Tng cc Thng k General statistics office

Xut nhp khu hng ho vit nam 20 nm i mi

The Vietnamese international merchandise trade for twenty years renovation

(1986 - 2005)

Nh xut bn thng k

STATISTICAL PUBLISHING HOUSE HANOI-2006

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Mc lc - Contents
Trang Page Li ni u - Foreword Tng quan xut nhp khu trong 20 nm i mi (1986 - 2005) Main features of foreign trade in the twenty years of Doi Moi (1986-2005) Phn s liu - data section 1 2 3 4 Tng mc lu chuyn ngoi thng v cn i thng mi Total merchandise trade and balance of merchandise trade S nc/vng lnh th c quan h thng mi vi Vit Nam Number of trading partners Xut khu bnh qun u ngi v t trng chim trong GDP Exports per capital (USD) and Exports per GDP (%) Tng mc lu chuyn ngoi thng, cn i thng mi, v ch s pht trin bnh qun chia theo thi k 5 nm t 1986 n 2005 Total merchandise trade, balance of merchandise trade and annual average Tng mc lu chuyn ngoi thng ca Vit Nam so vi tng mc lu chuyn ca ASEAN t 1996 - 2005 Total trade of Vietnam compares with total trade of ASEAN Tr gi xut khu phn theo c cu k hoch nh nc Exports by commodity composition of State Plan Tr gi nhp khu phn theo c cu k hoch nh nc Imports by commodity composition of State Plan Tr gi xut khu theo Danh mc tiu chun ngoi thng (SITC) m cp 1 Exports by SITC 1 digit commodity (Rev.3 ) Tr gi nhp khu theo Danh mc tiu chun ngoi thng (SITC) m cp 1 Imports by SITC 1 digit commodity (Rev.3) Tr gi xut nhp khu phn theo chu lc v t trng Exports and imports by continents and share (%) Tr gi xut khu phn theo chu lc v t trng Exports by continents and share (%) Tr gi xut khu v t trng mt s nc/vng lnh th ch yu trong chu Main export countries of Asia and share (%) Tr gi xut khu v t trng mt s nc/ vng lnh th ch yu trong chu u Main export countries of Europe and share (%) Tr gi xut khu v t trng mt s nc/vng lnh th ch yu trong chu M Main export countries of America and share (%) Tr gi xut khu v t trng mt s nc/vng lnh th ch yu trong chu Phi Main export countries of Africa and share (%) Tr gi xut khu v t trng mt s nc/vng lnh th ch yu trong chu i Dng Main export countries of Oceania and share (%) 25 26 27 5-6 7

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29 30 34

6 7 8

38

46 54 55 56 57 58

10 11 12 13 14 15

59

16

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Trang Page 17 18 Tr gi nhp khu phn theo chu lc v t trng Imports by continents and share (%) Tr gi nhp khu v t trng mt s nc /vng lnh th ch yu trong chu Main import countries of Asia and share (%) Tr gi nhp khu v t trng mt s nc/vng lnh th ch yu trong chu u Main import countries of Europe and share (%) Tr gi nhp khu v t trng mt s nc/vng lnh th ch yu trong chu M Main import countries of America and share (%) Tr gi nhp khu v t trng mt s nc/vng lnh th ch yu trong chu Phi Main import countries of Africa and share (%) Tr gi nhp khu v t trng mt s nc/vng lnh th ch yu trong chu i dng Main import countries of Oceania and share (%) Xp hng xut khu theo nc/vng lnh th Ranking of Exports by country/territory Xp hng nhp khu theo nc/ vng lnh th Ranking of Imports by country/territory Tr gi xut khu phn theo nc/ vng lnh th v khi nc Exports by country and country group Tr gi nhp khu phn theo nc/ vng lnh th v khi nc Imports by country and country group Mt hng ch yu xut khu tng giai on 5 nm t 1986 - 2005 Major exports by each five year period Mt hng ch yu xut khu Major Exports Mt hng ch yu nhp khu tng giai on 5 nm t 1986 - 2005 Major imports by each five year period Mt hng ch yu nhp khu Major Imports Mt hng xut khu ch yu phn theo nc/vng lnh th Major exports by country/territory Mt hng nhp khu ch yu phn theo nc/vng lnh th Major imports by country/territory 20 th trng ch yu i vi hng xut khu ca Vit Nam 20 major destinations by major commodities 20 th trng ch yu i vi hng nhp khu ca Vit Nam 20 major consignment countries by major commodities Gii thch s liu thng k xut nhp khu Explanatory notes Ph lc A - Appendix A Ph lc B - Appendix B 61

62

19

63

20

64

21

65

22

66 67 68 69 91 113 115 123 125 133 175 203 289 367 375 376

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

LI NI U
Cng vi nhng thnh tu kinh t - x hi trong 20 nm i mi kinh t, thng mi quc t ca Vit Nam c nhng bc tin vt bc trn nhiu mt: qui m, tc tng trng, c cu nhm ngnh hng, th trng, gp phn quan trng vo tng trng kinh t, n nh chnh tr v x hi trong nc, m rng hi nhp kinh t quc t. p ng yu cu ca cc i tng s dng thng tin trong phn tch nh gi v hot ng xut nhp khu hng ho trong thi k di t khi Vit Nam thc hin cng cuc ci cch i mi kinh t, Tng cc Thng k bin son v cng b cun s liu Xut nhp khu hng ho Vit Nam 20 nm i mi. Ni dung n phm gm nhng thng tin phn nh s pht trin ca hot ng thng mi quc t ca nc ta t nm 1986 n nm 2005 trn c s h thng ho s liu chnh thc hng nm ca Tng cc Thng k. Ni dung cun sch gm: Phn I: Tng quan v xut nhp khu trong 20 nm i mi Phn II: S liu gm cc ni dung: 1. Kt qu chung v xut nhp khu 2. Tr gi xut nhp khu ca Vit Nam vi cc Chu lc, khi nc; 3. Mt hng xut nhp khu ch yu 4. Xut nhp khu Vit Nam vi mt s nc bn hng ch yu Phn III: Gii thch s liu thng k xut nhp khu Ph lc Mc d n phm c bin son bao gm s liu chi tit xut nhp khu hng ho trong chui thi gian di 20 nm 1986-2005, nhng ni dung cun sch c th cha p ng c y yu cu ca cc i tng s dng thng tin v kh trnh khi nhng khim khuyt. Tng cc Thng k mong nhn c kin ng gp ca cc c quan, cc nh s dng thng tin trong v ngoi nc, rt kinh nghim bin son cc n phm sau c cht lng tt hn.

