SPEEDAM 2008 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion

Power Flow Control and Islanding Detection of the Local Generation System with Induction Generator
R. M. Martinez. *, J. A. Pomilio * and L. C. Pereira da Silva*
* School of Electrical and Computer Engineering FEEC State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Postal Box 6101 13081 970 Campinas SP Brazil

rodomore@dsce.fee.unicamp.br, antenor@dsce.fee.unicamp.br, lui@dsee.fee.unicamp.br

Abstract-- In this paper a local generation system (LGS) based on an induction generator (IG) is presented. The IG supplies the active power to the system with the support of a voltage source converter (VSC) for power conditioning. With the LGS connected to the grid through coupling inductors the deficit or the excess of power production of the IG is imported or exported to the grid at unity power factor. In autonomous operation of the LGS a buck converter, bi-directional boost converter and battery set are connected at the DC terminals of the VSC to control the DC bus voltage and supplying power to the local load at constant voltage frequency and amplitude. The LGS includes an active islanding detection method, battery charge function and a procedure to reconnect the LGS with the grid after the voltage is reestablished. Index Terms-- Local generation system, power flow control, islanding detection, and autonomous operation.

connected to the VSC through the bi-directional boost converter and buck converter unit. Both converters are controlled to manage the dc power flow when the LGS has to operate in autonomous form. The battery set is used as power back up. With the voltage grid in normal condition, and with the LGS connected to the grid, the boost converter is controlled to keep the battery charged. With the LGS operating in autonomous form, the control employs a procedure to reconnect with the grid when the AC voltage is reestablished. The control of the LGS incorporates voltage and frequency protection and active islanding detection.
Induction Generator

PIG QIG iinv VC Pinv Qinv vc Ls

Ps Qs PLoad is QLoad
Local Load

VT

VS
S S1

Utility

I. INTRODUCTION In the references [1]-[2] a single to three-phase conversion system was presented to connect a three-phase IG to the single-phase grid. The system improves the local power quality for linear and non-linear loads, transfer power to the grid at unity power factor using VSC operating in line-interactive form. In references [3][4] two low-power isolated induction generator systems were presented, in which the dc voltage monitoring is used to control the system operation. In the first scheme the speed-governor is operated to maintain DC bus voltage, tracking the reference value in order to attain the systems power balance. In the second system, the speed regulator is not included and the power is determinate by the prime mover. Without control in the power generated, the regulation of the DC bus voltage is accomplished by sending the excess of energy (non consumed by the ac load) to the utility grid through a current inverter connected to the single-phase line. A new scheme of local generation system (LGS) is proposed in this paper as shown in Fig. 1. In this system the induction generator is connected to the grid. The VSC behaves as an on-line power-conditioning device for any source connected to its dc link terminals and as a line-interactive converter for the induction generator connected to AC terminals. The power generated by the IG is determinate by the primer mover, supplying partially or totally the power of the local load (linear or non-linear and unbalanced load as well), exporting or importing active power to the grid at unity power factor. In the DC bus circuit, a battery set is
This work was supported by FAPESP (proc. 05/54525-0).
978-1-4244-1664-6/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE

Sources - Hydro - ICE

Filter Voltage Source Converter

if

iload

Vdc iboost

iz Rz C

Buck Converter

Bi-directional Boost Converter Battery Set

Fig. 1. Local Generation System (LGS)

The goals of this article are: 1) to present a strategy to keep the DC bus voltage constant by controlling the phase angle of the local voltage, VC, when the grid is connected or by the control of the bi-directional boost converter and buck converter when the LGS operate in autonomous form; 2) A new strategy of islanding detection is proposed, combining an active and passive methods; 3) Non-linear and unbalanced load can be supplied by the LGS without injection of harmonic current to the grid and without local voltage distortion. II. CONTROL STRATEGIES A. Grid connected mode In grid-connected mode the LGS is controlled to inject or absorbs the excess or deficit of power production of the IG to keep the active power balance of the system, expressed by the equation (1).

958

PS = PIG PLoad Vc Vs PS = sin X Ls

(1) (2)

grid as show Fig. 2c calculated by a PLL system [15], shown in Fig. 4. The voltage controller is that described in reference [2] and shown in Fig. (3). The V_Reg stand for multiple P + Resonant controllers for selective compensation of low-order voltage harmonics [1][6].
G2

PS is the grid active power, PIG is the active power generated by the IG and PLoad is the active power consumed by the local load. is the angle between VC and VS. The power balance is obtained by the power angle regulation that controls the active power flow to the grid according to equation (2). VC is the voltage at the filter capacitors terminals, VS is the voltage of the grid, XLs is the coupling reactance with the grid. The operation of the LGS at unity power factor can be obtained making Qs = 0 from equation (3), for the reactive power balance, and can be kept by adjusting the amplitude of the voltage VC according to equation (4).

sCf

G1 + + PIi +

Vc , ref
+ -

V Reg.

