Medial longitudinal feaciculus L © Hedulla oblongata 8 © Cerebral aqueduct 6 © Oculomster mucieus om O Superior collieuti C © Tegmentun bO © Oculomater nerve My O Inferior colliculi 0 © Crus cerebri 1 © Retteular formation ¥ O Lateral gentculate O substantia migra d - body E - Interpeduncular fossa 0 © Red nucteus ‘ © mesial geniculate Superior corebe! body Ey peduncles -106-Chapter 9-2: The pons lies onterice to the madullo ond ommeballum ond com from the pontine nucelt the cerebellum form the largest of the candela padunds, ha middle coraballar peduncles (8) nuclei (C}, she reticular formation (B), which les inal three segmerés ofthe brain stm, and the medial kon Sitvdinal fescievius [F}. rockon tothe hrigeminal ml, fhe pont cho harbor the Following crank nerves ond their rude: the trigerninal nerve (F), the facial nerve (6), be focal ruckus he vestibulecechlear nerve (H). be abducens nerve (I), he abducens nuclews, and the wewibulor ond cochlear nuclei. The medial lemniscus (J) is located in the aneriee part a he egmenrun, ard the lateral lemniseus The Pons [Color J ond i different shades of the some color. Color the: remaining Sructvees diferent colors. | (Glnieal Corraleses: An lost cf tha pens could comags th cox cospinal Hers, ond iis would prodce weakness inthe care alata sca, # the abducens neve: ware invoked, the rosa mould be webs or paras ef the Ine! reeks muscle of the eye. Since the loans! rectus moves the eve lately, the eve mould devote medhally. Ax itor! coud obo vce he facia! rrerve, which would produce hacal waokness on the side of the lesion co \ © Fourth ventricle 4 © Reticular formation Vest ibulocachlear | © miadle cerevertar © Meaiat Jongitudinal “~ . peduncler a fasciculus abducens nerve | © Trigeminal nuclei ¢ © Trigeminal nerve =F = Media? lemniscus J | © Facial nerve 6 © Lateral lemiscus -108~-Chapter 9-3: The Medulla Oblongata ‘The medulla oblangate (A) is the rowrol exertion of the spinal coed; cones ha pans (B} tothe spinal cond. extends From the Fanamen magn tte inferior herder of he poms ord contains all ofthe fibers of neuronal oct hot rvel between the bain ond spinal card. The spinal canal canines ints the caudal boll of the medullo: the ronal hall of the machila contains the | Color Fond G silent shodes of the some colo. Color the remaining stuck dient colors. | On the dora! side, the posterior median sulcus (L] modula. On wahar of th lara walls ofthe maduila ba prons- bberonces colled the cllves (0), which ore made up of the Inferior elivary nuctel (P), The inferior elivary nucle weed 5 ° © Fourth ventricle ¢ ° Inferior sedutl an sulcus nM u vellun 0 Posteriar median 0 Inferior oltvary Vestibular nuclei = g sof the fy tract R © tucteus © Anterior median Fissure E © Aucleus cuneatus © Pyremias Foo @ © Pyramical decussation G =o ate © Slassopheryngeal . nerve no Vagus nerve 1 Meet Fibers to the cerebellum and receive fibers from the cerebellum, botal gongia, red nucle, and carer | Color M ened M diferent shaves of the same calor. | Tha dagror of he wc Hough he route eck fe ka cd te inkioe cloary ruck revouh w rurnber of nudei and Rack, inching the solitary tre (R, the roster 8 (1), ond the medial bongitudinal foscicuhes | Color 