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Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia SMF 3333 Aerodynamics Solution Tests 2 Semester 1 2008/09

Problem 1 (20 Marks) Consider a thin aerofoil placed under a small angle of attack at ! in a uniform flow of velocity V" The flow around the aerofoil is modelled by means of a vortex sheet
& (1 + cos# ) representation along the x-axis given by: " (# ) = 2 V$ ( A0 + sin # ' !
$

%A
n =1

) sin n # +. n *

z x# x& Consider a thin camber line is curved parabolically and is given by = 4 k %1 " ( c c$ c' !

where k is a constant equal to the maximum camber of the aerofoil relative to the chord c. Using standard expression for thin airfoil theory
!

dz = " # Ao + % An cos n&, where dx n =1


i) Determine the coefficient A0 ,

1 x = c (1 # cos & ) 2

A1, A2 .

! ii) Calculate the value of the lift coefficient.


Solutions
! A1, A2 .

i) To determine the coefficient A0 ,

z x # x& = 4 k %1 " ( c c $ c' ! # dz x& = 4 k%1 " 2 ( $ dx c'

x 1 = (1 " cos # 0 ) c 2

$ $1 1 '' dz = 4 k&1 " 2& " cos # 0 )) = 4 k (1 " 1 + cos# 0 ) = 4 k cos # 0 %2 2 (( dx %

Ao = " #

1 $

&

$
0

dz d% 0 dx

Ao = " # Ao = " # ! ! 2 " 2 " 2 "

1 $

&

$
0

4 k cos % 0 d% 0 = " #

4k $

&

$
0

cos% 0 d% 0

4k $ [sin% 0 ] 0 = " $

An = A1 =

$ $ $

"
0

dz cos n# 0 d# 0 dx dz cos# 0 d# 0 dx 4 k cos # 0 cos = 8k "


"

"
0

! A1 = ! !

"
0

"
0

cos 2 # 0 d# 0

8k $1 #' A1 = & sin # 0 cos # 0 + ) = 4 k " %2 2 (0

A2 = A2 =

2 " 8k "

"
0

dz 2 cos2# 0 d# 0 = dx "
"
3 0

"
0

4 k cos# 0 (2cos 2 # 0 % 1) d# 0

% (2cos #
0

$ cos# 0 ) d# 0

A2 =
!

(" 8k %1 2 sin # cos # + 2 $ sin # ) 0( 0 0* &3 )0 " '

" ' $1 '8 k *$ 1 2 2 A2 = ,& sin " (cos " + 2) # sin " ) # & sin0(cos 0 + 2) # sin0)/ = 0 ( %3 (.0 " +% 3

ii) To calculate the value of the lift coefficient.

! c c / ) (1 + cos' ) L' = " ( dL) = #V$ " % (& ) d& = #V$ " 2 V$ + A0 + sin ' * 0 0 0

(A
n =1 0

,) c , sin n' .+ sin ' d' . -* 2

L' 2 cl = 1 = 2 "V# c .(1) V#c 2

% $ (& )d& = (.........) = ' (2 A


0

+ A1 )

c l = " (2 A0 + A1 ) = " (2# + 4 k )


!
cl = 2 " # + 4 " k

!
!

Problem 2 (10 Marks) Using a Joukowski transformation w = z +


b2 , show that a flow around a cylinder of radius z a , where a > b can be transformed into a flow around an ellipse. b2 w=z+ z !

Answer:
!

!
substitute
!
!

z = ae i" and e i" = cos " + i sin "

b2 b2 w = z + = ae i" + i" z ae !

w = ae i" +
!

b 2 # i" e a b2 (cos" # i sin " ) a

w = a (cos " + i sin " ) + !

" " b2 % b2 % w = $ a + ' cos(( ) + i$ a ) ' sin(( ) = x + iy a& a& # #

" b2 % x x = $ a + ' cos( ) cos ( = " a& b2 % # a + $ ' a& # # b2 & y y = % a " ( sin ) * sin ) = # a' b2 & $ %a " ( a' $
sin 2 " + cos 2 " = 1 give

Using

!
!

sin 2 " + cos 2 " =

y2
2 $ b2 ' &a # ) a( %

x2
2 $ b2 ' &a + ) a( %

=1

Hence !

y2
2 # b2 & %a " ( a' $

x2
2 # b2 & %a + ( a' $

= 1 is an ellipse

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