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91

P
PfN 1
FF

92

1
X

X1 + X 2 + X 3 + X N X
=
N
N

9.1

fX
f1 X 1 + f 2 X 2 + f 3 X 3 + f n X n

N
N

9.2

f Xi fi fi

9.2
X

N X PX

9.3

mi Xi
2 Md

N
Fm 1
Md = L + 2
h
fm

9.4

L N Fm-1
fm h

3 M0

M 0 = L0 +

1
h0
1 + 2

9.5

1
2
h0

1 R
XNX1

R = X N X1

9.6

2
VR

VR =

N f m0
N

f m0 N
3
S

9.7

X X

S2
S 2 =

( X X ) 2
N

S =

S2 =

9.8

( X X ) 2
N

S =

9.9
2

S=

f (X X )2
N

9.10

9.10

S =

P( X

X )2

S =

PX

(PX ) 2

9.11

9.12

93

05

()()

(
)

X X xi
Pi
(913)
P(X=xi)Pi

P(X=x) Cnx pxqn-x

(914)

X X
xi
(x)
5

 (x) lim P( x x X x + x )
x

x o

(915)

X {x1 x2} (x) x1

x2
x2

P(x1 Xx2 )

x )dx

(916)

x1

F(x)
(917)
F(x)PXx
X x ()
x
X {x1 x2}
(918)
P(x1 Xx2 )F (x2 )- F (x1 )

F(x)PXx

P( X )

X x

(919)

x PX X x

F(x)PXx

x)dx

(920)

X x
()
()
X {x1 x2}F(x) P(X= xi) () (x) (
)F(x)

()

F(x)PXx

P( X )

X x

x PX X x

F(x)PXx

x)dx
x

X x
6

X () E(X)

E(X)x1PI + x2 P2 + xnPn

x P
i =1

(921)

x )dx
E(X) x

(922)

X
E(X) X E(X) X

D(X)

D(X)

[ x
i =1

E ( X )]2 Pi

(923)

]2
x ) dx
D(X) [ x EX

924)

D(X)() X D(X)
D(X) 2 D(X) X

(925)
2 D(X)
DX
(926)
X
D(X) 2 E[(X)2]
(927)
(827)

(928)
2 E (X2)[E (X) ] 2

2 2
S

S2

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

1
( X )2
9.29
2 2
2 e
e 314 272 2

(Xx)

9.30

Z
X Z X Z Z

Z 9.29 Z

1
Z2
9.31
2
e
2
9.299.31 E(Z)0(
)D(Z)1 (Z) 02
1 N(01) N(2)
X Z

(Z)

N(2) N(01)

F(Z)P0ZZ

Z )dZ

9.32

2 () n
n X

N(01) Z Z

2 X

( X ) Z
( X )

X - Z X X

9.4

+Z

(9.33)

 9.1

r
r l r=0
0< r <1 r
r0

X Y

2
r

xy
(x )(y
2

(935)

XY
(935)

n X

nXY X Y
2

( X ) 2

nY 2 (Y ) 2

10

(936)


X Y

X Y

Yc a

+ bX

(937)

a b a b

n XY X Y
n X 2 ( X )

a Y
n

X
n

(939a)

Y b X

(939b)

9.5

(t)
( a Y)

11

Yc a

bt

(956)

a b
( Y )( Yc )

X t

n tY t Y
n t 2 ( t )

a Y
n

(957a)

t Y
n

b t

(957b)

1650

a1

a0

12

KQ

Q1
Q0

KP

P1
P0

(959

(960

2
K P
KP

P Q
P Q
1

(961

(961(Q)

( Q)
(Q1)
()
(961

P Q
1

P Q

P Q

PQ
1

K P
KQ

P Q
P Q
0

(962

( P)

(P0)
()

13

(961 P0Q0

P Q
0

P Q
0

( P0Q1
)

(P0)(Q0)(P1)(Q1) KP
KQ
(961(962
KP

P Q
P Q

P Q
P Q

P Q
K P Q
1

(963
KP

P Q
P Q / K
1

(964
KQ

P Q
P Q

P Q
P Q

K P Q
P Q
Q

(965
KQ

P Q / K
P Q
1

(966
5

PQLI
1977
(A)1
(B)(C) 0-100 (
)
PQLI

A+ B +C
3

(967

1954

PQLI1990

UNDP
HDIHDI

14

0.800 0.500-0.799
0.500

15