TNG CC THNG K

Foreword
Alongside significant socio-economic achievements during twenty-year of revonation, Vietnamese foreign trade activity had recorded rapid development on several fields: turnover size, growth rate, commodity structure, trading partner, which contribute important role to economic growth, political-social stabilization in Vietnam and international economic integration. To meet with requirements of statistical users to analyse and assess international merchandise trade activity for long priod since Vietnam launched the Doi Moi renovation programme, the General Statistics Office (GSO) compiles and publishes The Vietnamese international merchandise trade statistics for 20 years renovation. The contents of the book includes information on development of foreign trade activity from 1986 to 2005 based on updating the annual data of the GSO. The publication divided into three parts together with some appendices thet give more detailed information: Part I: Main international trading features of Vietnam 1986-2005 Part II: Foreign trade data consist of: 1. 2. 3. 4. General data on foreign trade; Trade with Continents and major country groups Trade in merchandise Trade with major trading partners.

Part III: Explanatory notes of data Appendices. Although the publication has been compiled detailed foreign trade data for long period of 20 years, but the contents of the book may not yet satisfy the requirements of all users and the sortcoming would be unavoidable. The Generla Statistics Office welcomes to receive comments from domestics, foreign organizations and statistical users to improve quality publications in the future.

GENERAL STATISTICS OFFICE

tNG QUAN V XUT NHP KHU trong 20 nm i mi (1986 - 2005)

MAIN FEATURES OF foreign trade in the twenty years of doi moi (1986-2005)

T nm 1986 n nay chng ta c nhiu chin lc ci cch kinh t, i hi VI ca ng (12-1986) nh du mt bc ngot rt c bn trong s nghip xy dng ch ngha nc ta, vi vic a ra ng li i mi ton din t nc - t i mi t duy n i mi t chc, cn b, cng tc hnh chnh; t i mi kinh t n i mi h thng chnh tr v cc lnh vc khc ca i sng x hi. Vic khi xng cng cuc i mi vo nm 1986 nh du bc chuyn i t nn kinh t k hoch ha tp trung sang nn kinh t th trng v mt lot thay i khc v x hi, chnh tr v kinh t Vit Nam. i mi t duy "sn xut kinh doanh c th xem l khu t ph tng th ca c giai on t 1986 n nay. "Khon 100", "khon 10" trong nng nghip, p dng "c ch gi th trng" trong kinh t hoc "Vit Nam mun lm bn vi tt c cc quc gia v dn tc trn th gii " trong chnh sch i ngoi. Vit Nam tng bc thit lp v m rng ng k th trng xut nhp khu v i tc thng mi theo phng chm a phng ho quan h kinh t i ngoi. Nhng thnh tu t c ca ngoi thng Vit Nam c th hin rt r nt qua s liu thng k ca 4 giai on pht trin 5 nm t 1986 n 2005.

From 1986 up to now, Vietnam has adapted various innovative economic strategies and the Sixth Party Congress (December, 1986) was considered as the basic turning-point of the Socialism in Vietnam with the introduction of guidelines for the comprehensive renovation of our country in terms of thoughts, organizational and personnel structure, administrative system, economic system, political system and other fields in the society. The initiative launched in 1986 should be considered as a milestone for the transition from centrally-planed economy to socialist-oriented market economy together with a range of social, political and economical changes in Vietnam. The private production and business" innovative idea was the general break-through since 1986 up to now. With the application of "Khoan 100", "Khoan 10" in agricultural sector; "Market price structure" economic sector or Vietnam would like to be friend of all nations and territories in the world in foreign policy, Vietnam has gradually established and expanded import-export markets and trade partners in the direction of multilateral relationships. The successes of Vietnam's foreign trade are showed by statistical figures in the four five year periods of development during 1986-2005. The average of total merchandise trade from 1986-2005 is 20.7 billion USD (a seven-fold increase over 1985). In each period, the growth rate is quite high. For
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Tng mc lu chuyn hng ha xut nhp khu bnh qun t nm 1986 n 2005 l 20,7 t USD/1 nm (gp 7 ln nm 1985). Tc tng trng ca cc thi k rt cao, thi k t

1996-2000 tng gp gn 3 ln 5 nm trc v t trn 100 t la (tc tng bnh qun mi nm l 17,2%), thi k 2001-2005 tng hn 2 ln giai on trc, t 241 t la (tc tng bnh qun mi nm l 18,2%). Trong , khu vc kinh t trong nc giai on u 1986-1990 c vai tr ch o chim ti 96,6% tng tr gi xut nhp khu.

example, the growth rate in the period of 1996-2000 tripled compared to that of the previous period, reaching approximate 100 billion USD (the average growth rate is 17.2 percent).Regards to the period of 2001-2005, the growth rate almost doubled compared to that of the previous period, at 241 billion USD (the average growth rate is 18.2 percent).Of which, domestic economic sector in the 19861990 period played the most important role, making up 96.6 percent of total trade.

