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Simplifying

Al-Ajaroomiyyah









COMPILED BY: ABUL-LAYTH QASIM IBN AGGREY MUTIVA






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,_-: _. . ,.,

; = : ` ,` .
Types of Speech

` ; = : ` ; = : ` ; = : ` ; = : . ` , = : . :: ,` . _` . , :. , ` ._ . :
Speech: Is the composed saying or utterance which is beneficial in
its placement or composition.

:; : ` ` .. . : . ` ,` . ` _` . . .` . . : .. , ` .` -
And it is divided into three groups: Ism (noun), and F'il (verb), and
Harf (a preposition which conveys meaning).

` . ` .` ` ,` .v.. . _ . - :. , _` ,` . .: . :: . : . ` ,` -`
So the Ism (Noun) is known by Al-Khafdh (the acceptance of Jarr),
and At-Tanween (a mark which indicates indefiniteness), and the
acceptance of Alif Laam (the definite article).

_ . - : .` ` - _ . . ` _ . : ; ` _ . : . _ . ,` ` .. , : ` .. = : ` . ::

and 'An ) : ; ( and Eelaa ) ` _ . ( And the letters of Khafdh are min
and ) ,` ( and Rubba ) _ . ( and Fee ) : . ( and 'Ala ) ` _ . (
. ) ( and Al-Laam ) ( and Al-Kaaf ) ( Al-Baa

, . . : .` ` ` - _ . . ` , : ` .. , : ` .. .:
and ) ( And the letters of Avowal (Pledge) are: Al-Waaw
. ) ( and At-Taa ) , ( Al-Baa

` _` . . : ` . . , ` . ` .` _` _` .: . =. .: ,` _ . . .: .. : .` , .
) ( and As-Seen ) ` . : ( Qad And The F'il (Verb) is known by
. ) ` ( and At-Taa At-Ta'neeth As-Saakinah ) .` , . ( and Sawfa

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` . . : ` _` _ : v ,` . v ` _` _ : ` . . ` _ :` . v . . ` .` - : _
And the Harf (Preposition) is that which does not accept any of
the Ism (Noun) or F'il (Verb) indicators or signs.

, ` . , ` ,. ,
The chapter of Grammatical Analysis

,` . ` , ` . , . - .: _ . , . : .; .` -v , : = : - `` _ _` . : ` . . : ` .L . : . ,` _ : . :
The Grammatical analysis is the changing of vowel markings at the
end of words according to the addition of specific helping words
. ) ` . .` . ( or prepositions whether they are written or supposed

` ` .. . : . ,` . ` _ . ` ,` . . ` _ . - ` ` ,
The categories of grammatical analysis are four:
) ` ` , ( Jazm and ) ` _ . - ( and Khafdh ) ` ,` . . ( Nasb and ) ` _ . ( Raf'

` _ . : : ` _ . .. .` . ; : . ` ,` . .: ` _ . - : ,_ . ` , v .
) ` _ . - : ( Khafdh and ) ` ,` . .: ( , Nasb ) ` _ . : ( Raf' So for the nouns is
not included. ) ` ` , : ( Jazm with

` _ . : : ` _ . . . . ; : ` ,` . .: ` ` , : . ,_ . _ . - v
) ` ` , : ( Jazm and ) ` ,` . .: ( , Nasb ) ` _ . : ( And for the verbs is Raf'
not included. ) ` _ . - : ( with Khafdh

, ` . , . . ; . . ` . . ` ,. ,
The Chapter of knowing the signs of grammatical analysis

. . ; . ` _ ,` _ . : : . . .: ` , : ` . : . ` ` , .:
There are four signs which indicate the condition of Raf': The ) ( ,
and the Noon ) ( the Alif , ) ( , the Waaw ) ` ... ( Dhommah

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. .: . . . . . .` . : ,` .v _ . _ . , . . ,` _ . _ . : : . ; . ` ` , = . . _` . ,
` _ . = .: , :. .: , . ,` . : _` . , ` ._ . -. , ` _ . . ` , : _. : . .` . : _` . . :
Then it is an indicator of Raf' in four . ) ` ... ( Dhommah As for the
Instances: 1. The Singular Noun 2.The Broken Plural 3.The Sound
Feminine plural 4.The present tense verb which has nothing
attached to the end of it.

` , : . . . _` _ . .` , . _ . _ . : : . ; . ` ` , = . . . .. .` . . _ . , :. .: = .` . : _` . , _ .
.` . - : _ . . ,` , ,` - ,` . - , . ` . .
Then it is an indicator of Raf' in two cases: . ) ( As for the Waaw
1.The Sound Masculine plural and 2.The Five Exceptional Nouns
, ) ,` . - ( , Hamooka ) ,` - ( , Akhooka ) ,` , ( which are: Abooka
) . . ` ( , and Dhoo Maalin ) , . ( Fooka

. . ` . : . . _ . _ . : : . ; . ` ` , = . . .. - .. .` . . _ .` . :
, Then it is an indicator of Raf' specifically in ) ( Alif As for the
the dual forms.

. . ` ` , .: . . .` . : _` . . : _ . _ . : : . ; . ` ` , = . . _ .` . : ` ` _ . . , _ . : ; `
` ` _ . . _` . , , L. -` . : . . ,` . : ` ` _ . . `
, Then it is an indicator of Raf' in the ) ( As for the Noon
present tense if it is connected to an attached pronoun of duality,
an attached pronoun of plurality, or an attached pronoun used to
address the female gender.

. . ; . ` _` . - ,` . .: : . -` . . : ` . : . : ` . = : ` .. _ : ` ` , .: ` .` . -
, ) ... ( And for the condition of Nasb there are five signs: the Fathah
, and the removal of the ) _ ( the Yaa , ) ... ( the Kasrah , ) ( Alif the
letter Noon.


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-` . . : . . . . . : ; : _ . ,` . .: : . ; . ` ` , = . . _ . , . . .` . : ,` .v , _` . ,
` _ . = .: : . _ - ; . .` . : _` . . : ` .` _ . -. , ` _ . . ` , : ` , . . . ` _
, then it is an indicator of the state of Nasb in ) ... ( the Fathah As for
three instances: 1. In the Singular Nouns. 2. In broken plural
forms. 3. In the Present tense verbs if a Naasib (subjunctival)
precedes it and there is nothing attached to the last letter in the
verb.