+ +

i f ,ref
i f
+ -

e
e

Vc , ref

Vc
+ V Reg. + +

i f ,ref

PIi

+ +

Vc
sCf
G1

i f

G2

QS = QLoad (Qinv QIG ) QS = V V V C S cos X Ls X Ls

2 C

(3) (4)

Fig. 3. Voltage control scheme of the VSC

Qs is the reactive power of the grid, QLoad is the reactive power consumed by the local load, QIG is the reactive power consumed by the IG and Qinv is the reactive power of the VSC. Fig. 2a and 2b show the block diagram of these controllers.
Vdc,ref
2 + 0 1 2 PI

The outputs of the voltage controller are the input signal to the space vector modulator to generate the command pulses for the VSC. Note that by imposing sinusoidal voltage on the load bus, the VSC automatically compensate the harmonic and the reactive power of the load.
sinc

PIr
1

wsinc

1 2

dp = 0
1

+
+

ref

2 1

PI
0

+ +

wg

dp

1 s

Vdc

(a)
Qs
Qs,ref = 0
1 + + 2 2 0 0 PI

1 T0
Vsinc
PI 1

w0
dp

Vc
+ + +

v u
vTa vTb vTc

u a ub uc

sin () sin (120)

sin (+120)

Vc, ref

Fig. 4. PLL system

Qs,dist(t)

Vc,nom

(b)
Vc, abc
abc

Vc

Vc

Vc, ref
ref

dq

Vcq,ref

Vc,ref

VT

PLL

if

if

......

Voltage Controller

SVPWM

Vcd,ref

dq

Vc,ref

1 2

B. Autonomous operation mode In the autonomous operation the LGS is not anymore connected to the grid and the VCS is controlled to keep the amplitude and frequency of the local voltage constant. This is obtained by changing the position of the switch in the figure 2a, 2b and 4 from position 1 to 2 [11]-[12]. Without the grid voltage, the DC bus voltage is no longer controlled by the power angle . Instead the buck and the boost converters control the DC bus voltage. When the IG power is lower than the power consumed by the load, the DC bus voltage decreases. If it reaches the lower limit, current injection by the boost converter is turned on (battery discharged) as show in Fig. 5(a). The current increases the DC voltage; if it reaches the upper limit, the current is turning off, to keep the DC voltage inside the voltage band. When the IG power is greater than the power load, the DC voltage increase, if it reaches

i f , abc

abc

(c) Fig. 2. Control block diagrams of the LGS (a) of outer DC voltage control loop, (b) outer power factor control loop. (c) VSC controller

These two reference signals are transformed to alfabeta frame using the angular position of the voltage

959

the upper limit, the buck converter is turned on to consume power in the resistance RZ and reduce the DC voltage as shown in Fig. 5b. Fig. 6 shows the boost and buck converters control scheme, including the battery charge function.
V dc
V d c, n o m V d c , ma x

recommended value, the charge process continues at constant voltage. III. ISLANDING DETECTION The unbalance between the power of the IG and the local load powers can be used to detect the islanding operation. After switch S opens (islanding) there is not power flow to the grid and the power mismatch flows to the DC bus. The DC voltage control changes the angle , trying to keep the DC voltage constant, to reestablish the previous power balance. The consequence is the variation of the frequency of the local voltages VC and VT until be detected by the frequency protection. No islanding detection happens when the power generated by the IG is equal to the power consumed by the local load [8]-[11] in this case, there are not amplitude and frequency variations of the voltage VT (VT is equal to VC) and DC neither in the bus voltage value.
VT , rms
Peak Value

V d c , mi n

i_ bo o st

I _ b oo st

t1

t (s )

(a)
V
Vdc,max
dc

Vdc,min Vdc,nom

i V
dc

/R

V T , rms

t1

t (s )

0 S 1_status

BPF

(b) Fig. 5. DC bus voltage control (a) When IG power is lower than power load (b) When IG power is higher than the power load
Battery Discharge

(a)
S1_status

i_batt i_batt,ref
+

Vdc = 580 Vdc = 550

1 0
X
+

lim
+

V T ,rms

td
Comparator

T1
Monostable

S1

PIi

boost

VLimit

Battery state

Vbat = 295 Vbat = 280

hi

+I_batt discharge

low 0

(b) Fig. 7. Islanding detection system (a) Detection disturb diagram block (b) Islanding discriminator diagram block.

