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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA


PEPERIKSAAN SEMESTER DUA SESI 2008/09

KOD MATA PELAJARAN

SMF 3333 AERODYNAMICS 3 SMT 2 hours 30 minutes November 2008

NAMA MATA PELAJARAN : KURSUS MASA TARIKH : : :

ARAHAN KEPADA CALON: Answer four (4) questions.

KERTAS SOALAN INI TERDIRI DARIPADA MUKA SURAT

-2SMF 3333/ SZT 3333 Question 1 a) Describe how the lift and drag forces generated by a finite span wing differ from the theoretical case of an infinite span wing (aerofoil), and the physical mechanism for these differences. (6 marks)

Answers: Anderson pg 395 -396 An airfoil is simply a section of a wing. The flow over an airfoil is two-dimensional. In contrast, a finite wing is a three-dimensional body, and consequently the flow over the finite wing is three-dimensional: that is, there is a component of flow in the spanwise direction. (3 marks) The physical mechanism for generating lift on the wing is the existence of a high pressure on the bottom surface and a low pressure on the top surface. As a byproduct of this pressure imbalance, the flow near the wing tips tends to curl around the tips being forced from the high-pressure region just underneath the tips to the low-pressure region on top. As a result, on the top surface of the wing, there is generally a spanwise component of flow from the tip toward the wing root, causing the streamlines over the top surface to bend toward the root. Similarly, on the bottom surface of the wing, there is generally a spanwise component of flow from the root toward the tip, causing the streamlines over the bottom surface to bend toward the tip. Clearly, the flow over the finite wing is three-dimensional and therefore you would expect the overall aerodynamic properties of such a wing to differ from those of its airfoil sections. (3 marks) b) Describe the Kutta condition for flow around aerofoil with reference to finite angle and cusped shapes trailing edge. (7 marks) Answer: The Kutta condition is the observation that for a lifting aerofoil of given shape at a given angle of attack, there exist that particular value of circulation around the aerofoil which results in the flow leaving smoothly at the trailing edge. It provide a realistic flow solution. (1 marks) If the trailing edge angle is finite, then the trailing edge is a stagnation point, therefore V1 = V2 = 0 (2 marks)

If the trailing edge is cusped, then the velocities leaving the top and bottom surfaces at the trailing edge are finite and equal in magnitude and direction. (2 marks) Pressure at point a is equal for flow leaving the top and bottom surfaces 1 1 2 2 Pa + "V1 = Pa + "V2 # V1 = V2 2 2 In both cases, the strength of the vortex sheet at the trailing edge,
!

" (TE ) = " ( a) = V1 # V2 = 0

(2 marks)

-3SMF 3333/ SZT 3333 c) Circulation around closed curve C is defined as velocity and distance along C respectively. Starting with the definition of circulation, derive Kelvins circulation theorem . Answer: Anderson pg 316-317, or Kelvins circulation theorem states that for an inviscid incompressible flow, the circulation along a closed curve which moves with the fluid does not change with time, i.e.
D" D = # %C V $ d s = 0 Dt Dt

, where

and

are the

(7 marks)

D DV " $C V # ds = " $C # ds " Dt Dt

V#

D( ds ) Dt

D( ds ) = dV Dt D" DV = # %C $ ds # Dt Dt
DV 1 = " $p Dt # " $C DV 1 # ds = Dt %

! ! !

V $ dV

(2 marks)

From Euler Equation, the first term on the RHS

&p # ds = 0

(2 marks)

! !

because p is the same at the `start' and `finish' of the loop. The second term
1 1 2

#
!

V " dV = c

# (udu + vdv + wdw) = 2 # d(u


c c

+ v2 + w2) =

dq 2 = 0

(2 marks)

because q is the same at the `start' and `finish' of the loop (closed curve). Therefore
D" DV = # %C $ ds # Dt Dt

V $ dV =

1 &

'p $ ds +

1 2

dq 2 = 0

(1 marks)

-4SMF 3333/ SZT 3333 Question 2 a) A complex potential is given by 1 1 W ( z) = 4 z + + 2 2z z (10 marks)
dW ( z) = u " iv dz