Tnh t nm 1986 ti 2005, tc tng bnh qun ca xut khu l 21,2%/nm, kim ngch xut khu tng gn 40 ln t 789 triu la (nm 1986) ln mc 32,4 t la (nm 2005), t trng xut khu so vi tng mc lu chuyn tng dn t 35,7% (giai on 1986-1990) ln 46% (giai on 2001-2005). Nhp khu tng bnh qun t 1986 2005 l 16,1%/nm, ng gp vo vic thc y v phc v sn xut, tiu dng trong nc. Kim ngch nhp khu vn ng theo chiu hng tch cc t 2,155 t USD/nm 1986 ln xp x 37 t USD/nm 2005, ngha l ch tng 16 ln. Tc pht trin bnh qun ca giai on 1991 - 1995 cao nht t 127,3%, tuy nhin giai on ny c kim ngch ch xp x 1/5 kim ngch giai on 2001-2005.

From 1986 to 2005, annual average of exports is 21.2 percent per year. Export value increases near forty-fold (over 1986), from 789 million USD in 1986 to 32.4 billion USD in 2005. The share of exports in total trade increase steadily from 35.7 percent in the 1986-1990 up to 46 percent in the 2001-2005 period. The annual average growth rate of imports in 1986-2005 is 16.1 percent per year, making contribution to fostering service supply and consumption. The trend of import value is positive with 2.155 billion USD in 1986 up to approximate 37 billion USD in 2005, which is sixteen-fold increase only. The average growth rate of import value in 1991-1995 is the highest, at 127.3 percent. However , import value in this period is equivalent to 1/5 of the one in 2001-2005 period. The contrast between export growth tendency and import growth tendency effects the balance of trade. In 19861990 and 1991-1995 period, which leads to unchanged deficit of 5,6 billion

Do tc tng trng mi thi k ca xut khu v nhp khu c s ngc nhau v xu hng nn nh hng ti cn i thng mi giai on 1986-1990 v 1991-1995 mc nhp siu khng thay i nhiu khong 5,6 t la.
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T 1996-2000 tng gn gp 2 ln giai on trc vi 9,8 t la, giai on hin nay t 19,3 t la c ngha l tng gn gp 2 ln giai on trc. Tuy nhin, t l nhp siu qua tng giai on so vi xut khu gim mnh t 80,4% trong giai on 1986-1990 xung 17,4% trong giai on 2001-2005.

USD in each. This volume in 1996-2000 almost doubles compared to that of the previous period with 9.8 billion USD. However, the deficit in the current period is 19.3 billion USD in value, a two-fold increase compared to that of the previous time. However, the deficit ratio in each period compares to exports from 80.4 percent (in 1986-1990) down 17.4 percent (in 2001-2005). The average of total merchandise value and the average growth rate in each five-year period from 1986-2005 can be showed in the following table:

Mc lu chuyn ngoi thng bnh qun v tc tng bnh qun trong cc thi k k hoch 5 nm t 1986 n 2005 nh sau:

Biu 1. Tng mc lu chuyn ngoi thng v tc tng bnh qun nm Total merchandise trade and the annual average growth rate
n v tnh Unit: Tr-Mil.USD

1986 -1990 Tng mc - Total merchandise trade Ch s pht trin 5 nm (%) Five-year growth Index (%) Tc tng bnh qun nm (%) Annual growth rate (%) Xut khu - Exports Ch s pht trin 5 nm (%) Five-year growth Index (%) Tc tng bnh qun nm (%) Annual growth rate (%) Nhp khu - Imports Ch s pht trin 5 nm (%) Five-year growth Index (%) Tc tng bnh qun nm (%) Annual growth rate (%) Cn i TM - Balance of Trade 8.2 - 5653 108.5 28.0 12685 130.7 15.1 7032 115.1 19717

1991 -1995

1996 -2000

2001 -2005

39940 123.4 21.4 17156 119.3 17.8 22784 127.3 24.3 - 5628

113440 117.9 17.2 51825 122.1 21.6 61615 115.0 13.9 - 9789

240981 118.5 18.2 110830 117.9 17.5 130151 119.1 18.8 - 19321

Cng vi s tng trng v qui m, cc n v tham gia xut nhp khu cng tng ln

Together with the development in terms of

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nhanh chng. Trc nm 1989, hot ng xut nhp khu ch yu do mt s n v chuyn doanh ngoi thng ca nh nc thc hin, nhng n nay tt c cc loi hnh doanh nghip u tham gia xut nhp khu. Nm 1985 c 40 n v trc tip XNK, nm 1990 l 270 v n nay c khong 20000 n v, trong cc doanh nghip c vn u t trc tip nc ngoi ng vai tr quan trng. Vi sc pht trin mnh m, t trng xut khu ca khu vc c vn u t nc ngoi lin tc tng qua cc giai on, giai on 1991-1995 chim 17,1% (trong t nm 1994 xut khu c thm cc mt hng khc vi du th, v bt u xut hin thm phn u t nc ngoi nhp khu), giai on 1996-2000 chim 31,5%, giai on 2001-2005 chim 42,8%.

scale, the number of enterprises also increases very quickly. Before 1989, the international merchandise trade activities had only been covered by some specialized State enterprises. In 1985, there are 40 companies which involve in direct exportimport activities This number increases to 270 companies in 1990 and now 20,000 ones. Of which, the foreign direct investment enterprises play very important role. With strong development, export ratio of FDI increases continuously time to time. In 1991-1995, the ratio is 17.1 percent (since 1994, beside crude oil, more exports have been added and the import from FDI sector has been occurred); the export ratio in 1996-2000 is 31.5 percent and 42.8 percent in the period of 2001-2005. Vietnam' foreign trade faced many challenges after the collapse of Socialism system in Soviet-bloc and Eastern Europe in early 1990s. Our country had to find the way for stable development in challenges from establishment of multilateral trade relationships, active penetration into new