` . : . . . . _ . ,` . .: : . ; . ` ` , = . . .` . - : .. .` . . ,` - . ) . - . , ` ` (
: ,` . .
, then it is an indicator of the state of Nasb in ) ( Alif As for the
) . - . , ` ` ( the Five Nouns. Like the following example:
And whatever resembles this.

. . : ` . = : . _ . ,` . .: : . ; . ` ` , = . . , :. .: , . ,` . : _` . ,
, then it is an indicator of the state of Nasb ) ... ( As for the Kasrah
for the Sound Feminine Plurals.

` .. _ : . . . _` . , : _ .` . .: _ . ,` . .: : . ; . ` ` , = . .
, then it is an indicator of the state of Nasb ) _ ( the Yaa As for the
in both the Dual and Plural Noun forms.

. . ` ` , .: ` .` . - . ` , .: . , . , . ,` . . _ . : .` . - : . . . . _ . ,` . .: : . ; . ` ` , = _ .
As for the removal of the letter Noon, then it is an indicator of the
state of Nasb in the Five Verbs when the indicator of the state of
Raf' is the fixedness of the letter Noon.

: ` . = : ` .. _ : -` . . :
. ) ... ( and the Fathah , ) _ ( the Yaa , ) ... ( The Kasrah

. . ; . ` ; : _ . -: : .
And for the condition of Khafdh, there are three signs.

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. . . . : ` . = : . _ . -: : . ; . ` ` , = . . _ . _ . , . : ; : . . .` .` . : .` . : ,` .v ,
` _ . = .: _` . , . .` .` . : _ . , :. .: , . ,` . : _` . ,
, then it is an indicator of the state of Khafdh ) ... ( As for the Kasrah
in three instances. 1. The Singular Noun which has vowel
markings that can be changed. 2. In Broken Plural forms where
the vowel markings can also be changed. 3. In the Sound Feminine
Plurals.

` .. _ : . . . . ; . ` ` , = . . _ . -: : _ . _ . , . : ; : . , .` . - : .. .` . . _ .` . .: _ .
_` . , :
, then it is an indicator of the state of Khafdh in ) _ ( the Yaa As for
three instances. 1.The Five Nouns. 2.The Dual Forms. 3. The
Plural forms.

. . -` . . : . . _ . -: : . ; . ` ` , = . ` . .` . v _ . : ,` . v _ .
, then it is an indicator of the state of Khafdh ) ... ( the Fathah As for
for the Nouns which are fixed and do not change their vowel
markings.

. . . ; . ` ,: : . ` ` , = .: : ` .` . -
) .` .. ( And for the state of Jazm, there are two signs. 1. The Sukoon
2. Removal

. . . . ` ` , = .: . _ . ` ,: : . ; . ` ` , = _ . . .` . : _` . . : -. _` _ - .:
, then it is an indicator of the state of Jazm ) .` .. ( As for the Sukoon
in the Present Tense Verbs which end in a sound letter. Any letter
. ) _ ( other than

. . ` .` . - : . _ . ` ,: : . ; . ` ` , = _ . . .` . : _` . . : ` _ .` .` . : -. _ . . . . .
, . , . ,` . . _ . : .` . - : ` , .: .
As for Removal, then it is an indicator of the state of Jazm when
and it is also ) _ ( the last letter in a present tense verb is weak
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an indicator of the state of Jazm in the Five Verbs when the sign of
the state of Raf' is the fixedness of the letter Noon.

` _` . . . ` . , ` .` . :
Section: Words which contain vowel markings that can be changed

. .` . : ` . , ` .` . : . . = - :. , ` , ` .` ` ,` . : .` ` ` - :. , ` , ` .` ` ,` . :
The words which contain vowel markings that can be changed are
divided into two groups. One group is identified by diacritical
vowel markings while the other group is identified by way of
letters.

_ . :. . ,` . . ,` . = - :. , ` , ` .` . ` .` . : ` ,` .v ` ` _ . = .: ` _` . , ` . , , . ,` . : ` _
, :. .: ` ._ . -. , ` _ . . ` , : _. : ` . .` . : ` _` . . :
So the group which is identified by way of vowel markings
contains four types of nouns. 1. The Singular Noun. 2. The
Broken Plural. 3. The Sound Feminine Plural. 4. The Present tense
verb to which there is nothing attached to the end of it.

. .:. , ` _ .` ` : . , : = -` . .:. , ` , .` .` : : ` . =:. , ` _ .` -` : ` , = .:. , ` ` ,` :
In all of the previous nouns the condition of Raf' is indicated by a ,
) ... ( the condition of Nasb is indicated by a Fathah , ) ` ... ( Dhommah
, and the ) ... ( the condition of Khafdh is indicated by a Kasrah
. ) .` .. ( condition of Jazm is indicated by a Sukoon

.. _` : ; : : ` _ . - . : ` _` . , , :. .: , . ,` . : ` . = :. , ` , .` .` v _ . : ` ,` . v
` . .` . -` . .:. , ` _ .` -` ` . .` . : ` _` . . : -. _ .` .` . : . - .` . - , ` ` ,`
The only exceptions from those are three: 1. The Sound Feminine
. ) ... ( Plural in which the condition of Nasb is indicated by a Kasrah
2. The condition of Khafdh in Nouns which vowel marks do not
3. The Present Tense Verb which ends with ) ... ( change is a Fathah
enters the state of Jazm with the removal of ) _ ( a weak letter
its last letter.
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_ . : .` ` ` - :. , ` , ` .` ,` . . ,` . _ .` . .: , :. .: = . : ` _` . , .` . - : ` .. .` . .
.` . - : ` . . . . _ . . ; . . ; . . : ` , : . . ` , : . . : _` _ : . . :
And the group of words which are grammatically identified by
letters are of four types: 1.The Dual Form 2. The Sound Masculine
and ) ; . . ( Plural 3. The Five Nouns 4.The Five Verbs which are
) _` _ : . . : ( and ) ` , : . . : ( and ) ` , : . . ( and ) ; . . : (

