Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics

Sascha Vogel Elena Bratkovskaya Marcus Bleicher Wednesday, 14:15-16:45 FIAS Lecture Hall

Lecturers

Elena Bratkovskaya

Marcus Bleicher

svogel@th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de bleicher@th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de elena.bratkovskaya@th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de

Tutorials

Thomas Lang

Christoph Herold

Thursday, 12:00-14:00 FIAS Lecture Hall lang@th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de herold@th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de

The plan...

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14)

Units, scales, historical overview Fermi-Gas model, shell model Collective Nuclear Models Angular Momentum, Nucleon-Nucleon-Interaction Hartree-Fock Fermion-Pairing Phenomenological Single Particle Models Klein-Gordon equation Covariant ED Dirac equation Quark models Intro to QCD Symmetries in QCD Quark-Gluon-Plasma

Literature
Walter Greiner, Joachim A. Maruhn,
Nuclear models

Bogdan Povh, Klaus Rith, Christoph Scholz, and Frank Zetsche

Particles and Nuclei. An Introduction to the Physical Concepts

Ashok Das, Thomas Ferbel

Introduction to nuclear and particle physics

Ian Simpson Hughes

Elementary particles

Bogdan Povh, Klaus Rith

Particles and nuclei: an introduction to the physical concepts

Brian Robert Martin, Graham Shaw

Particle physics

Brian Robert Martin

Nuclear and particle physics

Lecture 1

Units, scales Early nuclear models

Scales

Crystal structures 10-9 m

Nucleus 10-14 m Atoms 10-10 m

Visible matter 10-1 m

Nucleon 10-15 m

Scales in nuclear physics

typical excitation energy: ~ eV

10-10 m

typical excitation energy: ~ MeV

10-14 m

typical excitation energy: ~ 102 MeV

10-15 m

Scales in nuclear physics unit for length: unit for energy: unit for mass: in SI units: fm (fermi, femtometer) eV (electron volt) MeV/c2 (c = 3 x 108 m/s) 1 MeV/c2 = 1.783 x 10-30 kg

E=mc2

Common prefixes:

keV MeV GeV TeV

103 eV 106 eV 109 eV 1012 eV

Scales in nuclear physics common mass scales: photon: neutrino: electron: proton: m! = 0 MeV m" ~ 1 eV me = 0.511 MeV mp = 938 MeV

Can we further simplify the unit system?

Scales in nuclear physics Natural units:

= c = kB = 1
masses and lengths are the only units left and

[mass] = [energy] = [temperature] = 1 / [length]

Angular momentum Spin is quantized (see atomic physics lecture) Allowed values:

Orbital angular momentum Allowed values: Total angular momentum:

S = s + (s + 1)

1 3 5 s = 0, , 1, , 2, , ... 2 2 2

L = 0, 1, 2, 3...

=S +L J

For each J there are 2J+1 projections of the angular momentum

M = J, J + 1, ..., J 1, J

Quantum statistics Assume: System of N particles Wavefunction replace:

(r 1 , r 2 ..., r N)

(r 2 , r 1 ..., r 1 , r 2 ..., r N ) = C (r N)
Bosons: Fermions: C = +1 C = -1

C has to be a phase factor, i.e. C2 = 1:

From spin statistics theorem: Fermions have half integer spin, Bosons integer spin

Electric charge Charge is quantized as well: quanta - e Important quantity: Fine structure constant
= EM e2 1 = 40 c 137

Usual choice:
e 0 = 1 = 4
2

Magnetons Two quantities are used to describe magnetic properties (e.g. magnetic dipole moment) of electrons and nuclei: Nuclear magneton
N e = 2mp

Bohr magneton
N e = 2me

e = p =

1.001159652B 2.79N 2 p 3

n = 1.91N

Historical remarks Atomic nucleus discovered 1911 by Ernest Rutherford Hans Geiger Ernest Marsden

1871 - 1837

1882 - 1945

1889 - 1970

Before...