S tan r ca h thng x hi ch ngha vo u nhng nm 90 t nn ngoi thng nc ta trc thch thc "a phng ho quan h thng mi, tch cc thm nhp to ch ng cc th trng mi" pht trin. Thi k ny cng din ra nhng thay i quan trng v chnh sch ngoi thng m ca ca nc ta bng vic tham gia cc t chc quc t v khu vc: Hip hi cc quc gia ng Nam (ASEAN - 1995), Din n kinh t cc nc chu - Thi bnh dng (APEC - 1998), ni li quan h ngoi
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giao vi Hoa K (1995), tin trnh hi nhp WTO... Vo nm 1986 Vit Nam c quan h xut nhp khu vi 43 quc gia, nm 1995 l 100 quc gia, nm 2000 l 192 quc gia; n nay khong hn 200 nc. Th phn xut nhp khu c s bin chuyn mnh m, nu giai on 1986-1990 chim t trng ln nht l Chu u (+65,3%) m trong ch yu l khi ng u (chim 57,1% so tng s), th cc giai on sau quan h thng mi ca Vit Nam chuyn hng sang cc nc chu cng chim ti 2 phn 3, trong cao nht l vi khi cc nc ng Nam (t trng chim trn 20%). Quan h vi chu M tng kh nhanh, nu trc khi ci cch i mi t l kim ngch so vi tng s chim khng ng k (+0,6%), ti nay t l ny tng ti 11,1%, trong ng gp ch yu l Hoa K trc nm 2001 ch di 3,5%, giai on hin nay tng ln 9,3%.

markets in order to create our own position . This period marked the important changes in terms of our open-door forein trade policy by joining international and regional organizations: Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN -1995), AsiaPacific Economic Cooperation (APEC 1998); re-establishing the relationship with United States, making effort to access WTO,... Vietnam established the foreign trade relationship with 43 countries in 1986 and this number increases to 100 countries in 1995, 192 countries in 2000 and over 200 countries by now. The export-import market share is on strong movement. In 1986-1990 period, Europe's market was largest (65.3%), of which, the main market is Eastern Europe (accounting for 57.1 percent of total value). Then, Vietnams import-export market moves to Asian countries with the share accounts for twothirds. Of which, South-East Asia market accounts for the highest value (above 20%). Foreign trade relationship between Vietnam with America
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increases quickly. Before "Doi moi" milestone, the value ratio was insignificant (+0.6%) but now this rate increases to 11.1 percent of total value, of which, United States makes a signification contribution (from 3.5% before 2001 to 9.3% now).
Biu 2. C cu th trng ca tng mc lu chuyn ngoi thng Market structure in total merchandise value (Tr-Mil. USD)
1986 - 1990 Tng s - Total Chu - Asia T trng (%)-Proportion (%) Tr. : ng Nam of which: South-East Asia T trng (%)-Proportion (%) Chu u - Europe T trng (%)-Proportion (%) Tr. : ng u of which: Eastern Europe T trng (%)-Proportion (%) Chu M - America T trng (%)-Proportion (%) of which: United States T trng (%)-Proportion (%) Chu Phi - Africa T trng (%)-Proportion (%) i dng - Oceania T trng (%)-Proportion (%) 19716.7 4116.6 20.9 1449.7 7.4 12870.8 65.3 11249.2 57.1 120.8 0.6 3.7 0.02 11.4 0.1 65.9 0.3 1991 - 1995 39940.2 28597.8 71.6 10898.5 27.3 6600.1 16.5 2053.8 5.1 758.9 1.9 446.3 1.1 120.7 0.3 425.2 1.1 1996 - 2000 113438.8 80985.0 71.4 28319.5 25.0 20683.6 18.2 13901.4 12.3 4952.2 4.4 3704.7 3.3 551.1 0.5 4266.7 3.8 2001 - 2005 240981.8 159808.9 66.3 49490.5 20.5 40274.9 16.7 13617.6 5.7 26844.1 11.1 22383.9 9.3 2264.0 0.9 10763.3 4.5

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Xut khu Ngh quyt i hi ng c c th ha bng nhiu chnh sch kinh t v m nhm t mc tiu thc y xut khu. Mt trong nhng thnh tu quan trng nht ca chnh sch i mi l tc tng trng xut khu bnh qun hng nm thi k 1986-2005 l 21,2% cao gn gp 2 ln tng trng GDP. Nu xut khu bnh qun 1 nm giai on trc i mi l 1,4 t la, th giai on 2001-2005 tng ln 22,2 t la (gp gn 16 ln). Vi mc tiu pht trin xut khu cao lm ng lc thc y tng trng GDP, t trng xut khu chim trong GDP v xut khu bnh qun u ngi ngy cng tng th hin qua cc thi k t 1986 - 2005:

Exports Resolution of the Party Congress concretized various macro policies in order to reach the target of fostering exports. One of the great achievements under "Doi moi" policy is the annual average growth rate in export in the period of 1986-2005, which is 21.2%, almost doubling GDP growth rate. While the annual export value before Doi moi is 1.4 billion USD, that value in 2001-2005 period rises to 22.2 billion USD (sixteen fold). The planned aim is that export growth is the engine for the growth of GDP; the proportion of export in GDP and annual export per capita increases steadily in 1986-2005:

Biu 3. Xut khu v GDP - Export value and GDP

1986 -1990 Xut khu BQ (triu USD) Average export value (Mil. USD) T trng xut khu so vi GDP (%) Export value in comparison with GDP (%) Xut khu BQ/ngi Export value per capital (USD) 18.1 43.6 129.9 274.0 1406 3431 10365 22166 1991 -1995 1996 - 2000 2001 -2005

20.5

25.2

37.4

54.0

Xut khu ca Vit Nam vt qua ngng 10 t la vo nm 1999, trong khi Hn Quc v i Loan vo nm 1978; Malaysia, Innxia v Thi Lan l nm 1980. Hin nay, trong khi ASEAN chng ta ng th 6 sau Philipine, kim ngch chim 0,3% so vi tng xut khu ca th gii.