_ .` . .: . . . . . . . : ; , ` _ .` ` . .. _ :. , ` _ .` -` : ` , .` .` :
As for the Dual form then the condition of Raf' is indicated by an
and the condition of Nasb and Khafdh is indicated by the ) ( Alif
. ) _ ( the letter Yaa

. . , :. .: = . : ` _` . , . , :. , ` _ .` ` . . ` _ .` -` ` , .` .` .. _ :. ,
As for the Sound Masculine Plural, then the condition of Raf' is
and both the condition of Nasb ) ( Waaw indicated with the letter
. ) _ ( and Khafdh are indicated by the letter Yaa

. . .` . - : ` .. .` . . . , :. , ` _ .` ` . . ` , .` .` : . : ; , .. _ :. , ` _ .` -` :
As for the Five Nouns then the condition of Raf' with them is
and the condition of Nasb is ) ( indicated with the letter Waaw
, and the condition of Khafdh is ) ( Alif indicated with the letter
. ) _ ( indicated with the letter Yaa

.` . - : ` . . . . . . . ` , .:. , ` _ .` ` . . . , .` . - , ` _ .` -` : ` , .` .` :
As for the Five Verbs then condition of Raf' with them is
. ) ( indicated by the establishment and firmness of the letter Noon
Both the conditions of Nasb and Jazm are indicated by the
. ) ( removal of the letter Noon


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. . . . ` ,. ,
The Chapter of Verbs

: ; : ` . . . . . . . ` . .` . ` ` . ,` - . , . ` , ` . ` , ` .
The verbs are of three types: Past Tense, Present Tense, and
He hits, ) ` , ` . ( He hit, ) , . ( Command Form. For Example:
Hit (him or it)! ) ` , ` . ( and

` . .` . : . . :` , : . ,` . .` , _ . : _ ,` . . : : _ .` - ; : _ . . = . ) ` ` _ . ( ,` .
. , ` ` , .` . ` . , ` ` , .. . ` _ : . _` -` . . -
The Present tense is preceded by one of four extra letters which
and the present tense is ) ` ` _ . ( are gathered together in the word
always in a state of Raf' until an article of Nasb or Jazm enters
upon it and alters its vowel marking.

: . ` , . , .:. . _ . . ` ` _ : ` ; ` _ = ` _ = ` v ` v ` ,` -` , : . -
, : .. . :. , ` , , , : `
) ` _ = ( and ) ` ; ( and ) ` _ : ( and ) ` ( The Articles of Nasb are ten:
) , : .. . :. , ` , , , : ( and ) . - ( and ) ` ,` -` , : ` v ( and ) ` _ = ` v ( and
. ) ` ( and

. _ .. . : ` , , : _ . . ` , : . . : ` , : . . : .. . .: ` . . ` v ) v ( _ .
.. . .: _ , .: . .` , . ` _ . . . ` ; . . ` ; _ . . . _` .
. .` .` _ - . . .` _ = ; _ . .. - ` .` :
) . . : ( and ) ` , : ( and ) . . : ( and ) ` , : ( The Articles of Jazm are twelve:
) . .` , . ` _ . . . ` ; ( and ) ) v ( .. . .: _ , .: _ . ( and ) .. . .: ` . . ` v ( and
) - . .` .` _ ( and ) . ( and ) . _` ( and ) . . ( and ) _ ( and ) . . ` ; ( and
when it is used specifically in poetry. ) ; ( and ) . . .` _ = ( and

` ,. , .. .` . . . ., .` .
The Chapter of the Nouns which are in the state of Raf'
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: ` . .` , . ` . ., . _ . . ` _ .. . : ` : .. . , .` ` , : _ . : ` ` ,` . . . : . .` ,` . : ` .` , -
` ,` . ) . = ( : , - ` , - ) ; ( : , - , .` .: : ` _ ,. .: .. _` . ,` ,` . . ` ` . .:
` . L . : ` .` _ =` , .: ` . , :
The Nouns which are in the state of Raf' are seven: They are
) ` : .. . , .` ` , : _ . : ` ` ,` . . . : ( verbal subject (doer), and the ) : ` _ .. . ( the
Nominal Subject, ) . .` ,` . : ( subject in the passive voice, and the
the Noun of Kaana ) . = ` ,` . : , - ( Predicate, and ) , - ( and its
the Predicate of Inna and her ) ; ` , - : , - ( and her sisters, and
the follower of something in the state of ) , .` .: : ` _ ,. .: ( sisters, and
conjunction, ) ` . L . : ( the adjective, ) ` ` . .: ( Raf' which are four:
substitution. ) ` . , : ( emphasis, and ) ` .` _ =` , .: (

_ .. . : ` ,. ,
The Chapter of the Verbal Subject (Doer)

,` . ` _ .. . : . : ` , =` . . : ` , .` . : ` ,` . v :` . . ` :` ,
The Verbal Subject (Doer) is the Noun in the state of Raf' which is
preceded by its own verb.

,` . _` _ .` . : : . . ` .. L ` .` .` .
Implicit. ) ` .` .` . ( Apparent, and ) ` .. L ( And consists of two types:

:. . : ,` - . ` .. L :` , . ` .` . : ` .` ` , . .` : . : ` , . .` : . : ` .` :
` , . ` .` : . : ` . ,` : ` , . ` . ,` : .. : ` .` . . ` ` .` . . ` , . : .. : `
.` . , : ` , . : .` . , : .. : ` .` . , : ` ` .` . , : ` , . : .. : ` ,` .` , : ` ` , . :
` ,` .` , : ,` - . : ,` - ` , . . : _ . ; . ` , . _ . ; . : ,` . .
So the Apparent Verbal Subject (Doer) is like the following:
and ) .` : ` , . ( and ) .` : . : ( and ) ` .` ` , . ( and ) ` .` . : (
and ) ` , . ` . ,` : ( and ) . : ` . ,` : ( and ) ` .` : ` , . ( and ) . : ` .` : (
and ) .` . , : ` , . : ( and ) .. : : ` .` . , ( and ) ` .` . . ` , . : ( and ) .. : ` .` . . ` (
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and ) ` ,` .` , : ` , . : ( and ) .. : ` ,` .` , : ` ( and ) ` .` . , : ` , . : ( and ) .. : ` .` . , : ` (
and ) ` , . _ . ; . ( and ) . : _ . ; . ( and ) ,` - ` , . ( and ) ,` - . : (
whatever is similar to this.