Plum Pudding Model

Plum pudding model

+ + + + +
Features: charge neutral extended in space

+electrons outside

+ + +

+ + +
positive charges uniformly distributed inside the whole atom

Rutherford experiment 1909-1911 Bombard nuclei (thin gold foil) with # particles Idea: Check angular distribution

Before...

+ + + + +
Prediction: # particles move through the pudding, nearly undisturbed

+ + +

+ + +

But...

Result:

some # particles got reflected at a center of the atom and bounced back ~180

But...

Interpretation:

positively charged core surrounded by negatively charges electrons

Rutherfords model of the atom Atom has a small positive core and is surrounded by atoms, just like the sun by planets (also: planetary model) Important: The atom is 99.99% empty space

10-14 m

10-10 m

Whats inside? Following an idea of Rutherford from 1921 Nucleus consists of protons (positive charge) neutrons (no charge) Info neutron: charge 0, spin 1/2 mass 939,56 MeV mean lifetime: 885.7s decay channel: n p + e + e

Nuclear forces From Coulomb interaction alone one would expect that nuclei are not bound.

Nuclear forces Nuclear force (or residual strong force) holds them together

Features: 1) Nuclear force has to be short range 2) Nuclear force has to be strong 3) Nuclear force is the same for n-n, n-p and p-p (does not depend on charge) 4) Nuclear forces are next-neighbour interactions, they show saturation 5) Nuclear forces are spin-dependent 6) They do not obey a 1/r2 law, they are not central forces, thus angular momentum is not conserved

Yukawa potential Every force is carried by a force carrier (gauge boson) Idea Yukawa: Nuclear force is carried by a virtual meson

p !0 n

Yukawa potential Mass of the virtual boson is roughly 200 MeV

Yukawa-Potential
mr e 2 V = g r

Also called screened Coulomb potential

Yukawa potential

Features: for r $ ", V $ 0 weakly attractive at low r repulsive core (blackboard)

Properties of nuclei

A X Z
A=N +Z
Examples:

1 H 1

197 Au 79

12 C 6

Properties of nuclei

mass number

A X Z
A=N +Z

Examples:

1 H 1

197 Au 79

12 C 6

Properties of nuclei

mass number charge

A X Z
A=N +Z

Examples:

1 H 1

197 Au 79

12 C 6

Properties of nuclei

mass number charge

A X Z
A=N +Z

Examples:

1 H 1

197 Au 79

12 C 6

Table of Nuclides

Table of Nuclides

isotone

Table of Nuclides

isotone

isotope

Table of Nuclides

Table of Nuclides

same A:

isobars

17 7 N

17 8 O

17 9 F

Table of Nuclides

same A: same Z:

isobars isotopes

17 7 N

17 8 O

17 9 F

12 6 C

13 6 C

Table of Nuclides

same A: same Z: same N:

isobars isotopes isotones

17 7 N

17 8 O

17 9 F

12 6 C

13 6 C

14 13 N C 7 6

Table of Nuclides

same A: same Z: same N: N Z:

isobars isotopes isotones mirror nuclei

17 7 N

17 8 O

17 9 F

12 6 C

13 6 C

14 13 N C 7 6

3 1H

3 2 He

Table of Nuclides

same A: same Z: same N: N Z:

isobars isotopes isotones mirror nuclei

17 7 N

17 8 O

17 9 F

12 6 C

13 6 C

14 13 N C 7 6

3 1H

3 2 He

same A and Z, but different excitation: nuclear isomers

180 180m T a T a 73 73

Table of Nuclides

same A: same Z: same N: N Z:

isobars isotopes isotones mirror nuclei

17 7 N

17 8 O

17 9 F

12 6 C

13 6 C

14 13 N C 7 6

3 1H

3 2 He

same A and Z, but different excitation: nuclear isomers

180 180m T a T a 73 73

half-life of more than 1000 trillion years

Decays
A ZX A ZX A ZX

A ZX

A ZX

+e

A Z +1 X A Z 1 X A Z 1 X A 4 Z 2 X

+e + e + e + e + e +
4 ( 2 He) +

Decays
A ZX A ZX A ZX

A ZX

A ZX

+e

A Z +1 X A Z 1 X A Z 1 X A 4 Z 2 X

+e + e + e + e + e +
4 ( 2 He) +

Decays
A ZX A ZX A ZX

A ZX

A ZX

+e

A Z +1 X A Z 1 X A Z 1 X A 4 Z 2 X

+e + e + e + e + e +
4 ( 2 He) +

Decays
A ZX A ZX A ZX

A ZX

A ZX

+e

A Z +1 X A Z 1 X A Z 1 X A 4 Z 2 X

+e + e + e + e + e +
4 ( 2 He) +

Decays
A ZX A ZX A ZX

A ZX

A ZX

+e

A Z +1 X A Z 1 X A Z 1 X A 4 Z 2 X

+e + e + e + e + e +
4 ( 2 He) +

Nuclear fission

Nuclear fission

Nuclear fission

too many protons

Nuclear fission

Nuclear fission

too many neutrons

Nuclear fission

Nuclear fission too much Coulomb repulsion

Nuclear fission

Nuclear fission

Nuclear fission

too many neutrons

Nuclear fission

Nuclear fission too much Coulomb repulsion

Nuclear fission

Decays

Derivation blackboard

Decays
A( t ) A1 (0)
A(t)/A1(0)

!1 = 10 !2
A1(t)

1 = 102

A1 ( t )

A2(t)

A2 ( t )

t/!2

t 2

Binding energy

M (Z, N ) = N mN + Z Mp + Z me EB
The binding energy is the energy set free when forming the respective nuclei.

Binding energy

Binding energy

Binding energy

Fusion

Fission

Binding energy

(N Z )2 EB = aV A aS A aC 1 asym 1 A A3 A2
2 3

Z2

aV A aS A aC A
2 3

Volume term Surface term Coulomb term Symmetry term Pairing term

Z2
1 3

(N Z )2 asym A A
1 2

Binding energy

(N Z )2 EB = aV A aS A aC 1 asym 1 A A3 A2
2 3

Z2

aV A aS A aC A
2 3

Volume term Surface term Coulomb term Symmetry term Pairing term

Z2
1 3

(N Z )2 asym A A
1 2

Binding energy

(N Z )2 EB = aV A aS A aC 1 asym 1 A A3 A2
2 3

Z2

aV A aS A aC A
2 3

Volume term Surface term Coulomb term Symmetry term Pairing term

Z2
1 3

(N Z )2 asym A A
1 2

Binding energy

(N Z )2 EB = aV A aS A aC 1 asym 1 A A3 A2
2 3

Z2

aV A aS A aC A
2 3

Volume term Surface term Coulomb term Symmetry term Pairing term

Z2
1 3

(N Z )2 asym A A
1 2

Binding energy

(N Z )2 EB = aV A aS A aC 1 asym 1 A A3 A2
2 3

Z2

aV A aS A aC A
2 3

Volume term Surface term Coulomb term Symmetry term Pairing term

Z2
1 3

(N Z )2 asym A A
1 2

Binding energy

(N Z )2 EB = aV A aS A aC 1 asym 1 A A3 A2
2 3

Z2

aV A aS A aC A
2 3

Volume term Surface term Coulomb term Symmetry term Pairing term

Z2
1 3

(N Z )2 asym A A
1 2

Binding energy

(N Z )2 EB = aV A aS A aC 1 asym 1 A A3 A2
2 3

Z2

aV A aS A aC A
2 3

Volume term Surface term Coulomb term Symmetry term Pairing term

Z2
1 3

(N Z )2 asym A A
1 2

Binding energy Volume Surface Coulomb

Symmetry

Parity

Binding energy Volume Surface Coulomb

Symmetry

Parity

Binding energy Volume Surface Coulomb

Symmetry

Parity

Early Nuclear Models

Nuclear abundance

Wait...

Fusion

Fission Where do elements beyond iron come from?

Universe

Where do heavy elements come from?

Some food for thought for the tutorials...