Vietnam's export value overcame a threshold of 10 billion USD in 1999 which was fulfilled by Republic of Korea and Taiwan in 1978; Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand in 1980. Nowadays, Vietnam reaches the sixth position in ASEAN in terms of export, after Philippines; the export turnover accounts for 0.3 percent of total export value of whole world.

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Nhng thay i trong chnh sch qun l kinh t ca nh nc cng dn to th ch ng trong iu hnh sn xut kinh doanh ca cc n v kinh t. Vic tham gia trc tip ca ngi sn xut vo qu trnh tiu th sn phm th trng trong nc v ngoi nc gn b cht ch sn xut vi tiu dng, cht lng sn phm nng ln r rt, ci thin sc cnh tranh ca hng ha Vit Nam trn th trng quc t. C cu hng xut khu thay i theo hng tng sn phm ch bin su v tinh, gim t trng hng th hay mi s ch. Tuy hng th hay mi s ch cn kh cao nhng c th ni xu hng tng t trng hng ch bin l r nt. Qua cc giai on pht trin 5 nm: hng th tng ln vo giai on 1990-1995 mc 74,6%, phn nh vic Vit Nam tip cn vi th trng th gii vi sc pht trin v cng mnh m, cc sn phm ca chng ta khng sc cnh tranh, ch ch yu tp trung vo cung cp cc nhu cu v nguyn, nhin vt liu dng th ca cc nc trn th gii.

The changes in economic management policy launched by the Government have created the initiative in management towards enterprises. The direct participation of producers in product distribution in domestic and oversea markets has led to the close relation between production and consumption. The quality of products has been dramatically improved which increase competitiveness of Vietnamese goods in the world markets. The structure of exports has been changed in the direction of increasing the volume of manufacturing products and decreasing the volume of primary products. Even the volume of the primary products was still quite high, it is said that the share of manufacturing products for export is increasing very clearly. This can be reflected through five-year periods: The ratio of primary products for export in 1990-1995 periods accounted for 74.6% and this reflected the fact Vietnamese products could not compete effectively in market so we just concentrated on supplying raw materials and primary products when penetrating into the world markets. However, this has been changed dramatically after 1990-1995. The proportion of primary product in total value declined to 54.8% in 1996-2000 and 45.3% in 2001-2005.

Tuy nhin bc chuyn mnh r nt vo cc giai on 5 nm sau , t trng so vi tng kim ngch xut khu gim xung mc 54,8% 1996-2000 v giai on 2001-2005 l 45,3%.

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Biu 4. C cu hng xut khu theo mc ch bin Composition of export commodities by processing level (%)
1986 - 1990 T trng hng th hay mi s ch - The ratio of primary or semi-processed products T trng hng ch bin hay tinh ch - The share of manufacturing or refined products 70.1 28.9 1991 - 1995 74.6 25.4 1996 - 2000 54.8 45.2 2001 - 2005 45.3 54.7

Khng nhng ng gp tch cc vo tc tng trng kinh t, xut khu cn to ra nhng thay i quan trng i vi sn xut trong nc. Xem xt c cu hng xut khu theo phn ngnh kinh t quc dn, c th nhn thy nhng kt qu th hin nh hng cng nghip ha, hin i ha nn kinh t: trong tng tr gi xut khu, sn phm nng lm nghip chim t trng cao nht l giai on u 1986-1990 l 35,7% sau gim lin tc v dng mc 15,3% thi k 2001-2005, cng nghip khai thc tng t 16% 1986-1990 n 33,1% giai on 2001-2005, cng nghip ch bin giai on hin nay chim 40,4% tng gn gp 1,5 ln thi k u 1986-1990. iu ng ch l tc tng bnh qun hng nm t 1986-2005, ng u l nhm cng nghip khai thc (29,4%), tip n sn phm cng nghip ch bin (22,2%), hng thy sn (19,1%) v nng lm sn (15,1%) v hng lm sn (11,9%). y l hng i ng n, c bit trong bi cnh cn c nhng h tr tch cc ca sn xut cng nghip cho sn xut nng, lm, thy sn, to u ra cho sn phm, cng n vic lm cho lc lng lao ng rt di do ca x hi, tng thu nhp cho ngi lao ng, gp phn gim t l tht nghip.

Export not only makes contribution to economic development, but also creates new changes to domestic production. While considering the export structure by industrial classification, we can see the results which reflect the orientation towards industrialization and modernization as follows : agricultural products in the first period (1986-1990) accounted for highest value with 35.7 percent in total export. After that, this share reduced continuously and stopped at 15.3% in 2001-2005; mineral & heavy industrial products rose from 16% in 1986-1990 to 33.1% in 2001-2005, handicrafts and light industrial products currently keeps the share of 40.4% and this index increased nearly 1.5 fold compared to that in 19861990. The remarkable annual growth rate from 1986 to 2005 is contributed mainly by the mineral & heavy industrial products (29.4%), secondly by the handicrafts and light industrial products (22.2%). After that are fishery products (19.1%), agriculture products (15.1%) and forestry products (11.9%) respectively. This is a sound trend, especially in the context that the supports from manufacturing industry agricultural, forestry, fishery production, creating output for products, creating jobs for abundant labor force in our society, increasing incomes for employees, contributing to reducing unemployment rate.