` .` .` . : . .. . . . .` : :` , : ,- . ) . ` ` , . . .` , . ` , . ` , . . .` .` , .
` ,` .` , . _` .` , . , . ` , . . , . ,` , . _` , . (
And the Implicit Verbal Subjects (Doers) are twelve like the
) . .` .` , . ( and ) ` , . ( and ) ` , . ( and ) . .` , . ( and ) ` ` , . ( following:
and ) . , . ( and ) ` , . ( and ) , . ( and ) _` .` , . ( and ) ` ,` .` , . ( and
. ) _` , . ( and ) ,` , . (

. .` ,` . : ` ,. , , - :
The Chapter of the Nominal Subject and Predicate

. .` ,` . : . _ L . :: _ . , . : _ . _ . . : ` , .` .: ` ,` . v ,` .
The Nominal Subject is a Noun in the state of Raf' which is
unaffected by grammatical factors that may alter Arabic word
vowel markings.

` , - : . ` _ : ; ` . .` .` . : ` , .` . : ` ,` . v ,` . :` , : ,` - . ) ` , :. : ` .` ( ) . . :. : .` : (
) ,` . :. : ` .` : (
The Predicate is a Noun in the state of Raf' which is attributed to
) : . . :. : .` ( and ) ` , :. : ` .` ( the subject like the following examples:
. ) ,` . :. : ` .` : ( and

.` . : . .` ,` . : . . ` .. L ` .` .` .
Apparent, and ) ` .. L ( The Nominal Subject consists of two types
Implicit. ) ` .` .` . (

:. . ` .` = . . : . . ` .. L
Apparent is what was previously been mentioned. ) ` .. L ( So the
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` .` .` . : . . .` : _ . . .. ` _` - . ` . ` . . .` .` . ` ,` .` . _` .` . ,` . _ .
. .` . ` ,` . _` . :` , : ,` - . ) .. . : ` , : ( ) ,` . :. : ` _` - . ( : ,` . .
And the Implicit Nominal Subjects are twelve like the
) ` ,` .` . ( and ) . .` .` . ( and ) ` . ( and ) ` . ( and ) ` _` - . ( and ) .. ( following:
) _` . ( and ) ` ,` . ( and ) . .` . ( and ) _ . ( and ) ,` . ( and ) _` .` . ( and
and ) ,` . :. : ` _` - . ( and ) .. ` , :. : ( as in the following examples:
whatever is similar to this.

. .` . : ` , - : . ` .` . .` . ` ` _ .
And the Predicate is of two types: Singular and Non-Singular.

,` - . ` .` . :. . ) ` , :. : ` .` (
. ) ` , :. : ` .` ( The example of a Singular Predicate is the sentence

.. _` . ,` .` . : ` ` _ . . . , : ` ` ` , . : ` .` L: : .. . _ . ` _` . . : . .` ,` . : _ .
. , - :` , : ,` - . ) . .: _ . ` .` .` . . ` .` ` .,` , . : ` .` , . ` ` . . , ` .` (
The Non-Singular Predicate consists of four things:
Circumstantial ) ` .` L: ( The article of Jaar. 2. ) . , : ` ` ` , . : ( 1.
The Verb and its Verbal Subject. ) : .. . _ . ` _` . . : ( Preposition. 3.
The Nominal Subject and its Predicate. Examples ) . , - _ . . .` ,` . : ( 4.
and ) .: _ . ` .` ( of this can be found in the following sentences:
. ) ` , . ` ` . . , ` . ( and ) ` .,` , . : ` .` ( and ) .` . . ` .` (

, - : . .` ,` . : : . : - .: _ . ,. : ` ,. ,
The Chapter of Grammatical factors that can affect the Nominal
Subject and Predicate

.. _` : ; : _ . . . ,` : , - . = ; . ,` : , - ` ` . . L . ,` : , -
The Grammatical factors that can affect the Nominal Subject and
Kaana ) . ,` : , - . = ( Predicate are divided into three categories: 1.
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) . ,` : , - ` ` . . L ( Inna and her sisters. 3. ) . ,` : , - ; ( and her sisters. 2.
Dthununtu and her sisters.

. . . . . ,` : , - . = ,` . v ` _ .` : . , . , . , - : ` , .` . : _ . . . = .` .
_ ,` . -` . _ L . , . . _` _ : . . .` . . . _ . . . .
_ , . . . . ,` - . . ,` . . . . : . . . . = , = ` _ = _ ,` .
` _ ,` .` ` _ ,` . ` , . : ) . . = .. :. : ` .` _` _ : .. -. ` ` . . ( . : ,` .
, then when they are ) . ,` : , - . = ( and her sisters As for Kaana
added to a nominal sentence consisting of a subject and predicate
they affect it by leaving the Nominal subject in the state of Raf'
and by placing the Predicate into a state of Nasb. Kaana and her
and ) _ ,` . ( and ) .` . ( and ) . = ( include ) . ,` : , - . = ( sisters
and ) . . ( and ) _` _ : ( and ) . . ( and ) . , ( and ) _ L ( and ) -` . (
and whatever can be ) . . ( and ) _ , . . ( and ) _ . . . . ( and ) .` . . . (
) . = , = ` _ = ( extracted by way of verb conjugation like:
like that which is in the following ) _ ,` . ` _ ,` .` ` _ ,` . ( and
and whatever is ) _` _ : .. -. ` ` . . ( and ) . = .. :. : ` .` ( examples:
similar to this.