Battery Charge

Vdc = 599 Vdc = 560

1 0 V _ batt
1 0

i_batt_limit
+ -

V _batt,ref
Buck control

To overcome this problem, an active islanding detection method is used, in which a reactive power disturbance Qs , dist is injected [9] on the power factor control block (Fig. 2b) equation (7)

PI V

1 0

Vdc = 650 Vdc = 620

1 0

buck

Sin(2 f ) Qs , dist (t ) = Q dist

Q

(7)

Fig. 6. Block diagram for boost and buck converter control

When the LGS is connected to the grid the battery bank will be charged or kept charged by the outer voltage control loop. The active and reactive power balance, in the autonomous operation, are expressed by (5) and (6)

PLoad = Pinv PIG QLoad = Qinv QIG

(5) (6)

is the disturbance amplitude, fdist is the disturbance frequency. Fig. 7 shows the islanding detection system. A band pass filter (BPF) used to detect the disturb (with central frequency at 15 Hz). When the peak value is higher than the threshold, the output signal of the AND logical port is activate. A delay block introduces a delay time td to discriminate the actual signal of others produced by voltage disturbances. IV. RECONNECTION TO THE GRID After the grid voltage recovers, the reconnection initiated with the reduction of the phase and amplitude voltage differences, if exist [14]. Fig. 2b shows the voltage difference detector that adjusts the local voltage ( Vc , nom Vc ) with a PI regulator to reduce de voltage

When the DC voltage (Vdc) is in discharge range, depending on battery state of charge the current injection is regulated by the PIi current control. When Vdc voltage is in the battery charged range, the voltage control PIV is enabled. If the battery is deeply discharged, it will be charged at constant current. After the voltage reaches

960

Active (KW) & Reactive (KVar) Power

difference ( Vsinc ). Fig. 4 shows the phase difference detector that adjusts the frequency ( w0 wsinc ) of the LGS to reduce de phase difference ( sinc ). With the differences adequately reduced, a command signal is send to close the switch S1, reconnecting the LGS with the grid, with minimum transient. V. SIMULATION RESULTS The system of Fig. 1 is simulated (PSCAD/EMTDC environment) with a parallel RLC local load. Tables I and II show the parameters of the system.
TABLE I SYSTEM PARAMETERS Dc-link voltage Dc-link capacitor Inverter filter inductor Inverter filter capacitor Coupling inductor of the LGS with the grid Battery voltage Boost inductor Three phase RLC load (Q = 2.5) RMS line voltage of utility Frequency Z-grid 600 V 4200 uF 2,5 mH 110 uF 1,5 mH 300 V 1,0 mH 2000 W 5000 Var -5000 Var 220 V 60 Hz 0.144 ohm

4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.0

Ps

Qs

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

Time (s)

Fig. 9. Active PS and reactive power QS of the grid

Active (KW) & Reactive (KVar) Power
4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.0 1.00 1.50 2.00 Pinv Qinv

Time (s)

2.50

3.00

3.50

Fig. 10. Active Pinv and reactive power Qinv of VSC

TABLE II INDUCTION GENERATOR PARAMETERS Rate RMS phase voltage 220 V Frequency 60 Hz Power 3 HP Stator resistance 0,435 Stator leakage inductance 4,0 mH Rotor resistance 0,816 Rotor leakage inductance 2,0 mH Magnetizing inductance 69,31 mH Inertia 0,05 kg.m2 No. of poles 4

At t = 2 s islanding is simulated by opening the switch S (Fig. 1). A voltage ripple ( V = 0.14 V), of the same frequency of the reactive disturbance, appears in the voltage VT, as shown in Fig. 11. Fig. 12 shows the output signal of BPF and its peak value, used for islanding detection. The islanding is confirmed after 300 ms The switch S1, opens letting the LGS in autonomous operation, supplying the local load with constant frequency and voltage amplitude.
127.6 127.4 127.2 V_nom vt_ef

Voltage (V)

127.0 126.8 126.6 126.4 126.2 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50

= The parameters of the disturbance signal are: Q 10.0 var, fdist = 15.0 Hz. Fig. 8 shows the active power of the load, the induction generator (IG) and the grid. At t = 1.0 s the load is connected with minimum power generated by the IG. Therefore, all the power of the local load is imported from the grid at unity power factor, as show the Fig. 9 (active and reactive power of the grid) and by the active and reactive power of the VSC as show in Fig. 10. At t = 1.5 s the power of IG is increased to compensated the power of the local load totally and therefore the power mismatch is equal to zero.
4.0 Pload Pig Ps

Time (s)

Fig. 11. RMS voltage value VT.

