Jabatan Kejuruteraan Aeronautik, FKM, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Solution Tests 1 Semester 2 2011/12 SMF 3333 Aerodynamics Question

1 a) By means of a control-volume analysis, derive the integral form of continuity equation. Show that the continuity equation in the integral form can be converted to a differential form as Solution

"# + $ % #V = 0 "t
= The rate of decrease of mass inside control volume

The net rate of mass flowing out of control volume through ! the control surface S

Mass flow through dS = " Vn dS = "V # dS Mass flow through surface S =

$$ " V # dS
S

! dV = " dV Mass inside

Total mass inside CV ! =

### " dV
V

! # Rate of decrease of mass inside CV = " %%% $ dV #t V ! & Therefore, $$ " V # dS = % $$$ " dV &t V S ! " The integral form continuity equation is $$$ # dV + $$ #V % dS = 0 "t V S ! " ( dV ) " "# "# # dV = $$$ dV + $$$ # = $$$ dV $$$ "t V " t " t " t V V V ! " " since (V ) = ("V ) = 0 since V and !V are fixed "t "t

Use divergence theorem "

%% #V $ dS = %%% (& $ #V ) dV
S V

! " Therefore, "t

$$$ # dV + $$ #V % dS = $$$ "t dV + $$$ (& % #V ) dV = 0

V

"#

+ % & #V ,dV = 0 $$$ "t dV + $$$ (% & #V ) dV = $$$ ) ( "t +

V V V

"#

' "#

Since this equation holds for any arbitrary volume V, therefore the integrand
!

"# + $ % #V = 0 "t

b)

Then show that the continuity equation can be written as

"# "# " " " D# + $ % #V = + ( #u) + ( #v ) + ( #w ) = + # DivV "t "t "x "y "z Dt
Solution

"=

# # # i+ j+ k #x #y #z

$V = $ui + $v j + $w k
&% % % ) % % % " # $V = ( i + j + k + # $ui + $v j + $w k = ( $u) + ( $v ) + ( $w ) %y %z * %x %y %z ' %x

"# "# " " " + $ % #V = + ( #u) + ( #v ) + ( #w ) "t "t "x "y "z
"# " " " "# "u "# "v "# "w "# + ( #u) + ( #v ) + ( #w ) = +# +u +# +v +# +w "t "x "y "z "t "x "x "y "y "z "z
$ "# "# "# "# ' $ "u "v "w ' = & + u + v + w ) + &# + # + # ) "x "y "z ( % "x "y "z ( % "t = =
where,

D# + #* + V Dt D# + # DivV Dt

D" #" #" #" #" = +u +v +w and DivV = " # V Dt #t #x #y #z

!

Question 2 Explain briefly the KuttaJowkowsky transformations and get the transformation of a cambered airfoil and also suggest an expression for the thickness to chord ratio for the profile. A Joukowski airfoil is formed by displacing a circle of radius 1 by "x = -0.091 (real axis) and "y = 0.063 (imaginary axis) as in Fig. 1.
y

Starting from flow around circular cylinder,

z plane

!
Calculate: a) Vortex strength " if " = 0 o , and V" = 70 m/s b) CL at " = 0 o , " = 5 o and " = 10 o

-! x

Figure 1

Solution! ! ! ! ! KuttaJowkowsky get the transformation of a cambered airfoil.. An expression for the thickness to chord ratio for the profile is ( a " b) b . In complex terms the flow past a cylinder with lift is written: ! where
0.063
-0.091

(3 marks)

cylinder
!

x stagnation point

, .or

The velocity in the # direction is,

' % * V" = #) 2V$ sin " + , when ( 2&R +

This velocity is zero on the surface of the cylinder at the stagnation points. At the these points .
!

0 = 2V" sin(# ) $

% 2&R " = 4 #V$ R sin(% )

!
! !

If the field is rotated by $ to simulate an angle of attack,

" = 4 #V$ R sin(% + & )

Since the chord length of the Joukowski airfoil is 4b, the lift coefficient can be written,

1 #V$2 4 b 2 Making the assumption that b " R ,

$ 0.063 ' " = sin#1& ! ) = 3.61O % 1 (

CL =

L" 1 #V$2c 2

#V$%

% 4 &V$ R sin(' + ( ) = 2V$ b 2V$ b

!
!

CL = 2" sin(# + $ ) % 2" (# + $ )

tan(3.61O ) =
!

0.063 0.091 + b

b = 0.909 (OK to assume b " R )

a) Vortex strength " if $ = 0o, and V" = 70 m/s

% = 4&V"R'sin($ +() = 4#(70)(1)sin(3.61o) = 55.387 m2/s !

b) CL at $ = 0o , $ = 5o and $ = 10o CL = 2&sin(3.61) = 0.3956 CL = 2&sin(5 + 3.61) = 0.9406 CL = 2&sin(10 + 3.61) = 1.4785 These theorem can be used without proof: Stokes theorem # cA " ds = ## $ % A " dS
S

) Divergence theorem ## A " dS = ### ($ " A) dV

S V

Gradient theorem !

##
S

p " dS =

### $ p dV
V

! !