. . ; . ,` : , - ,` . v ` , .` . : . , . , . , - : ` _ .` : _ . . ; _ = : . =
` _ : _ . : ` , . : . ` , :. : .` ; ` _ : ` _ -. ` . . . . : ,` .` . . ;
.` _ =` , .: : _ = : ` . .` . ; : . = ` _ ,` .: : ` _ : _` . . .: : _ . :
_ : , .: _` , .: :
Then they affect the Nominal sentence by ) . ,` : , - ; ( As for
Nominal Subject into the state of Nasb and ) . .` ,` . : ( placing the
in the state of Nasb. Inna and ) ` , - : ( By leaving the predicate
) . = ( and ) _ = : ( and ) ( and ) ; ( include ) . ,` : , - ; ( her sisters
. Some examples of Inna and her sisters can ) _ . : ( and ) ` _ : ( and
and ) ` , :. : .` ; ( be found in the following examples:
) ; ( and whatever is similar to this. Both Inna ) ` _ : ` _ -. ` . . (
is ) _ = : ( are used to express affirmation. Lakinna ) ( Anna and
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is used ) . = ( used to express rectification or correction. Ka'anna
is used to ) ` _ : ( when expressing comparison or likeness. Layta
is used to express anticipation and ) _ . : ( express regret. La'ala
expectation.

. . . L ` ` . . ,` : , - . , : v,` . . . . .` , . : . , - : . .` ,` . : ` , .` . : . , . , . _ . .
` ` . . L ` ` , . - ` : - ` ` . . ` ` ` ` . : . ` ` . , ` ` . -` : ` : . ,
` , . : ` ` . . . . ` . . L ` .. :. : .` ` ` .. -. ` . . : ,` . .
Then they affect ) . ,` : , - ` ` . . L ( As for Dthununtu and her sisters
nominal subject ) . .` ,` . : ( the nominal sentence by placing both the
predicate into the state of Nasb while making them ) ` , - : ( and
. ) . ,` : , - ` ` . . L ( nominal objects for Dthununtu and her sisters
) ` ` , . - ( and ) ` ` . . L ( are: ) . ,` : , - ` ` . . L ( Dthununtu and her sisters
and ) ` ` . -` : ( and ) ` ` . , ( and ) ` ` . : . ( and ) ` ` ( and ) ` ` . . ( and ) ` : - (
. Some examples of Dthununtu and her ) ` ` . . . ( and ) ` : . , ( and
can be found in the following examples: ) . ,` : , - ` ` . . L ( sisters
and whatever is similar to ) ` ` .. -. ` . . ( and ) ` ` . . L .. :. : .` (
this.

` . .: ` ,. ,
The Chapter of the Adjective

` ` . .: . . . _ . ,` .` . .: : ` _ ,. : . . - ,` . . ` , . : . ` _ =` . : .` ` . : . ` .` . :
` _ :. . : _ :. . : .` ` ` ` , ` ` . _ :. . : .
The adjective follows the object of description in its Raf', Nasb,
and Khafdh while also following the object of description in its
definiteness or indefiniteness as in the following examples:
. ) _ :. . : .` , ` ` . ( and ) ` ` _ :. . : .` ( and ) ` _ :. . : ` .` . : (

15
.. _` . ` . . : . ` . v ,` - . ` .` .` . : ` , . ` . .. ,` - . ` , : . : ` ,` . v . = . .`
` , ,` ,` . : ` ,` . v ,` - . . . . . . . . v` , . _ . : ` ,` . v ` ; : ` . : . ` _ . ,` - . . ` _` , :
` ;` . : . ,` . . . . ` _ . . - : ; .` _ . . .
The Condition of Definiteness consists of five things: 1. Implicit
) = . ` .` ( and 2. Proper Nouns like: ) ` . .. ( Nouns like:
4. Nouns which are ) . . . . . . v` , . ( 3. Ambiguous Nouns like:
5. Nouns ) ` ;` . : ` _` , : ( like: ) ( preceded by the definite article
which are compounded with one of the four previously mentioned
nouns.

: = .: . = - ` ` . - , _ .` - v .` . , _ . _ :. ,` . _ . . _ = ` ` ,` . :
` ,` -` _ : . ` _ : . ` ; : ` . : . . : _` , : ` ,` - .
The indefinite consists of every noun which is general in its
classification and is not easily distinguished from other nouns of
the same type. One might approximate that the indefinite includes
like: ) ( all of the words that can accept the definite article
. ) . : _` , : (

. L . : ` ,. ,
The Chapter of Conjunction

` ` - : . . L . : ` . _ . . ` , : ` .. . : ,` : ` ` . . ; ` _ , v ` _ = :
_ . , . : _` . , _ . . -
, ) . ( , the Faa ) ( The Letters of Conjunction are ten: The Waaw
, and Laa ) ` _ , ( , Bal ) . . ; ( , Imma ) ` ( , Amm ) ` ( , Aww ) ,` : ( Thumma
. ) . - ( , and in some instances Hatta ) ` _ = : ( , Laakin ) v (

` . .` , .` . : . ` . L` . ` , . ` , .` . ,,` .` . . : . ` ` . .` - , .` - . : . ` `
` . ` , ` ` , . : . ` , . : ) . ` ` . . ` .` . : ` . . .` ` ` .` , ` ` .
` . . ` , . ` , : ` .` ` , : ` .` . . (
So if a word is conjoined with another which is in the state of Raf'
then the conjoined word also assumes the state of Raf', and if a
16
word is conjoined with another which is in the state of Nasb then
the conjoined word also assumes the state of Nasb, and if a word is
conjoined with another which is in the state of Khafdh then the
conjoined word also assumes the state of Khafdh, and if a word is
conjoined with another which is in the state of Jazm then the
conjoined word also assumes the state of Jazm. Examples of and
) ` ` . . ` .` . : ( this can be found in the following statements:
. ) ` .` . . ` , : ` , . ` , : ` .` ( and ) ` . . .` , ` ` . ( and ) ` . . .` ` ` (

.` _ =` , .: ` ,. ,
The Chapter of Emphasis

` .` _ =` , .: ) . .` ` . : . . - ,` . . . . _. . = ,` . : : ` _ ,. : (
The Emphatic Article follows the emphasized object in its Raf',
Nasb, Khafdh, and definiteness or indefiniteness.