2 different «alors | Also within the medulla ore areas vital te Ife, such as the ear: doe ond respiratory centers. Tha cordice center helps to regulate the rhythmic contraction of the heart ond the respiratory conter ‘sinvoleed ~ih the modulston of breathing shythea, (Clinical Comelates: Dorage to he mecullo, Hroegh om infarc fen, doe inararce, con resul in hemiparesis ipawslais of one sicko of fhe body! of the conhatatea! ae aa o reat of damage to the conticospina! fibers. Head mowma to the base of the sll cara ore exakctory cielo of de Hedulla oblongata 4 Spinal accessery © Wypoglossal mucteus nerve a Pons 8 ° nucleus of @ wypogtossal nerve vagus ' Mucleus ambiguus =U O cuneat clus O gntector spiao n cerebellar tract = W-1il-CHAPTER [9] PAL -ZOamoNeP THE BRAIN STEM self assessmen . Middle cerebellor peduncles belong to this segment of the brain stem ). Harbors triganninal nuclei |. Nerve arising from interpedunculor fos |. Superior cerebellar peduncles belong to this segment of brain stem . Harbors nuclei of dorsal column pathway: -112-CHAPTER TEN the cerebellumChapter 10-1; The Cerebellum Ths cerebellon les posterior 19 the pons ond medulla ond is the cle porchpis, bol movemens that are normally coordinated and sencoth became erratic ond unorganized ‘The carsbelum cocupies most of the posterior fossa of the cronivm, ard feems the rack af tha Fourth wantrich (AJ. lis separated from the FloccutusChapter 16-2; Inferior Surface of the Brain *; Oifactory bulb Spleniua of corpus Oculosotor nerve callosum « con ttt) 3 Qifactory tract Pineal ghana Fostertor perforated Lateral olfactory substance strta C Cerebral aqueduct Manat ilary body Antertor perforated Periaqueductal gray substance ° netter k 2 uncus E Rea nucleus optic tract Parabippocanpal gyrus F Basis peduneul( Optic chiase 9 ° Infundtbulus 4 ® 8 1 Q substantia nigra G Optic nerve (CN TtChapter 16-3: Superior Surface of the Brain © Intrapartetal sulcus 4 — O_Oeetpitad gyrt D © Centrat sulcus 6 © ‘Supramargina) gyrus & — Precentrat sulcus © Posteentral gyrus HK © Angatar gyrus € © Precentral gyrus © Fastcentral sulcus 1 oa -152-(7... SEVENTEEN the human brain atlas serial coronal sections Fellowing ito tries of coronal ncions etn series in on oniorior fo posterior director. That ia, each succenive diagram sril duvet o nchon potror to fe oe bore.. SEVENTEEN Chapter 17-1: Section through Frontal Lobes © Frontal lobe A © Gey of corpus © Longitudinal fissure callosum 8 -154-Chapter 17-3: Section through Anterior Commi ssure © anterior narn of © Putanen £ @ Extrene capsule a Yaterat ventricle & © Globus pallidus =F =O Uncus « © Septum pellucidus 8 © Anterior 1iep of 0 Anterior commissure L © Column of fornix ¢ Internal capsule @ body of corgus © Head of caudate © Claustrun 4 callosum nucleus o © External capsule = 1 -156-Chapter 17-4: Section through Body of Lateral Ventricles at the Level of the Superior Colliculus Thelenus Sogy oF cauaate nucleus Putamen Globus paliigus Claustrun ‘Third ventricle Red nucieus -157- © Substentsa aigea Superior covlteulus: Inferior horn of Vateral ventricle Cerebral aquecuct P { PuddChapter 17-5: Section through the Posterior Horns of Lateral Ventricles © Spleniun of corpus © Posterfor horn of © Choroid plexus t eeliosun A lateral ventricle ¢ © Calearine sulcus 8 © Longitudinal fissure 0 -158-Pons Chapter 17-6: Section through . © Posterior horn of © Cerebellum © © Supertor medullary lateral ventricle A velum © Calcarine sulcus = 0 © Fourth ventricle = 6 -159-(HAPTER EIGHTEEN the human brain atlas serial sagittal sections of the cerebral hemisphere{9 EIGHTEEN Chapter 18-1: Midsagittal Section of Cerebral Hemisphere Wedulla A © Fornta J © Parieto-ocet pital ° suleus. a © Pons B © Septum pellucidum Kk © Cingulate sulews PF © Cerebellar hentsphere C—O Splenium of corpus celosue L © Posteentret ayrus a © Vermis of cerebellun 0 © Boge of corpus © Central sulews a © Fourth ventricle & catfosua u © Precentral gyrus 5 @ Miabratn FO Geny of corpus callosum Ly 0 Anterior commissure T © Cerebral aaveduct — ¢ © Rostrum of corpus © Optic chtasn u © Superior and inferior caligsun & Vieuls 4 O Pituitary gland ¥ © Cingulate gyrus OM © Interthalamic adhesion Q Manni lary body W iMaeee tatermedia) 1 =O Calcartoe tierure on - O Oculgnotor nerve cen TDD -162-Chapter 18-2; Section through Anterior Lateral ventricle Ventral anterior nucleus Gerw of corpus caltesum Rostrum of corpus callosue Spleniun of corpus calles Body of corpus call psue Steia medullaris Stria terminalis Thalamic Nucleus Anterior commissure Forntx Rosy of fornix Supreoptic nucleus Optic chiasm Substantia nigra Inferior olivary nucleus (dorsal accessary) Inferior olfvary nucleut (principal ) Pyramid -163- Fourth ventricle fea nucleus Internal mesu) lary lamina Pulrrinar Dorsal meatal fuc!eus Ventral lateral nucleus Lateral dorsal fluc eus Anterior thalamte nucleusChapter 18-4; Section through Hippocampal Formation © Inferior nara of D Extreme capsule Anyggaloid complex 1 Vateral wentricle © externa? capsule Tal) of caudate © Posterior nora of fuel eus lateral wentricle Insular cortex Hippocampus © Cleustrun Anterior commissure Dentate gyrus © Putamen © Lateral sulcus oe Strela terminal is -165-CHAPTER NINETEEN the human brain atlas serial horizontal sections Flowing orn hr wk of th rin. Thr graced in wegen erder Fo deel er irr 10 inferior], each progressive section being ventral othe cn balers.[eLuas Chapter 19-2: Section through Genu of Internal Capsule SUOLYISS Genu of corpus Postertor 1inb of Putamen cal losun ‘internal capsule Glebus paliious Caudate nucleus Tha ams Interventrtentar Anterior Heb of Extreme capsule foramen internal capsule Claustrum Colum of fornta Genu of internal capsule External capsule -169-"CHAPTER TWENTY the human brain atlas brain stem topographyAnterior perforated Vagus verve (CN K) 9 © © Optic tract substance © Glossopharyagest © Optic chiasn 5 Infundibulun 6 nerve (CN IY) x © Optic nerve (Ch 11) T amet Mary dody ¢ © Vestibulocoenlear nerve (ON WiII) Lo © Putamen u © Posteriar perforated substance 0 © Factal nerve (CM TI1}M = © Internal caprule =v © lasts peduncult £ -O Atducens nerve © Wead of caugate cCW VED N rucleus W @ mypogiassal nerve en FO Tetgentnal nerve © tira ventricle x cc 0 Olive ‘ © thalamus ¥ © Trochiear nerve Pyramidal decussatton «CH IVD PO Pyramid z Spinal accessory © deulenator nerve nerve (CM x1) (ce 1) a -175- roD TER TWENTY OWE the