Find the velocity vector at the point (x; y) = (1; 1) Solution: ! 1 1 1 W ( z) = 4 z + + 2 = 4 z + z"1 + z"2 2z z 2
dW ( z) 1 1 1 1 = 4 " 2 "2 3 = 4 " 2 "2 3 ! dz 2z z 2( x + iy ) ( x + iy )

dW ( z) 1 2 =4" " 2 2 2 2 dz 2( x + i2 xy + i y ) ( x + i2 xy + i 2 y 2 )( x + iy )
dW ( z) 1 2 =4" " dz 2(1 + i2 " 1) (1 + i2 " 1)(1 + i) dW ( z) 1 2 1 2 1 2 =4" " =4" " =4" " 2 dz 4 i 2i(1 + i) 4 i 2i + 2i 4 i "2 + 2i dW ( z) ("4i) " 2("2 " 2i) =4" dz 4 i("4 i) ("2 + 2i)("2 " 2i)

(2 marks)

dW ( z) 2(2 + 2i) 4i =4+ + 2 2 2 dz "16 i ("2) " (2i)


dW ( z) i 4 + 4i i 4 4i =4+ + =4+ + + , dz 4 4+4 4 8 8 dW ( z) 1 i 2i 1 3i =4 + + =4 + dz 2 4 4 2 4 dW ( z) = 4.5 + 0.75i = u " iv dz

i 2 = "1

" u = 4.5 v = #0.75

Velocity vector at point (x; y) = (1; 1) is V = 4.5i " 0.75 j !

-5SMF 3333/ SZT 3333 b) Starting with the equation


w=z+

and using Joukowski transformations

b2 , show that the magnitude of velocity Qw in w-plane can be related to the z magnitude of velocity Qz at a corresponding point in z-plane by the following equation ! Qz ! Qw = 2 4* !,1 " 2# b & cos2) + # b & / % ( % ( $r' $r' . + where r and ! are the polar coordinate in z-plane. (10 marks) Solution:

Qz = Qw

"w "z

"w z 2 # b 2 b2 = = 1 # "z z2 z2 "w b2 b 2e# i 2$ = 1# = 1 # 2 "z r2 (re i$ ) b 2 (cos2$ # i sin2$ ) "w b2 b2 = 1# = 1 # 2 cos2$ + i 2 sin2$ = u # iv "z r2 r r

!
!

u = 1"

b2 cos2# r2
"w "z

v ="

b2 sin2# r2

(6 marks)

magnitude of

! % b2 (2 % b2 (2 "w 2 2 = u + v = '1 # 2 cos2$ * + ' 2 sin2$ * "z & r ) &r ) !


% ( % b4 ( "w b2 b4 2 = '1 # 2 2 cos2$ + 4 cos 2$ * + ' 4 sin 2 2$ * "z r r & ) &r ) % ( "w b2 b4 = '1 # 2 2 cos2$ + 4 (cos2 2$ + sin 2 2$ )* "z r r & ) % "w b2 b4 ( = '1 # 2 2 cos2$ + 4 * "z r r ) &
Qz = Qw "w "z

Qw =

Qz # # b &2 # b &4 & 1 " 2 cos2 ) + % % ( % ( ( % $ ' $r' ( r $ '

(4 marks)

!
!

-6SMF 3333/ SZT 3333 Question 3 Thin camber line z =


2 27 dz # x & x %1 " ( , 0 " x " c is set at an angle of attack ! to the uniform 4 ds $ c '

flow. Using standard expression for thin airfoil theory

!
i) ii)!

$ ! dz " # = " Ao + % An cos n& 0 , where dx n =1

1 x = c (1 " cos& 0 ) 2
(16 marks)

Evaluate the Fourier coefficient A0, A1, A2.

# 1 & Find the expression for lift coefficient, CL = 2" % Ao + A1 ( and moment coefficient, $ 2 '
CM 1 =
4

Solution $ dz " # = " Ao + % An cos n& 0 , where i) ! dx n =1


z= 27 dz 4 ds # x & 2 27 dz x %1 " ( = $ c' 4 ds

" ( A2 # A1 ) in term of angle of attack ! and camber dz ds . 4 !