., :` . . L. . : . , ` , = _ . . ` _ . .: ` _` _ . : _ = ` _ .` , _ .` , ` _ , , : _ . .
` _ . = ` _ .` , ` _ .` , ` , . : . . . ` .` . : ` . ` ,` , : = ` , . : ` ` ` , . :. , ` ` .
_` _ . .` ,
, ) _ . . ( The Emphatic state is established with the following words:
and the words that can be extracted ) ` _ .` , ( and ) _ = ( and ) _` _ . (
. Examples of this can ) ` _ .` , ( and ) ` _ .` , ( and ) ` _ . = ( like: ) ` _ .` , ( from
and ) ` . . . ` .` . : ( be found in the following statements:
. ) _` _ . .` , ` , . :. , ` ` . ( and ) ` ,` , : = ` , . : ` ` (

. , : ` ,. ,
The Chapter of Substitution

.` , ; , ` . ; _` _ . , _ . ` . , : _` . . ` _ . ` _` . . ` ,` . ` _ . ` ,` .
If a noun is substituted for another noun or if a verb is substituted
for another verb then the substitute follows the original noun or
verb in exactly the same grammatical state.

17
. . : . ,` : . ,` . . ` _ . .` _ : ` . , .` _ : ` _ = : ` _ . _` . , : ` . , ` . ,
. . .` , : . : ` . , :` , : ` ,` - . ) . ,` - ` .` . : ` . :` : .` _ . : ` : = ` .` _ . . . .
` ` . : . . : .` ` ` ( , . : ` ` . ` ` ` ` . . .` : .` , . . L : . . . :
Substitution is divided into four categories: 1. The complete
substitution of something. 2. The substitution of a part for the
whole 3. The theoretical substitution. 4. The Substitution of error.
Some examples of the these types of substitution include:
and also in ) ` . : . ` .` _ . . . . ( and ) ` . :` : .` _ . : ` : = ( and ) ,` - ` .` . : (
was mentioned ) ` .` ( Since . ) . : .` ` ` ( the following phrase
is then mentioned directly afterwards ) . : ( accidentally the word
as a substitution for the word which was mentioned mistakenly.

.. .` . . ,,` .` . . ` ,. ,
The Chapter of Nouns in the State of Nasb

. .` . - ` ,,` .` . . : _ . . , ` ,` . . . : ` .` . . : .` L . . : ` .` L
. = . : ` . - : ` ` _ _` . .: .` . .` .` . : v ` ,` . _ . .` . : :` , ` _ . ` ,` . . . :
` ` . . ` ,` . . . : . , : , - . = ` , - . , : , - ; ` ,` .
The Nouns in the State of Nasb are fifteen: The verbal object, The
infinitive, The preposition(circumstantial) of time, The
preposition(circumstantial) of place, Status(state), Specification,
The Caller, The , ) v ( Exception, The Noun of Laa
Causative Object, The Object of Accompaniment, The
, The Nominal ) . , : , - . = ( Predicate of Kaana and her sisters
. ) . , : , - ; ( Subject of Inna and her sisters

,` .` . . : : ` _ ,. .: , .. _` . ,` ,` . . ` ` . .: ` . L . : ` .` _ =` , .: ` . , :
The articles which follow what has proceeded in Nasb are four: the
adjective, the conjunction, the emphatic article, and the
substitution.



18
` ,. , , ,` . . . :
The Chapter of the Verbal Object

,` . . ` ,` . v ` ,,` .` . . : ` _` . . : , ` _ . _ . : ,` - . . .` ` ` , . . : ` ` , =
The Verbal Object is the Noun in the state of Nasb upon which a
. ) . : ` ` , = ( and ) .` ` ` , . ( verb is enacted. For example:

. .` . : ,` . . ` .. L ` .` .` .
) ` .` .` . ( Apparent, and ) ` .. L ( And it is divided into two types:
Implicit.

` . = . . : . . .. L:. .
The Apparent has previously been explained.

` .` .` . : . .` . : . ` _ . .` . ` _ . .` .` .
And the Implicit can be divided into to groups: The Attached and
Detached.

. . .` : ` _ . .` . :. . _ . . _ . , . . .` , . , . , . . . = , .
` , = , . _ = , . ` , . . , , . . .` , , . ` ,` , , . _` , , .
So the Attached Implicit Verbal Objects are twelve which include:
and ) . . = , . ( and ) , . ( and ) , . ( and ) . .` , . ( and ) _ . , . (
and ) . .` , , . ( and ) . , , . ( and ) ` , . ( and ) _ = , . ( and ) ` , = , . (
. ) _` , , . ( and ) ` ,` , , . (

. . .` : ` _ . .` .` . : _ . . _. ; . .. ; . ; . ; . . =. ; ` , = . ;
_ =. ; ` . . ; . . . ; .` . . ; . ` ,` . . ; _` . . ;
And the Detached Verbal Objects are also twelve which include:
and ) ` , = . ; ( and ) . . =. ; ( and ) . ; ( and ) . ; ( and ) . .. ; ( and ) _. ; (
. ) _` . . ; ( and ) ` ,` . . ; ( and ) . .` . . ; ( and ) . . . ; ( and ) ` . . ; ( and ) _ =. ; (


19
.` . . : ` ,. ,
The Chapter of the Musdar (Original Noun)

,` . ` .` . . : . ` ,` . v ` ,,` .` . . : _` . . : . ` . : _ . .. :. : ` ._ , _ . : ,` - . . ` , ` . , .
.,` .

The Musdar (Original Noun) is the Noun in the state of Nasb
which is mentioned third when conjugating Arabic verbs. For
. ) .,` . ` , ` . , . ( Example:

. .` . : ,` . . _ L . : _ L . : ,` , . :` . . . : ` L . : _ . ` , . _ , .` . . ,` - . . : ;` . : ` ` .. : .
And the Musdar (Original Noun) can be divided into two groups:
The Written, and the Abstract. So if the letter composition of the
Musdar agrees with the verb which is extracted from it then the
) ;` . : ` ` .. : . : ( Musdar is written like:

_ , .` . . ,` , . L . : ` :` . . .` . . _ . ` ; ,` - . . ,` . : ` ` . : , .., :` ` ` . : . .
: ,`
And if the meaning of the Musdar agrees with a verb consisting of
a different word structure but conveys the same meaning as the
) ,` . : ` ` . : , ( Musdar then this Musdar is considered abstract like:
and whatever is similar to this. ) .., :` ` ` . : ( and

