Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I. STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM A. Functions of the Immune System 1. Defense against physical injury and infection 2. Maintenance of homoeostasis, a state of equilibrium of the internal environment B. Organs and Tissues of the Immune System include the bone marrow and lymphoid tissue, which comprise the thymus gland, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and adenoids. 1. Bone marrow is specialized soft tissue filling the spaces in cancellous bone of the epiphyses. It is responsible for: a. releasing mature B lymphocytes into the blood circulation b. moving T lymphocytes from bone marrow to the thymus 2. The thymus is a single unpaired gland that is located in the mediastinum and is the primary central gland of the lymphatic system. Its primary function is allowing the T lymphocytes to develop before migrating to the lymph nodes and spleen 3. Lymph nodes and vessels perform several important function, such as: a. transporting lymph b. filtering and pathogocytizing (processing and killing) antigens c. generating lymphocytes and monocytes 4. Spleen functions include : a. removing worn-out erythrocytes from blood b. storing blood and platelets c. filtering and purifying blood 5. The tonsils, adenoids, and other mucoid lymphatic tissues defend the body against microorganisms 6. In the hematopoietic system, bone marrow and lymphatic tissue produced blood cells including those involved in immunologic defense (i.e. leukocytes) C. Nonspecific Immunologic defense is a type of immunity effective against any harmful agent entering the body. The bodys natural immunity can discriminate friends from foe or self from nonself by cannot distinguish between and pathogens. Natural mechanism includes the following: 1. Physical barriers. Intact skin and mucous membrane prevent pathogens from gaining access to the body. Cilia of the respiratory tract filter and clear pathogens from the upper respiratory tract 2. Chemical barriers. Acidic gastric juices, enzymes in tears and saliva, and sebaceous and sweat secretions attempt to destroy invading bacteria and fungi. 3. Biologic response modifiers. Interferon, a viricidal substance, counter viruses and activates other components of the immune system 4. Action of white blood cells a. Neutrophils are first to arrive at the inflammatory injury b. Eosinophils and basophils are activated in response to allergic reactions and stress c. Granulocytes release cell mediators, such as histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins and engulf the foreign toxins d. Monocytes or macrophages function as phagotoc cells engulf, ingest and destroy foreign toxins 5. Inflammatory response. This mechanism is elicited in response to tissue injury or invading organisms. Most cells release chemical mediators, which enhance the inflammatory response and produce the typical signs of infection (i.e. redness, edema and itching). Vasoconstriction and vasodilation also play a role in the inflammatory response. 6. Natural killer cells. These lymphocytes are responsible for immune surveillance and host resistance to infection
Monocytes
* 4% to 6% of all leukocytes
* Circulate in blood but also settle in tissue, where they are transformed in macrophages
acquired
artificial
HEPATITIS B
PNEUMOCOCCAL
HEALTH EDUCATION FOR ALLERGY SYMPTOM CONTROL Maintain a dust free environment Reduce exposure to pollen + Reduce room contents to the barest minimum by + Avoid barns, weed, dry leaves, and grass removing drapes, curtains, blinds (use pull shades + Avoid allergens and irritants, including dusts, fumes, instead) odors, animals, and tobacco smokes + Wash wood work and linoleum floors + Avoid sprays, powders, and perfumes. Use + Use wooden furniture, which allows for easier dusting hypoallergenic cosmetics + Use washable cotton materials + Wear a mask at times of increased exposures (e.g. + Wear a mask when cleaning +windy days, mowing yard) + Cover the mattress with a hypoallergenic cover + Be aware of high pollen counts. Reduce exposure at + Avoid wearing fabrics that cause itching these times and stay in air-conditioned areas + Decrease dust in the environment by using air + Ensure a smoke free environment conditioning, air cleaners, humidifiers, and + Do not change detergents or soaps dehumidifiers ALLERGIC RHINITIS A. Description. Allergic rhinitis (i.e. hay fever) is an allergic reaction to inhaled airborne allergens characterized by seasonal occurrences. It is the most common form of respiratory allergy. Although children and adolescents have an especially high incidence, it occurs in all age groups B. Etiology. Allergic rhinitis is induced by airborne pollens. Common seasonal pollens include: 1. tree pollens (e.g. oak, maple, and birch) in the spring 2. grass pollens (e.g. sheep sorrel, and plantain) in the summer 3. weed pollens (e.g. ragweed) in the fall C. Pathophysiology. Allergic rhinitis occurs when immunoglobulin (Ig)E antibodies in the nasal mucosa combine with inhaled allergens on the mucosa surface. The nasal mucosa reacts by slowing of ciliary action, edema formation, and leukocyte infiltration. Tissue edema is a result of vasodilatation and increased capillary permeability.