human Spinal cord atlas transverse sections of the spinal cordChapter 21-1: Transverse Section of Cervical Cord © Supstantia gelattnoss AO anterior cartico- © Bubeospinal tract 1 sainal tract E © Corset horn e Lateral corttea © anterolateral systen F spinal tract 3 © Intermediate cone ¢ © Ventral, spinocere- © Fasetculus cuseatus © Motor auclet ballar tract ‘ (lateral) e © Faseleulus gractlus & © Dorsal spinecere © Motor nuclet hel lar tract H © Dorsal median septun (megial | a -178-Chapter 21-2; Transverse Section of Thoracic Cord 4 Substant a gelatinasa 4 antertor cortico- Dorsal spinocere- ‘Spinal tract F bellar tract . ‘© asterolateral system 6 Lateral cortico- Clarke's nucleus ¢ spinal tract Ventral spinecere Medial motor nuclei 0 bel far tract Bersal horn 8 Fasciculus cuneatus Yeatral median Rubrospinal tract Faseieulus gracilus # firsure € Dorsal nedian septun W -179-$}.. THEATY OWE Chapter 21-3: Transverse Section of Cord Lumbar Marginal zane a 0 F 2 Substantia gelatinosa 8 Se 6 © wo fucleus prapr{us tmedtal! Fy © fasciculus gracilus « © Dorsal hora DO ‘Ventral commissure 6 © Dorse] median septum & © Intermediate zone Ventral median Tenure " -180-jaasue Chapter 21-4: Transverse Section of Sacral Cord © borsal root & © Hotor mucter © Lateral cortico- imectaly Fy spinal tract K © Substantia gelatinasa 8 © Ventral commissure G © © Zone of Lisssuer L © Wucleus proprius © Veatea! median © Fascteutes gractius # © Borsa! horn 0 Hiusure x © Dorsal redian septum W © Intermeatate zone of 9 . - © Dorsal median sulcus 0 © Metor muctet © Rubrospinel tract J lateral) F -161- : iCHAPTER THENTY-THO answer key to self- assessmentsAbducens 4 Albducers nerve 108, 175-176 ‘lr plate 10 Amacrine ells 44 Aumyghio hypethmamc moet da Ampghoid body 74, 96 Amgebsleid complex 168 Aomygaoloid nacieun AA, 95 Angubr gma 150, 152 Asse lentcdaris 80, 102 Anterior corebral artery 18, 120, Anterior chorsidal artery 11 terior column of the Formic 8a, 98 Aoverion commissure £0, 156, 162-165, 170 ‘Anterior communicating artery 116, 120 Asterior corticospinal tract 142, 178-179 ‘Anterior hown of tha lateral venice 70, 95, 98, 100, 156, re Asters lib of internal amule $8, 100, 154, 1, 169 170 noterior lobo VA ‘acter median fasure 110 ‘Ariecoloterel tyvem 178-179, 181 Acachneid 12 ‘Adtonomie gonafion 10 Anon 128 Baral plate 10: Basilar ortery 113 Bons pedomeuli 8, 151, 164, 175-178 Basket cols 114 Bipolor cells 44 Barty of cmon 95 Body of coud nucleus 100, 157, 174, 178 Boxy of corpus callosum 100, 155-156, 162-163, 170 Body of fornix 6: Bady of lateral venice 95, 100, 164 Brochivempbic tik 118 Brocas ormo 30 Buccinanor $4 Colcorire fissure 162 Coleorine wleus 1SB:15 Gouda neclout 6, 95-98, 102, 164, 168-187 Cal badly 126 Central canal 2 Central ukcvt 22, 150, 152, 182 Cephalic Awe Carvballor heisphare 98,150, 142 Corabellr vermis. 98 Cersbellam 152 Cararal 8, 70, 108, 151, 187, 162, 171 Cormbral cortex. 