. = . : .` L . . : .` L ` ,. ,
The Chapter of the circumstantial Preposition of Time and Place

,` . . . : ` .` L . ` ,` . . . : ` . . . , ` ,,` .` . . : ) _ . ( ` , _ : ` ,` - . :` _: : : ` . .
: =` , - . . . . . . .-. , . .. . . . , . . ..` _ - ,` . .
:
The circumstantial Preposition of Time is a noun of time which is
in the state of Nasb with the implied meaning of "in" or "during"
) : =` , ( and ) : ` . . ( and ) :` _: : ( and ) ` , _ : ( as in the following examples:
20
and ) . , ( and ) .. . . ( and ) .-. , . ( and ) . . . ( and ) . . ( and ) - . (
and whatever is similar to this. ) ..` _ - ( and ) . . (

,` . . = . : ` .` L . ` ,` . ` . . . , ` ,,` .` . . : . = . : ) _ . ( . . ` ,` - . . : - . :
. ` , . ` - : .` . . . ; _ . . . - .. . : : . .` . , : : ,` . .
The circumstantial Preposition of Place is a noun of location
which is in the state of Nasb which conveys the meaning of "in"
) . ( and ) . : ( and ) . : - ( and ) . . ( as in the following examples:
and ) . . - ( and ) _ . ( and ) . ; ( and ) .` . . ( and ) ` - : ( and ) ` , . (
and whatever is similar to this. ) . .` . ( and ) , : ( and ) .. . : : (

. - : ` ,. ,
The Chapter of the Situational

,` . ` . - : . ` ,` . v ` ,,` .` . . : . .` _ , : ` _ . , , ,` . . . : ` ` . .` . : :` , : ,` - . ) . ` .` .. ,
., = ( ) ., ` .` . . : ` ` , = ( ) . .` , . ` ` _ . : ., = ( : ,` . .
The Situational is the Noun in the state of Nasb which gives
description to an ambiguous situation like the following:
. ) ., = . .` , . ` ` _ . : ( and ) ., ` .` . . : ` ` , = ( and ) ., = ` .` .. , (

` , = v : = . v ; ` . - : ` , = v v ; ` . - : ; = : . . : .` . , ` , = v
. ` . . v ; . ,` , -. .
The Situational does not exist except in the indefinite state and
does not occur except after completed speech. The companion of
the Situational is cannot be anything other than Definite.

` _ _` . . : ` ,. ,
The Chapter of the Distinctive (Specificational)

21
,` . ` ` _ _` . . : . ` ,` . v ` ,,` .` . . : ` _ . , , ,` . . . : ` ` . .` . : .: :` , : ,` - . ) . , , . : ` .`
.: . ( ) ..` - ` = , . . . : ( ) -` . ,. L .. . . ` . . ( ) .. ; . _` ` . ` ` .` (
) ,` . . _` _ .` . : ` = : . ( ) ., ` . . ` = ` .` ( ) ` . . ` _ .` , .,` , (
The Distinctive (Specificational) is the Noun in the state of Nasb
which gives description to an ambiguous object like the
and ) ..` - ` = , . . . : ( and ) , , . : .: . ` .` ( following statements:
and ) ,` . . _` _ .` . : ` = : . ( and ) .. ; . _` ` . ` ` .` ( and ) .. . . ` . . -` . ,. L (
. ) ` . . ` _ .` , .,` , ( and ) = ` .` ., ` . . ` (

` , = v : = . v ; ` , = v ; = : . . : .` . , v ;
The Distinctive (Specificational) does not exist except in the
indefinite state and does not occur except after completed speech.

.. .` . .` . v ` ,. ,
The Chapter of the Exceptional

` .` ` - .. .` . .` . v _ .. . : _ . . v ; ` ` _ . _ , . _ ,` . ` . , . ; - . .
. . -
and ) _ , . ( and ) ` ` _ . ( and ) v ; ( The articles of exception are eight:
. ) . . - ( and ) . . ( and ) ; - ( and ) ` . , . ( and ) _ ,` . (

., ,,` . . .. : ` ; = : . = ; ` , .` .` v , , .` . .` .` . :. . ,` - . ) . .` v ; ` ` , . : . : ( ) -
` . . v ; ` . .: ( , : _ . . , . .. : . _ .` . . ` ; = : . = ` ; : . ` ,` . .: ` . .. .` . .` . v
,` - . . ) .` v ; ` ` , . : . : . . ( ) .` v ; ( , . - : . . = .. :. . ` ; = : . = ` ;
_ . , . : ,` - . . ) ` .` v ; . : . . ( ) .` v ; ` ` , . . . ( ) v ; ` ` . . . .` , (
is entered into the state of Nasb if the ) v ; ( The Exceptional with
speech which has preceded it is complete. For example:
. If the speech is complete ) ` . . v ; ` . .: - ( and ) .` v ; ` ` , . : . : (
and also negative then substitution here is permissible as well as
. If ) .` v ; ( and ) .` v ; ` ` , . : . : . . ( exception as in the following:
22
the speech is deficient then its grammatical classification depends
upon the presence of other grammatical factors like those
) .` v ; ` ` , . . . ( and ) ` .` v ; . : . . ( found in the following examples:
. ) .` , v ; ` ` . . . ( and

.` . .` .` . : ` _ . , _ , . _ ,` . . , . ` ` _ . v ` ` ` , .
are ) ` . , . ( and ) ,` . _ ( and ) _ , . ( and ) ` ` _ . ( The Exceptional with
always in the grammatical state of Jarr.