Biu 5: C cu nhm hng xut khu theo k hoch nh nc

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Exports by commodity composition in State Plan (%)

1986 -1990 1- Hng CN nng v khong sn Mineral & Heavy industrial products 2- Hng CN nh v TTCN - Handicrafts & Light industrial products 3- Hng Nng sn v NS ch bin Agriculture products 4- Hng Lm sn - Forestry products 5- Hng Thy sn - Fishery products 16.0 29.8 35.7 6.0 12.2 1991 -1995 30.4 21.4 31.5 4.0 12.8 1996 -2000 31.4 34.8 22.7 1.8 9.2 2001 -2005 33.1 40.4 15.3 1.1 10.1

Nu nh nm 1986 chng ta cha c mt hng xut khu no trn 200 triu USD th n nay con s ny l xp x 15 mt hng. Trong c 4 mt hng vt qua mc 1 t USD vo nm 2000 v n 2005 c 7 mt hng l du th, in t v linh kin in t, hng may mc, giy dp, thy sn, go, v sn phm g; ring du th vt mc 2 t USD vo nm 1999, n nm 2005 l 7,4 t. Tr gi xut khu ca 7 mt hng ny chim ti 68% tng tr gi xut khu nm 2005.

While in the year of 1986, Vietnam did not have any products which achieved the annual export value of 200 million USD, now, the number is approximately 15 commodities. Of which, four products achieved over 1 billion USD in 2000 and this number is seven products in 2005 which consist of crude oil, electronic parts (including TV parts), computer and components, articles of apparel and clothing accessories, footwear, fishery products, rice, articles of wood. Especially, crude oil overcame two billion USD in 1999, and reached 7.4 billion USD in 2005. The total export value of these above seven products account for 68% of the total value in 2005.

Biu 6. Tc tng bnh qun 5 nm (%) v tr gi bnh qun nm - Annual growth rate in each 5 - year period from 1986 to 2005 (%) and Annual average value (Tr-Mil. USD):
1986 -1990 Du th - Crude oil Hng dt, may - Articles of apparel and clothing accessories Hng thy sn - Fishery products Giy dp cc loi - Footwear Go - Rice LK in t v tivi; My tnh v LK my tnh - Electronic parts (including TV 31.2 35.0 20.8 93.6 1991 -1995 17.1 28.6 21.1 83.1 11.7 1996 -2000 27.7 17.4 18.9 37.8 4.7 2001 -2005 16.1 20.7 13.1 15.6 16.1 12.6 951.7 870.8 574.7 775.9 Tr gi BQ nm (triu USD) 2216.4 1391.8

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1986 -1990 parts), computer and their parts C ph - Coffee Cao su - Rubber Ht iu nhn - Cashew nuts, shelled Than - Coal Rau qu ti v ch bin - Vegetables and fruit Ht tiu - Pepper Ch cc loi - Tea Lc nhn - Ground nuts, shelled Thic - Tin Qu - Cinnamon

1991 -1995

1996 -2000

2001 -2005

Tr gi BQ nm (triu USD) 337.1 191.1 124.5 121.7 105.0 62.1 43.0 43.1 12.8 5.9

37.2 17.7 -2.0 6.9 32.4 11.9 26.8 18.5 16.4

45.3 23.1 42.9 22.2 1.4 23.0 0.5 11.4 8.5 5.0

-3.5 -2.4 13.5 1.1 30.6 30.2 22.4 -10.1 -3.4 -5.0

8.0 37.1 24.6 48.1 2.0 0.6 6.9 -4.3 -4.9 7.4

Th trng hng xut khu c thay i ng k: xut khu sang Chu u giai on 19861990 ng u v t trng vi 51,7%, giai on 2001-2005 ch cn 20,7%. Thay vo t trng ca chu v Chu M tng kh nhanh.

Export markets also witnesses the significant change: export to Europe in 1986-1990 enjoyed the highest rate of 51.7%; However, in 2001-2005, this rate decreased to 20.7%. Instead, the export growth rate to Asia and America Continent increases dramatically

Biu 7. Xut khu vi cc chu lc Export by continent (Tr-Mil. USD):

1986 -1990 Tng s - Total Chu - Asia T trng - Share(%) Chu u - Europe T trng - Share(%) Chu M - America T trng - Share(%) Chu Phi - Africa T trng - Share(%) i dng - Oceania T trng - Share(%) 7031.7 2135.0 30.4 3635.2 51.7 73.5 1.0 6.1 0.1 20.7 0.3 1991 -1995 17156.2 12545.2 73.1 2684.1 15.6 451.2 2.6 102.4 0.6 188.3 1.1 1996 -2000 51825.3 32072.1 61.9 12395.3 23.9 3058.7 5.9 412.3 0.8 2965.5 5.7 2001 -2005 110830.6 56382.2 50.9 22918.2 20.7 20966.6 18.9 1579.2 1.4 8400.7 7.6

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Nhp khu Cng vi tng trng kinh t v xut khu, nhp khu vi ngha l mt trong nhng nhn t quan trng thc y sn xut, tiu dng cng tng kh cao. Thi k 1986 - 2000 tc tng bnh qun l 15,5%. T l nhp khu/GDP trong 20 nm l 50,9%, trong thi k 2001 2005 t trng ln ti 63,4%. Nhp khu ca khu vc c vn u t trc tip nc ngoi 1994 -2005 tng bnh qun 32,8% chim t trng 27,7%, khu vc trong nc tng 13,4% chim t trng 72,3% tng tr gi nhp khu.