1 x = c (1 " cos ! &0 ) 2

(4 marks)

2 # x # x & & 27 dz # xx x3 & x% 1 " 2 + = x " 2 + ( ( % ( % % c $c' ( c c2 ' $ ' 4 ds $

dz 27 dz # x x2 & = %1 " 4 + 3 2 ( dx 4 ds $ c c '


x 1 = (1 " cos # 0 ) c 2

dz 27 dz $ 1 1 2' = &1 " 4 (1 " cos# 0 ) + 3 (1 " cos# 0 ) ) ( dx 4 ds % 2 4 ' 27 dz $ 3 2 = &1 " 2 + 2cos # 0 + (1 " 2cos# 0 + cos # 0 )) ( 4 ds % 4
' 27 dz $ 1 1 ' dz 27 dz $ 3 3 3 3 2 2 = &"1 + 2cos# 0 + " cos# 0 + cos # 0 ) = &" + cos # 0 + cos # 0 ) ( 4 ds % 4 2 ( dx 4 ds % 4 2 4 4

'' 27 dz $ 1 1 ' dz 27 dz $ 1 1 3$1 1 3 3 = &" + cos # 0 + + cos2# 0 ) &" + cos # 0 + & + cos2# 0 )) = (( 4 ds % 4 2 ( dx 4 ds % 4 2 4 %2 2 8 8
& dz 27 dz # 1 1 3 = % + cos " 0 + cos2" 0 ( ' dx 4 ds $ 8 2 8

(6 marks)

Given that
!
$ dz " # = " Ao + % An cos n& 0 dx n =1

-7SMF 3333/ SZT 3333

dz = " # Ao + A1 cos$ 0 + A2 cos2$ 0 + A3 cos 3$ 0 + .... dx


Compare coefficient

(1 marks)

" # A0 =

27 dz 32 ds

A0 = " # #

27 dz 32 ds 27 dz 8 ds 81 dz 32 ds

(3 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks)

A1 cos" 0 = !

27 dz cos" 0 8 ds

A1 = #

A2 cos2" 0 = !

81 dz cos2" 0 32 ds

A2 =

A3 = A4 = ..... = 0

!
!

Check for A0
1 Ao = " # $ !

&

$
0

dz d% 0 dx

Ao = " #
!

1 $

$
0

) 27 dz & 1 1 3 2 (# + cos % 0 + cos % 0 + d% 0 * 4 ds ' 4 2 4

Ao = " # !

1 27 dz $ 4 ds

$
0

& 1 1 ) 3 2 (# + cos % 0 + cos % 0 + d% 0 ' 4 2 * 4


$

1 27 dz , % 0 1 3&1 % )/ Ao = " # .# + sin % 0 + ( sin % 0 cos % 0 + +1 $ 4 ds - 4 2 4 '2 2 *00

Ao = " #
!

1 27 dz + $ 3 % $ (. 1 27 dz % $ ( 27 dz ' *=" # -# + ' *0 = " # $ 4 ds , 4 4 & 2 )/ $ 4 ds & 8 ) 32 ds

ii) Therefore
# # # 1 & 27 dz 27 dz & 27 dz & CL = 2" % Ao + A1 ( = 2" %) * + ( = 2" %) + ( $ $ $ 2 ' 32 ds 16 ds ' 32 ds ' CM 1 = !
4

(2 marks)

" " $ 81 27 ' dz 27 " dz 27" dz =# ( A2 # A1 ) = & # ) = # 4 4 % 32 8 ( ds 32 4 ds 128 ds

(2 marks)

-8SMF 3333/ SZT 3333 Question 4 A straight slender wing without twist, is constructed from identical airfoils, which means that they all have the same value of a0 = dc l d" eff . It may further be assumed that a0 is independent of !, and that the zero-lift angle of all the airfoils is " L = 0 = 0 The wing displays an elliptical lift distribution. Without proof it may be assumed that for this wing the induced angle of attack is then given by: ! ! CL "i = ! #A where CL is the lift coefficient of the wing, and A the aspect ratio of the wing. a. Show that for this wing c l is constant along the span, and show that: c l = CL (10 marks) ! b. Derive the relation between the lift-slope a = dCL d" of the wing and a0 = dc l d" eff ! of the airfoils.! (10 marks) ! Solution:
!

