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)hat are P and (* P A B C D $+ygen hydr$gen $+ygen hydr$gen Q ,ater carb$n di$+ide carb$n di$+ide ,ater
-ydr$carb$ns can be either sat!rated $r !nsat!rated% .f the f$!r str!ct!res here/ ,hich $f them is !nsat!rated*
0 C C C C C 1 C C -
C C C C C C C -
2 C C -
IGCSE Chemistry
.rganic c$mp$!nds can be gr$!ped int$ h$m$l$g$!s series $r 3chemical families4% )hich t,$ s!bstances bel$, bel$ng t$ the same h$m$l$g$!s series* A B C D carb$n m$n$+ide and carb$n di$+ide methan$l and methan$ic acid graphite and diam$nd ethane and he+ane
.ne meth$d $f ma5ing ethan$l is by fermentati$n% &he diagram sh$,s apparat!s f$r fermenting s!gar%
escaping gas
,ater
)hich gas escapes fr$m the apparat!s* A B C D hydr$gen carb$n di$+ide s!lf!r di$+ide carb$n m$n$+ide
.ne feat!re $f a h$m$l$g$!s series is that there is a reg!lar change in the val!es $f certain physical pr$perties% &he graph sh$,s the ,ay in ,hich the b$iling p$ints $f s$me al5anes depend $n the n!mber $f carb$n at$ms in their m$lec!les%
'89 '49 9 1$iling p$int 6 7C :49 :89 :;<9 :;=9
<
?r$m the graph/ estimate the b$iling p$int $f b!tane% A @89 7C 6 B @49 7C C 9 7C D '49 7C
C$valent c$mp$!nds are made !p $f m$lec!les held t$gether by c$valent b$nds% &he diagrams sh$, m$dels $f a ,ater m$lec!le/ -<./ and $f a carb$n di$+ide m$lec!le/ C.<%
,ater
carb$n di$+ide
)hat is pr$d!ced ,hen methane is c$mpletely b!rnt in air* A B C D carb$n carb$n carb$n carb$n di$+ide and ,ater di$+ide and hydr$gen and ,ater m$n$+ide and hydr$gen
)hy d$ these s!bstances all bel$ng t$ the same h$m$l$g$!s series* A B C D 9 &hey all c$ntain $+ygen% &hey are all sat!rated% &hey are all c$mp$!nds% &hey all c$ntain the same f!ncti$nal gr$!p%
Ethan$l can be made by fermentati$n and als$ by the hydrati$n $f ethene% &he eA!ati$n f$r the man!fact!re $f ethan$l is as sh$,n% C<-4 ' -<. C<- .-
&hree p$ssible reacti$n c$nditi$ns are listed bel$,% 1 2 3 !sing a temperat!re $f 89 7C !sing a temperat!re $f 399 7C !sing a catalyst $f ph$sph$ric acid
&here is a ,ide range $f different $rganic m$lec!les% &he str!ct!res $f f$!r imp$rtant $rganic m$lec!les are sh$,n bel$,% )hich str!ct!re is a liA!id at r$$m temperat!re and is f$!nd in ,ine and beer*
0 C C C 1 C C C .C 2 C C -
11 &he energy released ,hen a s!bstance b!rns ,ill depend $n h$, many at$ms there are t$ c$mbine ,ith $+ygen% Increasing the n!mber $f at$ms in $ne m$lec!le $f a hydr$carb$n increases the am$!nt $f energy released ,hen it b!rns% )hat is the c$rrect $rder f$r ethane/ ethene and methane* Bess energy released C m$re energy released A B C D methane ethane ethane methane ethane methane ethene ethene ethene ethene methane ethane
12 .rganic c$mp$!nds have names that c$rresp$nd t$ the h$m$l$g$!s series they bel$ng t$% ?$!r types $f $rganic c$mp$!nd have names ending in -ane, -ene, -ol $r -oic acid. -$, many $f these types $f c$mp$!nd c$ntain $+ygen* A 3 B < C l D 4
&$ ,hich h$m$l$g$!s series $r 3family4 $f c$mp$!nds d$es this c$mp$!nd bel$ng* A B C D alc$h$ls al5anes acids al5enes
14 &he t,$ c$mp$!nds ,h$se str!ct!res are sh$,n in the diagram bel$, have similar chemical pr$perties%
C C . C C . C -
C -
)hat is the reas$n f$r this* &heir m$lec!les have the same A B C D relative m$lec!lar mass% f!ncti$nal gr$!p% n!mber $f $+ygen at$ms% n!mber $f carb$n at$ms%
15 &here is c!rrently a great deal $f c$ncern ab$!t finding alternative f!els% &he main c$nsiderati$n is the A!antity $f greenh$!se gases released by h!man activities% 1!tane/ ethan$l and hydr$gen are all !sed as f!els $r being devel$ped as s!ch% )hich $f these s!bstances pr$d!ce b$th carb$n di$+ide and ,ater ,hen !sed as f!els* 1!tane A B C D yes yes n$ yes Ethan$l yes n$ yes yes -ydr$gen yes yes n$ n$
16 )hich $f the f$ll$,ing is a n$ble gas* A B C D rad$n nitr$gen m$n$+ide nitr$gen hydr$gen
17 )hich c$mp$!nd c$ntains all the elements needed f$r a balanced fertiliser* A B C D 18 D>-4E<S.4 FD>-4E<P.4 F<S.4 D>-<E<C.