102 Cerebral pedundle 42 Carabrol pedundlas 106, 142 Cervical fexure Choral plamus 4, 158, 188 Gli 58 Ciiory gonglion 48 Cory madden 45 Ciory nerves 46 Cingolom gymn 74, 12, 184 Ging lees 162 Clarks nucleus 177 Clausturn 98, 98, 100, 15-157, 145, 169 Glinbing fibers 114 Cochiea 56 Cola of Fomix: 158, 149-170 Comenon cert artery 118 Coney 44 Confioence ofthe sinuses 120 Concra roots 98 Corps calomum 84 Corpus tick 95 brik pote 40 Cia ompallors $8 Crus cmabri 108, 170-171 Cour ot fornix 84, 16a Cunecie nudes 110 Cunscte tubercle 174 Copule 38 Denies 126 Dentate gyrus 185 Deniate caus 114, 164 4 Donal hern 12, 178-179, 181 Donal medi nucleus 143 Dorsal median sepovm 178179, 1 Donal median suleus 181 Donal mone nucle 62 Dorsal nerve roots 12 Doracl nucews of the wom 110 Doral oot 176, 181 Dorsal spinocerebelor woct 178-179 Doremedial mcleus 82 Doro mote 12 Eoederm 2 Edinger Westphal mcious 46 Ellesor, 130 Embalform caus 114 -188-External copoule 8, 156, és, 149 External grarmalar layer 24 External mechilary laine 78 ‘External pyromidal igyer 2 (Exreme copwle 154, 145, 167 racic nerve 3, 108, 175-176 FFoaciodus lesicyloris 102 Fomix 82, 142-183 Fourth wenticla 10,70, 108, 110, 114, 159, 162163, 170 Frontal lobe 22, 1 $4 Fuaifoem 24 Ganglion calls 44 Gentes gongion $4 Genu of corpus callosum 98, 154, 162-163, 168-189, Gem of intemal capsule 98, 164, 169 Gen ob the campus colionim 1 Globo mucin 11d Glob polis 4, 80, 95, 98, 102, 154-157, 189 Hood of coudate nudes 95, 98, 100. 156, 170, 1746178 Hippocampal formatien 170-171 Higpocampol hrpoticlaric roc Ba Hippocampus 6, 74, 84,165 Horizontal calls 24, Hypeglowal sere 24, V10, 175-175 Mypegloial ute 110 lelerice corsbellar packets V4, 174, 178 Indore eollicukus 98, 196, 174, 176 lelrice baer of ha latercl savriche 70, #5, 100, 157, 165, 1 Ieartor machllory valli 110) Intenor obhque 4o leferior abvory rucksi 110 Inferior abvory maces orl accenory) 183 2 Inhoodibvlen 8, 02, 08, 151, 175, nudes 22 Inuder cortex 78, 100, 165 Intermedicle zone ee frvernal acowime mechs 54, (aural copie 98102 1705176 intemal coretid artery 118 sulews 22, 150, 165 4, 70, 185, 169var superiors 48 ing 11 lorgineinal Ramwe 154, 188 Mecule 58 Mecular hair call: 58 Meculor supporting cols $8 Molleus 56 Moreenilary body 74, B2, 15), 142, 171, 175 Merenilolegrentel trot BE Maresilotholomic Wed 74, 86 Mandibslor daision $2 Merde loyer 12 Marginal layer 12 Mortnott cals 24 Maxillary division 52 ‘Medial geniculate body 108, 174 Medal lengitainal fciculs 106, 108, 1 Medeal mck nuclei 177 Motor nuciei fiers!) 178, 181 Mctor nuciei fovea) 178, 161 Metor eucdeus of the Facil nerve $4 Motor race of the focal nerve $4. Niuclevt ofthe voltory act $4, 40, 62, 110 ‘Gevlemainr nerve 104 ‘Gevlomator nerwe [CN il) 151, 162, 175-178 ‘Cevlemotor nucle 46,108 ‘Cllsary 34 ‘Clhacory bulb 6, 40, LSI ‘Ollacony che 40 £ Sa Poms 10, 106, 100, 150. 162, 176 Ponting Rexure 4Posterior inlsior coruballor ortery 118 Posterior lid of te iternol copaeks 78, 98, 100. 164, 149 Precentro gy 22, 159, 152, 162 Precentrl sulcus 22, 150, 152 Progarglioric Rber 30 Preoccpaal notch 150 Putarnen 6, 95-9, 98, 102, 1-157, 1d-165, 189, 174+ 8 Pyromic 163, 175-176 Pyromichl 24, 110 Pyramid decuttation 110, 175 { Protmina 26 Rad muchos B, 104, 144, 151,157, 169 Retculer fermation 106, 108 Reid muclet 78 Rods Fool plate 10) Rostrum of corps colonym 155, 162-169 Round window 56 Rubrospiogl tract 14d, 178-179_ 181 Secoule 58 Somesensony association cates 7 Sphince puplloe mines 45 Spinal oxcenery verve 34, 110, 174176 Spinal cleus ofthe tigen nerve 60, 42 Spiral gangfion 56 ‘Splenivm o corpus callow 90, 151, 158, 162-189, 168 Stopes 56 Subseal space 18 ‘Subsonvia gakainess 178-17, 181 Subsereia nigra 8,80, 96, 100. 