a) No twist: so ! and !L-0 are constant and lift curve slope a0= dcl /d! ( " 2#) is constant Angle of attack seen by the local aerofoil section is " eff = " # " i
c l = a0 [" eff # " L = 0 ] = a0 [" # " i # " L = 0 ] !

where ( a0 =

dc l ) d" eff

(2 marks)

1 2 ! Lift per unit span, L" = 2 # V$ c ( y ) c l

1 2 = " V# a0 ($ % $ L = 0 % $ i ) c ( y ) 2 L= !

(2 marks)

Total Lift

b 2 #b 2

1 2 L"dy = % V& 2

b 2 #b 2

a0 (' # ' L = 0 # ' i )c ( y ) dy

If c l is constant along the span, then a0 [" # " i # " L = 0 ] is constant, and hence
!
!
b 2 1 2 L = " V# a0 ($ % $ L = 0 % $ i ) &% b 2 c ( y ) dy 2 !

1 2 L = " V# a0 ($ % $ L = 0 % $ i ) S 2

since

b 2 "b 2

c ( y ) dy = S
c l = CL

(4 marks) (2 marks)

CL =
!

L 1 " V# 2 S 2

= a0 ($ % $ L = 0 % $ i ) = c l , i.e. !
!

-9SMF 3333/ SZT 3333 b) We found that:


c l = C L = constant

"i =
!

CL = constant # A

c l = a0 [" # " i # " L = 0 ]

(3 marks)

!
a0 =
!

dc l d"

% C ( Therefore, CL = c l = a0 [" # " i # " L = 0 ] = a0 '" # " L = 0 # L * $ A) & !


# a & CL %1 + 0 ( = a0 () * ) L = 0 ) $ "A ' dCL a0 = d" 1 + a0 / #A a= a0 1 + a0 / "A

(5 marks)

or

dCL = d"

#A( dc l d" eff ) dc l d" eff = dc d" eff #A + dc l d" eff 1+ l #A

(2 marks)

- 10 SMF 3333/ SZT 3333 Question 5 a) The vector form of the momentum equation for steady inviscid flow can be written as

"(V # $)V = %$p


Write out the full 3-dimensional flow equation in differential form for cartesian
!

coordinates.

(10 marks)

Solution: a)

"(V # $)V = %$p


V = ui + vj + wk # # # " =i +j + k #x #y #z

% $ $ $( V " # = ( ui + vj + wk ) " ' i + j + k * $z ) & $x $y $ $ $ = u +v + w $x $y $z

(3 marks)

(V " #)V = ' u $x + v $y + w $z *(ui + vj + wk )

% $ $ $( & ) % $u $u $u ( % $ v $v $v ( % $w $w $w ( = ' u + v + w *i + ' u + v + w * j + ' u +v + w *k $y $z ) & $ x $y $z ) & $x $y $z ) & $x

(3 marks)
!

$ # # #' #p # p #p "p = &i + j + k ) p = i + j + k #z ( #x # y #z % # x #y


Therefore

(1 mark)

"(V # $)V = %$p


$ #u #u #u ' #p "& u + v + w ) = #y #z ( #x % #x $ #v #v #v ' #p "& u + v + w ) = #y #z ( #y % #x $ #w #w #w ' #p "& u +v +w )=#y #z ( #z % #x

"u "u "u 1 "p +v + w = "x "y "z # "x "v "v "v 1 "p u +v + w = "x "y "z # "y "w "w "w 1 "p u +v +w ="x "y "z # "z
u

(3 marks)
!

- 11 SMF 3333/ SZT 3333 b)


" dl $ r , show that the induced velocity at 4 # | r |3 point P, as a result of a finite segment AB of a straight vortex filament of constant " (cos $ A + cos $ B ) strength " is given by V = 4 #h ! P to AB, " = #PAB and " = #PBA where h is the distance from (10 marks) A B

Starting from the biot-Savart law dV =

!
! !