&here are vari$!s analytical tests f$r c$mp$!nds% .ne $f these is f$r amm$ni!m c$mp$!nds% 0mm$ni!m chl$ride is heated ,ith s!bstance G% &he gas given $ff t!rns damp red litm!s paper bl!e% )hich type $f s!bstance is G* A B C D acid metal base salt
19 Bimest$ne is a s$!rce $f calci!m carb$nate and theref$re an imp$rtant res$!rce% )hich $f the f$ll$,ing is an ind!strial !se $f calci!m carb$nate* A B C D p!rificati$n $f ,ater man!fact!re $f al!mini!m man!fact!re $f cement crac5ing $f hydr$carb$ns
0tm$spheric p$ll!ti$n is a ma#$r pr$blem/ partic!larly in large cities% )hich $f these s!bstances is n$t an atm$spheric p$ll!tant* A B C D carb$n m$n$+ide arg$n an $+ide $f nitr$gen s!lf!r di$+ide
21 &he level $f carb$n di$+ide in the air is a gr$,ing c$ncern% ?$!r chemical changes are listed bel$,% 1 2 3 4 respirati$n heating limest$ne r!sting $f ir$n b!rning c$al carb$n
)hich $f these changes pr$d!ce di$+ide* A ; $nly B ; and < $nly C ;/ < and 4 $nly D </ 3 and 4 $nly
22 -eli!m is !s!ally !sed t$ fill airships n$,% 1!t hydr$gen is a lighter gas than heli!m% )hy are airships filled ,ith heli!m rather than hydr$gen* A -eli!m is !nreactive% B -eli!m is c$l$!rless% C -eli!m is m$re dense than hydr$gen% D -eli!m is f$!nd in air% 23 )hich $f these elements b!rns in $+ygen t$ f$rm an $+ide ,hich is liA!id at r$$m temperat!re* A B C D s$di!m heli!m hydr$gen s!lf!r
24 &he analytical tests are imp$rtant in helping !s t$ identify !n5n$,n s!bstances% )hich salt/ ,hen diss$lved in ,ater/ gives a ,hite precipitate ,ith aA!e$!s silver nitrate* A c$pper nitrate B amm$ni!m nitrate C p$tassi!m chl$ride
D lithi!m i$dide
25 &he b!rning $f f$ssil f!els s!ch as c$al is a s$!rce $f c$ntin!ing c$ncern% )hich $f the f$ll$,ing gases are released int$ the air fr$m b!rning c$al* Carb$n m$n$+ide A B C D n$ yes yes yes Carb$n di$+ide yes yes yes n$ S!lf!r di$+ide n$ yes n$ yes
26 &he c$l$!r $f a salt is $ften A!ite helpf!l in identifying it/ b!t m$re c$ncl!sive analytical tests are needed t$ be s!re% )hich $f the f$ll$,ing is aA!e$!s c$pperDIIE s!lfate* C$l$!r A B C D bl!e bl!e c$l$!rless c$l$!rless 0dd acidiHed bari!m chl$ride ,hite precipitate n$ precipitate ,hite precipitate bl!e precipitate
27 -ydr$chl$ric acid is added t$ s$lid G and a c$l$!rless gas is given $ff% &his gas is b!bbled int$ lime,ater% &he lime,ater t!rns cl$!dy% )hat c$!ld the s$lid G have been* A B C D magnesi!m chl$ride magnesi!m magnesi!m carb$nate magnesi!m $+ide
28 )hich gas is released ,hen magnesi!m reacts ,ith hydr$chl$ric acid* A carb$n di$+ide B $+ygen C chl$rine D hydr$gen 29 )hat test ,$!ld be !sed t$ chec5 that the gas released in a chemical reacti$n ,as chl$rine* A B C D gas relights a gl$,ing splint gas gives a 3p$p4 ,ith a lighted splint gas t!rns m$ist litm!s paper bl!e gas bleaches m$ist red litm!s paper