.` . .` .` . : ; - , . . . . - ` . , ` ` ,` . . ` ,` , ,` - . . ) ` ` , . : . : ; - .` .` (
) . . ` . . ` . . ( ) - = , = , . . (
can place the ) . . - ( and ) . . ( and ) ; - ( The Exceptional with
noun which follows it into either the state of Nasb or Jarr like that
and ) .` ( or ) ` ` , . : . : ; - .` ( found in the following examples:
. ) = , ( or ) ` ` , . : . : = , . . - ( and ) ` . . ( or ) ` ` , . : . : . . ` . . (

v ` ,. ,
) v ( The Chapter of

` , :` . ; ) v ( ` = . : ` , : : = .: ` . , ; _` ,` . : ` _ . , = .: ` , .` . : ) v ( ,` - . ) . v
.: _ . _` , (
Places indefinite nouns without the tanween ) v ( Know that
into the state of Nasb if it is immediately followed by another
is not repeated as in the following ) v ( indefinite noun and the
. ) .: _ . _` , v ( sentence:

, . ` = : , , ` _ . : , , . .` . ,` : `, : ` ) v ( ,` - . . ) : ` . v .: _ . _` , v (
And if it is not immediately followed by an indefinite noun then
) v ( the state of Raf' becomes obligatory as does the repetition of
) . v .: _ : ` . v ` _` , ( as in the following example:

23
` = : ` , . ) v ( . , :. . : ; . , :. .` . ; . , : : ` . ` , . . ) : ` . v .: _ . _` , v (
` ; ` . : : . ) v .: _ . ` _` , ` . v : (
is repeated then it is permissible for it to be used as it is ) v ( So if
also permissible for it to remain unused. So it can be said:
. ) : ` . v .: _ . ` _` , v ( as well as: ) : ` . v .: _ . _` , v (

` ,. , _ . .` . :
The Chapter of Called (Vocative)

,` . .` . - _ . .` . : . ` , : . : ` .` . : : ,` . . . : : = .: : ,` . . . : ` ` _ . : = .:
` .. .` . : .. .` . :. , ` _ , :
The Called (Vocative) is of five types: 1. The Single Proper Name
2. The indefinite Intended (Implied) 3. The indefinite unintended
4. The Compounded Nouns 5. And that which resembles the
Compounded Nouns.

. . . . ` , : . : ` .` . : ` , .: : . . _ .` ,` _ . : ,` . . . : : = .: _` ,` . : ` _ . ` _ . ,` - . ) ` .` . (
) ` _` , . (
As for the Single Proper Name and the Indefinite Intended then
they are both linguistically constructed upon the Dhomma without .
) ` _` , . ( and ) ` .` . ( the presence of Tanween like in:

` ` _ . v ,,` .` . . _ :. , : : ; .:
And the three remaining stay in the state of Nasb and do not
change.

:` , ` _ . ,` . . . : ` ,. ,
The Chapter of the Causative Object

,` . . ` ,` . v ` ,,` .` . . : . _ , : ` =` .` _ . : _` . . : , :` , , . : :` , : ,` - . ) ` .` . :
` . . : v ;` , ; ( ) .` ` . . .. . .` , ` :` . . : (
24
The Causative Object is the Noun in the state of Nasb which is
mentioned in order to explain the reason why a verb occurred as
and ) : ` . . : v ;` , ; ` .` . ( in the following examples:
. ) .` ` . . .. . .` , ` :` . . : (

` ` . . ,` . . . : ` ,. ,
The Chapter of the Accompanying Verbal Object

,` . . ` ,` . v ` ,,` .` . . : : ` ` . . _ . . ` _ . . _ , : ` =` .` _ . : ` _` . . :` , : ,` - . ) . ` ` _ . . .. ,
_` _ , : ( ) , - : ` .. . : _ , .` . (
The Accompanying Verbal Object is the Noun in the state of Nasb
which is mentioned in order to explain who participated in the
enactment of the verb (action) as in the following examples:
. ) , - : ` .. . : _ , .` . ( and ) _` _ , : ` ` _ . . .. , (

` , - . . ) . = ( . , : , - ` ,` . ) ; ( . , : , - _ . . .` .` = . . : ` . . .
. ., .` . : ` _ , , .: : . = . . . .` . ` . . . : ` .
and ) . , : , - . = ( As for the Predicate of Kaana and her sisters
then ) . , : , - ; ` ,` . ( the Nominal Subject of Inna and her sisters
You will find its mention in the chapter of the Nouns in the State
of Raf' and you will also find its explanation in the chapter of the
Successors (or Followers).

.. .` . . ` _ . . ., .` - . : ` ,. ,
The Chapter of the Nouns in the State of Khafdh

,` . : ; : ` . ., .` - . : . .` - :. , ` , .` - . ,. , ` , .` - . .. . , .` - .: : ` _ ,. :
The Nouns in the state of Khafdh are three types: 1. The Nouns in
the state of Khafdh because of a letter 2. The Nouns in the state of
Khafdh due to compounding 3. And The Nouns in the state of
Khafdh because of Succession (Following the Vowel marking of
whatever preceded it).

25
. . . . ,` , . .` - :. , ` , .` - . : . ` _ . , ` _ .` -` . . : ; ` _ . : . . _ ,`
.. , : .. = : . :: , . . : .` ` - , _ . . ` , : ` .. , : ` .. .: ,` , ,
` .` . , ` .` .` .
As for the Nouns in the state of Khafdh because of a letter then
and ) : ; ( and ) ` _ . ( they are whatever is grammatically affected by
) . :: ( and ) .. = : ( and ) .. , : ( and ) ,` ( and ) _ . ( and ) : . ( and ) ` _ . (
and ) ` .. .: ( and ) ` .. , : ( and ) ` , : ( The letters of Oath which are and
. ) ` .` .` . ( and ) ` .` . , ( and ) ,` , , (

. . .. . ,. , ` , .` - . : :` , : ,` - . . ) . .` ` ; . ( _` _ .` . : : . ,` . . ; :. , ` . .` . .
_ . :. . ` _ . , ` . .` . . ,` - . ; :. , ` . .` ) .` ` ; . ( _ . : ` _ . , ` . .` ,` - . ) - ` ,` , : (
) _ . ` ,. , ( ) .` . - ` , . - (
And as for the Nouns which are placed into the state of Khafdh by
way of compounding then their example is like that of the
and is divided into two groups: 1. That which ) .` ` ; . ( following:
and that which is supposed ) .` ` ; . ( like: ) ` ; : ( is supposed with
. ) .` . - ` , . - ( and ) . ` ,. , _ ( and ) - ` ,` , : ( like: ) ` _ . ( with

. .` . - , , :
Completed with all of the praise being for Allaah The Majestic

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