Imports

Together with economic growth and export, import acts as one of the important elements for accelerating production and consumption also enjoys higher increase. The annual average growth rate in the period of 1986-2005 is 15.5%. The ratio of imports per GDP in twenty years is 50.9%. This ratio in the period of 2001-2005 is 63.4%. The annual average value of imports in foreign direct investment sector in 1994-2005 increases to 32.8%, accounting for 27.7% of total import value; domestic sector accounts for 72.3 percent of total import, increasing by 13.4%

Biu 8. Nhp khu bnh qun tng giai on v t trng so GDP Annual average import value and the ratio per GDP
1986 -1990 Nhp khu BQ/nm - Annual average value (Tr-Mil. USD) T trng nhp khu so GDP- Share per GDP (%) 1991 -1995 1996 -2000 2001 -2005

2537 37.0

4557 33.5

12323 44.5

26030 63.4

Nhng mt tch cc ca hot ng nhp khu thi k 1986 - 2005 th hin trn mt s nt: (1) Hng vo mc tiu ch yu l phc v chin lc pht trin xut khu v p ng yu cu thit yu ca sn xut, tiu dng trong nc; (2) C cu hng nhp khu thay i theo hng tng nhp khu t liu sn xut, gim nhp khu hng tiu dng; (3) Th trng nhp khu m rng, cht lng hng nhp khu c nng cao, gp phn i mi trang thit b k thut v qui trnh sn xut tin tin, nng cao sc cnh tranh ca hng Vit Nam

The positive aspects of import activities in 1986-2005 can be reflected in the following points: (1) Import served for export development strategy and met the demand of domestic production and consumption (2) Import's structure changed in the direction of increasing capital, intermediate goods and decreasing consumption goods. (3) Import markets are open world-wide, quality of imports has been improved. Import helps provide equipment of new technologies, advanced production procedure and sharp the competitiveness of Vietnamese products.

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Chnh sch v phng thc qun l kinh t mi lm thay i cch suy ngh v iu hnh hot ng nhp khu. Trc y, nhp khu ca cc n v chuyn doanh ngoi thng thc cht l a hng v v phn phi cho ngi s dng theo k hoch nh nc m khng da trn yu cu s dng v tm hiu th trng. Thi k m ca, cng tc iu hnh nhp khu ca nh nc da trn nhu cu thc t ca sn xut v tiu dng trong nc.

The changes in trade policies and economic management measures lead to the changes in the implementation of import activities. Previously, the mode of specialized import companies can be understood as importing and distributing goods to customers according to State Plan, not on the basis of consumption needs and market research results. In "open-door" stage, the State implements its management over import activities on the basis of the demand of domestic production and consumption. Following this point of view, import structure was controlled in the direction of giving priority for production for exports and meeting the demand of domestic consumption.

T quan im , c cu hng nhp khu c kim sot theo hng u tin phc v sn xut xut khu v p ng nhu cu tiu dng trong nc.

Biu 9. C cu nhm hng nhp khu theo k hoch nh nc Imports by commodity composition in State Plan (%)
1986 - 1990 I - T liu sn xut - Capital, intermediate goods - My mc thit b -Capital goods - Nguyn nhin vt liu Intermediate good II - Vt phm tiu dng Consumption goods 87.3 33.3 54.1 12.7 1990 - 1995 85.0 25.4 59.6 15.0 1996 - 2000 91.1 29.8 61.3 8.9 2001 - 2005 93.6 28.5 64.9 6.4

C th nhn thy s thay i c cu hng nhp khu, c bit trong thi k 1996 - 2005 theo hng tng t trng t liu sn xut v kim sot cht ch nhp khu hng tiu dng mc 12.7% trong giai on 1986-1990 xung mc 8,9% giai on 1996-2000 v khong 6,4% giai on 2001-2005. Trong nhp khu t liu sn xut, my mc thit b

As shown in the above table, a change in import composition can be recognized. Import composition has been changed in the direction of increasing the ratio of production material and controlling strictly the imports for consumption to be at 12.7% in 1986-1990, 8.9% in 19962000 and about 6.4% in 2001-2005. Of
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chim trn 30% v nguyn nhin vt liu l trn 70%. Nhm i mi trang thit b lc hu, nh nc ch trng hn ch nhp khu thit b c, m rng th trng sang cc nc c trnh k thut tin tin. Nhng nm gn y, nhp khu nhm hng ny t th trng Nht bn chim khong 28%, EU 13% v Bc M khong 4% cho thy nhng du hiu vn ln nn sn xut hin i.

production material imports, equipment and machinery accounts for over 30% and material accounts for 70%. In order to renew backward equipment, there are restrictions in importing old equipment in State policies as well as the encouragement in accessing to the countries which achieve high level of technologies. In the past few years, the import share from Japan reached 28%, from EU: 13%, and North America: about 4% for capital and intermediate goods. This shows the sign to reach modern manufacturing.

Biu 10. T trng mt hng tng giai on 5 nm The share of major imports each 5-year period (%)
1986 -1990 Xng du - Petroleum oils, refind Nguyn ph liu may - Auxiliary materials for sewing St thp - Iron and steel Vi - Textile fabrics Phn bn - Chemical fertilizers Cht do - Plastic in primary form Xe my - Motorcycles t cc loi - Motor vehicles Tn dc - Medicament T, x, si dt cc loi - Fibres, not spun Thuc tr su v NL Insecticides and materials Bng x - Cotton 0.6 3.3 1.1 0.9 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.5 88.0 85.9 0.9 2.3 2.0 0.7 138.1 1.0 0.3 2.8 1.2 2.6 4.8 1.8 1.6 3.0 3.6 1.5 2.3 3.6 1.8 3.0 1.5 361.5 284.9 277.2 198.0 0.9 4.4 2.2 6.1 3.9 4.1 1.2 6.6 8.6 4.9 4.4 4.0 7.6 7.3 6.6 2.3 808.1 703.8 589.8 386.9 20.1 14.2 10.1 11.4 1345.6 19911995 1996 2000 2001 2005 Tr gi BQ nm t 1986 - 2005 (triu USD)

So vi thi k 1986 - 1995, mc nhp khu cc nguyn liu, hng ha ch yu

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Compared to the period of 1986-1995, the import value of major raw

thi k 1996 - 2005 (khong 45 - 50% tr gi nhp khu) phn no th hin s pht trin nhanh chng ca sn xut v tiu dng x hi. Vi nhng hng ha thit yu phc v nhu cu ca sn xut nng nghip, cng nghip nh xng du, st thp, phn bn, thuc tr su, nguyn liu cho ngnh dt, may, nhn chung cng tc iu hnh p ng nhu cu trong nc. Trong s cc mt hng trn, tc tng cao nht thuc v t, st thp, vi, cht do, xng du...