Solution:
dV = " dl $ r 4 # | r |3
B

V=
!

" 4#

%
A

dl $ r | r |3

The magnitude of V = V

V=

" 4#

%
!
A

dl r sin $ " = r3 4#

%
A

sin $ dl r2

(4 marks)

h r= sin "

h h tan(# $ " ) = , % l = l $ tan "

h & dl = 2 d" sin "

(2 marks)

V= V=

" 4# " 4 #h

%
A B A

sin $ " dl = 2 r 4# =

%
A

sin $ sin 2 $ h d$ h2 sin 2 $

% sin$ d$

!
V=

" B [& cos$ ] A 4 #h

" (cos$A % cos$ B ) 4 #h " (cos $ A + cos $ B ) 4 #h

!
!
!

cos" B = # cos $ B

V=

(4 marks)

- 12 SMF 3333/ SZT 3333 Question 6 A NACA 2412 airfoil with 1.5 m chord at a Reynolds number of Re c = 3.1 " 10 6 in standard sea level conditions have the following characteristics: 0.37 x 5.0 x boundary layer thickness " = in laminar flow and " = 1 5 in turbulence flow, Re x Re x ! 0.074 1.328 skin friction drag coefficient C f = in laminar flow and C f = 1 5 in turbulent flow, Re x Re x Calculate ! ! i) the boundary layer thickness at the point of transition, (5 marks) ii) the net skin friction drag coefficient over the aerofoil. (15 marks) ! from laminar to turbulent is ! Reynolds number for transition Assume that the critical 600000. Other appropriate assumptions can be applied Solution: Anderson pg 358-360 with slight modification as follows: (i)
Re xcr = Re xcr = ! ! Reynolds number based on chord length Re c =

"#V# x cr = 600000 #

"#V# x1 = 600000 = 6.0 $ 10 5 #

"#V# c = 3.1 $ 10 6 #

Re cr 6.0 " 10 5 #V x x = = 0.1935 = $ $ 1 $ = 1 6 Re c 3.1 " 10 #$V$c $ c ! x1 = 0.1935 " c = 0.1935 " 1.5 = 0.29025 m !
!

"=
(ii)

5.0 x 5.0 # 0.29025 = = 0.00187 m = 1.87 mm Re x 6.0 # 10 5

(5 marks)

To calculate skin friction we have to assume turbulent flow skin friction drag over the entire length of the chord c; plus laminar flow skin friction drag over x1; minus turbulent flow skin friction drag over x1.

For turbulent flow over entire length c, the turbulent drag for one side of the aerofoil,

(D )
!

f , c turbulent

= q" S (C f ,c ) turbulent = q" c (C f ,c ) turbulent , where S = c # 1 = q" S (C f ,1 ) turbulent = q" x1 (C f ,1 ) turbulent , where S = x1 # 1

Turbulent drag in region 1

(D )

f ,1 turbulent

Laminar drag in region 1


!

(D )

f ,1 laminar

= q" x1 (C f ,1 ) laminar

- 13 SMF 3333/ SZT 3333 Total drag for one side,


D f = q" x1 (C f ,1 ) la min ar + q" c (C f ,c ) turbulent # q" x1 (C f ,1 ) turbulent Cf = !
Cf =

Df D = f q" S q"c
x1 x C f ,1 ) la min ar + (C f ,c ) turbulent " 1 (C f ,1 ) turbulent ( c c

(5 marks)

!
! !

x1 = 0.1935 c

(C )

f ,1 laminar

0.074 = Re x1

1.328

(6 " 10 )
5

= 0.00171

(2 marks)

(C )
!

f , c turbulent

0.074 0.074 = 0.00372 15 = 6 15 Re x 3.1 " 10 ( ) 0.074 0.074 15 = 1 5 = 0.00517 Re x (6 " 105 )

(2 marks)

(C )
!

f ,1 turbulent

(2 marks) (2 marks)

C f = 0.1935 (0.00171) + 0.00372 " 0.1935 (0.00517) = 0.00505

! For both side of the aerofoil Net C f = 2 " 0.00505 = 0.0101 !

(2 marks)

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