0.25 0.20 0.15 Vt_p_max vt_per

Voltage (V)

0.10 0.05 0.00 - 0.05 - 0.10 - 0.15 - 0.20 - 0.25 - 0.30 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50

Time (s)

Fig. 12. Signal Perturbation and its peak value measured at VT

Active Power (KW)

3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.0 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50

Time (s)

Fig. 8. Active power of the load Pload, grid PS and induction generator Pig

At t = 2.5 s a power unbalance is introduced, by reducing 50% the power generated by the IG (Fig. 8). DC bus voltage decreases until turning-on the boost converter to transfer power of the battery to the dc link capacitor, keeping the dc voltage within the hysteresis band (580V, 550V), as show the Fig. 13. The IG and the battery feed the local load. The current injected by the boost converter, setting in 4.0 A, is shown in Fig. 14.

961

700 600

Vdc

Vdc_ref

15.0 12.5 10.0 7.5 5.0 2.5 0.0 -2.5 -5.0 -7.5 -10.0 -12.5

Isa

Voltage (V)

500 400 300 200 100 0.00 -100 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50

Time (s)

Current (A)

Fig. 13. DC bus voltage Vdc

8.0 7.0 6.0 I_boost Iz

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

Time (s) Fig. 16. Current grid is.

Current (A)

5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50

A single-phase non-linear local load, parameters are shown in table III, was tested:
TABLE III SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIER Active power 2000 W Filter capacitor 800 uF Load resistance 40.0

whose

Time (s)

Fig. 14. Boost current.

At t = 2.5 s the switch S was closed to simulate the grid voltage Vs recovering, with phase angle of 30 degrees delayed of the voltage VT. Once detected the grid voltage by the control scheme, the re-synchronization process is started. The re-synchronization process reduces the amplitude and phase differences between VT and VS. Fig. 15 shows the frequency command generated by the PLL system to reduce the phase difference. At t = 3.2 s, with minimum phase difference, the switch S1 is closed, reconnecting the LGS with the grid. The transient process is shown in Fig. 16. With the LGS reconnected to the grid, the DC bus voltage returns to the reference value (Fig. 13). The boost converter is turned-off and therefore, no more active power is injected by the battery or VSC as show in Fig. 10 and 14.
60.80 60.60 fr2 fr_nom

The non-linear load is connected at t = 0.9 s. At t = 1.3 s, the induction generation inject 3.25 kW more than the power consumed by the load. The power mismatch is exported to the grid at the unity power factor, as shown in Fig. 17. At t = 1.8 s the islanding is simulated and at t = 1.85 s it is detected by the frequency protection, disconnect the LGS of the grid, as show Fig. 18. Fig. 19 shows the DC bus voltage. The power excess is dissipated in the resistance RZ of the buck converter, keeping the dc voltage within predetermined hysteresis band (650V, 620V). Fig. 20 shows the distorted load current that is compensated by the VSC, as show in Fig. 21. Fig. 22 shows the grid current. At t = 2.2 s, the reconnection with the grid begin.
Active (KW) & Reactive (KVar) Power
4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.0 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 Ps Qs

Frequency (Hz)

60.40 60.20 60.00 59.80 59.60 59.40 59.20 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50

Time (s)

Fig. 15. Frequency of VT

T ime (s)

Fig. 17. Active and reactive power of the grid

60.80 60.70 60.60 fr2 fr_nom

The system imports the power deficit from the grid automatically, as show the Fig. 8 and 9, supplying the local load. Fig. 16 shows the line current and its transient behavior at the reconnection.

Frequency (Hz)

60.50 60.40 60.30 60.20 60.10 60.00 59.90 59.80 59.70 59.60 59.50 59.40 59.30 59.20 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50

Fig. 18. Voltage frequency.

Time (s)

962

800 700 600

Vdc

Vdc_ref

[5] [6]

500 400 300 200 100 0.00 -100 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50

Time (s)

[7]

Fig. 19. DC bus voltage

60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.00 -10.0 -20.0 -30.0 -40.0 -50.0 2.120 2.140 2.160 2.180 2.200 2.220 2.240 2.260 I_La

[8]

[9]

Time (s)

[10]

Fig. 20. Load current.