ALLERGIC ASTHMA A. Description. Allergic asthma is a chronic reactive respiratory disorder producing episodic, reversible airway obstruction. The estimated incidence is 3% to 8% of the population; more than one half of cases found in children younger than age 10 B. Etiology. Allergic asthma results from an immunologically mediated hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens, such as airborne pollens and molds, dust, and animal danders. C. Pathophysiology. Although the pathologic mechanisms of allergic asthma remain somewhat unclear, the fundamental process presumably involves a reaction of sensitized immunoglobulin E antibodies to an inhaled allergen, with subsequent release of chemical mediators, such as histamine, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis, and eosinophils chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis. Obstruction results from constriction of bronchial smooth muscles, swelling of bronchial membranes, and hyper secretion of mucus D. Assessment findings 1. Associated findings. The clients health history may reveal a family history of allergic asthma and exposure to a known or suspected precipitating substances 2. Clinical manifestations
Classifications Adrenergic Albuterol Epinephrine Isoetharine Isoproterenol Metaproterenol terbutaline Antibiotics Aminogycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin) Amoxicillin Erythromycin Penicillin tetracycline
Antidiarrheal Attapulgite Bismuth subsalicylate Diphenoxylate and atropine loperamide Antiemetics Benzquinamide Dimenhydrinate Trimethobenzamide
* Before administering the first dose, assess the client for allergies and determine whether culture has been obtained * After multiple doses, assess the client for super infection (thrush, yeast infection, diarrhea); notify the health care provider if these occur * Assess the insertion site for phlebitis if antibiotics are being administered IV * To assess the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy, monitor the white blood cell count * Monitor peaks and troughs for aminoglycosides * To assess the effectiveness of the medication, record the number and consistency of stools * Monitor intake and output, daily weight, and serum electrolyte levels
Relieve nausea and vomiting by inhibiting medullary chemoreceptor triggers; drug choice depends on the cause of
* Advise the client that this medication may cause drowsiness * Because the medication may cause chemical irritation, administer by deep IM injection into a
Nonnucleoside reverse Transcriptase inhibitors Delavirdine Nevirapine Protease inhibitors Indinavir ritonavir
Suppress synthesis of viral deoxyrisbonucleic acid reverse transcriptase); first drug used against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; remains a mainstay of treatment Cause direct inhibition of HIV by binding to active center of reverse transcriptase
* The client must adhere closely to the prescribed dosing schedule * All medications are oral. Except IV zidovudine which must be administered slowly
* Instruct the client to take the medication 1 hour before or after food or antacids * Inform the client to notify his health care provider if a rash occur * Instruct the client to follow proper instructions when taking the medication, some must be taken on an empty stomach, and others must be taken with food * Inform the client that all protease inhibitors may cause diabetes, (Inform the client of the signs and symptoms of diabetes and to notify his health care provider if these occur) * Monitor serum level of theophylline (therapeutic level, 10 to 20 ug/ml) * Provide the medication at regular intervals, before meals, and with a full glass of water * Instruct the client to notify his health care provider of irritability, restlessness, headache, insomnia, dizziness, tachycardia, palpitations, or seizures * Do not crush sustained release medication
Bind to the active site of HIV protease, thereby preventing the enzyme form cleaving HIV polyprotiens; the virus remains immature and noninfectious when used in combination with reverse transcriptase inhibitors, viral load reduced to a level undetectable by current assays Relax bronchial smooth muscle
Corticosteroids
Inhibit the formation of substances that can cause joint and connective tissue problems Reduce inflammation in air- ways; used for prophylactic and maintenance drug therapy for chronic asthma Inhibit mast cell, thereby releasing chemical mediators that result in bronchodilation and a decrease in airway inflammation
Nonopiod analgesics Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs Acetylsalicylate acid ibuprofen Vasopressors Metaraminol norepinephrine
edema,
and
Rapidly restore blood pressure in anaphylaxis by producing vasoconstriction and stimulating the heart
* Teach the client to insert the capsule in a nebulizer device, exhale completely, place the mouth piece between the lips, inhale deeply, hold the breath for 10 seconds, and then exhale * Tell the client that an inhaler is used prophylactically before exercise, not in acute asthma attack * Instruct the client to take with food to decrease GI upset * Instruct the client to report signs and symptoms of GI distress (i.e. nausea, vomiting, bleeding) to his health care provider * Monitor the clients vital signs, intake and output, mental status, peripheral pulses, and skin color. * The client should be on telemetry and monitored continuously