)hich $f these s!bstances ,$!ld ne!tralise hydr$chl$ric acid* A litm!s s$l!ti$n B carb$n di$+ide C amm$nia D ,ater
31 &he d$mestic ,ater s!pply is treated in vari$!s ,ays t$ ma5e it safe f$r !se% )hich $f the f$ll$,ing treatments is designed t$ 5ill any bacteria present in the ,ater* A B C D sedimentati$n filtrati$n thr$!gh gravel beds treatment ,ith chl$rine passage thr$!gh metal grills
32 )hich $f the f$ll$,ing gases is a c$ntrib!t$r t$ 3acid rain4* A B C D methane carb$n m$n$+ide s!lf!r di$+ide chl$r$fl!$r$carb$ns
33 0cid rain has harmf!l effects $n the envir$nment% )hich $f the f$ll$,ing is n$t an effect $f acid rain* A damage t$ marble stat!es and b!ildings B rising sea levels C red!cti$n $f fish p$p!lati$ns in la5es D the 5illing $f trees 34 Gl$bal ,arming is a c$nseA!ence $f increased levels $f certain gases in the atm$sphere/ p$ssibly as a res!lt $f h!man activity% &hese gases are $ften referred t$ as 3greenh$!se gases4% )hich $f the f$ll$,ing is a greenh$!se gas* A B C D carb$n m$n$+ide methane $+ygen nitr$gen
35 .ne $f the ma#$r !ses $f c$pper is in electrical ,iring% C$pper ,ires in an electricity cable are c$vered in plastic%
plastic
plastic
c$pper ,ire
36 &here are different ,ays in ,hich a s!bstance can c$nd!ct electricity/ depending partly $n ,hether it is in the s$lid $r liA!id state% )hich s!bstance is a p$$r c$nd!ct$r $f electricity b$th ,hen s$lid and ,hen liA!id* A p$tassi!m $+ide B lithi!m chl$ride C s!lf!r D magnesi!m 37 &he electr$lysis $f c$ncentrated aA!e$!s s$di!m chl$ride is imp$rtant as the ind!strial meth$d $f pr$d!cing s$di!m hydr$+ide% )hich t,$ $ther s!bstances are als$ pr$d!ced in the pr$cess* A B C D chl$rine and hydr$gen hydr$gen and s$di!m chl$rine and s$di!m hydr$gen and $+ygen
38 &he ,iring and c$nnecti$ns inv$lved in a d$mestic electric circ!it m!st be very safe% &he table sh$,s s$me pr$perties $f f$!r materials/ s$me $f ,hich c$!ld be !sed in the h$me% "aterial ! " # $ "elting p$int 6 7C @3I @<9 t$ @;9 ;J9@<<9 ;983 Electrical c$nd!ctivity ,hen s$lid g$$d p$$r p$$r g$$d
)hich $f these materials are m$st s!itable t$ ma5e the case and pins $f an electric pl!g*
pins
pl!g case
Case A B C D G ) L K
Pins K G K L
39 &here are certain reA!irements f$r electr$lysis t$ ta5e place% .ne $f these is the nat!re $f the s!bstance bet,een the electr$des% )hich $f these diagrams sh$,s a bea5er in ,hich electr$lysis ta5es place*
0 1 C 2
carb$n electr$des
carb$n electr$des
carb$n electr$des
carb$n electr$des
ethan$l
distilled ,ater
merc!ry
Electr$plating is a ,ell !sed ind!strial pr$cess% In ,hich set $f apparat!s ,$!ld the metal 5ey be electr$plated ,ith c$pper*
0 1 C 2
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