10.37 Chemical and Biological Reaction Engineering, Spring 2007 Prof. K.

Dane Wittrup Lecture 19: Oxygen transfer in fermentors This lecture covers: Applications of gas-liquid transport with reaction

Gas-liquid mass transfer in bioreactors

Microbial cells often grown aerobically in stirred tank reactors -oxygen supply is often limiting

X X X X X X critical value D.O. Figure 1. vs dissolved oxygen. D.O. = dissolved oxygen Equilibrium solubility of O2 bubble X X X X

0.01 mM

1 mM

O2

4 cell

1 2 3 Figure 2. Oxygen pathway. 1) 2) 3) 4) Diffusion across stagnate gas film Absorption Stagnate liquid layer (rate-limiting step) Diffusion and convection

Cite as: K. Dane Wittrup, course materials for 10.37 Chemical and Biological Reaction Engineering, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

at equilibrium
3) O2 flux = kl (CO2 CO2 )
*

[=]

mol area time

mass transfer coefficient

bulk liquid concentration

What is the value for the interfacial area? Important system parameters: liquid physical properties (surface tension, viscosity) power input/volume (stirring, propeller size) superficial gas velocity

empirical correlations (TIB 1:113 83)

P kl a = constantU s where Us is the superficial gas velocity V length area 1 kl a [ = ] (s-1) = time time volume

U S [ =]

length

P = V volume
const. = 0.002 = 0.2 = 0.7 @ SS, O2 transport = O2 uptake by biomass

time power

(m/s) (W/m3)

biomass growth rate

kl a (C CO2 ) =
* O2

X
YX O
2

or

dX dt

yield coefficient .4-.9 g cell dry wt.

g O2

dX * < kl aCO YX O Crude limit: 2 2 dt

10.37 Chemical and Biological Reaction Engineering, Spring 2007 Prof. K. Dane Wittrup

Lecture 19 Page 2 of 4

Cite as: K. Dane Wittrup, course materials for 10.37 Chemical and Biological Reaction Engineering, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

O2 transport in tissues

o o o

r
o

R0

capillary radius Rc

Figure 3. Krogh cylinder model.

One-dimensional steady-state diffusion:

DO2 CO2 r = VO2 r r r

Fick's Law

metabolic consumption rate of oxygen, zero-order

(cylindrical coordinates) Boundary conditions: symmetry no-flux flux=0 @ r=R0

= 0 @ r=R0 r CO2 = CO2 , plasma @ r=Rc DO2

Integrate twice:

CO2

CO2 CO2 , plasma

r* = 1 + r *2 R*2 2 ln * R

where

r * = r R0 , R* = Rc R0 , =

1 VO2 char. rxn rate R2 = 4 CO2 , plasma DO2 char. transport rate

10.37 Chemical and Biological Reaction Engineering, Spring 2007 Prof. K. Dane Wittrup

Lecture 19 Page 3 of 4

Cite as: K. Dane Wittrup, course materials for 10.37 Chemical and Biological Reaction Engineering, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

CO2 CO2 , plasma

decreasing

r*
Figure 4. Dissolved oxygen vs. radius for various values of

O2 diffuses further before consumption as When R 0.05,

*

decreases.

CO2 = 0 @ r * = 1 when 0.2

~50-100
o

O2

necrotic core
Figure 5. Tumor micrometastases.

10.37 Chemical and Biological Reaction Engineering, Spring 2007 Prof. K. Dane Wittrup

Lecture 19 Page 4 of 4

Cite as: K. Dane Wittrup, course materials for 10.37 Chemical and Biological Reaction Engineering, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].