102, 106. 151, 157. 16 Vea, 171 ‘Subtholomis muclous 90,98, 100, 16 ‘Sulu laminar 1. 174 ‘Superoe and inherior colkculi 162 ‘Superior corebellor peduncle 105, 114, 174, 17% ‘Superior eollicvks 8, 44, 98, 10S |aa, 157, 174, 176 Superior ronal gyrus 22 Suparioe Frontal wows 22 Superior ganglion af he glossophoryngecl ners 60) Superior ganglion of the veut narve 62 Superior medullary velo 189, 171, 174 Tholomys 84, 90, 95-96, PB, 109, 102, 157. 168-169, 17 175 Third weririce 6, 70, 98, 157, 170, 175 “191Voremiter vesicles 126 ‘Vorweorse sinus 120 ‘Voperius muscle 54 entra spinocerebellar act 178-179 Vectromedil nucleut 82 Vermin 10, 114, 162, 170 Vestibular pontin of vesiibulecochiear nerve 5B: Vesiibulacochlosr rmeve 24, 108, 175-178 Weeriche’s oreo 30 White rarmus eommunicons 130 Zone of lissouer 181 -192-Copyright © 1997 by Prineston Review Publishing, LLC. All ight reserved under internetional and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in te United Shama yy Random Howse, tne, New York, ond simultonscusly in Conada by Random House of Canods Limited, Toront. SAN: 0-679-7005-3 Prodecton: Chae Poe Morcloctured ia the United States of America on partially cycled paper earHUMAN BRAIN COLORING WORKBOOK @ complexity of the brain, the house of human ‘consciousness, is £0 great that scientists are stil ‘mystified as to how it works. For a student, jaarning the various cellular organizations, cranial nerves, and neural connections can be an intimidating chal- longa. ‘The Human Brain Colaring Workbook is a break- through approach to understanding the brain's ‘organization and functions. It features 125 striking, computer-generated illustrations that will haip students gain a clear and enduring comprehension of this highly intricate structure. Learning interactively through coloring thoroughly fixes concepts in the mind and takes less time than mamorizing from textbooks. The ideas behind each lesson are amply explained, and mere complex SUDIECIS are approached through the gradual intro- duction of simple drawings. ‘After completing the lessons in this book, not only will yOu understand the brain's basic configurations and functions, you will also have a fully colored and labeled resource ready for review whenever you need to brush up. This book is an invaluable and lasting resource for siudenis in a number of disciplines, incuding medi cine, anatomy and physiology, biology, psychology, ‘nursing, rehabiltabon, health administration, medical technology, and nutrition, eer) The 125 plates in tha book are organized in the following sections: © Central Nervous System O.ovelopment = The Meningas ‘The Cerebral Hemispneres: ‘The Granial Nerves ‘The Vemnicular Systam and Cerebrospinal Fluid ‘The Limbic System ‘The Thalamic Complex ‘The Basal Gangia The Brainstem ‘The Cerebellum ‘The Cerebrovascular System ‘Neuronal Conduction ‘The Autonomic Nervous System ‘The Ascending and Descending Neuronal Tracts ‘Atias of Human Brain Sections. Mil va