materials in 1996-2005 (made up about 45-50%) reflected the rapid development of production and social consumption. In general, the task of State management has fulfilled its task in satisfying domestic demand with essential goods for agricultural and industrial production such as petroleum oils, iron and steel, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and materials, auxiliary materials for garment manufacturing. Some of them enjoyed high growth rate such as motor vehicles, iron and steel, textile fabrics, plastic in primary form, petroleum oils... The number of import markets of Vietnam is over 200 countries compared to the number of 30 countries before the application of open-doorpolicy. Import ratio from Asia increased dramatically, of which, Japan, Republic of Korea and ASEAN countries are the important markets. Besides the task of increasing exchanges and trade activities, the market structure, to some extent, reflects the calculation for import efficiency so that import must be in line with consumption, limited investment and transportation capacity in our production

Hng ha ca ta c nhp khu t khong trn 200 nc. So vi 30 th trng nhp khu trc khi m ca, t trng nhp khu t chu tng nhanh chng, trong Nht bn v Hn quc, cc nc ASEAN lun chim v tr quan trng. Ngoi ngha m rng giao lu bun bn, c cu th trng phn no cng th hin s tnh ton hiu qu nhp khu ph hp vi c im tiu dng v kh nng u t, nng lc vn ti cn hn ch ca sn xut v tiu dng nc ta.

Biu 11. Nhp khu vi cc chu lc - Imports by continent (Mil - USD) and share (%)
1986 -1990 Tng s - Total Chu - Asia T trng - Share (%) Chu u - Europe T trng - Share (%) 12685.0 1981.6 15.6 9235.6 72.8 1990 - 1995 22784.0 16052.5 70.5 3916.0 17.2 1996 - 2000 61613.5 48912.9 79.4 8288.3 13.5 2001 - 2005 130151.3 103426.8 79.5 17356.7 13.3

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1986 -1990 Chu M - America T trng - Share (%) Chu Phi - Africa T trng - Share (%) i dng - Oceania T trng - Share (%) 47.3 0.4 5.3 0.0 45.2 0.4

1990 - 1995 307.7 1.4 18.3 0.1 236.9 1.0

1996 - 2000 1893.4 3.1 138.8 0.2 1301.2 2.1

2001 - 2005 5877.5 4.5 684.8 0.5 2362.5 1.8

Nhp siu T l nhp siu trong 20 nm qua l 21,6%, nhng ang theo xu hng tch cc qua tng giai on. T l nhp siu thi k 2001 2005 mc 17,4%, thp hn nhiu so vi thi k 1986 - 1989 (80,4%). Trong cc giai on khc nhau, c cc yu t khc nhau nh hng n t l nhp siu, thc t nhng nm 1994 n 1997 l nhng nm c mc nhp siu cao phn nh iu , khi m qui m xut khu ca ta cn nh b v s gia tng nhanh chng nhp khu ca cc d n u t trc tip ca nc ngoi bt u giai on trin khai. S liu v cc d n u t nc ngoi c cp giy php t 1988 n nay cho thy vn ng k ca 4 nm 1994 - 1997 chim 61% tng s vn ng k, trung bnh mt nm l 5861 triu USD, gp 3,6 ln tr gi bnh qun ca nhng nm cn li.

Deficit

Even the deficit rate in the period of 20 year was 21.6%, it proved positive trend through each period. The deficit rate in 2001-2005 was 17.4%, much lower than that in 1986-1989 (80.4%). There are different effective causes for the deficit rate in each period but from 1994 to 1997, the deficit rate was at high level, meaning the export scale was small and the fast increase in import value caused by foreign direct investment projects in their start-up phase. According to the figure about foreign direct investment projects which was licensed from 1988 to now, the registered capital in 1994-1997 accounted for 61% of the total capital; the annual average was 5,861 Mil USD, which is 3.6 fold compared to that of the remaining years

Biu 12: Mc nhp siu v t l nhp siu giai on 5 nm The deficit value and per export of each five- year period from 1986 to 2005
1986 -1990 Mc nhp siu - Deficit value (Tr-Mil. USD) T trng so vi XK - Deficit per export (%) 1991 -1995 1996 -2000 2001 -2005

5653.3

5627.8

9789.5

19321.0

80.4

32.8

18.9

17.4

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T l nhp siu qua cc giai on t 1986 2005 so vi xut khu c xu hng gim ti mc trn 17% phn nh ng mc pht trin kinh t ca nc ta ang trong giai on u t c s h tng, i mi thit b, tng nng lc sn xut. Trong giai on ti, mc d kim ngch xut khu t ra tng mnh, nhng hng ha thuc loi hnh gia cng vn cn ln, hm lng nguyn liu phi nhp khu s cao. ng thi t mc tiu n 2020 a nc ta tr thnh nc c nn cng nghip tin tin trong khu vc th nhu cu nhp khu my mc thit b hin i vn tng, mt khc nhu cu cho u t xy dng c bn ca cc d n u t mi s tip tc pht trin, v vy vic kim ch v h thp t l nhp siu tuy l nhng mc tiu phn u nhng trong nhng nm trc mt cn cha ph hp v kh thc hin.

The deficit rate in each period from 1986 to 2005 had a downward trend by over 17% in comparison with export. It reflected correctly our level of economic development in the period of infrastructural investment; equipment upgrading; improvement of product capacity. In the coming time, even export value increase dramaticaly, the volume of goods in processing form will be still very high the import volume of raw materials will be high. Also, in order to reach the target of becoming advanced in the region by 2020, the needs for importing modern machinery will increase. Otherwise, the need for basic construction of new projects will continue so the restraint and lowering the deficit rate in next few years are very difficult tasks.

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