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KURSUS
MASA TARIKH
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3 SMT
2 hours 30 minutes November 2007
Answer 4 questions.
Question 1 Show that form where w = f(z) is a complex potential function. Using transformation of the , where , show that the flow over a circle of radius a (where ) can be
transformed into the flow over an ellipse. A number of irrotational flows are given by complex potential function in the usual notation as follows: (i) (ii) (iii)
Find the stream function and the potential function for these complex potential functions and describe the flow represented by each function. Answers:
A circle of radius a,
as follows,
Using relationship cos2 " + sin 2 " = 1, gives which is an equation for an ellipse
!
Therefore flow over a cylinder will transform into a flow over an ellipse.
ii)
Question 2 Refer to the illustration of flow around a cylinder in Fig. 1. The stream-function for inviscid flow around a cylinder is given as:
(i) (ii)
Figure 1. Calculate the radial and axial velocity. State the maximum velocity and the position(s) it occurs? State the position(s) of the stagnation point(s). Prove the cylinder has no lift.
i.e
and
i.e
At stagnation point
and
, gives
is zero.
Question 3 For thin aerofoil theory applied to a camber line z(x), the vortex distribution
along the chord line leads to the condition of tangency of flow to the camber line in the form of
Show that
and the aerodynamics center is at the quarter chord for all thin aerofoil.
A particular camber line has upper surface pressure distribution at ideal angle of attack given by
Second parts
Compare to Therefore
Integrate
with when
Center of pressure
As before
When
Question 5 Consider an incompressible flow, laminar boundary layer growing along the surface of a flat plate, with a chord length c, as sketch in Fig. 2.For an incompressible flow, laminar, flat plate boundary layer, the boundary layer thickness " at the trailing edge of the plate is
y
Velocity profile u=u(y)
" Figure 2 x
c
Assume that the velocity profile through the boundary layer is given by a power-law variation
Calculate the value of n, consistent with the information given above. Using the lower value of n, determine whether the flow is rotational or irritational. Answer: Look at Example 2.2
With
Question 6 A Joukowski airfoil is formed by displacing a circle of radius 1 by !x = -0.08 (real axis) and !y = 0.05 (imaginary axis) as in Fig. 3. Find, a) Vortex strength " if ! = 0o, and V" = 10 m/s b) CL at ! = 0o and ! = 10o y
y z plane
cylinder
#
0.05 -0.08
x stagnation point
-# x
Figure 3
In complex terms the flow past a cylinder with lift is written: where
, .or
The appropriate vortex strength to impose the Kutta condition must be determined. Consider the lifting flow about a cylinder. The velocity in the # direction is, when Here, R is the radius of the cylinder surface. This velocity is zero on the surface of the cylinder at the stagnation points. At the these points .
If the field is rotated by ! to simulate an angle of attack, Since the chord length of the Joukowski airfoil is 4b, the lift coefficient can be written,