Voltage (V) and Current x 10 (A)
600 400 200 0.0 -200 -400 -600 1.600 Iax10 Vc_an

[11]

[12]
1.610 1.620 1.630 1.640 1.650 1.660 1.670 1.680 1.690

Fig. 21. Current iinv and voltage VC of the VSC.

Voltage (V) and Current x 10 (A)
200 150 100 50 0.0 -50 -100 -150 -200 1.600 1.620 1.640 1.660 1.680 1.700 Isax10 Ean

Time (s)

[13]

[14]

[15]

Time (s)

Fig. 22. Current is and voltage Vs of the grid.

Transaction on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, No. 4, August 2000, pp. 908-914. J. -C. Wu and H. -L. Jou: Simplified control method for the singlephase active power filter, IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., vol. 143, No. 3, May 1996, pp. 219-224. Paolo Mattavelli: Synchronous-Frame Harmonic Control for High-Performance AC Power Supplies, IEEE Transaction on Industry Applications, Vol. 37, No. 3, May/June 2001, pp. 864 872. R. Teodorescu, F. Blaabjerg, M. Liserre and P.C. Loh: Proportional-resonant controllers and filters for grid-connected voltage-source converters, IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 153, No. 5, September 2006, pp. 750-762. Z. Ye, R. Walling, L. Garces, R. Zhou, L. Li, and T. Wang: Study and Development of Anti Islanding Control for Grid-Connected Inverters, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL/SR 560-36243), May 2004. Guillermo Hernandez-Gonzalez and Reza Iravani: Current Injection for Active Islanding Detection of ElectronicallyInterfaced Distributed Resources, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, vol. 21, No. 3, July 2006, pp. 1698-1705. Zhihong Ye, Amol Kolwalkar and Yu Zhang, Pengwei Du, and Reigh Walling: Evaluation of Anti-Islanding Schemes Base on No detection Zone Concept, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 19, No. 5, September 2004, pp. 1171-1176. C. Jeraputra and P. N. Enjeti: Development of Robust antiIslanding Algorithm for Utility Interconnection of distributed fuel cell power generation, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 19, No. 5, September 2004, pp. 1163-1170. Frede Blaabjerg, Remus Teodorecu, Marco Liserre and Adrian V. Timbus: Overview of Control and Grid Synchronization for Distributed Power Generation Systems, IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No.5, October 2006, pp. 13981409. Remus Teodorescu, and F. Blaabjerg: Flexible Control of Small Wind Turbines With Grid Failure Detection Operating in StandAlone and Grid-Connected Mode, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 19, No. 5, September 2004, pp. 1323-1332. Yunwei Li, D. M. Vilathgamuwa and P. C. Loh: Design, Analysis, and Real-Time Testing of a Controller for Multibus Microgrid System, IEEE Transactions on power electronics, vol. 19, No. 5, September 2004, pp. 1195-1203. F.P. Marafo, S.M. Deckmann and E.K. Luna: A Novel Frequency and Positive Sequence Detector for Utility Applications and Power Quality Analysis, International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Quality (ICREPQ), 2004.

Current (A)

Voltage (V)

VI. CONCLUSIONS The simulation results show that the parallel operation of the VSC in the LGS with the IG can supply a local load, importing or exporting power to the grid at unity power factor. In islanding operation, the LGS can keep the continuity of the power to the local load, supported by the IG and the battery set. The effectiveness of the islanding detection method and the reconnection procedure of LGS with the grid were confirmed. REFERENCES
[1] Ricardo Quadros Machado, Simone Busso, and Jos Antenor Pomilio: A Line-Interactive Single-Phase to Three-Phase Converter System, IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics, vol. 21, No. 6, November 2006, pp. 1628-1636. R. Q. Machado, S. Buso, J. A. Pomilio, and F. P. Marafo: Threephase to single-phase direct connection for rural co-generation systems, in Proc. IEEE APEC, Feb. 2004, pp. 753-758 E. G. Marra, J. A. Pomilio: Self-Excited Induction Generator Controlled by a VS-PWM Bi-directional Converter for Rural Application: IEEE Transaction on Industry Applications, vol. 35, No. 4, July/August 1999, pp. 877-883. E. G. Marra, J. A. Pomilio: Induction-Generator-Based System Providing Regulated Voltage with Constant Frequency, IEEE

[2] [3]

[4]

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