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I. C HANNEL E STIMATION Channel Estimation is the process of characterizing the effect of the physical medium on the input sequence. It is an important and necessary function for wireless systems. Even with a limited knowledge of the wireless channel properties, a receiver can gain insight into the data sent over by the transmitter. The main goal of Channel Estimation is to measure the effects of the channel on known or partially known set of transmissions. Orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) Systems are especially suited for channel estimation. The sub carriers are closely spaced. While the system is generally used in high speed applications that are capable of computing channel estimates with minimum delay. Training Based Channel Estimation Channel is estimated based on the training sequence which is known to both transmitter and receiver. The receiver can utilize the known training bits and the corresponding received samples for estimating the Channel.

This equation can be minimized by taking its derivative w.r.t hand equating it equal to zero. The nal equation we get is: h = (X t X )1 X t y which can be written as h = (X 1 y ) This equation can be implemented on SISO as well as MIMO systems. Problem in implementing MIMO When inputs are transmitted from Tx antennas, they are affected by the channel. Each Rx antenna is receiving signals from each Tx antenna. Now the received signal at Rx antenna is not a product of single channel response and single input signal but it is combination of signals from each Tx antenna multiplied with their respective channel responses. Solution To overcome this problem matrix properties were exploited Instead of using one pilot, two pilots were used The use of two pilots were to make the matrices square and the number of equations must be equal to the number of unknown variables Then equating the equations channel response for each channel is calculated Use of multiple pilots is a drawback in multiple antenna system Minimum Mean Squares The MMSE estimator minimizes the mean-square error. If X is transmitted over a channel h such that y = Xh Error Error is given as e = y y where y is the expected output Mean square error=mean (y y )2 = E = (y y )2 where E is operator for expected value Concept of expected value and correlation can be used to derive the equations for nding the channel response.

Least Squares(LS) Minimum Mean Squares(MMSE) Least Squares

The Least Squares Error (LSE) estimation method can be used to estimate the system by minimizing the squared error between estimation and detection In matrix form, it can be written as y = Xh So the error e can be dened as e = y y Where y is the expected output. The squared error (S) can be dened as S = |e|2 S = (y y )2 S = (y y )(y y )t Where superscript t stands for complex transpose of a matrix. S = (y Xh)(y Xh)t

Rgg = auto covariance matrix of g RY Y = auto covariance matrix of Y RgY = auto covariance matrix of g and Y The estimated channel Hmmse can be found out by the equation 1 Hmmse = F (RgY RY Y Y) where F is a noise matrix. RgY == Rgg F X RY Y = X F Rgg F X + varianceof noise Identitymatrix The equation can be used for both SISO as well as MIMO systems. Problem in implementing MIMO When inputs are transmitted from Tx antennas, they are affected by the channel. Each Rx antenna is receiving signals from each Tx antenna. Now the received signal at Rx antenna is not a product of single channel response and single input signal but it is combination of signals from each Tx antenna multiplied with their respective channel responses. Received signal is combination of all the transmitted signals following their own paths. In MMSE matrix properties cannot be utilized as was the case in LS The algorithm dont include simple matrix operations

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